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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pmw | Miwok, Plains | 1 (1962 H. Landar in Sebeok 1977). | California, deltas of the San Joaquin and Cosumnes rivers. | Distinct from Western Panjabi, although closely related. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | NT: 1834. | NT: 1834. | |
| kav | Katukína | 1 (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 360. | Acre. | Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa). | 95% also use Turkish. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | |
| bjd | Bandjigali | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | New South Wales, northwest, north, and west of White Cliffs. | Lexical similarity 49% with Moikodi. | Speakers also use Hiri Motu and some know Moikodi or Yareba. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | |
| bpt | Barrow Point | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Barrow Point on Princess Charlotte Bay and inland. | Not intelligible with other Mienic languages. Lexical similarity 61% with Iu Mien, 59% with Kim Mun, 58% with Biao-Jiao Mien. | Speakers have low proficiency in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 28%. Literacy rate in second language: 28%. Videos. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 28%. Literacy rate in second language: 28%. Videos. NT: 1981. | |
| dit | Dirari | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | South Australia, east of Lake Eyre North. | Dimasa, Hariamba. Related to Kachari. | Kachar Barman and Kachar Hoja speak Dimasa as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 19% (1981 census). Bengali, Roman, and Assamese scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1905–1908. | Literacy rate in second language: 19% (1981 census). Bengali, Roman, and Assamese scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1905–1908. | |
| djf | Djangun | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, from Mt. Mulligan south to Alma-den, east to Dimbula, west to Mungana. | Kaado. | Official language. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1990. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1990. | |
| djl | Djiwarli | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, northwest, north of Mount Augustus. | Aukan, Aluku (Aloekoe, Boni), Paramaccan. Kwinti is further removed from Aukan than are Aluku and Paramaccan. | Vigorous. In Paramaribo some have shifted to Dutch, some younger ones to Sranan. All domains. Used in oral and written form in religious services. Positive language attitude. Most men can speak Sranan Tongo, and many women can understand it. Schools are in Dutch, so many younger ones can read and write it, but the majority are not fluent. Perhaps 30% to 50% can speak all 3 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| djw | Djawi | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, islands from King Sound to Brunswick Bay. | Kapriman, Karambit. | Lingua franca for 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| err | Erre | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Red Lily area west of Oenpelli; around East Alligator River, Mt. Howship. | Daofu (Daofuhua, Taofu, Western Horpa, Western Ergong), Geshiza (Geshitsa). Hongkai Sun (1999) lists 4 dialects: Western as above, Central (Danba), Eastern (Jinchuan, Lawurong), Northern (Rangtang). Huang Bufan and Sun Tianxin suggest that the eastern variety is a separate language. | All domains. All ages. Greater use by adults than young people. Children are mainly using Chinese. Indifferent language attitude. 2,000 can also use both Chinese and Tibetan. 20,000 use Chinese, 1,000 use Tibetan. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ggd | Gugadj | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, north coast from west of Karumba inland on Norman River. | Kplor, Dorbor. Lexical similarity 78% with Bassa. | Many understand Bassa, but the reverse is not true. Many understand English. Liberian English is also used. | Bible portions: 1945. | Bible portions: 1945. | |
| gwu | Guwamu | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, between St. George, Moonie River, Surat, Maranoa River. | Lexical similarity 47% with Shumashti, 44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali. | Vigorous. All domains. Some use Pashto as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| lby | Lamu-Lamu | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Bamiga, Queensland, and Coen. | Ajuh, Bakoi (Lampung), Bantian (Bentian), Banuwang, Bawu (Bawo), Kali, Karau (Beloh), Lawa, Lolang, Mantararen, Njumit, Purai, Purung, Tuwang, Pasir, Benua. At least 17 dialects. Tawoyan may be inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity 77% with Tawoyan, 53% with Dusun Deyah. | Wiwirano dialect is spoken only by older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| nny | Nyangga | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, head of Gilbert River, south of Forsayth to Gledswood and Gregory Range to Oak Park and Glenora; Northern Territory, coast east of Robinson River. | Adjabdurah (Adjahdurah), Turra. | Language is spoken fluently by young people and others. Numana and Gbantu are the main second languages. Hausa widely known. Some young people also speak English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| nrx | Ngurmbur | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between West and South Alligator rivers, northeast of Umbugarla. | Nora, Byabe, Kizolo. Lama (3,000) may be a dialect. | Became extinct after the islands were ceded to Scotland in the 15th century. | Literacy rate in second language: 27% English or Angami Naga. Roman script. | Literacy rate in second language: 27% English or Angami Naga. Roman script. | |
