1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aaa | Ghotuo | 9,000 (1994). | Edo State, Owan, and Akoko-Edo LGAs. | |||||
| aab | Alumu-Tesu | 4,702 (2000 WCD). | Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA, near Wamba. Alumu is 7 villages and Tesu is 1. | Alumu (Arum), Tesu. Related to Toro. The two dialects have only intonation differences. | Spoken fluently by young people. | |||
| aac | Ari | 50 (2000 S. Wurm). | Ari and Serea villages, Aramia River area, Western Province. | Alumu (Arum), Tesu. Related to Toro. The two dialects have only intonation differences. | Speakers also use Gogodala. | |||
| aad | Amal | 831 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, on Wagana River, near the confluence with Wanibe Creek. | Alumu (Arum), Tesu. Related to Toro. The two dialects have only intonation differences. | Speakers also use Gogodala. | |||
| aae | Albanian, Arbëreshë | 80,000 (1963 L. Newmark). Ethnic population: 260,000 (1976 M. Stephens). | Southern; Calabria, Apulia, Basilicata, Molise, Sicily. | Sicilian Albanian, Calabrian Albanian, Central Mountain Albanian, Campo Marino Albanian. Speakers say the four Italian dialects are not inherently intelligible with each other. Lexical similarity 45% with Tosk Albanian. | Strong position in some districts. Not used in schools. No official status. Used in the home. Speakers use Italian and regional Italian varieties in varying degrees; one report says they are highly bilingual. | Bible portions: 1868–1869. | Bible portions: 1868–1869. | |
| aaf | Aranadan | 236 (1981 census). | Kerala, Kozhihkode District, Ernad taluk; Palghat District; Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. | Sicilian Albanian, Calabrian Albanian, Central Mountain Albanian, Campo Marino Albanian. Speakers say the four Italian dialects are not inherently intelligible with each other. Lexical similarity 45% with Tosk Albanian. | Speakers also use Malayalam. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% in Kerala (1981 census). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% in Kerala (1981 census). | |
| aak | Ankave | 1,600 (1987 SIL). | Gulf Province, Kerema District, in the valleys of the Mbwei and Swanson rivers. | Sawuve, Wiyagwa, Wunavai, Miyatnu, Ankai, Bu'u. | Speakers also use Malayalam. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | |
| aal | Afade | 5,000 in Cameroon (2004 SIL). | Far North Province, Logone-and-Chari Division, southern part of Makari Subdivision, centered around Afade. | Sawuve, Wiyagwa, Wunavai, Miyatnu, Ankai, Bu'u. | Speakers also use Malayalam. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | |
| aam | Aramanik | 3,000 (2002). | Masaai Steppe, Arusha Region. | Sawuve, Wiyagwa, Wunavai, Miyatnu, Ankai, Bu'u. | Speakers have limited comprehension of other languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | |
| aan | Anambé | 7 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 77 (1993 SIL). | Pará, Cairari River, tributary of the Moju River. | Close to AsurinĂ. | Speakers have limited comprehension of other languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | |
| aao | Arabic, Algerian Saharan Spoken | 10,000 in Niger (1998). | Around Agadez and northwest Niger. | Structurally distinct from other Arabic. | Speakers also use Tamajaq. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | |
| aap | Arára, Pará | 110 (1994 SIL). | Pará in 2 villages. | The closest extant languages are Ikpeng and Bakairí. | A few can speak a little Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | ||
| aaq | Abnaki, Eastern | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,800 including Western Abnaki in Canada (1982 SIL). | Formerly near Bangor, Maine, 1 village (Penobscot). | Penobscot. | The last speaker of Penobscot died in the 1990s. Other dialects also extinct. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | ||
| aar | Afar | 160,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Southern Eritrea. May also be in Somalia. | Central Afar, Northern Afar, Aussa, Ba'adu. | Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | |
| aas | Aasáx | 350 (1999 Jeff Carr). | Northern Tanzania in the central Maasai Steppe. Landenai, Ndovu Okutu, Lolbeni villages, and Lemelebo, Landrobo, Naitomani, and Kilili districts are reported to have speakers. | Central Afar, Northern Afar, Aussa, Ba'adu. | Reported in 1999 to still be spoken in the central Massai Steppe. It became linguistically extinct in the eastern Maasai Steppe in 1976. They are dependent on the Maasai and became absorbed into it and nearby Bantu groups. Speakers use Maasai with the Maasai, on whom they are economically dependent. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | |
