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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aaa | Ghotuo | 9,000 (1994). | Edo State, Owan, and Akoko-Edo LGAs. | |||||
| kqu | Seroa | Extinct. | Also was in Lesotho. | !Gã!nge (!Gã!ne), ||Ku||e. Had three dialects. | Speakers also use Krio or Mende. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% in French. Literacy materials taught in school. Grammar. NT: 1966–1986. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% in French. Literacy materials taught in school. Grammar. NT: 1966–1986. | |
| ike | Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian | 14,000 (1991 L. Kaplan). Ethnic population: 17,500 (1991 L. Kaplan). | West of Hudson Bay and east through Baffin Island, Quebec, and Labrador. | "Baffinland Eskimo", "Labrador Eskimo", "Quebec Eskimo". | Vigorous except in Labrador, where less than half are speakers. In Labrador the youngest speakers average over 20 years old, except for possibly a few children at Nain. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1826–1871. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1826–1871. | |
| rnp | Rongpo | 7,500 (2001 D. Bradley). | Uttaranchal, Chamoli district, Joshimath Tahsel, Niti valley, Niti, Gamshali, Bampa, Malari villages; Mana valley, Mana, Indradhara, Gajkoti, Pathiya-Dhantoli, Hanuman Chatti, Benakuli, Aut; Marchha dialect in Mana and Niti valleys, Tolchha in Niti valley (very few in number). | "Marchha", "Tolchha". A Himalayan language distinct from Tibetan. Differences between Marchha and Tolchha dialects are phonetic only. | Rongpo speakers learn Garhwali simultaneously with Rongpo. Code switching and code mixing are very common. Used in the home and with friends from same group. Not used in any type of written domain. All ages. There is a history of stable bilingualism in Garhwali or Hindi. Some speakers also use Kumauni. | Hindi is used for all written communication. Grammar. | Hindi is used for all written communication. Grammar. | |
| ste | Liana-Seti | 3,000 (1989 SIL). | Eastern Teluti Bay to the north coast, districts of Seram, Bula, Werinama, and Tehoru, central Maluku, 8 villages. | "Seti", Wahakaim, Kobi. Lexical similarity 66% to 74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast), 69% to 78% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42% to 61% between Kobi and Manusela, 54% to 66% between Kobi and Benggoi, 48% to 58% between Kobi and Salas Gunung. | Vigorous. Seti use Teluti as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| stf | Seta | 155 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province. | "Seti", Wahakaim, Kobi. Lexical similarity 66% to 74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast), 69% to 78% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42% to 61% between Kobi and Manusela, 54% to 66% between Kobi and Benggoi, 48% to 58% between Kobi and Salas Gunung. | Vigorous. Seti use Teluti as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| bew | Betawi | 2,700,000 (1993 Johnstone). | Jakarta, Java. | 'A Malay-based creole which is quite distinct from both standard Indonesian and from other Malay-based pidgins and creoles'. It evolved by the mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. There are also influences from Peranakan Chinese and Bali. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (R. B. Allen, Jr. 1989). | Functions as a 'low' variety in a diglossic situation, but is a prestige variety when used by the upper class. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mcw | Mawa | 6,560 (2000 WCD). | Central, north Guéra Prefecture, Bitkine Subprefecture, about 30 km south of Bitkine, centered around the village of Mahoua. Southeast of the Mukulu. | 'Gurara' and 'Roffono' ('Reupan') are villages in which the speech is very similar to that of Mahoua. Lexical similarity 8% with Ubi. | The majority use Shuwa Arabic as second language, some use Kenga. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| mcz | Mawan | 471 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Gogol River area. | 'Gurara' and 'Roffono' ('Reupan') are villages in which the speech is very similar to that of Mahoua. Lexical similarity 8% with Ubi. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| mda | Mada | 100,000 (1993 SIL). | Plateau State, Akwanga and Keffi LGAs; Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA. | 'Gurara' and 'Roffono' ('Reupan') are villages in which the speech is very similar to that of Mahoua. Lexical similarity 8% with Ubi. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| mdb | Morigi | 700 (1975 Wurm). | Gulf Province, Lower Turama Census Division. | 'Gurara' and 'Roffono' ('Reupan') are villages in which the speech is very similar to that of Mahoua. Lexical similarity 8% with Ubi. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| bbh | Bugan | 3,000 (1996 Edmondson). | Southern Guangnan and northern Xichou counties in southeastern Yunnan Province, Laowalong, Xinwalong, Jiuping, Shibeipo, Xinzhai, Manlong, and Nala villages. | 1 dialect. | Vigorous. Few people have any comprehension of Tok Pisin. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | |
| bbl | Bats | 3,420 (2000 WCD). | Georgia, spoken by about half the inhabitants of Zemo-Alvani. | 1 dialect. | Few key domains, home. A few children speak Bats. Neutral language attitude. Georgian is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bbn | Uneapa | 10,000 (1998 SIL). | West New Britain Province, Talasea District, Unea (Bali) Island off the northwest coast. | 1 dialect. | Few key domains, home. A few children speak Bats. Neutral language attitude. Georgian is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| zpy | Zapotec, Mazaltepec | 2,200 (1990 census). 24 monolinguals. | Western Oaxaca Valley, Etla District, 20 km northwest of Oaxaca city; Santo Tomás Mazaltepec, San Pedro y San Pablo Etla, and a few in San Andrés Zautla. | 10% intelligibility of San Juan Guelavía, none of other Zapotec varieties. | Approximately 58% are speakers. Used in the home. 25% of children do not speak Spanish when entering school. Positive language attitude. Most speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | |
| zpw | Zapotec, Zaniza | 770 (1990 census). 4 monolinguals. | Western Oaxaca, Santa María Zaniza, Santiago Textitlán, Santiago Xochiltepec, El Frijol, Buenavista. | 10% intelligibility of Texmelucan (closest). | 35% of speakers are under 40. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | |
| zpb | Zapotec, Yautepec | 314 (1990 census). | Eastern Oaxaca, San Bartolo Yautepec. | 10% intelligibility of Tlacolulita (closest), no intelligibility of other Zapotec. | 126 speakers between 35 and 50 years of age, 138 over 50, 4 monolinguals over 50 (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| pmq | Pame, Northern | 5,616 (2000 WCD). | San Luis Potosí, north of Río Verde to the border with Tamaulipas. Includes Alaquines, Morales, Pasito de San Francisco, Las Crucitas, La Palma, Santa Catarina, Tamasopo, Rayón, Cuesta Blanca. Most speakers are in a natural corridor from the base of the Sierra del Mezquital along La Cañada River. | 10% to 15% intelligibility of Santa María Acapulco; 87% intelligibility of Alaquines by La Palma speakers. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pmr | Paynamar | 150 (1975 Z'Graggen). | Madang Province. | 10% to 15% intelligibility of Santa María Acapulco; 87% intelligibility of Alaquines by La Palma speakers. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pll | Palaung, Shwe | 2,000 in China (1995 SIL). Total De'ang in China 15,462 (1990 census). | Yunnan. | 15 Palaung dialects in Myanmar. Pale Palaung and Rumai are closely related, but distinct languages. | Shan is the lingua franca for intercommunication among Palaung groups with marked dialect differences and between Palaung and Shan, Kachin, and smaller groups such as Lisu. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| plm | Palembang | 500,000 (1989). | Southeast Sumatra, Palembang area, Musi River. | 15 Palaung dialects in Myanmar. Pale Palaung and Rumai are closely related, but distinct languages. | Shan is the lingua franca for intercommunication among Palaung groups with marked dialect differences and between Palaung and Shan, Kachin, and smaller groups such as Lisu. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| zpk | Zapotec, Tlacolulita | 135 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 904 (1990 census). | Eastern Oaxaca, Asunción Tlacolulita and San Juan Alotepec. | 15% intelligibility of Lachixila (closest), 10% on Mitla and San Juan Guelavía, 0% on Lachiguiri, Juchitán, Guevea de Humboldt, Petapa, San Juan Mixtepec, and Quiegolani. | 111 speakers are 50 years of age or older (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| zai | Zapotec, Isthmus | 85,000 (1990 census). | Tehuantepec and Juchitán, Oaxaca. | 18% intelligibility of Santa María Petapa (closest). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 40%, 2 20%, 3 10%, 4 10%, 5 10%. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1972–2002. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1972–2002. | |
| ngb | Ngbandi, Northern | 250,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000 SIL). 75,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 250,294. | Equateur Province, Mobaye and Yakoma territories, extending into Orientale Province, Bondo Territory. Also spoken in Central African Republic. | 2 dialects, about equal in size. Sango is derived from Ngbandi. | Vigorous. Some speakers of other languages use it for trade in border areas. All domains. Oral use in some churches. Oral literature. Positive language attitude. 70% have routine proficiency in Lingala; 10% can speak French. | Literacy rate in first language: 8%. 20,000 read it; 5,000 can write it. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 8%. 20,000 read it; 5,000 can write it. NT: 1988. | |
