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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bqy | Bali Sign Language | 2,200 in the village, out of 50 deaf people and 2,150 hearing people (1995 T. Friedman). | 1 village in Bali. | Koron Panda, Koron Ache, Ejar. | The majority of the hearing people learn and use the sign language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Busa and Hausa adult literacy programs. Busa literature is available. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1998. | |
| moe | Montagnais | 8,483 (1987 Quebec Ministere de la Sante el des Services Sociaux). Population includes 5,866 in Western Montagnais, and 2,617 in Eastern Montagnais. 9,070 first-language speakers of Montagnais and Naskapi (1998 Statistics Canada). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1996 D. Myers SIL). | 11 communities in Quebec and Labrador, from Lake St. John eastward along the Saguenay Valley to the north shore of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence eastward to St. Augustin, northward to the height of land at Schefferville and inland Labrador (Goose Bay, Lake Melville). Western Montagnais is in 4 communities: Mashteuiatsh (near Roberval, Quebec), Betsiamites, Uashat-Maliotenam (near Sept-Iles, Quebec), and Matimekosh (near Schefferville, Quebec). The others speak Eastern Montagnais: Mingan, Natashquan, La Romaine, Pakuashipi (St. Augustine, Quebec, sometimes called Pakuashipu), and Sheshatshiu (North-West River, Labrador). | Western Montagnais, Eastern Montagnais. Palatalized l-dialect and palatalized n-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect cluster. There are possibly 3 dialects based on the shifting of Proto-Algonquian *l within Western Montagnais to 'n'. Two Western Montagnais communities (Mashteuiatsh, Betsiamites) use 'l' as the reflex of Proto-Algonquian *l, and the other Western Montagnais (Uashat-Maliotenam, Matimekosh) use 'n'. Uashat-Maliotenam and Matimekosh could be classified as Central Montagnais. All Eastern Montagnais speakers use 'n'. | Vigorous in all but 2 communities. Rapid shift occurring in communities close to national language cities. Strong use in lower north shore communities and Schefferville. Montagnais has been used as language of instruction in Betsiamites in recent past, and is taught as a subject in other classes. Taught as second language in 2 communities. All ages. Women of all ages and men over 55 are mainly not fluent in national languages: 3,000 people. Mashteuiatsh nearly all French-speaking. Many speakers are fluent in Quebec English (Sheshatshiu in Labrador) or French (other communities in Quebec). | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75% in French or English. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75% in French or English. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | |
| diy | Diuwe | 100 (1999 SIL). | 12 miles southwest of Sumo, east of the Catalina River. | Alor, Ngok-Kordofan, Pan Aru, Pawany. A separate language from other Dinka (J. Duerksen SIL). Lexical similarity 88% with Southwestern Dinka and Southeastern Dinka, 84% with South Central Dinka. | Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| geh | German, Hutterite | 5,000 in the USA (1981 SIL). | 123 colonies in USA (South Dakota 53, North Dakota 6, Minnesota 9, Montana 34, Washington State 6, and Oregon 1). | About 50% intelligible to a speaker of Pennsylvania German, Plautdietsch, and Standard German. Although it is called 'Tirolean', it is not a Tirolean dialect. | Speakers use Standard German in church and for Scriptures. They are partly bilingual in English and Standard German. | Almost all adults are literate in English and Biblical German. | Almost all adults are literate in English and Biblical German. | |
| aih | Ai-Cham | 2,700 (2000). | 13 villages in Di'e and Boyao townships in Libo County of the Qiannan Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southern Guizhou Province. | Di'e, Boyao. The two dialects listed have phonological differences, but are largely intelligible to each other's speakers. Similar to Mak. | People use it with Jamaicans and some other Caribbean people, but not with non-Caribbean people. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| dbg | Dogon, Dogul Dom | 15,700 (1998 Durieux). | 14 villages about 20 km northeast of Bandiagara with Nandoli as center. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | |
| pbh | Eñepa | 1,200. Nearly all are monolingual. | 150 mile perimeter south of Caicaro de Orinoco basin of the Cuchivero River; Bolivar State. Two groups: jungle and highland. 20 or more villages. | Alile, Toa. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1984–1991. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1984–1991. | |
| ttk | Totoro | 4 (1998 Arango and Sánchez). Ethnic population: 3,650 (1998 Arango and Sánchez). | 17 km west of Silvia, Cauca, in town of Totoro. | Pasoom, Kamuan', Palee'n, Leem, Ha'aang (Sa'ang). | Used with other ethnic groups. 63% of parents below 40 years old use Tutong 2 with their children. In mixed marriages, 48% use Brunei Malay with their children. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ill | Iranun | 12,000 (2003). | 17 villages around Lahad Datu and Kota Belud districts; also reported to be in Kudat and Marudu. | Most closely related to Maranao of the Philippines (85% intelligibility). Related to, but distinct from, Iranun and Maguindanao of the Philippines. | Speakers are older adults. Younger people understand Ili Turki, but are adopting Kazakh or Uyghur and intermarrying with neighboring groups. | NT: 1982. | NT: 1982. | |