| aat | Albanian, Arvanitika | 150,000 (2000). | Attica (Attiki), Boeotia (Viotia), southern Euboea (Evia), and the island of Salamis (Salamina); Thrace; Peloponiso Peninsula, Arkadia; Athens. Mainly rural. Also the Northwestern Peloponnese with enclaves elsewhere in the Peloponnese; north of the island of Andros, 300 villages. | Thracean Arvanitika, Northwestern Arvanitika, South Central Arvanitika. Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. | Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are older adults. | Greek script. Grammar. NT: 1827. | Greek script. Grammar. NT: 1827. | |
| aau | Abau | 7,267 (2000 census). | Sandaun Province, Green River District, Sepik and Green rivers. Not in Papua, Indonesia. | Thracean Arvanitika, Northwestern Arvanitika, South Central Arvanitika. Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. | Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| aax | Mandobo Atas | 1,000 (2002 SIL). | Border area near Fly River on east side of Digul River between Tanahmerah and Mindiptanah. | Thracean Arvanitika, Northwestern Arvanitika, South Central Arvanitika. Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. | Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| aay | Aariya | No estimate available. | Madhya Pradesh, Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, Tikamgarh districts. | Thracean Arvanitika, Northwestern Arvanitika, South Central Arvanitika. Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. | Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| aaz | Amarasi | 50,000 (1997 C. Grimes, Therik, B. D. Grimes, Jacob). Ethnic population: 60,000 (2001 C. Grimes). | Southwestern tip, Timor Island. Kotos is central and east, Ro'is is west, Ro'is Tais Nonof is southern, Ro'is Hero is surrounded by the Helong. 24 townships. | Kotos, Ro'is, Ro'is Tais Nonof, Ro'is Hero (Kopa). Closest to Uab Meto, but a separate language with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Ro'is Tais Nonof has intonation like Ro'is, vocabulary like Kotos. There are differences in speech in speaking to a king, nobility, or commoner. | Some speakers also use Indonesian. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| aba | Abé | 170,000 (1995 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Agboville (except Krobou Canton) and Abbe Canton of Tiassale Subprefecture. 70 villages. | Tioffo, Morie, Abbey-Ve, Kos (Khos). | Some speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1967–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1967–1980. | |
| abc | Ayta, Ambala | 1,657 (1986 SIL). | A few barrios of San Marcelino, Zambales, several of Subic City, Zambales, a few of Olongapa, Zambales, a few of Castillejos, Zambales, a few of Dinalupinan, Bataan Province, Luzon. Affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption. | Ambala Ayta speakers' comprehension of Botolan Sambal is 60%, of Ayta Indi Sambal is 54%, of Ayta Anchi Sambal is 60%, of Bataan Sambal is 70%. Lexical similarity 70% with Botolan Sambal, 55% with Tagalog. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | |
| abd | Agta, Camarines Norte | 150 (2000 Wurm). | Luzon, Santa Elena and Labo, Camarines Norte. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. People mildly supportive toward Agta. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | |
| abe | Abnaki, Western | 20 (1991 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,800 including Eastern Abnaki in USA (1982 SIL). | Quebec on St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | Extinct in the USA. All speakers are older adults. Speakers also use French. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| abf | Abai Sungai | 400 (2000 Wurm). | Lower reaches of the Kinabatangan River. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Abai Sungai. Used in the home. About 30% to 50% of the children speak it. Neutral language attitude. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| abg | Abaga | 5 (1994 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200 (1975 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | Speakers also use Kamano or Benabena. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| abh | Arabic, Tajiki Spoken | 1,000 in Tajikistan. | Villages in Vakhsh Valley of Khatlon Province, and communities in Kuliab and Leninabad cities. They mainly live in small villages. Some in Uzbekistan. | Balkh Arabic. May be a mixed language. The language is close to Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic. Sharp dialect differences between Bukhara and Kashkadarya regions in Tajikistan. Bukhara is strongly influenced by Tajiki; Kashkadarya by Uzbek and other Turkic languages. | Few members of the ethnic group now speak Arabic. Others speak Tajiki as first language. No diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic. Speakers use Tajiki to communicate with each other and as literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| abi | Abidji | 50,500 (1993 SIL). | Department of Abidjan, Subprefecture of Sikensi (12 villages), and a few villages in Subprefecture of Dabou. | Enyembe, Ogbru. | Speakers also use French, Jula, Baoule, or Adioukrou. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| abj | Aka-Bea | Extinct. | Andaman Islands, coasts of South Andaman Island except northeast coast, and north and east interiors; coastal Rutland Island except south coast; small islands southeast of Rutland; and Labyrinth Islands. | Enyembe, Ogbru. | Speakers also use French, Jula, Baoule, or Adioukrou. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| abk | Abkhaz | 4,000 in Turkey (1980). Ethnic population: 39,000 in Turkey (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Coruh in northeast Turkey, and some in northwest. Mainly villages in Bolu and Sakarya provinces. | Bzyb, Abzhui, Samurzakan. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | |
| abl | Abung | 700,000 (2000). | South. | Jabung, Menggala (Northeast Lampung), Kota Bumi (Northwest Lampung). Many differences in vocabulary and phonology with Pesisir. Menggala has 72% lexical similarity with Kalianda, a dialect of Southern Pesisir. Lexical similarity 77% among dialects. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | |
| abm | Abanyom | 12,500 (1986). | Cross River State, Ikom LGA, Abangkang the main village. | Jabung, Menggala (Northeast Lampung), Kota Bumi (Northwest Lampung). Many differences in vocabulary and phonology with Pesisir. Menggala has 72% lexical similarity with Kalianda, a dialect of Southern Pesisir. Lexical similarity 77% among dialects. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | |
| abn | Abua | 25,000 (1989 Faraclas). | Rivers State, Degema and Ahoada LGAs. | Central Abuan, Emughan, Otapha, Okpeden. The central dialect is understood by all others. Odual is the most closely related language. Lexical similarity 70% with Odual. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| abo | Abon | 1,000 (1973 SIL). | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Abong town, east of Baissa. | Central Abuan, Emughan, Otapha, Okpeden. The central dialect is understood by all others. Odual is the most closely related language. Lexical similarity 70% with Odual. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| abp | Ayta, Abenlen | 6,850 (1985 SIL). | Luzon, Tarlac Province, Maontoc, Labnay, Maamot, San Pedro, Dalayap, Pilyen, Tangan-Tangan. | Abenlen Ayta speakers' comprehension of Botolan Sambal is 28%, of Tina Sambal is 48%. Lexical similarity 66% with Botolan Sambal, 49% with Tina Sambal, 38% to 44% with Ilocano, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Pampangan. | Some in remote areas are nearly monolingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| abq | Abaza | 10,000 in Turkey (1995). | Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Also spoken in Germany, Turkey (Asia). | Tapanta, Ashkaraua (Ashkar), Bezshagh. | Speakers also use Turkish. | Modified Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | Modified Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| abs | Malay, Ambonese | 200,000 in Indonesia (1987 J. Collins). Population total all countries: 245,020. | Central Maluku, Ambon, Haruku, Nusa Laut, Saparua Islands, along the coastal areas of Seram, and southern Maluku. Also spoken in Netherlands, USA. | Dobo Malay. Marginal intelligibility of Indonesian. Difficult intelligibility of Ternate Malay; speakers switch to Indonesian. Lexical similarity 81% with Standard Malay. | Trade language. Many second-language speakers. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon city, Some Dutch is known. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1877–1883. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1877–1883. | |
| abt | Ambulas | 44,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 27,000 in Wosera (1991 SIL), 9,000 in Maprik (1991 SIL), 8,000 in Wingei (1991 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Maprik District. | Maprik, Wingei, Wosera-Kamu, Wosera-Mamu. | Trade language. Many second-language speakers. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon city, Some Dutch is known. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1983–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1983–1996. | |
