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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aaa | Ghotuo | 9,000 (1994). | Edo State, Owan, and Akoko-Edo LGAs. | |||||
| nus | Nuer | 64,907 in Ethiopia (1998 census). 61,640 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 64,534 (1998 census). | Along the Baro River, in Gambela Region. | Eastern Nuer (Ji, Kany, Jikany, Door, Abigar). | 1,122 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 7.9%. | Literacy rate in second language: 7.9%. | |
| tsb | Tsamai | 8,621 (1998 census). 5,298 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 9,702 (1998 census). | Omo Region, lowlands west of Lake Chamo. | The Tsamai say Gawwada is difficult to understand. Possibly related to Birale. The most aberrant Dullay variety. Lexical similarity 56% to 73% with Gawwada dialects, 61% with Bussa, 31% with Komso. | 1,200 second-language speakers. They use Komso for trade. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.8%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.8%. | |
| sat | Santali | 40,260 in Nepal (2001 census). Ethnic population: 42,698. | Koshi Zone, Morang District; Mechi Zone, Jhapa District. | Karmali (Khole), Kamari-Santali, Lohari-Santali, Paharia, Mahali (Mahle) Manjhi. | 1,339 second-language Satar speakers and 559 second-language Santhal speakers (1991 census). Some bilingualism in Maithili and Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | |
| gwd | Gawwada | 32,698 (1998 census). 27,477 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 33,971 (1998 census). | Omo Region, west of Lake Chamo. | Dihina (Tihina, Tihinte), Gergere (K'ark'arte), Gobeze, Gollango (Kollanko), Gorose (Gorrose, Korrose), Harso (Worase). Lexical similarity 78% with Bussa, 73% with Tsamai, 77% with Harso, 92% with Gollango, 41% with Komso. Harso has 80% with Dobase, 56% with Tsamai. | 1,367 second-language speakers. Amharic and Oromo are used as second language. Leaders use Komso. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | |
| syl | Sylheti | 3,000,000 in India (2003). | South Assam: Surma Valley Region; Karimgani, Karimganj, Cachar, Hailakandi districts; Meghalaya, (Shillong, Jawai); Tripura, (Agartala); Nagaland, (Dimapur); Delhi, Calcutta, Hyderabad, Bombay, other cities. | Close to Bengali, Assamese. Lexical similarity 70% with Bengali. | 1,500,000 second-language speakers. All ages. Speakers also use Bengali, primarily men. Bengali is used for education and the media. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Educated speakers can read Bengali. Few women are educated. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Educated speakers can read Bengali. Few women are educated. | |
| noz | Nayi | 3,656 (1998 census). 1,137 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,005 (1998 census). | Decha Awraja, Kafa Region, and scattered in other parts of Kafa. The nearest town is Bonga. A few in Dulkuma village of the Shoa Bench Wereda, and Aybera, Kosa, and Jomdos villages of Sheko Wereda. | Related to Dizi, Sheko. Lexical similarity 58% with Dizi. | 1,876 second-language speakers. Speakers are adults. Young people speak only Kafa. Kafa is the trade language. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | |
| gdl | Dirasha | 50,328 (1998 census). 41,685 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 54,354 (1998 census). | Omo Region, in the hills west of Lake Chamo, around Gidole town. | Part of a dialect cluster with Komso and Bussa. Lexical similarity 55% with Komso. | 1,974 second-language speakers. Many also use Oromo or Komso. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| gdm | Laal | 749 (2000 WCD). Damtar village had its own dialect, called 'Laabe' with 3 speakers left in 1977. | Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Sarh Subprefecture, between Korbol and Dik. Centered in Gori, villages of Gori, Damtar, and Mailao near Kouno, northwest of Sarh. | Laal, Laabe. | 1,974 second-language speakers. Many also use Oromo or Komso. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| pln | Palenquero | 500 (1989 J. Holm). Ethnic population: 2,500 (1989 J. Holm). | Village of San Basilio de Palenque southeast of Cartagena, and 2 neighborhoods in Barranquilla. | Entirely unintelligible to Spanish speakers. Linguistic influences from Kongo in Democratic Republic of the Congo (I. Hancock 1987). | 10% of those under 25 speak it (1998 Armin Schwegler). Most speakers are older. Positive language attitude. Most members of the ethnic group speak Spanish as first language, but some older adults have low proficiency in Spanish. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| oac | Oroch | 100 to 150 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 900 (1990 census). | Eastern Siberia in the Khabarovsk Krai along the rivers that empty into the Tatar Channel, on Amur River not far from the city of Komsomolsk-na-Amure. Many live in the Vanino Region in Datta and Uska-Orochskaya settlements. Some live among the Nanai. | Kjakela (Kjakar, Kekar), Namunka, Orichen, Tez. | 10% or fewer of the ethnic group speak Oroch. Older adults speak Oroch, but not those up to 20 years old, who speak Russian. Russian used for most key domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| obi | Obispeño | Extinct. | Formerly in California, near Santa Barbara. | Not inherently intelligible with other Chumash varieties. | 10% or fewer of the ethnic group speak Oroch. Older adults speak Oroch, but not those up to 20 years old, who speak Russian. Russian used for most key domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ude | Udihe | 100 (1991 Kibrik). Ethnic population: 1,600 (1991 Kibrik). | Siberian far east; Khabarovsk Krai, Gvasiugi settlement, Lazo Region; Arsenievo settlement, Nanai Region; Primorski Krai, Krasny Yar settlement in the Pozharsk Region, Agzu settlement in the Terneisk Region. | Khungari, Khor, Anjuski, Samargin, Bikin, Iman, Sikhota Alin. Dialect differences are not great. | 10% or less of the ethnic group speaks Udihe. Used in the home. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| rop | Kriol | 10,000 (1991 B. Borneman SIL). | Roper River, Katherine areas, Ngukurr, Northern Territory; Kimberley Region Western Australia; Gulf Country, Lower Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. | Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. | 10,000 second-language speakers (1991 SIL). Preschool children may not be bilingual in another language. There are many first-language Kriol speakers who are not fully bilingual in English or in Aboriginal languages. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| ror | Rongga | 2,121 (2000 WCD). | South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngad'a, and south of Wae Rana. | Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. | 10,000 second-language speakers (1991 SIL). Preschool children may not be bilingual in another language. There are many first-language Kriol speakers who are not fully bilingual in English or in Aboriginal languages. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| djj | Djeebbana | 100. | West Arnhem Land, north coast around Maningrida. | Not closely related to other languages. | 100 partial second-language speakers (1991). Most speakers also speak Gunwinggu and another Burarran language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sid | Sidamo | 1,876,329 (1998 census). 1,632,902 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,842,314 (1998 census). | South central Ethiopia, northeast of Lake Abaya and southeast of Lake Awasa (Sidamo Awraja). Awasa is the capital of the Sidama Region. | Lexical similarity 64% with Allaaba, 62% with Kambaata, 53% with Hadiyya. | 101,340 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 20.3%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 20.3%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | |
| zpk | Zapotec, Tlacolulita | 135 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 904 (1990 census). | Eastern Oaxaca, Asunción Tlacolulita and San Juan Alotepec. | 15% intelligibility of Lachixila (closest), 10% on Mitla and San Juan Guelavía, 0% on Lachiguiri, Juchitán, Guevea de Humboldt, Petapa, San Juan Mixtepec, and Quiegolani. | 111 speakers are 50 years of age or older (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| gss | Greek Sign Language | 42,600 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Morobe Province, west of Ufim. | Many regional lexical variations. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. | 12,000 children and 30,000 active adult users (1996). | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| zax | Zapotec, Xadani | 338 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Pochutla District, San Miguel del Puerto Municipio, Santa María Xadani, 16 towns or villages. | Santiago Matatlán Zapotec (Matatlán Zapotec). 75% intelligibility of San Juan Guelavía (closest). | 122 speakers older than 50 years, 90 between 35 and 50, 1 monolingual (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 10% can write it. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 10% can write it. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | |
| nnj | Nyangatom | 14,177 (1998 census). 13,797 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 14,201 (1998 census). | Extreme southwest corner of Ethiopia, Omo Region. Two settlement centers: Omo River and Kibish River. Transhumance into the region of Moru Angipi in Sudan. | Inherently intelligible with Toposa and Turkana. | 123 second-language speakers. Ethnic identity attitudes are strong. Mutual nonagression pact with the Toposa. Occasionally unfriendly with the Turkana and Sudan Jiye. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.9%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.9%. | |
| nnk | Nankina | 2,500 (1991 SIL). | Madang Province, Saidor District, in the upper Nankina River valley. | Inherently intelligible with Toposa and Turkana. | 123 second-language speakers. Ethnic identity attitudes are strong. Mutual nonagression pact with the Toposa. Occasionally unfriendly with the Turkana and Sudan Jiye. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| nnl | Naga, Northern Rengma | 13,000 (1997). | Nagaland; Kohima District, northern section of Rengma. Kotsenyu is chief village of Ntenyi. | Inherently intelligible with Toposa and Turkana. | 123 second-language speakers. Ethnic identity attitudes are strong. Mutual nonagression pact with the Toposa. Occasionally unfriendly with the Turkana and Sudan Jiye. | Roman script. NT: 1979–2002. | Roman script. NT: 1979–2002. | |