| ngh | N|u | 10 (2003 Crawhall). Ethnic population: 500 (1998 Nigel Crawhall, South African San Institute). | 2 at Andriesvale (near Witdraai), 1 at Witdraai, 1 at Philandersbron (near Rietfontein), 2 in Olifantshoek, 3 in Upington townships, 1 in Raaswater (outside Upington). | N|u, |'Auni, ||Kxau, ||Ng!ke (Ng||-|e, ||Ng, |Ing|ke). Close to |Xam. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are concerned that N|u is dying out. Younger people have a strong loyalty to Nama, not shared by N|u speakers. Speakers use Afrikaans and Nama (Khoekhoegowab) fluently. | Literacy is in Afrikaans. | Literacy is in Afrikaans. | |
| nsk | Naskapi | 1,177. Population includes 677 Western Naskapi, 500 Eastern Naskapi (1996 Ministere de la Sante el des Services Sociaux). 9,070 first-language speakers of Naskapi and Montagnais (1998 Statistics Canada). Ethnic population: 1,177 (1996). | 2 communities in Quebec and Labrador. Those in Kawawachikamach are about 10 km northeast of Schefferville in northeastern Quebec at the height of land (watershed). On December 15, 2002 most of the Mushuau Innu moved from Utshimassits (Davis Inlet) to Natuashish on the mainland. Natuashish is an isolated community in Labrador. | Western Naskapi, Eastern Naskapi (Mushuau Innu). | Vigorous in both dialects. Slow shift occurring to English. Western Naskapi as language of instruction in school at Kawawachikamach, elsewhere as a subject in school in lower grades, taught as a subject up to secondary level. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Taught in primary schools. Cree syllabary. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Taught in primary schools. Cree syllabary. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| nsl | Norwegian Sign Language | 4,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | 2 communities in Quebec and Labrador. Those in Kawawachikamach are about 10 km northeast of Schefferville in northeastern Quebec at the height of land (watershed). On December 15, 2002 most of the Mushuau Innu moved from Utshimassits (Davis Inlet) to Natuashish on the mainland. Natuashish is an isolated community in Labrador. | Holmestrand, Oslo, Trondheim. Intelligible with Danish and Swedish sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. | Used since 1815. The first deaf school was begun in 1825, first club in 1878. It is passed to the next generation mainly through the schools. 3 dialects are associated with 3 schools. Signed Norwegian is used by teachers; pupils use Norwegian Sign Language among themselves. Signed interpretation required in court, provided some for college students, in mental health programs. Sign language instruction provided for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. | Films. TV. Videos. | Films. TV. Videos. | |
| oia | Oirata | 1,221 (1987 SIL). | 2 villages in east and west Oirata in southeast Kisar Island, south Maluku, and in Ambon city (several hundred). | Not related to other languages on Oirata or central Maluku languages. Related to languages in East Timor, but not closely. | Khana is the largest language of the Ogonoid group and therefore speakers of Gokana, Baan, and Tee tend to learn it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| udj | Ujir | 975 (1995 J. Hughes). | 2 villages, Ujir on Ujir Island and Samang on the end of western peninsula on Wokam Island, in northwest Aru Islands, south Maluku. | Lexical similarity 75% with Kola in north Aru, and slightly less with Kulaha on the west coast of Kola Island. | Language use is declining in Ujir because of the influence of Malay used by an increasing number of outsiders. Use is reported to be less in Samang than in Ujir. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | |
| puk | Pu Ko | No estimate available. | 2 villages. | Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macú. | Extinct since about 1940. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| pou | Poqomam, Southern | 27,910 (1991 SIL). | 20 kilometers south of Guatemala City. | Point Arena, Hopland, Ukiah. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. | |
| spc | Sapé | 5 (1977 E. Migliazza). Ethnic population: 25 or fewer (1977 Migliazza). | 3 small settlements on Paragua and Karuna rivers. | Some lexical correspondences Warao (Language Isolate). Greenberg classified it provisionally as Macro-Tucanoan. | Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| low | Lobu, Tampias | 1,800 (1985 SIL). | 3 villages in Ranau around Tampias. | High intelligibility of Upper Kinabatangan. Lexical similarity 73% with Lanas Lobu. | High bilingualism in Central Dusun. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lcd | Lola | 830 (1995 SIL). | 3 villages of Lola, Warabal, and Jambuair on 3 islands east of Kobroor and Baun islands, Aru Islands, southeast Maluku. | Lola, Warabal. Linguistically between Batuley and Dobel; close to Koba. | Most vigorous in Warabal. In Lola some young people use Ambonese Malay among themselves. In Jambuair there are many non-Aru people, so Ambonese Malay is in common use. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mxz | Masela, Central | 511 (1980 de Jonge). | 3 villages on Marsela Island, south Maluku. | 60% to 70% intelligibility of Peñoles Mixtec. Speakers understand little of San Miguel Piedras or San Pedro Tidaá Mixtec. | Used in the home. Spanish is preferred in Santa Inez Zaragoza; elsewhere Mixtec is preferred. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vme | Masela, East | 519 (1980 de Jonge). | 3 villages on Marsela Island, south Maluku. | Distinct from Korra Koraga, Tulu, or Kannada. Structural differences in phonology with Korra Koraga. | Speakers also use Kannada. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mfr | Marithiel | 25 (1983 Black). | 30 to 50 miles south of Daly River and central Daly River; Daly River Mission, Bagot, Delissaville, Roper River Mission, Northern Territory. | Marithiel, Nganygit, Mare-Ammu (Mari-Ammu). | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. 50 second-language speakers. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wha | Manusela | 7,000 (1989 SIL). | 30 villages, Manusela mountains of north Seram and along Teluti Bay in south Seram, central Maluku. | Kanikeh, Hatuolu, Maneo, South Manusela. Kanikeh has 66% to 74% lexical similarity with other varieties, Hatuolo 67% to 75%, Maneo 64% to 86%, Maneoratu 66% to 86%, South Manusela 67% to 80%, dialects have 64% to 72% with Huaulu, 42% to 61% with Liana, 45% with Saleman. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Teluti. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| xki | Kenyan Sign Language | Students in primary schools in 1990: 2,600. There are around 200,000 deaf people in Kenya. It is not known how many know KSL. | 32 primary schools for the deaf in Hola, Kapsabet, Karatina, Karen, Kerugoya, Kilifi, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Meru, Mombasa, Mumias, Murang'a, Nairobi, Nakuru, North Kinangop, Ruiru, Sakwa. Schools under the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) use a Kenyan version of (American) Exact Signed English, including one at Machakos. KSL is used at Nyangoma School at Bondo, a primary and boys' technical school (Sakwa), and in one girl's school. A school in Mombasa uses British Sign Language. Some Belgian brothers use Belgian Sign language in a school near Oyugis. 4 churches in Nairobi: 2 use KIE Signed English, 1 a mixture of that and KSL, the other uses a mixture of Korean, American, and Kenyan Sign Languages. | Mainly unrelated to other sign languages. It has become standardized with slight variations since 1961, when elementary schools for deaf children were begun. The deaf from Kisumu (western Kenya) to the deaf in Mombasa (eastern Kenya) can understand each other completely even with some dialect differences. The deaf in Uganda and Tanzania do not really understand KSL, though they have much in common. | Used in court cases involving deaf people. The Kenya National Association of the Deaf which has 12 branches. The government is using KIE (Kenya Signed English). The University of Nairobi backs KSL. Little research. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| dux | Duungooma | 70,000 (1991 Vanderaa). | 3rd Region (Sikasso), prefectures of Kadiolo and Sikasso. Kai is the largest town. | Dusun Pepas, Dusun Witu. Closest to Ma'anyan, Paku, Dusun Malang, Malagasy. Lexical similarity 75% with Ma'anyan, 73% with Paku. | Nearly everyone can speak Bambara. Students also speak French. | Very few can read or write. Roman script. | Very few can read or write. Roman script. | |
| jow | Jowulu | 10,000 in Mali (2002). Population total all countries: 11,000. | 3rd Region, Prefecture of Kadiolo, Subprefecture of Loulouni. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. | Srinagar dialect is considered to be the standard by a community organization. May be intelligible with Mahasu Pahari or Garhwali. Grierson said it was also close to western Hindi. It is perceived by some as a dialect of Garhwali. Lexical similarity 63% to 70% with Garhwali dialects, 64% with Kumauni, 66% with Hindi. | The men speak Bambara fairly well. The few who have been to school speak and read French. A few use Supyire or Duungooma as a second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | |
| kzh | Kenuzi-Dongola | 100,000 in Egypt (1996). Ethnic population: 100,000 in Egypt. | 40% in the Upper Nile valley, mainly at Kom Ombo, the rest in various cities. | Dongola, Kenuz (Kenuzi, Kunuzi, Kenzi). | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1912. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1912. | |
| sau | Saleman | 4,800 (1989 SIL). | 5 villages (Saleman, Pasanea, Sawai, Besi, Wahai), north central Seram, central Maluku. | Lexical similarity 64% with North Nuaulu, 48% with South Nuaulu. | Vigorous except in Wahai. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | |
| mss | Masela, West | 850 (1980 de Jonge). | 5 villages on Marsela Island, south Maluku. | Arupai (Urupaya). | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| nxl | Nuaulu, South | 1,500 (1995 SIL). | 6 villages on the south coast and interior of Amahai District, Seram Island, central Maluku. | Lexical similarity 67% with North Nuaulu, 50% with South Wemale, Hulung, and Naka'ela, 48% with Saleman. | Vigorous. Many also use Sepa. Some do not speak Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| tob | Toba | 700 in Paraguay (1991 SIL). | 60 km northwest of Asunción, Franciscan mission. | Southeast Toba, Northern Toba. | May be extinct (2000 D. Bradley). | Dictionary. NT: 1980. | Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| bay | Batuley | 3,840 (1995 SIL). | 7 villages in Aru on small islands off the east coast of Wokam Island, south Maluku. | Fairly closely related to Kompane to the north and Lola to the south, slightly more distant from Dobel. Lexical similarity 70% with Barakai and Karey, 81% with Mariri. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| phl | Phalura | 8,600 (1990). | 7 villages on the east side of the lower Chitral Valley, possibly 1 village in Dir Kohistan; Purigal, Ghos, the Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Ashret. | Ashreti, Northern Phalura. Ashreti has 92% lexical similarity with Northern Phalura. Lexical similarity 56% to 58% with Savi in Afghanistan, 38% to 42% with Shina. | Speakers also use Khowar. | Tai script. | Tai script. | |