| abu | Abure | 55,120 (1993 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Bonoua, some in Subprefecture of Grand Bassam, many in Abidjan. | Closest to Anyin. Also close to Baule and Nzema. | Many speakers use Anyin. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| abv | Arabic, Baharna Spoken | 300,000 in Bahrain (1995). Population total all countries: 310,000. | Also spoken in Oman. | Closest to Anyin. Also close to Baule and Nzema. | Negative language attitude. Speakers also use Gulf Spoken Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| abw | Pal | 1,159 (2000 census). | Madang Province. | Related to Kobol. | Negative language attitude. Speakers also use Gulf Spoken Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| abx | Inabaknon | 21,400 (2000 M. Jacobson SIL). 4,000 monolinguals (almost all children). Population includes 13,400 on Capul, 8,000 elsewhere. | Capul Island in the San Bernardino Strait, Northwest Samar and in communities along the western Samar coast facing the island; Manila. | Related to Kobol. | Vigorous. All domains, religion, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 14,000 multilingual in combinations of Tagalog, English, Samareño, Bikolano, Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 90% to 95%. Literacy rate in second language: 90% to 95%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 90% to 95%. Literacy rate in second language: 90% to 95%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 1996. | |
| aby | Aneme Wake | 650 (1990 SIL). | Oro Province, Afore District, both sides of Owen Stanley Range, Central Province; north from Ianu along Foasi and Domara creeks. | Mori, Buniabura, Auwaka, Jari, Doma. Lexical similarity 65% to 73% with Moikodi (closest). | Speakers also use Motu or Yareba. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| abz | Abui | 16,000. Ethnic population: 16,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central and western Alor in the Lesser Sundas. | Atimelang, Kobola, Alakaman. Much dialect diversity. The Alakaman dialect may be a dialect of Kamang (Woisika). May be more than one language. | Speakers also use Motu or Yareba. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| aca | Achagua | 400 (1994 SIL). | Rio Meta near Puerto Gaitan. Not in Venezuela. | Close to Piapoco. | Used in the home. Speakers are trilingual in Achagua, Spanish, and Piapoco. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| acb | Áncá | No estimate available. | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Antere, Nca village. | Close to Piapoco. | Used in the home. Speakers are trilingual in Achagua, Spanish, and Piapoco. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| acc | Achi', Cubulco | 48,252 (2000 WCD). | Central area west of Rabinal, Baja Verapaz Department. | Close to Piapoco. | Used in the home. Speakers are trilingual in Achagua, Spanish, and Piapoco. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 11%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 11%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1984. | |
| ace | Aceh | 3,000,000 (1999 WA). | Northern, Aceh Province, northern and southern coasts around the tip of Sumatra. | Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong. | Language of wider communication. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | |
| acf | Saint Lucian Creole French | 3,800 in Trinidad and Tobago (2004). | Trinidad, villages of the Northern Range, fishing communities in the islands, and coastal settlements along the peninsula to the west of the capital especially (I. Hancock, ms.). | Patwa, Patois. | In settlements around Dragon Mouths children under 10 speak the language; elsewhere speakers are older adults (Hancock 1984). | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | |
| aci | Aka-Cari | Extinct. | Andaman Islands, north coast of North Andaman Island, Landfall Island, and other nearby small islands. | Patwa, Patois. | In settlements around Dragon Mouths children under 10 speak the language; elsewhere speakers are older adults (Hancock 1984). | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | |
| ack | Aka-Kora | Extinct. | Andaman Islands, northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman Island, and Smith Island. | Patwa, Patois. | In settlements around Dragon Mouths children under 10 speak the language; elsewhere speakers are older adults (Hancock 1984). | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | |
| acl | Akar-Bale | Extinct. | Andaman Islands, Ritchie's Archipelago, Havelock Island, Neill Island. | Patwa, Patois. | In settlements around Dragon Mouths children under 10 speak the language; elsewhere speakers are older adults (Hancock 1984). | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | Literacy, using Saint Lucian materials, is being taught to teachers and other adults in Paramin. | |
| acm | Arabic, Mesopotamian Spoken | 1,800,000 in Syria. | Eastern Syria. | Euphrates Cluster. | National language. | Radio programs. TV. | Radio programs. TV. | |