| nnm | Namia | 4,944 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province (19 villages), Yellow River District, Panewai village, East Sepik Province (1 village). Areas are called Edwaki, Ameni, Wiyari, Lawo, Pabei, Iwane. | Closest to Ak and Awun. Lexical similarity 13% with Abau, 12% with May River Iwam. | 123 second-language speakers. Ethnic identity attitudes are strong. Mutual nonagression pact with the Toposa. Occasionally unfriendly with the Turkana and Sudan Jiye. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Four vernacular primary schools, started in 2000. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Four vernacular primary schools, started in 2000. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| nnn | Ngete | 10,000 (1991 UBS). | Southwest, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Pala Subprefecture, east of Pala around Ngeté village; near the Pévé, east of the Herdé. | Linguistic and sociolinguistic differences with Pévé and Herdé make separate literature necessary. Also close to Marba. The term 'Zime' is used by outsiders to refer to this and related languages: Herdé, Pévé, Mesmé. | 123 second-language speakers. Ethnic identity attitudes are strong. Mutual nonagression pact with the Toposa. Occasionally unfriendly with the Turkana and Sudan Jiye. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Four vernacular primary schools, started in 2000. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Four vernacular primary schools, started in 2000. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| zpb | Zapotec, Yautepec | 314 (1990 census). | Eastern Oaxaca, San Bartolo Yautepec. | 10% intelligibility of Tlacolulita (closest), no intelligibility of other Zapotec. | 126 speakers between 35 and 50 years of age, 138 over 50, 4 monolinguals over 50 (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| aiz | Aari | 158,857 (1998 census). 129,350 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 155,002 (1989 census). | North central Omo Region, southern tip of Ethiopian plateau, near the Hamer-Banna. | Gozza, Bako (Baco), Biyo (Bio), Galila, Laydo, Seyki, Shangama, Sido, Wubahamer (Ubamer), Zeddo. Galila is a significantly divergent dialect. | 13,319 second-language users. Used in the home, market. Some bilingualism in Amharic and Gofa (Wolaytta). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.3%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.3%. NT: 1998. | |
| sqs | Sri Lankan Sign Language | 12,800 deaf persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ). | Southern Laos, Attopeu Province, Phouvong and Sanamxai districts. | Related to Lasgerdi. | 14 deaf schools. Several sign languages used by different schools. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sqt | Soqotri | 57,000 in Yemen (1990 census). Population total all countries: 64,000. | Mainly in Soqotra Island, hundreds in `Abd al-Kuri island, and about a dozen in Samha Island in the Gulf of Aden. Also spoken in United Arab Emirates. | `Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, Western Soqotri. | 14 deaf schools. Several sign languages used by different schools. | Bible portions: 1902. | Bible portions: 1902. | |
| ads | Adamorobe Sign Language | 3,400 including hearing people (2003). | Adamorobe, a village in the Eastern Region. The district capital is Aburi. | West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. | 15% deafness in the population; one of the highest percentages in the world, caused by genetic recessive autosome. The village has been settled for 200 years. It is an indigenous deaf sign language, also used by many hearing people. Most users have no contact with Ghanaian Sign Language. All ages, evenly distributed. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| unp | Worora | 20 (1990 Schmidt). | Derby area, Collier Bay, Western Australia. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| unz | Kaili, Unde | 20,000 (1979 Barr, Barr, and Salombe). | Central Sulawesi in the Banawa, Palu and Tawaeli subdistricts, and South Sulawesi in the Pasangkayu Subdistrict. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| uok | Uokha | No estimate available. | North and west of Afuze, Owan LGA. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| upi | Umeda | 289 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanda District, south of Imonda. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| hdy | Hadiyya | 923,958 (1998 census). 595,107 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 927,933 (1998 census). | Gurage, Kambaata, Hadiyya Region, between the Omo and Billate rivers, in and around Hosaina town. | Leemo, Soro. Lexical similarity 82% with Libido, 56% with Kambaata, 54% with Alaba, 53% with Sidamo. | 150,889 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 34.4%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 34.4%. NT: 1992. | |
| hea | Hmong, Northern Qiandong | 900,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). | Northeast Yunnan and upper Cingshuiho River area of southeast Guizhou (southeast, south, and southwest Guizhou Autonomous areas, Songtao County, Guanling County, Ziyun County). | Not intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. Corresponds more or less to Ma's Central Miao and Purnell's Eastern Miao. Hmu was chosen by the government as the standard variety. It is based on Yanghao, but with some similarities to other varieties. | 150,889 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Amharic. | Dictionary. NT: 1934. | Dictionary. NT: 1934. | |
| wti | Berta | 22,000 in Sudan. | Blue Nile Province, on the Ethiopia border. | Shuru, Bake, Undu, Mayu, Fadashi. | 16,533 second-language speakers including 795 of Fadashi. | Literacy rate in second language: Berta: 9.7%, Gobato: 55.4%. | Literacy rate in second language: Berta: 9.7%, Gobato: 55.4%. | |