| dsq | Tadaksahak | 30,000 in Mali (1995). Population total all countries: 31,800. | 7th region, about 300 km east-west by 200 km north-south with Ménaka as geographic center. They travel into Niger and Algeria. Also spoken in Algeria. | Close to Tagdal (Niger), Tasawaq (Niger), Korandje (Algeria). Northern Songhay Languages share features from Songhay and Tamasheq. | Vigorous. All ages. Reported to also use Tamasheq, although women and children in isolated encampments understand very little. | Oriya script. | Oriya script. | |
| liv | Liv | 15 to 20 (1995 V. Zeps). | 8 coastal villages west of Kolkasrags in Kurzeme and a dispersed population elsewhere, mostly in Riga. | Western Livonian (Kurzeme, Raandalist), Eastern Livonian (Vidzeme). | Eastern Livonian is now extinct. Speakers also use Latvian or Russian. | NT: 1942. | NT: 1942. | |
| poc | Poqomam, Central | 8,600 in Guatemala (1990 SIL). | 9 kilometers northwest of Guatemala City, Chinautla. Also spoken in El Salvador. | Santa Cruz Verapaz Poqomchi'. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. | |
| pod | Ponares | Extinct. | 9 kilometers northwest of Guatemala City, Chinautla. Also spoken in El Salvador. | Santa Cruz Verapaz Poqomchi'. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. | |
| wxa | Waxianghua | 300,000 (1995). | A 6,000 square km area in western Hunan Province, Wuling Mountains, including Yuanling, Chunxi, Jishou, Guzhang, and Dayong. | Part of the Han nationality. It differs greatly from both Southwestern Mandarin (Xinan Guanhua) and Xiang Chinese (Hunanese), but is relatively uniform within itself. Neighboring Han Chinese, Miao, and Tujia people do not understand it. Some view it as a special variety of Chinese, others as a minority language, perhaps related to Miao. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| blx | Ayta, Mag-Indi | 5,000 (1998 SIL). | A few barrios of Florida Blanca, several of Porac, Pampanga Province, several of San Marcelino, Zambales, Luzon. People affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption. | 46% comprehension of Botolan Sambal, 50% of Ayta Ambala Sambal, 59% of Pampangan, 32% of Ayta Anchi Sambal. Lexical similarity 66% to 73% with Botolan Sambal, 44% with Tagalog, 73% to 81% with Ayta Anchi Sambal. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Bible portions: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| abc | Ayta, Ambala | 1,657 (1986 SIL). | A few barrios of San Marcelino, Zambales, several of Subic City, Zambales, a few of Olongapa, Zambales, a few of Castillejos, Zambales, a few of Dinalupinan, Bataan Province, Luzon. Affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption. | Ambala Ayta speakers' comprehension of Botolan Sambal is 60%, of Ayta Indi Sambal is 54%, of Ayta Anchi Sambal is 60%, of Bataan Sambal is 70%. Lexical similarity 70% with Botolan Sambal, 55% with Tagalog. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | |
| uum | Urum | 94,983 in Ukraine (2000 WCD). | A few villages in the Donetsk Oblast of southeastern Ukraine. 10 villages total. | Related to Crimean Tatar. A number of inherently intelligible dialects. | Most speakers are adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| ttq | Tamajaq, Tawallammat | Few speakers in Nigeria. | A few villages in the far northwest in Sokoto State. | Ioullemmeden. | Official language. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | |
| meo | Malay, Kedah | No estimate available. | A few villages near Satun. Isolated. | Distinct from Pattani Malay or Standard Malay. | Speakers also use Central Thai. | Taught as an elective from primary to college levels. Kikakui script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959. | Taught as an elective from primary to college levels. Kikakui script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959. | |
| dtm | Dogon, Tomo Kan | 132,800 in Mali (1998 Durieux). | A few villages. | Distinct from Tommo So (Tombo). | Speakers also use Sabah Malay. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kum | Kumyk | 282,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 282,554. | A few villages. | Khasav-Yurt, Buinak, Khaidak. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in first language: Higher in Kumyk where the majority speak Kumyk. Literacy rate in second language: High in Russian. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1888–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: Higher in Kumyk where the majority speak Kumyk. Literacy rate in second language: High in Russian. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1888–1996. | |