| byx | Qaqet | 6,350 (1988 SIL). | East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula. | 2 dialects. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| byy | Buya | 13,000 (2002). | East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula. | 2 dialects. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| byz | Banaro | 2,484 (1991 SIL). | Madang and East Sepik provinces. 2 villages. | 2 dialects. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| szc | Semaq Beri | 2,078 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 2,078. | Pahang, Trengganu, Kelantan. | 2 dialects. | Two dialects became extinct in the early 20th century. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| szd | Seru | Extinct. | Kabong, 2nd Division. | 2 dialects. | Two dialects became extinct in the early 20th century. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| yad | Yagua | 5,692 in Peru (2000 WCD). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,000. | Loreto, northeastern Amazon River Region, from Iquitos to the Brazil border. Some go to urban centers like Iquitos for economic reasons. Some occasionally go into Brazil. Also spoken in Colombia. | 2 dialects. | Official language. All domains. Some use of Yagua in religious ceremonies and services. Eight bilingual Spanish-Yagua schools. Most people along the main rivers are apathetic about Yagua, preferring their children to learn Spanish. Many are monolingual in isolated areas. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 54%, 1 20%, 2 15%, 3 9%, 4 1%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | |
| yae | Pumé | 3,396 (2000 WCD). | Orinoco, Sinaruco, Meta, and Apure rivers, Amazonas and Apure states. | 2 dialects. | Official language. All domains. Some use of Yagua in religious ceremonies and services. Eight bilingual Spanish-Yagua schools. Most people along the main rivers are apathetic about Yagua, preferring their children to learn Spanish. Many are monolingual in isolated areas. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 54%, 1 20%, 2 15%, 3 9%, 4 1%, 5 1%. | Bible portions: 1999. | Bible portions: 1999. | |
| pdo | Padoe | 6,000 (1991 D. Andersen). | South Sulawesi, eastern Luwu District in Nuha, Malili, and Mangkutana subdistricts; Central Sulawesi, Banggai District, 2 villages in Mori Atas Subdistrict and 1 village in Pamona Utara Subdistrict. | 2 dialects. Lexical similarity 73% to 86% with Mori Atas, 75% with Mori Bawah. | Vigorous. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1–2 82%, 2+ 33%, 3 17%, 4 1%, 5 0%. | Roman script. NT: 1994–2002. | Roman script. NT: 1994–2002. | |
| vam | Vanimo | 2,667 (2000 census). | Sandaun Province, Vanimo District. 3 villages. Not in Papua, Indonesia. | 2 dialects. Related to Wutung. | Most are Mende speakers in Sierra Leone. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| tnk | Kwamera | 2,500 (1989 SIL). | Southeast Tanna. | 2 main dialects. | Most Tandia people speak Wandamen. | Grammar. NT: 1890. | Grammar. NT: 1890. | |
| fse | Finnish Sign Language | 5,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Ethnic population: 8,000. | Schleswig-Holstein, Ostfriesland, the area around the towns of Emden and Oldenburg in Lower Saxony, and Saterland, Jeverland, and Butjadingen in 1976. Reported to be used only in Saterland, Eastern Frisia in 1998. Also spoken in USA. | 2 major dialects from the Finnish (17 schools) and Swedish (1 school) communities. Apparent influence from Swedish Sign Language merged with local indigenous varieties. Not intelligible with Danish Sign Language. | The government pays interpreters to accompany the deaf to hospitals, college, church, etc. Signed interpretation required in court. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989. | |
| wiv | Muduapa | 8,800 (1991 SIL). | West New Britain Province, Talasea District, Vitu and Mudua islands off the northwest coast. | 2 or 3 dialects. The variety spoken on Mudua Island may be a separate language. Related to Bali. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Two or more vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Two or more vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 2001. | |
| wiw | Wirangu | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | South Australia, coast between head of Bight and Streaky Bay and inland to Ooldea Region. | 2 or 3 dialects. The variety spoken on Mudua Island may be a separate language. Related to Bali. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Two or more vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Two or more vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 2001. | |