| bee | Byangsi | 1,734 in Nepal (2001 census). Ethnic population: 2,103. | Mahakali Zone, Darchula District, 9 villages in Byas Valley. | Pangjungkho Boli, Yerjungkhu Boli, Kuti. Related to Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi. Devidatta Sharma 1989 suggests that Chaudangsi and Byangsi are varieties of one language. Considered to be dialects of one language with Chaudangsi and dialects in Chhanguru and Tinker districts of Nepal. | 161 second langauge speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Byanshi). Nepali, Hindi, Kumauni are widely used. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bef | Benabena | 45,000 (1998 NTM). | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | Pangjungkho Boli, Yerjungkhu Boli, Kuti. Related to Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi. Devidatta Sharma 1989 suggests that Chaudangsi and Byangsi are varieties of one language. Considered to be dialects of one language with Chaudangsi and dialects in Chhanguru and Tinker districts of Nepal. | 161 second langauge speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Byanshi). Nepali, Hindi, Kumauni are widely used. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| gvr | Gurung, Western | 82 in India (1961 census). | West Bengal, Darjeeling. Also possibly in Myanmar. | Southern Gurung (Syangja Gurung), Northwestern Gurung (Kaski Gurung). Dialect speakers may have enough inherent intelligibility of each other to understand complex and abstract discourse. Not enough with Eastern Gurung. Related to Thakali. | 18,918 second-language speakers on all Gurung languages (1991 census). Used in the home. All ages. Positive language attitude. All ages and sexes use Nepali. Most can talk about common topics in Nepali. Nepali is viewed as necessary. School graduates speak some English, which is viewed as economically advantageous. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| gvy | Guyani | Extinct. | South Australia, south Yorke Peninsula. | Close to Narungga. | 18,918 second-language speakers on all Gurung languages (1991 census). Used in the home. All ages. Positive language attitude. All ages and sexes use Nepali. Most can talk about common topics in Nepali. Nepali is viewed as necessary. School graduates speak some English, which is viewed as economically advantageous. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| awa | Awadhi | 560,744 in Nepal (2001 census). | Lumbini Zone, Kapilbastu District; Bheri Zone, Banke and Bardiya districts. | Bagheli, Gangapari, Mirzapuri, Pardesi, Tharu, Uttari. | 19,996 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Abadhi). | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| awb | Awa | 2,054 (2003 SIL). | Okapa and Kainantu districts, Eastern Highlands Province. | Tauna, Ilakia, Northeast Awa, South Awa. | 19,996 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Abadhi). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | |
| mtx | Mixtec, Tidaá | 550 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 900 (1990 census). | Oaxaca. | 60% intelligibility of Peñoles (Eastern); closest. Nuxaá is close. | 2 monolinguals are over 50 years of age. Most speakers are over age 40. 13% of children 5 to 15 years of age are speakers (1990). Other children are not learning Mixtec. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mty | Nabi | 615 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. 3 villages. | 60% intelligibility of Peñoles (Eastern); closest. Nuxaá is close. | 2 monolinguals are over 50 years of age. Most speakers are over age 40. 13% of children 5 to 15 years of age are speakers (1990). Other children are not learning Mixtec. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| epo | Esperanto | 200 to 2,000 (1996). | Speakers in about 115 countries, used most widely in central and eastern Europe, China and other countries in eastern Asia, certain areas of South America, and southwest Asia. | Atisa (Atissa). | 2,000,000 second-language speakers (1999 WA). All ages. | Bible: 1900–1910. | Bible: 1900–1910. | |
| erg | Sie | 1,352 (2000 WCD). | Erromanga Island, southern Vanuatu. | Yoku (Enyau), Potnariven, Sie (Sorung). | 2,000,000 second-language speakers (1999 WA). All ages. | NT: 1909. | NT: 1909. | |
| mdx | Dizi | 21,075 (1998 census). 17,583 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 21,894 (1998 census). | Kafa Region, near Maji town. | Related to Sheko, Nayi. | 2,054 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16.8%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16.8%. | |
| anu | Anuak | 45,646 in Ethiopia (1998 census). 34,311 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 45,665 (1998 census). | Gambela Region in the southwest. Along the Baro, Alworo, and Gilo rivers and on the right bank of the Akobo River. Gambela town is the main center. | Adoyo, Coro, Lul, Opëno. | 2,114 second-language users. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | |
| anv | Denya | 11,200 (1982 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, central and southern parts of Akwaya Subdivision and northern part of Mamfe Central Subdivision. Partially in Takamanda Forest Reserve. | Basho, Bitieku, Takamanda, Bajwo. Dialect cluster. Kendem is linguistically between Denya and Kenyang. Lexical similarity 70% to 80% among dialects. | 2,114 second-language users. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| mdv | Mixtec, Santa Lucía Monteverde | 4,000 (2001 Williams). 203 monolinguals (1995 census). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1995 census). | West central Oaxaca, northeastern Putla District, town of Santa Lucía Monteverde. | Intelligibility is 83% of San Esteban Atatláhuca; people had difficulty understanding written materials in it. Santa Catarina Yosonotu Mixtec may be closer to this than to Atatláhuca. | 2,300 people between 5 to 14 years old, of whom 1,200 speak Mixtec, including 4 monolinguals (1995 census). Speakers also use Spanish. | Lontara syllabary script. Dictionary. | Lontara syllabary script. Dictionary. | |