| nxn | Ngawun | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, southwest of Croydon, between Flinders River and Norman River. | Lexical similarity 67% with North Nuaulu, 50% with South Wemale, Hulung, and Naka'ela, 48% with Saleman. | Vigorous. Many also use Sepa. Some do not speak Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| vmu | Muluridyi | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, headwaters of Mitchell River to Mt. Carbine, Rumula, Mareeba, Woodville. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| wdu | Wadjigu | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, southwest of Fairbairn Reservoir. | Pungupungu (Kuwama, Patjtjamalh, Kandjerramal). | Members of the ethnic group speak Kriol, but many understand Wadjiginy when the older people speak it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| wmi | Wamin | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, south central Cape York Peninsula, Einasleigh River, northwest of Einasleigh. | Many Trans-New Guinea loanwords similar to Makasae. Related to Habu and Kairui. Classification needs further investigation. May be a co-dialect with Kairui-Midiki. | Vigorous. All ages. Nepali is used. Some bilingualism in Bahing resulting from intermarriage. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wnm | Wanggamala | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Hay River, south of Andegerebinha. | Wanukaka, Rua. Close to, but unintelligible to speakers of Wejewa, Mamboru, Lamboya, and Anakalangu. Intelligibility of varieties in east Sumba and Kambera uncertain. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| wux | Wulna | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Arnhem Land around Darwin, mouth of Adelaide River and inland. | Aua, Wuvulu (Wuu). 2 nearly identical dialects. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | |
| xmq | Kuku-Mangk | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. | May be a Tenharim dialect. A family group that has not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with outside culture. | Trade language. An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. 1,500,000 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| yil | Yindjilandji | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, northeast of Wonarah. | Gunggay, Yidiny, Madyay. | Speakers also use English or Aboriginal English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| yww | Yawarawarga | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | South Australia and Queensland, north of Cooper Creek, southeast of Lake Yamma Yamma. | Related to Midhaga, Karuwardi, Marulta. | Bilingualism in Chinese is reported to be high, especially among young people. | Yi syllabary not used. | Yi syllabary not used. | |
| zmc | Margany | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, between Quilpie and Wyandra, Bulloo River and Paroo River. | Close to Tibetan (Singh) and Miju-Mishmi. Not related to Zaiwa in Yunnan. | Speakers also use Kriol or English. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| zme | Mangerr | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Arnhem Land around Oenpelli. | Intelligible with Urningangg (Black). | Speakers also use Kriol or English. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| zmk | Mandandanyi | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, around Roma from Maranoa River to near Miles and Wandoan. | May be intelligible with Marithiel or Maringarr. | Speakers also use Kriol. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| zmu | Muruwari | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland and New South Wales from Bollon, Dirranbandi, Weilmoringle, Bourke, almost to Cunnamulla. | Maranunggu (Marranunga, Maramanunggu, Merranunggu, Warrgat). May be intelligible with other Bringen languages. Lexical similarity 40% with Mullukmulluk and Murrinh-Patha. | Speakers also use Kriol. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| rsi | Rennellese Sign Language | 1 (1986 Gallaudet University). | Rennell Island. | Related to Serbian with influences from Romani. | Developed about 1915 by Kagobai, the first deaf person. Used also by hearing people. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| bwh | Bishuo | 1 (1986 R. Breton). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Furu-Awa Subdivision, Ntjieka, Furu-Turuwa, and Furu-Sambari villages. | Reported to be in Furu cluster (2000 B. Connell). May be Jukunoid. Lexical similarity 16% to 17% with Nsaa and Noone, 11% with Bikya. | The speaker is older than 60 years (1986 R. Breton). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Bible portions: 1857–1862. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Bible portions: 1857–1862. | |