| acn | Achang | 1,700 in Myanmar (1983). | West of the Irrawaddy River in Katha District, near Banmauk, scattered among the Lashi. Along the China border. | Maingtha. | Also spoken by the Tai Sa blacksmiths among the northern Shan. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| acp | Acipa, Eastern | 5,000 (1993). | Niger State, Kontagora LGA; Kaduna State, Birnin Gwari LGA. Towns include Randeggi and Bobi. | Boroma (Taboroma). Lexical similarity 83% between Randeggi and Bobi; 52% with Shama; 47% to 50% with Kamuku; 42% to 44% with Hungworo; 15% to 20% with Western Acipa. | The influence of the Hausa language is slight. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| acq | Arabic, Ta'izzi-Adeni Spoken | 52,000 in Djibouti (1995). | All provinces except 2 eastern and the northeastern ones. Probably a few in United Arab Emirates, Somalia, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Also spoken in Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, United Kingdom. | Ta'izzi, Adeni. Ta'izzi dialect is the one best-accepted throughout Yemen. | The influence of the Hausa language is slight. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| acr | Achi', Rabinal | 37,300 (1990 SIL). | Central Rabinal area, Baja Verapaz Department. | Closest linguistically to Cubulco Achi'. | All ages. Possibly 20% of speakers can discuss more than common topics in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | |
| acs | Acroá | Extinct. | Bahia area. | Closest linguistically to Cubulco Achi'. | All ages. Possibly 20% of speakers can discuss more than common topics in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | |
| act | Achterhoeks | No estimate available. | Northeastern, Gelderland Province. | Closest linguistically to Cubulco Achi'. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | Bible portions: 2002. | Bible portions: 2002. | |
| acu | Achuar-Shiwiar | 2,000 in Ecuador. Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000). | Pastaza and Bobonaza river areas, 7 villages. | Different from Shuar (Jivaro) of Ecuador. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Many in the Ecuador group seem to have routine proficiency in Shuar, but their comprehension is limited. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | |
| acv | Achumawi | 10 nonfluent speakers (1997 Nevin). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1997 Bruce Nevin). | Northeastern California. | Originally there were nine dialects. | All speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | |
| acw | Arabic, Hijazi Spoken | 6,000,000 in Saudi Arabia (1996). | Red Sea coast. | North Hijazi, South Hijazi, Valley Tihaamah, Coastal Tihaamah. North Hijazi has 4 subdialects, South Hijazi has 16. | All speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | |
| acx | Arabic, Omani Spoken | Ethnic population: 195,000 in Tanzania (1993 Johnstone). | Zanzibar. | North Hijazi, South Hijazi, Valley Tihaamah, Coastal Tihaamah. North Hijazi has 4 subdialects, South Hijazi has 16. | Second and third generation in Tanzania, originally from Yemen and Oman. Some or all may speak Swahili as first language. | Literacy is in Arabic. | Literacy is in Arabic. | |
| acy | Arabic, Cypriot Spoken | 1,300 (1995). Ethnic population: 6,000 in the Cypriot Maronite ethnic group, 140 Maronites in Kormatiki, 80 to 100 in Limassol, the rest in the Maronite community in Nicosia. | Kormakiti, one of 4 Maronite villages in the mountains of northern Cyprus, and in refugee communities in Nicosia and Limassol. | North Hijazi, South Hijazi, Valley Tihaamah, Coastal Tihaamah. North Hijazi has 4 subdialects, South Hijazi has 16. | All speakers older than 30 years. 140 mainly older adults in Kormatiki. No diglossia with Standard Arabic. Those in Kormatiki use Greek or possibly Turkish; those in southern Cyprus use Greek. | Literacy is in Arabic. | Literacy is in Arabic. | |
| acz | Acheron | No estimate available. | Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, southern Nuba Hills. | Eastern Acheron, Western Acheron. Not a dialect of Moro. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy is in Arabic. | Literacy is in Arabic. | |
| ada | Dangme | 800,000 (2004 SIL). | Southeast, coast east of Accra and inland. | Ada, Ningo, Osu, Shai, Gbugbla, Krobo. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | |
| adb | Adabe | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 1,000. | Atauro Island, north of Dili on Timor Island. | Munaseli Pandai. Reported to be different from Galoli dialects on Atauro. No relationship to Kolana. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | |
| ade | Adele | 11,000 in Ghana (2003). | East central border with Togo. Upper Adele is in Togo, Lower Adele in Ghana. | Upper Adele, Lower Adele. | Speakers also use Twi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| adf | Arabic, Dhofari Spoken | 70,000 (1996). | In Salala and its nearby coastal regions. | Related to Hadromi Spoken Arabic and Gulf Spoken Arabic. | Speakers also use Twi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| adg | Andegerebinha | 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Hay River, Pituri Creek area, east of Alyawarra. | Related to Hadromi Spoken Arabic and Gulf Spoken Arabic. | Speakers also use Twi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| adh | Adhola | 247,577 (1986). | Eastern, Mbale District. Not in Kenya. | The most distinct of the Western Nilotic languages in Uganda. | Speakers also use Twi. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1977–1979. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1977–1979. | |
| adi | Adi | 1,088 in China (1999 Ouyang Jueya). 400 monolinguals. | Lhunze and Mainling counties in southeast Tibet, south of the Yaluzangjiang River in the Luoyu area. | Ashing, Bokar (Boga'er Luoba), Bori, Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam (Standard Adi), Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Sun (1993) lists Tani languages and dialects as Apatani, Milang, Bokar, Damu, Mising, Padam, Bangni, Tagin, Sagli, south Aya, Leli, and perhaps Pailibo, Ramo, Asing, Bori, Pasi, Panggi, Simong, Minyong, Karok, Hill Miri, and some northern and western dialects of Nisi. Intelligible with Adi Galo but they are sociolinguistically distinct. A different language from Yidu Lhoba. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. 55% use Tibetan or Cona Monba as second language. 23% can also speak Tibetan and Chinese in Mainling and Lhunze counties, and Tibetan, Chinese, and Monba in Medog County. Elementary schools use Tibetan, Chinese, or Monba. | 27% attended school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | 27% attended school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | |
| adj | Adioukrou | 100,000 (1999 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Dabou, in 49 villages. | Ashing, Bokar (Boga'er Luoba), Bori, Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam (Standard Adi), Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Sun (1993) lists Tani languages and dialects as Apatani, Milang, Bokar, Damu, Mising, Padam, Bangni, Tagin, Sagli, south Aya, Leli, and perhaps Pailibo, Ramo, Asing, Bori, Pasi, Panggi, Simong, Minyong, Karok, Hill Miri, and some northern and western dialects of Nisi. Intelligible with Adi Galo but they are sociolinguistically distinct. A different language from Yidu Lhoba. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. 55% use Tibetan or Cona Monba as second language. 23% can also speak Tibetan and Chinese in Mainling and Lhunze counties, and Tibetan, Chinese, and Monba in Medog County. Elementary schools use Tibetan, Chinese, or Monba. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1998. | |
| adl | Adi, Galo | 150,000 (2004). A few older adult monolinguals. | Arunachal Pradesh, West Siang, East Siang, Dibang Valley (south), Lohit (east), Changlang (northeast), and some in Upper Subansiri (west) districts. | Reportedly intelligible with other Adi dialects but they are sociolinguistically distinct. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | |
| adn | Adang | 31,814 (2000 WCD). | Northwestern (Bird's Head) Alor Island in the Lesser Sundas. | Aimoli. On the basis of linguistic differences and social identity, it is considered a separate language from Kabola. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | |
| ado | Abu | 3,221 (1990 census). | East Sepik Province, Angoram District, 19 villages; Madang Province, Bogia District, 8 villages, western side of lower Ramu River. | Abu, Auwa, Sabu. Auwa may be a different language. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| adp | Adap | No estimate available. | South central, between Damphu and Shemgang, Ada village, Wangdue Phodrang District. | Lexical similarity 77% with Dzongkha, 62% to 65% with Bumthangkha, 41% with Tshangla. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| adq | Adangbe | 2,000 in Togo (2002 SIL). | Border area of Togo and Ghana directly east of Ho, Ghana. Agotime are mainly in Ghana. Volta Region. | Close to Igo. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| adr | Adonara | 16,967 (2000 WCD). | Adonara Island, and eastern Solor Island, between Flores and Lembata. | West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. | Lamaholot is used as a language of wider communication. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| ads | Adamorobe Sign Language | 3,400 including hearing people (2003). | Adamorobe, a village in the Eastern Region. The district capital is Aburi. | West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. | 15% deafness in the population; one of the highest percentages in the world, caused by genetic recessive autosome. The village has been settled for 200 years. It is an indigenous deaf sign language, also used by many hearing people. Most users have no contact with Ghanaian Sign Language. All ages, evenly distributed. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| adt | Adynyamathanha | 20 (1990 Schmidt). | South Australia, Flinders Ranges area, Nepabunna. | Related to Guyani, Banggarla, Nugunu, and Narungga, which may be extinct. | Speakers also use English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| adu | Aduge | 1,904 (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Anambra State, Oyi LGA. | Related to Guyani, Banggarla, Nugunu, and Narungga, which may be extinct. | Speakers also use English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| adw | Amundava | 50 (2000 SIL). | Rondônia, Acre, near the Jiparaná River. | Close to Tenharim. | Speakers also use English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| adx | Tibetan, Amdo | 809,500 (1987 Wurm et al.). Population includes 538,500 Hbrogpa, 97,600 Rongba, 112,800 Rongmahbrogpa, 60,600 Rtahu. | Huangnan, Hainan, Haibei, and Guoluo (Golog) Tibetan Autonomous prefectures and the Haixi Mongolian-Tibetan-Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai Province; in the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Tianzhu Autonomous County of southwestern Gansu Province, and in parts of the Ganzi and Aba (Ngawa) Tibetan Autonomous prefectures of western and northern Sichuan Province. | Hbrogpa, Rongba, Rongmahbrogpa, Rtahu. Speakers do not find Central Tibetan or Kham varieties intelligible. Those listed as dialects may not be intelligible with each other. Lexical similarity 70% with Central Tibetan and Kham. | All ages. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ady | Adyghe | 277,900 in Turkey (2000). 6,409 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 130,000 in Turkey (1965 census). | Villages in Kayseri, Tokat, Karaman Maras, and many other provinces in central and western Anatolia. | Shapsug (Sapsug), Xakuchi, Bezhedukh (Bzedux, Bzhedug, Bezhehux-Temirgoi, Temirgoj, Chemgui), Abadzex (Abadekh, Abadzeg), Natuzaj (Natukhai). Closest to Kabardian. | 94% bilingual in Turkish. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| aea | Areba | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, southwestern Cape York Peninsula, Bilbert River, northeast of Normanton. | Shapsug (Sapsug), Xakuchi, Bezhedukh (Bzedux, Bzhedug, Bezhehux-Temirgoi, Temirgoj, Chemgui), Abadzex (Abadekh, Abadzeg), Natuzaj (Natukhai). Closest to Kabardian. | 94% bilingual in Turkish. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| aeb | Arabic, Tunisian Spoken | 9,000,000 in Tunisia (1995). Population total all countries: 9,247,800. | Also spoken in Belgium, France, Germany. | Tunis, Sahil, Sfax, North-Western Tunisian, South-Western Tunisian, South-Eastern Tunisian. Close to Eastern Algerian Arabic, but clearly distinct. The Tunis dialect is used in media and in language textbooks for foreigners. Southern dialects are structurally similar to dialects in Libya. | 94% bilingual in Turkish. | Bible portions: 1903–1928. | Bible portions: 1903–1928. | |
| aec | Arabic, Sa`idi Spoken | 18,900,000 (1996). | Southern Egypt from the edge of Cairo to the Sudan border. The Middle Egypt dialect is in Bani Sweef, Fayyuum, and Gizeh. Upper Egypt dialect is from Asyuut to Edfu and south. Some might be in Libya or the Gulf. | Middle Egypt Arabic, Upper Egypt Arabic. | Speakers prefer Cairene over Sudanese. Speakers of Cairene do not understand Sa`idi, but speakers of Sa`idi understand Cairene and some use it as second language. | Bible portions: 1903–1928. | Bible portions: 1903–1928. | |
| aed | Argentine Sign Language | No estimate available. | Southern Egypt from the edge of Cairo to the Sudan border. The Middle Egypt dialect is in Bani Sweef, Fayyuum, and Gizeh. Upper Egypt dialect is from Asyuut to Edfu and south. Some might be in Libya or the Gulf. | Middle Egypt Arabic, Upper Egypt Arabic. | Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language outside class. Sign language is not allowed in the classroom. There are sign language stories and drama on film. There is a committee for a national sign language, and organizations for sign language teachers and interpreters. | TV. Videos. | TV. Videos. | |