| kqy | Koorete | 103,879. 84,388 monolinguals (1998 census). About 60 Harro families in Harro village on Gidicho (Gidicció) Island. Ethnic population: 107,595 (1998 census). | In the Amaro mountains east of Lake Abaya, Sidama Region. | Lexical similarity 54% with Dorze, 53% with Wolaytta, 52% with Gofa, 49% with Gamo, 48% with Kullo, 45% with Male. | 2,371 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 24.1%. Bible portions: 1999–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 24.1%. Bible portions: 1999–2001. | |
| kqz | Korana | Extinct. Ethnic population: 10,000 in South Africa (1972 Barrett). | Western. Possibly also Botswana. | Lexical similarity 54% with Dorze, 53% with Wolaytta, 52% with Gofa, 49% with Gamo, 48% with Kullo, 45% with Male. | 2,371 second-language speakers. | Bible: 1933. | Bible: 1933. | |
| rbb | Palaung, Rumai | 2,000 in China (1995). | Far western Yunnan, Longchuan, and Ruili counties. | Close to Shwe Palaung and Pale Palaung. Officially included De'ang nationality in China. | 20% of the De'ang speak Rumai. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986. | |
| bnv | Bonerif | 4 (1994 SIL). | North coast area on east side of the upper Tor River, north of Mander and south of Berik and Kwesten languages, village of Beneraf. Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan. | Closest to Konjo. | 20% to 30% of the ethnic group speaks Bonerif. Used in the home. A few children speak Bonerif. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and use Berik as second language. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| ess | Yupik, Central Siberian | 300 in Russia (1991 Kibrik). Ethnic population: 1,200 to 1,500 in Russia (1991 Kibrik). | Chukchi National Okrug, coast of the Bering Sea, Wrangel Island. The Chaplino live in Providenie Region in Novo-Chaplino and Providenie villages. | Aiwanat, Noohalit (Peekit), Wooteelit, Chaplino. | 20% to 40% of the ethnic group speaks it. Resettlement has weakened language use, but recent contacts with Alaska have increased prestige. Chaplino is taught in schools through fourth grade. Older adults have active command of the language, those 35 to 50 have passive knowledge, children know what they have learned in school. Positive language attitude. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| kim | Karagas | 25 to 30 (2001). Ethnic population: 730 (1989 census). | Siberia, Irkutsk Region. | Closer to Pawnee than to Wichita. | 20% to 40% of the ethnic group speaks Karagas. Used in the home. Speakers are older adults. People neutral to mildly supportive toward Karagas. Speakers also use Russian. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mrx | Maremgi | 40 (2000 Wurm). | North coast inland from Bonggo language, village of Marengge. | Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo. | 20% to 40% of the ethnic group speaks Maremgi. Used in the home. A few children speak Maremgi. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | |
| sel | Selkup | 1,570 (1994 Salminen, 1994 Janhunen). Northern Sel'kup has 1,400 speakers out of 1,700, Central Sel'kup has 150 speakers out of 1,700, Southern Sel'kup has 20 speakers out of 200. Ethnic population: 3,600. | Tom Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Krasnoyarski Krai and Tomskaya Oblast. The northern dialect is spoken in Krasnoselkup Region, Krasnoselkup, Sidorovsk, Tolka, Ratta, and Kikiyakki villages; part of the Purovsk Region, Tolka Purovskaya village; adjacent regions of the Krasnoyarski Krai; Kureika village, Kellog, and Turukhan River basin and Baikha. The southern dialect (Tym) is spoken in a range of villages in the northern part of the Tomskaya Oblast. | Taz (Northern Sel'kup, Tazov-Baishyan), Tym (Central Selk'up, Kety), Narym (Central Sel'kup), Srednyaya Ob-Ket (Southern Sel'kup). A dialect continuum with difficult or impossible intelligibility between the extremes. Speakers in the south are separated from others. | 20% to 50% of the ethnic group speaks Selkup. Selkup was formerly used as lingua franca by the Ket, Evenki, Nenets, and Khanty. Northern dialect: spoken by 90% of the Selkup, with young adults and younger not having mastered it. Southern dialect: spoken by 30% of the Selkup, with 10% speaking it fluently. Up to half the children speak Selkup. Positive language attitude. Russian used for most key domains except perhaps family. | The northern dialect is taught in the schools through fourth grade. Grammar. | The northern dialect is taught in the schools through fourth grade. Grammar. | |