| wiy | Wiyot | Extinct. Ethnic population: 450 (2000 Yamamoto) to 800 (1997 Teeter). | Formerly in northwestern California. | 2 or 3 dialects. The variety spoken on Mudua Island may be a separate language. Related to Bali. | Last speaker died in 1962 (Teeter 1975). | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wmo | Wom | 4,264 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, east of Wara Sikau, Maprik District. 12 villages, foothills of Torricelli Mountains, 22 km west northwest of Maprik in Dreikikir District, Maprik Province. | 2 slightly different dialects. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| wms | Wambon | 3,000 (1987 SIL). | South coast area northeast of Mandobo language area. | 2 slightly different dialects. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| nce | Yale | 600 (1991 SIL). 5% monolingual. | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, west of Namia. Kwomtari is north, Abau is south, Busa is southwest, Biaka is west, Anggor and Amanab are northwest. 6 villages. | 2 very similar dialects. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in church, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most men up to 35 years old have routine proficiency in Tok Pisin. There is some intermarriage with the Odiai, Abau, and Kwomtari. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| zpp | Zapotec, El Alto | 900 (1990 census). 29 monolinguals. | Western Oaxaca, San Pedro el Alto, San Antonino el Alto, San Andrés el Alto. | 20% intelligibility of Totomachapan (closest). | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.08%. Literacy rate in second language: 35%. 500 can read and write it. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.08%. Literacy rate in second language: 35%. 500 can read and write it. NT: 2002. | |
| zoo | Zapotec, Asunción Mixtepec | 100 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 2,476 (1990 census). | Southwest of Oaxaca City in central Oaxaca, Asunción Mixtepec and another town. | 22% intelligibility of Ayoquesco (closest), and 3% of San Pedro el Alto. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 33%: males 42%, females 24% (1981 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 33%: males 42%, females 24% (1981 census). | |
| zoq | Zoque, Tabasco | 40 (1971 García de León). Ethnic population: 367 (1960 census). | Municipio of Jalapa de Méndez, Ayapa, Tabasco. | 22% intelligibility of Ayoquesco (closest), and 3% of San Pedro el Alto. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 33%: males 42%, females 24% (1981 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 33%: males 42%, females 24% (1981 census). | |
| mii | Mixtec, Chigmecatitlán | 1,600 (1990 census). | Puebla, straight south of Puebla city, about halfway to Oaxaca border. Includes Santa Catarina Tlaltemplan. | 23% intelligibility of Chazumba (Southern Puebla; closest). An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl. Low intelligibility of all Mixtec; very different. | 217 speakers over 50 years old, 273 monolinguals (1990). Most speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| mij | Abar | 2,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, centered around village of Missong, including villages of Munken and Abar. | 23% intelligibility of Chazumba (Southern Puebla; closest). An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl. Low intelligibility of all Mixtec; very different. | 217 speakers over 50 years old, 273 monolinguals (1990). Most speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| ego | Eggon | 140,368 (1990). | Nasarawa State, Nasarawa Eggon, Akwanga, Lafia, Awe, and Obi LGAs. | 25 dialects are locally recognized, but their status is unclear. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Dictionary. NT: 1974. | Dictionary. NT: 1974. | |
| miz | Mixtec, Coatzospan | 5,000 (1994 SIL). 500 monolinguals. | Oaxaca. | 25% intelligibility of Chazumba. Cuyamecalco is close, but inherent intelligibility is inadequate. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: Women: 0 90%, 1 5%, 2 2%, 3 1%, 4 1%, 5 1%; Men: 0 10%, 1 61%, 2 25%, 3 2%, 4 1%, 5 1%. Some speakers also use Mazatec. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 2003. | |
| lsg | Lyons Sign Language | No estimate available. | Jerusalem and vicinity, including Maoz Tsiyon. Originally from northwest Iraqi Kurdistan. | 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility of French Sign Language. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Hebrew script. Bible portions. | Hebrew script. Bible portions. | |