| mue | Media Lengua | 1,000 (1999 Peter Bakker). Population includes first- and second-language speakers. | A few villages. | Lexical similarity 71% with Zirenkel, 35% with Dangaléat. | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| yai | Yagnobi | 2,000 (1975 SIL). | A high mountain valley of the Yagnob River. | Western Yagnobi, Eastern Yagnobi. | Vigorous. Tajiki is used as literary language. Russian also used. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1881–1886. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1881–1886. | |
| bot | Bongo | 10,084 (2000 WCD). | A large sparsely populated area reaching from Tonj and Wau on the north, the Beli on the east, the Zande on the south, and the Bor on the west. | Busere Bongo, Tonj Bongo, Bungo. Slight dialect differences between those on the River Busere, who have had Zande influence, and those around Tonj. Bungo dialect has minor differences. Close to the Jur Beli cluster. | Bilingualism in Jur Beli is low. Generally, adults understand Zande, and adult males understand Dinka Rek. The youth do not understand Zande or Dinka because education is mostly in Arabic with some English. Many students drop out of school because they cannot understand the language being used. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | |
| ccj | Kasanga | 650 (2002). | A remnant is living near Felupe, northwest, in a sparsely populated border area. None in Senegal. | Close to Banyun. | Speakers also use Mandinka. | Bible portions: 1923–1932. | Bible portions: 1923–1932. | |
| luw | Luo | 1 (1995 Connell). | A section of Atta. | Related to Yakkha, Chhulung, Chhintange, and Lambichhong. | There appears to be retention of language use at least among some members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | |
| sru | Suruí | 800 (1994 SIL). | A series of villages and scattered locations along the Rondônia-Mato Grosso border. 10 villages. | Related to Cinta Larga and Gavião do Jiparaná. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| ghr | Ghera | 10,000 (1998). | A single colony in Hyderabad, between the main bus stop and the railway station. Speakers say more than 90% of the people remained in Surat and Ahmedabad, India. | Quite different grammatically from Gurgula and similar to Urdu. Lexical similarity 87% with Gurgula, 70% with Urdu. | Widespread multilingualism among both sexes with both Sindhi and Urdu. 25% of boys and some girls attend Sindhi medium schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Sindhi. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Sindhi. | |
| qve | Quechua, Eastern Apurímac | 200,000 (2002 SIL). 80,000 monolinguals (30% in towns, 60% to 70% in remote areas, especially at high altitudes). Ethnic population: 200,000. | Abancay, Grau, Cotabambas, Aymaraes and Antabamba Ayamaraes, Chuquibambilla, and Anda provinces of the department of Apurímac. The province of La Unión, Arequipa. | Abancay, Antabamba, Cotabambas. La Unión Quechua (Arequipa) is very similar to Antabamba. | Official language. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50% (According to census: 65%). Census figure: 40,000 nonliterate adults. 35% of adults, or 20% of total population. In rural areas 47.5% of the adults are nonliterate. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50% (According to census: 65%). Census figure: 40,000 nonliterate adults. 35% of adults, or 20% of total population. In rural areas 47.5% of the adults are nonliterate. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1974. | |
| ibo | Igbo | 18,000,000 (1999 WA). | Abia State, Anambra State, Aguata, Anambra, Awka, Idemili, Ihiala, Njikoka, Nnewi, and Onitsha LGAs; Enugu State, Awgu, Enugu, Ezeagu, Igo-Etiti, Igbo-Eze, Isi-Uzo, Nkanu, Nsukka, Udi, and Uzo-Uwani LGAs; Imo State; Rivers State, Ikwerre, Bonny, and Ahoada LGAs; Delta State, Oshimili, Aniocha, and Ndokwa LGAs; Akwa Ibom State, Ika LGA. The states where Igbo is spoken as the only or majority language are Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. It is also spoken in the northeast of Delta State and the southeast of Rivers State, Oyigbo LGA and the Opobo part of Opobo-Nkoro LGA, and alongside Ibani in Bonny LGA. | Owerri (Isuama), Onitsha, Umuahia, Orlu, Ngwa, Afikpo, Nsa, Oguta, Aniocha, Eche, Egbema, Oka (Awka), Bonny-Opobo, Mbaise, Nsuka, Ohuhu, Unwana. 30 dialects vary in inherent intelligibility. The standard literary form is developing based on the dialects of Owerri and Umuahia, omitting the nasality and aspiration found in those dialects. | Official language in the southwest. The main trade language of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states. Used for government notices. | Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1906–1988. | Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1906–1988. | |
| ati | Attié | 381,000 (1993 SIL). | Abidjan Department, subprefectures of Anyama and Alepe; Adzope Department, subprefectures of Adzope, Affery, Agou, Akoupe, Yakasse-Attobrou. | Naindin, Ketin, Bodin. The Bodin dialect is the most prestigious and numerous. | Speakers also use French, Jula, Anyin, Ebrie, Abbey, or Baoule. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1995. | |
| ebr | Ebrié | 75,859 (1988 census). | Abidjan Department, urban Abidjan, the Subprefecture of Dabou, and the Subprefecture of Bingerville. 57 villages, including 27 in Abidjan. | Low lexical similarity and structurally different from surrounding languages. | More use of French than other groups because of their proximity to the capital. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1998. | |