| aee | Pashayi, Northeast | 54,412 (2000 WCD). | Side valleys between the Kunar and Pech rivers, in Kunar Province, west of Asadabad. | Aret, Chalas (Chilas), Kandak, Kurangal, Kurdar. Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. | Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language outside class. Sign language is not allowed in the classroom. There are sign language stories and drama on film. There is a committee for a national sign language, and organizations for sign language teachers and interpreters. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ael | Ambele | 2,600 (2000 SIL). | North West Province, Momo Division, western Widikum-Menka Subdivision, about 11 villages. | May be related to Busam or Atong. | Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language outside class. Sign language is not allowed in the classroom. There are sign language stories and drama on film. There is a committee for a national sign language, and organizations for sign language teachers and interpreters. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| aem | Arem | 20 in Laos. Ethnic population: 500 (1995). | West central, both sides of the Viet Nam-Laos border, west of Phuc Trach. | Other dialects or ethnic names: Tu-vang, Pa-leng, Xo-lang, To-hung, Chà-cu, Tac-cui, Nhà Chút. | Speakers also use Vietnamese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| aen | Armenian Sign Language | No estimate available. | West central, both sides of the Viet Nam-Laos border, west of Phuc Trach. | Other dialects or ethnic names: Tu-vang, Pa-leng, Xo-lang, To-hung, Chà-cu, Tac-cui, Nhà Chút. | Speakers also use Vietnamese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| aeq | Aer | 100 to 200 (1998). Women are monolingual. | Lower Sindh, Jikrio Goth near Kunri around Deh 333, Hyderabad, and at Jamesabad. Others are reported to have migrated to India at Partition in 1947, living in the Kach Bhuj area in Gujarat. | Jikrio Goth Aer, Jamesabad Aer. Lexical similarity 78% with Katai Meghwar and Kachi Bhil, 75% to 77% with Rabari, 76% with Kachi Koli. | All ages. They also speak Sindhi (adult men only for common topics), Panjabi (adult men of Jikrio Goth only for common topics), and Gujarati. 100% of boys and 25% of girls attend Sindhi medium schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% in Sindhi. Sindhi-based script. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% in Sindhi. Sindhi-based script. | |
| aer | Arrernte, Eastern | 2,175 (2000 WCD). | Northern Territory, Alice Springs area (Mparntwe), Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte), Alcoota, Harts Range (Artetyerre), Bonya (Uthipe Atherre), Amoonguna (Amwengkwerne). | Mparntwe Arrernte, Ikngerripenhe, Akarre, Antekerrepenh. Related to Mparntwe Arrernte, Alyawarr, Arrernte Akarre, Anmatyerre, Kaytetye, Western Arrarnta. | English bilingual program in operation at a school at Santa Teresa. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Radio programs. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Radio programs. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aes | Alsea | Extinct. | Oregon, on Alsea River and Bay. | Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakon, Yakona). | English bilingual program in operation at a school at Santa Teresa. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Radio programs. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Radio programs. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aew | Ambakich | 770 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,964 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province. | Northern Ambakich (Antanau), Southern Ambakich. | Very low vitality. All speakers older than 20 years. Interest in language retention. Many parents say they want their children to know Ambakich; however, they often speak Tok Pisin to their children. Nearly all speakers also speak Tok Pisin, those under 20 speak it primarily. Tok Pisin is used in many domains, including home, cultural, social, official (court), and with outsiders. | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | |
| aex | Amerax | No estimate available. | East Sepik Province. | Northern Ambakich (Antanau), Southern Ambakich. | Spoken by Neo-Muslims in prisons. Reported to not have first-language speakers. | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | |
| aey | Amele | 5,300 (1987 SIL). | Madang Province, Madang District, in the hills up from Astrolabe Bay, between the Gum and Gogol rivers. 40 hamlets. | Huar, Jagahala, Haija. Related to Gumalu, Sihan, Isebe, Bau, Panim. | Spoken by Neo-Muslims in prisons. Reported to not have first-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| afb | Arabic, Gulf Spoken | 744,000 in United Arab Emirates. | Gulf Bedu or village peoples. | Al-Hasaa. | The largest of five Khamseh clans now uses Western Farsi as a first language. Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1997. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60