| lsi | Lashi | 1,800 (1997). | Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Ruili counties, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan. | 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility of French Sign Language. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| lsl | Latvian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Ruili counties, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan. | 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility of French Sign Language. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| mip | Mixtec, Apasco-Apoala | 7,866 (1990 census). 6,728 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, 40 km north northwest of Nochixtlán. Includes towns of Santa Catarina Ocotlán, San Miguel Chicagua, San Miguel Chicahuastepec, Jocotepec, Santa María Apasco, San Miguel Huautla, Nduayaco, and 2 others. | 26% intelligibility of Southern Puebla Mixtec (closest). | Positive language attitude. | Bible portions: 1966. | Bible portions: 1966. | |
| vmq | Mixtec, Soyaltepec | 322 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 926 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Teposcolula District, villages of San Bartolo Soyaltepec and Guadalupe Gabilera. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | All ages in some places. Children are learning Mixtec in Guadalupe. Speakers also use Spanish. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vms | Moksela | Extinct. | Central Maluku, possibly east Buru Island, near Kayeli. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vmu | Muluridyi | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, headwaters of Mitchell River to Mt. Carbine, Rumula, Mareeba, Woodville. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vmv | Maidu, Valley | Extinct. | Formerly in California, between Sacramento and the Sierra foothills. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| vmx | Mixtec, Tamazola | 2,500 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Nochixtlán, San Juan Tamazola. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pek | Penchal | 550 (1982 SIL). | Manus Province, Rambutyo Island. | 3 nearly identical dialects. | Speakers are moderately bilingual in Titan. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| seb | Senoufo, Shempire | 100,000 (1996). | North of Tingréla. | 3 or 4 dialects. Relationship to Supyire Senoufo in Mali is undetermined. | Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| sec | Sechelt | 40 (1990 M.D. Kinkade). Ethnic population: 550 (1977 SIL). | British Columbia coast north of Vancouver. | 3 or 4 dialects. Relationship to Supyire Senoufo in Mali is undetermined. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ndv | Ndut | 35,000 (2002). | West central, northwest of Thiès. | 32% intelligibility of Palor. Lexical similarity 84% with Palor, 68% with Safen, Non, and Lehar, 22% with Serer-Sine. | Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some also use Wolof, Lehar, Safen, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| tpe | Tippera | 100,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Chittagong Hills. | 36 dialects. | Many men can speak Bengali. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| xtd | Mixtec, Diuxi-Tilantongo | 8,500 (1990 census). 300 monolinguals (1990 census). | Oaxaca, 20 towns and villages in the Diuxi and Tilantongo area, Oaxaca City, Puebla City, Mexico City. | 37% intelligibility of Peñoles (Eastern); closer to Nuxaá. | All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20–30%, 1 20–30%, 2 20–30%, 3 15–30%, 4 0–3%, 5 0–1%. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| tpt | Tepehua, Tlachichilco | 3,000 (1990 SIL). | Tlachichilco, Veracruz. | 37% intelligibility of Pisa Flores (closest). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 50%, 3 20%, 4 4%, 5 1%. Some speakers also use Otomi or Nahuatl. | Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 2003. | |
| hue | Huave, San Francisco del Mar | 900 (1990 census). 30% to 40% monolingual in the old village. Ethnic population: 3,900 (1990 census). | Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Juchitán District, San Francisco del Mar, old town and new town. | 38% intelligibility of San Mateo del Mar Huave. The most divergent variety of Huave. Only fishermen were tested, and they are familiar with the other varieties. | Younger speakers use Spanish as second language. 2,000 to 3,000 in the new San Francisco town have shifted from Huave to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| cta | Chatino, Tataltepec | 4,000 (1990 census). 470 monolinguals. | Southeastern Oaxaca, Juquila District, extreme west lowland Chatino area, in the towns of Tataltepec de Valdez and San Pedro Tututepec, and a few speakers in nearby Spanish population centers. | 38% intelligibility of Yaitepec, 35% of Panixtlahuaca, 33% of Nopala, 27% of Zacatepec. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 1%, 1 9%, 2 65%, 3 20%, 4 5%, 5 0%. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | |
| ctc | Chetco | 5 (1962 Chafe). Ethnic population: 100 possibly (1977 SIL). | Southern coast, Oregon. | 38% intelligibility of Yaitepec, 35% of Panixtlahuaca, 33% of Nopala, 27% of Zacatepec. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | |
| zas | Zapotec, Santo Domingo Albarradas | 5,500 (1980 census). Population includes 1,500 to 2,000 in Santo Domingo (1993 SIL). All Zapotec languages: 422,937. | Central Oaxaca, Santa María Albarradas, Santo Domingo Albarradas, San Miguel Albarradas. | 39% intelligibility of Mitla (closest). Santa Catarina Albarradas may need separate literature. | Since 1979 speakers in Santo Domingo have shown increasing preference for Zapotec, but in Santa María it is reported to be diminishing in use. Some immigrant Mixe have learned the local Zapotec, but few Zapotec have learned Mixe. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 3%, 1 17%, 2 40%, 3 30%, 4 9%, 5 1%. Speakers use Spanish for communication with Mitla Zapotec speakers. Spanish is generally used between them and the Mixe in mixed marriages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Videos. Bible portions: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Videos. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| zat | Zapotec, Tabaa | 2,000 (1992 SIL). | Oaxaca. | 39% intelligibility of Mitla (closest). Santa Catarina Albarradas may need separate literature. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 30%, 2 13%, 3 5%, 4 2%, 5 0%. | NT: 1981. | NT: 1981. | |
| mnx | Manikion | 12,000 (1987 SIL). | East Bird's Head, east of Meyah, south of Manokwari, about 50 villages. | 4 dialects. | Many young people use only Burmese. The Mon can read Burmese and are generally bilingual in Burmese. | NT: 1997. | NT: 1997. | |
| gdb | Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar | 15,000 (2000). 4,000 to 7,000 in Pottangi Block, Koraput District (1995). | Orissa, Koraput District, Pottangi and Nandapur blocks. | 4 varieties investigated in Orissa had 69% to 80% lexical similarity, and with one in Andhra Pradesh 42% to 47%; 52% to 62% with Gadaba Salur in Andhra Pradesh. | Positive language attitude. Adivasi Oriya is the main second language. Speakers have low proficiency in Oriya. Telugu is also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | |
| gdc | Gugu Badhun | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, west of Ingham and Abergowrie almost to Einasleigh. | 4 varieties investigated in Orissa had 69% to 80% lexical similarity, and with one in Andhra Pradesh 42% to 47%; 52% to 62% with Gadaba Salur in Andhra Pradesh. | Positive language attitude. Adivasi Oriya is the main second language. Speakers have low proficiency in Oriya. Telugu is also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | |
| wib | Toussian, Southern | 19,500 in Burkina Faso (1995 SIL). | Comoé and Houet provinces, about halfway between Banfora and Bobo-Dioulasso, around center of Toussiana. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. | 40% inherent intelligibility of Northern Toussian. Nianha dialect is central. Each village has a separate dialect. | All domains. All ages. All are fairly fluent in Jula (all ages and sexes, adults more than young people, men more than women), and some have low proficiency in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in French, 3% in Jula. Bible portions: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in French, 3% in Jula. Bible portions: 2001. | |
| top | Totonac, Papantla | 80,000 (1982 SIL). | Veracruz. | 40% intelligibility of Highland Totonac (closest). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 10%, 2 50%, 3 15%, 4 10%, 5 10%. | Dictionary. NT: 1979. | Dictionary. NT: 1979. | |
| otz | Otomi, Ixtenco | 736 (1990 census). 4 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 5,356 (1990 census). | Tlaxcala, San Juan Bautista Ixtenco. | 41% intelligibility of Estado De México Otomi (closest), 23% of Mezquital, and Eastern Highland Otomi, 22% of Tenango Otomi. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| bgs | Tagabawa | 43,000 (1998 SIL). | Mindanao, Davao City, slopes of Mt. Apo. | 45% comprehension of Tigwa Manobo; low comprehension of Cebuano. Lexical similarity 62% with Sarangani Manobo; 34% with Bagobo (Giangan). | Speakers also use Mizo. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | |
| bgv | Warkay-Bipim | 300 (1993). | South coast area bordering Asmat to east and Sawi to west, lower Eilanden River, 3 villages. | 45% comprehension of Tigwa Manobo; low comprehension of Cebuano. Lexical similarity 62% with Sarangani Manobo; 34% with Bagobo (Giangan). | 50% of speakers have some proficiency in Indonesian or Asmat. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | |
| thh | Tarahumara, Northern | 300 (1993 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500 (1993 SIL). | Chihuahua, towns of Santa Rosa Ariseachi, Agua Caliente Ariseachi, Bilaguchi, Tomochi, La Nopalera. | 45% intelligibility of Central Tarahumara, 25% of Tarahumara Baja. | May be extinct. Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | |
| thi | Tai Long | 4,800 (2004). | Chihuahua, towns of Santa Rosa Ariseachi, Agua Caliente Ariseachi, Bilaguchi, Tomochi, La Nopalera. | 45% intelligibility of Central Tarahumara, 25% of Tarahumara Baja. | May be extinct. Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | |
| wtm | Mewati | 5,000,000 (2002 Gusain). | Rajasthan, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur districts; Uttar Pradesh, Madhura District; Haryana, Gurgaon, Faridabad districts. | 45% intelligibility of Marwari. Lexical similarity 72% to 77% with Hindi, 63% to 68% with Haryanvi, 57% to 70% with Shekhawati, 62% to 67% with Dhundari, 52% to 70% with Harauti, 68% to 71% with Braj Bhasha. | Speakers also use Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| blx | Ayta, Mag-Indi | 5,000 (1998 SIL). | A few barrios of Florida Blanca, several of Porac, Pampanga Province, several of San Marcelino, Zambales, Luzon. People affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption. | 46% comprehension of Botolan Sambal, 50% of Ayta Ambala Sambal, 59% of Pampangan, 32% of Ayta Anchi Sambal. Lexical similarity 66% to 73% with Botolan Sambal, 44% with Tagalog, 73% to 81% with Ayta Anchi Sambal. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Bible portions: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| maq | Mazatec, Chiquihuitlán | 2,500 (1990 census). 340 monolinguals. | Oaxaca. | 47% intelligibility of Huautla (closest), 37% of Ayautla, 29% of Soyaltepec, 20% of Ixcatlán. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 3%, 1 3%, 2 23.5%, 3 60%, 4 10%, 5 .5%. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1991. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1991. | |
| cuc | Chinantec, Usila | 9,000 (1990 census). 2,200 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, San Felipe Usila plus 12 towns, and 1 in Veracruz (Pueblo Doce). | 48% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec (closest), 33% of Palantla, 32% of Sochiapan, 31% of Ojitlán. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 2%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| cug | Cung | 2,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, west of Nkambe, northeast of Wum. | 48% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec (closest), 33% of Palantla, 32% of Sochiapan, 31% of Ojitlán. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 2%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| xtp | Mixtec, San Miguel Piedras | 448 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 1,123 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Nochixtlán District, Yutanduchi de Guerrero. | 49% intelligibility of Estetla (Eastern), 29% of Soyaltepec, Yosondúa, 18% of Peñoles, 15% of Chalcatongo, 13% of Tilantongo, 11% of Chicahua. | A few younger speakers, but most are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | |
| mab | Mixtec, Yutanduchi | 1,800 (1990 census). 38 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, Nochixtlán District, Yutanduchi de Guerrero. | 49% intelligibility of Estetla (Eastern), 48% of San Juan Tamazola, 20% of Yosondúa and Soyaltepec, 36% to 18% of Peñoles, 15% of Chalcatongo, 13% of Tilantongo. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Taught in primary schools. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1995–1999. | Taught in primary schools. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1995–1999. | |
| zpg | Zapotec, Guevea de Humboldt | 7,000 (1977 SIL). | Eastern Oaxaca. | 49% intelligibility of Lachiguiri (Northwestern Tehuantepec; closest). | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Bible portions: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Bible portions: 1982. | |
| chj | Chinantec, Ojitlán | 22,000 (1990 census). 2,800 monolinguals. | Northern Oaxaca, San Lucas Ojitlán, including 4 towns and 15 rancherías, and Veracruz, Hidalgotitlán and Minatitlán municipios. Most speakers have been relocated because a dam flooded their land in 1991. | 49% intelligibility of Sochiapan (closest), 43% of Usila, 39% of Palantla, 31% of Chiltepec. | Speakers have shifted to English. | NT: 1968. | NT: 1968. | |
| chl | Cahuilla | 7 to 20 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 35 (1990 census). | Southern California, San Gorgonio Pass and Mohave Desert areas. | 49% intelligibility of Sochiapan (closest), 43% of Usila, 39% of Palantla, 31% of Chiltepec. | Speakers have shifted to English. All speakers are older adults. | NT: 1968. | NT: 1968. | |