| ecs | Ecuadorian Sign Language | 188,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Abidjan Department, urban Abidjan, the Subprefecture of Dabou, and the Subprefecture of Bingerville. 57 villages, including 27 in Abidjan. | Slight regional variants in sign languages. Some influences from USA Peace Corps, others from people educated in Spain or Argentina. | Some deaf schools use total communication; speaking and signing. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1998. | |
| xst | Silt'e | 827,764 (1998 census). Ethnic population: 900,348 (1998 census). | About 150 km south of Addis Ababa. | Enneqor (Inneqor), Ulbarag (Urbareg), Wolane (Walane). Not intelligible with West or North Gurage. 40% or less intelligible with Chaha (Central West Gurage). | 89,042 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16.6%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16.6%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1981. | |
| mka | Mbre | 200 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 700. | About 20 km from Marabadiassa, northwest of Bouake and Diabo, in villages of Bondosso and Niantibo, having shrunk from 15 villages a few years ago. | Considerably different from surrounding Mande and nearby Kwa languages. | Speakers are shifting to Koro. | Literacy rate in second language: below 7%. Girls not sent to school at all. | Literacy rate in second language: below 7%. Girls not sent to school at all. | |
| dtt | Dogon, Toro Tegu | 2,900 (1998 Durieux). | About 80 km east of Douentza along a paved road. Approximately 15 villages. | Different from Dogoso and Dogosé in Burkina Faso. | National language. | Dictionary. NT: 1957–1994. | Dictionary. NT: 1957–1994. | |
| tpx | Tlapanec, Acatepec | 33,000 (1994 SIL). 10,000 monolinguals. | Acatepec, Guerrero, Zapotitlán Tablas Municipio: Huitzapula, Ayotoxtla, Excalerilla, Huiztlatzala; Acatepec Municipio: Acatepec, Apetzuca, Tenamazapa, Barranca Pobre, Mezcalapa, Metlapilapa, Tres Cruces, El Salto, Zochitepec, Caxitepec; Platanillo municipio: Nanzintla, Teocuitlapa. | Acatepec, Zapotitlán Tablas, Platanillo. 83% intelligibility of Malinaltepec, 79% of Tlacoapa. | Many bilingual school teachers from Malinaltepec. | Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 2003. | |
| nuc | Nukuini | Extinct. | Acre, northwestern, from the upper Mõa to the Rio Sungarú in Juruá. | Cuyanawa. | They have used mainly Portuguese for 3 generations. Some older people remember a little of the language. | Yi script. | Yi script. | |
| ppv | Papavô | 170 (2000 WCD). | Acre, Taramacá River. | Papora, Hoanya. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | |
| pyn | Poyanáwa | 310 (1995 AMTB). | Acre, upper Rio Môa, tributary of the Jumá. | Closest to Horom. Chadic influence. | In some villages, young people use Fyam only in special contexts. Shift to Hausa in progress. Fyam is used at home and in the village in some cases. Hausa is used generally, English in education and government. English is restricted to young people, especially men. | 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. | 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| cbs | Cashinahua | 400 in Brazil (2003). | Acre. | It may be closest to Sharanahua. | Speakers have some proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| cpb | Ashéninka, Ucayali-Yurúa | 212 to 235 in Brazil (1983 SIL). | Acre. | Somewhat intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka. | Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 15%, 4 5%, 5 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| kav | Katukína | 1 (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 360. | Acre. | Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa). | 95% also use Turkish. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | |
| tux | Tuxináwa | Extinct. | Acre. | Northern Turkana, Southern Turkana. Inherently intelligible with Toposa, but hostile toward the speakers. Also partially intelligible with Karamojong, Jie, and Nyangatom, but all five are ethnically distinct. There are a few phonological, lexical, and discourse marker differences between them. Northern Turkana and Eastern Toposa are closer; Southern Turkana and Western Toposa are farther apart linguistically. The four varieties form a cluster divided in the middle by the Kenya-Sudan border. Lexical similarity 85% similarity with Karamojong, 76% with Teso. | Vigorous. Unfriendly toward the Karamojong and Pokot; friendly with Jie. Most are monolingual. Only a few adults have mastered upcountry Swahili as lingua franca. More are learning Swahili because of a new road. A few can speak Pokot or Daasenech. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| yaa | Yaminahua | 357 in Brazil (1986 SIL). | Acre. | Yaminahua, Chitonahua (Morunahua, Moronahua, Foredafa, Horudahua, Horunahua). Closest to Sharanahua. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 2003. | |
| ywn | Yawanawa | 310 (1994 SIL). | Acre. 1 village of 100 people, with the remainder living along a river. | Central Yawa (Mora), West Yawa, South Yawa, North Yawa, East Yawa. | Vigorous. Portuguese is used only with outsiders. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| mpd | Machinere | 400 (1995 AMTB). | Acre. May also be in Bolivia. | Distinct enough from Yine (Piro) in Peru to need separate literature. Manitenére may be different from Machinere. | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Bible portions: 1960. | Bible portions: 1960. | |