| atl | Agta, Mt. Iraya | 150 (2000 Wurm). | East of Lake Buhi, Bicol Province, Luzon. | 54% to 86% comprehension of Naga (Central) Bicolano, 94% comprehension of Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 85% to 90% with Bicolano; 70% with Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 93% among four dialects. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. Negative language attitude. A population sample had 45% comprehension of Tagalog narrative. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| dul | Agta, Alabat Island | 30 (2000 Wurm). | East of Quezon Province, Luzon. | Related to Kwato, Ogea, Uya, Rerau, Jilim, Yangulam. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. Neutral language attitude. Speakers also use Tagalog. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dun | Dusun Deyah | 20,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southeast, Tabalong River northeast of Bongkang. | Lexical similarity 53% with Lawangan, 52% with Tawoyan. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. Neutral language attitude. Speakers also use Tagalog. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kxn | Kanowit | 100 (2000 Wurm). | Middle Rejang River, below Tanjong language, 3rd Division. | Buriram, Surin, Sisaket. Different from Central Khmer. Dialects are intelligible with each other. Many local varieties. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kanowit. Used in the home. Few or no children speak Kanowit. People negative or neutral toward Kanowit. Being absorbed by Iban. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | |
| xkw | Kembra | 20 (2000 Wurm). | Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Okbibab Kecamatan, east of the Sogber River. | Lexical similarity 75% with Taloki and Kulisusu, 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kembra. Used in the home. A few children speak Kembra. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| xky | Kenyah, Western | 1,250 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Balui, Belaga, Kalua, and Kemena rivers. | Long Bangan, Kemena Penan, Kakus Penan, Uma Bakah (Long Bulan), Lunan. Madang may be a dialect. Lexical similarity 80% between Madang and Lepu Kulit. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kembra. Used in the home. A few children speak Kembra. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| xkz | Kurtokha | 10,000 (1993 Van Driem). | Northeastern, especially in Kurto. The dialect around Tangmachu is more divergent. | Related to Bumthangkha and Khengkha. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kembra. Used in the home. A few children speak Kembra. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| kca | Khanty | 12,000 (1994 Salminen, 1994 Janhunen). Ethnic population: 21,000. | Khanty-Mansi National Okrug. Farther east than the Mansi, along the Ob River. | Northern Khanti, Eastern Khanti, Southern Khanti, Vach (Vasyugan). Intelligibility is difficult between geographically distant dialects. Three dialect groups. Vach is an 'archaic' dialect. The dialect used in writing is rejected by many speakers. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Khanty. Northern Khanty has 9,000 speakers out of 15,000, Eastern Khanty has 3,000 speakers out of 5,000, Southern Khanty has few or no speakers out of 1,000. Few key domains. Few children speak Khanty. Positive language attitude. Russian is used in school. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868. | |
| nio | Nganasan | 500 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,300. | Taimyr National Okrug, Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Ust-Avam village in the Dudinka Region; Volochanka and Novaya villages in the Khatang Region. They are the northernmost people in Russia, near the Yakut, Dolgan, and Evenki peoples. | Avam, Khatang. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Nganasan. Used in the home. The older and middle and a third of the younger generations have full command of the language. It is even more so in Volochanka. Few children are speakers. Ethnic pride is expressed. Status is enhanced by knowledge of the Nganasan language. People are neutral to mildly supportive toward Nganasan. Russian is used as second language. Dolgan is a separate language, but is also used by Nganasan speakers. They formerly had passive bilingualism or trilingualism with Tundra Enets and Nenets. | Taught in school as a second language. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in school as a second language. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gic | Gail | No estimate available. | Mainly in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth. | In Johannesburg it is more English based, in Pretoria more Afrikaans based. Reported to be related to Polari in the United Kingdom. | 20,000 second- or third-language speakers. The first language of users is English or Afrikaans. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| gid | Gidar | 11,687 in Chad (1993 census). | Southwest, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Léré Subprefecture, northwest of Léré in Chad to Guider in Cameroon, at least 25 villages. | Lam. | 20,000 second- or third-language speakers. The first language of users is English or Afrikaans. | NT: 1986. | NT: 1986. | |
| tvo | Tidore | 26,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | North Maluku, islands of Tidore, Maitara, Mare, northern half of Moti, and some areas of west coast of Halmahera. | Close to Ternate. | 20,000 second-language speakers. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| bqp | Busa | 20,000 (1998 Ross Jones SIM). | Niger State, Borgu LGA, Kebbi State, Bagudo LGA, 35 villages. | New Busa, Wawa, Illo. The two dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. Busa has more prestige, but Wawa viewed as purer, and used for literature. New Busa has Hausa-influenced phonology. Illo Busa has Boko influence. Other Busa languages (Boko, Bokobaru) require separate literature. Lexical similarity 91% with Bokobaru, 85% with Boko, 54% with Kyenga, 50% with Bissa in Burkina Faso. | 20,000 second-language users. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Hausa: 0 30%, 1 40%, 2 13%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 2%. Speakers also use Hausa, Kambari, and English. Hausa is used in school. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | |
| bqq | Biritai | 250 (1988 SIL). | Lakes Plain just north of mid-Rouffaer River, village of Biri. | Lexical similarity 69% with Obokuitai, 61% with Eritai, 60% with Kwerisa, 69% with Kai. | 20,000 second-language users. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Hausa: 0 30%, 1 40%, 2 13%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 2%. Speakers also use Hausa, Kambari, and English. Hausa is used in school. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | |
| bqr | Burusu | 6,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, around Sekatakbunyi, north of Sajau Basap language. | Lexical similarity 69% with Obokuitai, 61% with Eritai, 60% with Kwerisa, 69% with Kai. | 20,000 second-language users. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Hausa: 0 30%, 1 40%, 2 13%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 2%. Speakers also use Hausa, Kambari, and English. Hausa is used in school. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | |
| aun | One, Molmo | 500 (2000 Crowther). Ethnic population: 500 (2000). | Sandaun Province. Between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges, West Waipei Division, Molmo, Wisoli, Anononti, Laurela, Pusa villages. | North Aunalei, Central Aunalei, South Aunalei. Close to One Kabore, One Inebu, One Northern, One Southern, One Kwamtim. | 200 speakers of other One languages use it as second language when in One Molmo villages. All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. Tok Pisin used in church only. Other One languages used when visiting those villages. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | |
| auo | Auyokawa | Extinct. | Jigawa State, Keffin Hausa and Auyo LGAs. | North Aunalei, Central Aunalei, South Aunalei. Close to One Kabore, One Inebu, One Northern, One Southern, One Kwamtim. | 200 speakers of other One languages use it as second language when in One Molmo villages. All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. Tok Pisin used in church only. Other One languages used when visiting those villages. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | |
| chv | Chuvash | 1,800,000 in Russia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 1,834,394. | Chuvashia, east of Moscow, near the Volga River. Cheboksary is their capital. About half live in towns (1995). Also spoken in Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan. | Anatri, Viryal. The only extant language in the Bolgar branch of Turkic. | 200,000 second-language speakers. About 80% can use Russian as second language. | Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1904–1911. | Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1904–1911. | |
| suq | Suri | 1,000 Tirma in Sudan (1983 SIL). | Southern Sudan, Boma Plateau near the Ethiopian border. | Tirma (Tirima, Terema, Terna, Dirma, Cirma, Tirmaga, Tirmagi, Tid), Chai (Caci, Cai). | 212 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0.6%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0.6%. Dictionary. | |
| mii | Mixtec, Chigmecatitlán | 1,600 (1990 census). | Puebla, straight south of Puebla city, about halfway to Oaxaca border. Includes Santa Catarina Tlaltemplan. | 23% intelligibility of Chazumba (Southern Puebla; closest). An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl. Low intelligibility of all Mixtec; very different. | 217 speakers over 50 years old, 273 monolinguals (1990). Most speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| mij | Abar | 2,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, centered around village of Missong, including villages of Munken and Abar. | 23% intelligibility of Chazumba (Southern Puebla; closest). An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl. Low intelligibility of all Mixtec; very different. | 217 speakers over 50 years old, 273 monolinguals (1990). Most speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| bcq | Bench | 173,586 (1998 census). 149,293 monolinguals. Population includes 10,002 She, 1,070 Mer. Ethnic population: 173,123 (1998 census). | Kafa Region, in and around Mizan Teferi and Shewa Bench towns. | Bench (Bencho, Benesho), Mer (Mieru), She (Sce, Kaba). | 22,640 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 12% Amharic. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 12% Amharic. NT: 1990. | |
| dsh | Daasanach | 2,500 in Kenya (1980 SIL). | Northeastern shore of Lake Turkana, around Illeret, Marsabit District, Eastern Province. | Budai, Labuan, Tanan, Maga, Tona, Mantauran. The Mantauran, Tona and Maga dialects are divergent. | 231 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| dsi | Disa | 2,366 (2000 WCD). | South, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Kyabé Subprefecture, northwest of Lake Iro. | Budai, Labuan, Tanan, Maga, Tona, Mantauran. The Mantauran, Tona and Maga dialects are divergent. | 231 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| rcf | Réunion Creole French | 554,500 in Réunion (1987). Population total all countries: 600,000. | Also spoken in Comoros, Madagascar. | Two dialects: urban and popular; the former is closer to French, the latter more similar to Bantu and West African languages. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| rdb | Rudbari | No estimate available. | Sefid Rud Valley. | Various dialects. Transitional to Caspian languages and related to Vafsi. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| rea | Rerau | 588 (2000 census). | Madang Province. | Related to Kwato, Ogea, Uya, Duduela, Jilim, Yangulam. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| reb | Rembong | 2,121 (2000 WCD). | North central Flores, between Eastern Manggarai and Riung. | Rembong, Wangka, Namu. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ree | Kayan, Rejang | 3,030 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Rejang, Balui river areas. | Ma'aging, Long Badan, Uma Daro, Long Kehobo (Uma Poh), Uma Juman, Long Murun, Long Geng, Lemena, Lisum. Limited comprehension of Baram Kayan. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| rei | Reli | 19,000 (1997). | Andhra Pradesh, near Adiwasi Oriya; Orissa, Koraput District. | Possibly a dialect of Oriya. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| rej | Rejang | 1,000,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southwest highlands, north Bengkulu Province, around Argamakmur, Muaraaman, Curuo, and Kapahiang. | Lebong (Djang Lebong), Kebanagung, Pasisir, Musi, Rawas. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Traditional script. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Traditional script. Grammar. | |
| rel | Rendille | 32,000 (1994 I. Larsen BTL). | Marsabit District, between Lake Turkana and Marsabit Mt., Eastern Province. | Lebong (Djang Lebong), Kebanagung, Pasisir, Musi, Rawas. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000. | |
| rem | Remo | Extinct. | Between the Tapiche and Calleria rivers. If they exist, they are in Brazil at the headwaters of the Moa River; but there is no evidence of their existence in Brazil. | Lebong (Djang Lebong), Kebanagung, Pasisir, Musi, Rawas. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000. | |
| ren | Rengao | 16,000 (2002). | Kon Tum Province, from northwest of Dak To to southeast of Kontum city between Sedang and Bahnar. | Western Rengao, Sedang-Rengao, Bahnar-Rengao. | 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977. | |
| kno | Kono | 190,000 (1989 TISLL). | Northeast. | Northern Kono (Sando), Central Kono (Fiama, Gbane, Gbane Kando, Gbense, Gorama Kono, Kamara, Lei, Mafindo, Nimi Koro, Nimi Yama, Penguia, Soa, Tankoro, Toli). Not intelligible with Vai. The dialects have minor differences, and can use the same literature. | 25,000 second-language speakers (1981 Cranmer UBS). | Bible portions: 1919–1993. | Bible portions: 1919–1993. | |
| knq | Kintaq | 220 in Malaysia (2003 SIL). | Kedah-Perak border area, Thai border. Overlaps slightly into Southern Yala Province of Thailand. | Northern Kono (Sando), Central Kono (Fiama, Gbane, Gbane Kando, Gbense, Gorama Kono, Kamara, Lei, Mafindo, Nimi Koro, Nimi Yama, Penguia, Soa, Tankoro, Toli). Not intelligible with Vai. The dialects have minor differences, and can use the same literature. | 25,000 second-language speakers (1981 Cranmer UBS). | Bible portions: 1919–1993. | Bible portions: 1919–1993. | |
| alw | Alaba | 126,257 (1998 census). 95,388 monolinguals (1998 census). Ethnic population: 125,900 (1998 census). | Rift Valley southwest of Lake Shala. Separated by a river from the Kambatta. | Lexical similarity 81% with Kambaata, 64% with Sidamo, 56% with Libido, 54% with Hadiyya. | 25,271 second-language users. There is interest in using Alaba for primary education. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | |
| alx | Alatil | 176 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. | Lexical similarity 81% with Kambaata, 64% with Sidamo, 56% with Libido, 54% with Hadiyya. | 25,271 second-language users. There is interest in using Alaba for primary education. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | |
| bvs | Belgian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Maningrida, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. | North Belgium Sign Language, South Belgium Sign Language. A variety of regional dialects which have their roots in different deaf schools. The dialect in the Flemish region is closer to that in the Walloon region than it is to Dutch Sign Language. Adopted signs from the old French sign language directly and indirectly. It began in 1825. Different sign languages are used in the classroom and by adults outside the classroom. | 3 deaf schools in Brussels have trained about 30% of the deaf in Belgium. There are 26 deaf institutions. Sign language interpreters are required in court. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. There is a committee on national sign language. Little research on the language. There have been schools for deaf people since 1825. Limited influence from Signed Dutch and Signed French, which are used some for intercommunication with hearing people. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| kgg | Kusunda | Extinct. Ethnic population: 164. | Gandaki Zone, Tanahu District, western hills, Satto Bhatti west of Chepetar, and possibly jungle south of Ambhu. Kireni, near Kumhali. | Kurungtufu, Yoangen (Yoanggeng). | 3 speakers reported in 2001. Their descendants do not speak the language. In 2001, a second-hand report of a speaker in Surket. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | |
| arv | Arbore | 4,441 (1998 census). 3,907 monolinguals (1998 census). Ethnic population: 6,559 (1998 census). | Extreme southwest, Omo Region, near Lake Stefanie. | North Najdi (Shammar), Central Najdi. | 3,108 second-language speakers. Komso is the lingua franca. | Literacy rate in second language: 13.9%. | Literacy rate in second language: 13.9%. |
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