| vmp | Mazatec, Soyaltepec | 23,000 (1990 census). 6,000 monolinguals. The original Soyaltepec variety may only be 900 speakers, most of whom are monolingual. | Oaxaca, northwestern Tuxtepec District, part of Soyaltepec Municipio, towns of Santa María Jacatepec and San Miguel Soyaltepec, Soyaltepec Island. | 5% intelligibility of Chiquihuitlán. A separate language from other Mazatec. | Speakers also use Spanish. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| tpc | Tlapanec, Azoyú | 682. No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 17,000 in the Municipio. | East and a little south of Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Azoyú, Maxnadi, Toxnene, Zapotitlán del Puente, San Isidro del Puente, El Carrizo. | 50% intelligible of Malinaltepec. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| pdt | Plautdietsch | 11,974 in the USA (2000). | Hillsboro, Kansas; Reedley, California; and Corn, Oklahoma. | 50% intelligible with other Low German languages, Standard German, Pennsylvania German, or Hutterite German. | 5% speak Standard German, 98% speak English as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 95%. | Literacy rate in second language: 95%. | |
| pdu | Kayan | 40,900 in Myanmar (1983). Population total all countries: 41,050. | Kayah State, Mobyè State, town of Phekon in the southern Shan States, and hills east of Toungoo. A few villages in Thailand. Also spoken in Thailand. | 50% intelligible with other Low German languages, Standard German, Pennsylvania German, or Hutterite German. | 5% speak Standard German, 98% speak English as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| pbe | Popoloca, Mezontla | 2,000 (1993 SIL). | State of Puebla, 1 town. | 52% intelligibility of Atzingo Popoloca, 35% of Tlacoyalco (Northern Popoloca), 11% of Otlaltepec. | Many are passing the language on, but some prefer to have children use only Spanish. Some oral and written use in religious services, commerce. Earlier, people were embarrassed because of negative attitudes from nonspeakers. Attitudes toward the language have improved since development of the written form. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 25%, 2 13%, 3 10%, 4 2%, 5 0%. 25% speak Páez and some Spanish, 25% speak Páez and are fluent in Spanish. Spanish is the predominant language of instruction in schools. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| cae | Lehar | 10,925 (2002). | North of Thies in west central Senegal, around the towns of Panbal, Mbaraglov, Dougnan. | 52% intelligibility of Non. Lexical similarity 84% with Non, 74% with Safen, 68% with Ndut and Palor, 22% with Serer-Sine. | Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some speakers also use Non, Ndut, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mit | Mixtec, Southern Puebla | 1,330 (1990 census). 386 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, southwestern Puebla, town of Zapotitlán Palmas. | 53% intelligibility of Cacaloxtepec (Huajuapan; closest). | Most children under 16 have little or no proficiency in Mixtec and are monolingual in Spanish. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 5%, 2 20%, 3 60%, 4 10%, 5 5%. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| nhv | Nahuatl, Temascaltepec | 311 (1990 census). | State of Mexico, towns of San Mateo Almomoloa, Santa Ana, La Comunidad, and Potrero de San José, southwest of Toluca. | 53% intelligibility of Coatepec, Guerrero; 45% of Pómaro, Michoacán; 40% of Santa Catarina, Morelos; 10% of Tlaxpanaloya, Puebla. | Reported to be bilingual in Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | |
| otn | Otomi, Tenango | 10,000 (1990 census). | San Nicolás, Hidalgo, and Puebla. | 53% intelligibility of Eastern Highland Otomi (closest). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 16%, 1 59%, 2 20%, 3 3%, 4 1%, 5 1%. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| zps | Zapotec, Coatlán | 500 (1992 SIL). | Southern Oaxaca near Chatino Region, about 7 towns, but mainly in Santo Domingo Coatlán. | 54% intelligibility of Loxicha (closest), 51% of San Gregorio Ozolotepec, 44% of Cuixtla, 29% of Logueche, 16% of San Juan Mixtepec, 1% of Santa Catalina Quierí. | Speakers are reported to be bilingual in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| naz | Nahuatl, Coatepec | 1,400 (1990 census). 15 monolinguals. | State of Mexico, Coatepec Costales, Tlacultlapa, Texcalco, Tonalapa, Maxela, Machito de las Flores, Chilacachapa, Miacacsingo, Los Sabinos, and Acapetlahuaya, all west of Iguala, Guerrero. The language has strongest usage in Coatepec Costales and Chilacachapa. | 54% intelligibility of Santa Catarina (Morelos), 48% of Atliaca (Guerrero), 35% of Copalillo Guerrero, 28% of Zongolica (Orizaba). | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions: 1864. | Bible portions: 1864. |
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