| ndr | Ndoola | 2,120 in Cameroon (2000 WCD). | Adamawa Province, Faro-and-Deo Division, southern Mayo-Baleo Subdivision, on the upper Mayo-Deo River, Dodeo village near the Nigerian border; North West Province, Donga-Mantung Division, north of Nkambe. | There are at least two distinct dialects, those on and at the foot of the Mambila Plateau and those around Baissa, which seem to be similar to Serti. | Speakers also use Fulfulde or Hausa. | NT: 1994. | NT: 1994. | |
| brt | Bitare | 6,034 in Cameroon (2000 WCD). | Adamawa Province, Mayo-Banyo Division, near Banyo. | Close to Abong. | All domains, home. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| wom | Wom | 5,000 (1989 Blench). | Adamawa State, Fufore LGA. | Close to Samba Leko. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| ttb | Gaa | 10,000 (1997 Boyd). | Adamawa State, Ganye LGA; Tiba Plateau, between Garba Sbege and Jada, north of the Shebshi Mountains. | Several varieties do not have functional intelligibility of each other. | Vigorous. Used in the home and cultural events, social events along with other languages. Vernacular instruction first two years. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use English, Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Hoyahoya, Bamu, or Gogodala. Women tend to control fewer languages than men. Many women are monolingual. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1969. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1969. | |
| ngw | Ngwaba | 10,000 (1993 CAPRO). | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA at Fachi and Guduniya, and Hong LGA. 2 villages. | Closest to Khlor. Related to Alak 2. | Speakers also use Fulfulde, Hausa, Gudu, or Nzanyi. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | |
| hwo | Hwana | 32,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, and some in Song and Hong LGAs. | The basilect (heavy creole) is barely intelligible with Standard English (H. McKaughan and M. Forman 1982). | Speakers also use Fulfulde, Hausa, Kilba, or Gaanda. | Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| bvw | Boga | 10,000 (1990 Blench). | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA. | Baniva, Quirruba. | Strong separation of ethnolinguistic identity with Geser. Many claim to be bilingual in Geser. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| gqa | Ga'anda | 43,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA. Some also in Song, Guyuk, and Mubi LGAs, and Borno State, Biu LGA. | Ga'anda, Gabin. | Speakers also use Hausa or Fulfulde. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lnu | Longuda | 32,000 (1973 SIL). | Adamawa State, Guyuk LGA; Bauchi State, Balanga LGA. | Nya Ceriya (Banjiram, Cirimba), Nya Gwanda (Nyuwar, Gwandaba), Nya Guyuwa (Guyuk, Plain, Turuba), Nya Dele (Jessu), Nya Tariya (Taraba). | Speakers also use Hausa, Fulfulde, Dera, Waja, or English. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Hausa. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Hausa. NT: 1978. | |
| hbb | Huba | 175,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Hong, Maiha, Gombi, and Mubi LGAs. | Luwa. | Speakers also use Hausa or Fulfulde. | Nearly all villages have primary schools; some have secondary schools. Literacy program in progress. Bible portions: 1976. | Nearly all villages have primary schools; some have secondary schools. Literacy program in progress. Bible portions: 1976. | |
| muo | Nyong | 17,000 in Cameroon (1987 census). | Adamawa State, Mayo Belwa LGA, 6 villages. | They consider themselves to be the same ethnically as speakers of Samba Leko, but there is significant difficulty in inherent intelligibility. | Speakers also use Hausa, Fulfulde, Samba, Yendang, Kumba, or Mumuye. | Growing interest in education. | Growing interest in education. | |
| ldh | Lamja-Dengsa-Tola | 3,416 (2000 WCD). | Adamawa State, Mayo Belwa LGA, around Ganglamja (Lamja Mt.), near the road between Mayo Belwa and Tola. 13 villages of Lamja and Dengsa. The central town of the Lamja is Ganglamja. The Dengsa live south of the Lamja. | Lamja, Dengsa, Tola. A dialect cluster. The three dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. They may not be sufficiently distinct from Samba Daka to be a separate language. | Speakers also use Northern Tai. | Literacy rate in second language: low. | Literacy rate in second language: low. | |
| hig | Kamwe | 300,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Michika LGA, in the Mandara Mountains. | Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sina, Futu, Tili Pte, Fali of Kiriya, Fali of Mijilu, Modi, Humsi. Close to Psikye and Hya of Cameroon. | Official language. Spoken by all of Indian ancestry in Fiji, including ethnic Tamil (6,663), Gujarati (6,203), Urdu, Telugu (2,008), Gurmukhi (Panjabi, 1,167), Bengali (17,875), Malayalam. A small Gujarati community speak Gujarati at home, and a few others, mainly older people, speak their traditional languages. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | |
| fli | Fali | 20,000 (1990 in Crozier and Blench 1992:39). Population includes 5,000 or fewer in Vin dialect. | Adamawa State, Mubi and Michika LGAs, 4 principal villages. | Vin (Uroovin, Uvin, Vimtim), Huli (Bahuli, Urahuli), Madzarin (Ura Madzarin, Muchella), Bween (Urambween, Bagira). Dialects are named after villages. | Speakers also use Fulfulde or Hausa. | Little formal education. | Little formal education. | |
| dbq | Daba | 1,000 in Nigeria (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA, between Mubi and Bahuli, 1 village. | Nive, Pologozom. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| ziz | Zizilivakan | 2,800 in Cameroon (2002). | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA, Jilbu town, near Cameroon border. | Bero, Zamre. Mesmé is a separate but related language to Pévé, Ngueté, and Herdé. They call themselves 'Zime', but that name is commonly used by outsiders to refer to all languages and dialects of this group. The name 'Mesmé' is used by outsiders to distinguish this group from the other groups they call 'Zime'. | Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since the 1940s. The Ministry of Education has pushed to open more spaces for deaf students in special classes in local schools. There is little research on the sign language. The deaf community is quite strong in terms of individual identity. They live their lives around deaf social networks and activities. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| kvj | Psikye | 12,000 in Nigeria (1992). | Adamawa State, north and east of Michika, south of Madagali, in the Mandara Mountains. | Psikye (Kapsiki, Kamu), Zlenge, Wula (Oula, Ula-Xangku, Lying). | The Aloa are Muslim and fully bilingual in Bagirmi. The Ngam use Sara as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | |
| kvk | Korean Sign Language | No estimate available. | Adamawa State, north and east of Michika, south of Madagali, in the Mandara Mountains. | Related to Japanese and Taiwanese sign languages. | Used since 1889. Signed interpretation required in court, used at important public events, in social services programs. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | |
| hod | Holma | Extinct. | Adamawa State, north of Sorau on the Cameroon border. | Related to Nzanyi. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| bcy | Bacama | 150,000 (1992 CAPRO). | Adamawa State, Numan and Guyuk LGAs, Kaduna State, northeast of Kaduna town. | Mulyen (Mulwyin, Mwulyin), Opalo, Wa-Duku. In Bata dialect cluster. | Trade language. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1915. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1915. | |
| kwb | Kwa | 7,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Numan LGA, Gyakan and Kwa towns, near Munga. | Gyakan, Kwa. | Speakers also use Bacama. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | |
| mbu | Mbula-Bwazza | 40,558 (2000 WCD). Population includes 10,000 Bwazza, 20,000 Tambo, 5,000 to 10,000 Mbula. | Adamawa State, Numan, Guyuk, Song, Demsa LGAs. | Bwazza (Bwaza, Bwa'za, Bare, Bere, Tambo), Mbula. | Many also speak Kanakuru, Longuda, Bacama, or Bata. In some areas they live with the Libo and also speak Libo. Some older ones also speak Hausa or Fulfulde. Some speak English. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Bible portions: 1972–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Bible portions: 1972–2002. | |
| kso | Kofa | No estimate available. | Adamawa State, Song LGA, north of Betul road, north of Yola. | Reported to be a separate language from Bura-Pabir. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| gdu | Gudu | 5,000 (1993). | Adamawa State, Song LGA. | Kumbi. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| ads | Adamorobe Sign Language | 3,400 including hearing people (2003). | Adamorobe, a village in the Eastern Region. The district capital is Aburi. | West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. | 15% deafness in the population; one of the highest percentages in the world, caused by genetic recessive autosome. The village has been settled for 200 years. It is an indigenous deaf sign language, also used by many hearing people. Most users have no contact with Ghanaian Sign Language. All ages, evenly distributed. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| wrz | Waray | 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Adelaide River area, Northern Territory. | Lexical similarity 60% to 73% between varieties of Merwari in Ajmer and Nagaur districts; 49% to 74% with Marwari, 58% to 80% with Shekhawati, 44% to 70% with Godwari, 54% to 72% with Mewari, 62% to 70% with Dhundari, 57% to 67% with Harauti. | Speakers also use Hindi. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lzz | Laz | 2,000 in Georgia (1982). | Adjar, Georgia, a couple of villages. | Xopa (Hopa), Chxala (Ckhala), Vice-Arxava (Vital-Arkhava), Atina, Samurzakan-Zugdidi, Senaki. | Georgian used as literary language. | NT: 2003. | NT: 2003. | |
| boo | Bozo, Tièma Cièwè | 2,500 (1991). Population includes 831 in Enguem, 1,315 in Aouré. | Administrative circle of Youwarou, Arrondissement Guidio Saré; Enghem (Enguem), Aouré (Aoré), and Kamago Sébi villages, where the Niger River leaves Lake Debo. | Lexical similarity 60% with Tieyaxo Boso. | Speakers also use Fulfulde or Songai. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1993. | |
| adr | Adonara | 16,967 (2000 WCD). | Adonara Island, and eastern Solor Island, between Flores and Lembata. | West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. | Lamaholot is used as a language of wider communication. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. |
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