| byb | Bikya | 1 (1986 R. Breton). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Furu-Awa Subdivision, Furubana village. | Reported to be in Furu cluster (2000 B. Connell). May be Eastern Beboid. Lexical similarity 24% with Nsaa and Noone (Beboid), 14% with Akum. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Jukun. The speaker is older than 70 years (1986 R. Breton). | Bible portions: 1972. | Bible portions: 1972. | |
| luf | Laua | 1 (1987 SIL). | Central Province, north and west of Laua. | Ludian is transitional between Livvi and Veps. A separate language from Karelian (Juha Janhunen 1990). May be separate from Livvi. | Some children speakers. Speakers also use Russian. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| huw | Hukumina | 1 (1989 SIL). | Formerly spoken in Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts of northwest Buru Island. The present speaker is from the former village of Hukumina that used to be located behind the present village of Masarete, near the fort at Kayeli in northeast Buru. | Only very limited intelligibility of other Huave varieties; 88% of San Dionisio del Mar. | The one speaker was 80 years old in 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1972–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1972–1996. | |
| lii | Lingkhim | 1 (1991 W. Winter). | Mechi Zone, Ilam District, Sumbek Panchayat Yokpi. Original homeland was apparently near the lower Dudhkosi River. | Bungase, Gyogo, Hwela (Weila, Wiila, Weela, Vwela), Dwera (Manji-Kasa), Atumfuor (Atumfuor-Kasa), Ntoleh. | Speakers have shifted to Bantawa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| ser | Serrano | 1 (1994 Coker). | Southern California, San Bernardino and San Gorgonio Pass area. | Intelligibility testing of Cebaara varies from 51% in Konadougou to 71% in Niankorodougou; of Pomoro of Mali varies from 42% in Konadougou to 74% in Niankorodougou. | The speaker is an older adult (1994). Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| nsz | Nisenan | 1 (1994 L. Hinton). | Central California, scattered, foothills of the Sierras. | A separate language from other Maidu varieties. | One older adult speaker. Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: 8.8% (male 14.8%, female 3.2%) (Muanthanga 1997) or 70% (Chamchang 2001). | Literacy rate in second language: 8.8% (male 14.8%, female 3.2%) (Muanthanga 1997) or 70% (Chamchang 2001). | |
| peq | Pomo, Southern | 1 (1994 L. Hinton). | California. | Gambadi, Semariji, Kánchá, Kámá. Related to Kanum, Aramba, Bothar, Rouku. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| luw | Luo | 1 (1995 Connell). | A section of Atta. | Related to Yakkha, Chhulung, Chhintange, and Lambichhong. | There appears to be retention of language use at least among some members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | |
| eya | Eyak | 1 (1996 N. Barnes). Ethnic population: 50 (1995 M. Krauss). | Mouth of the Copper River, Alaska. Last speaker lives in Anchorage. | Adan, Agu, Anglo (Anlo, Awlan), Aveno, Be, Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Togo, Vlin, Vo. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Taught in primary schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Taught in primary schools. | |
| kla | Klamath-Modoc | 1 (1998 N.Y. Times, April 9, p. A20). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 Scott DeLancey). | Oregon, south central, around and to the east and north of Klamath and Agency lakes; Modoc directly to the south. | Closest to Molala and Sahaptian. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mhg | Margu | 1 (2000 Evans). | Croker Island, Northern Territory. | Kuala Langot Besisi, Malakka Besisi, Ulu Langat Orang Bukit, Selangor Sakai, Betise' (Betisek), Sisi. | One other dialect became extinct in late 19th century. | NT: 1933. | NT: 1933. | |
| pev | Pémono | 1 (2000 M-C Mattei Muller). | Lives with the Yabarana in an Upper Majagua village. | Close to Mapoyo and Yawarana. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. May be extinct. 80-year-old woman in 1998. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Poetry. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1838–1995. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Poetry. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1838–1995. | |
| uun | Kulon-Pazeh | 1 (2000 Paul Jen-Kuei Li). | Near the west coast just north of 24 degrees north, east of Tayal, around Cholan, Houli, Fengyuan, Tantzu, Taichung, Tungshih. | Related to Crimean Tatar. A number of inherently intelligible dialects. | Used only as a home language in 1930. One 86-year-old speaker (P. Li 2000). | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| zro | Záparo | 1 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 M. R. Wise SIL). | Pastaza Province, Peru border, between the Curaray and Bobonaza rivers. | Lexical similarity 71% with Mubi, 34% to 36% with Dangaléat (East, Central, and Western). | Extinct in Peru. Members of the ethnic group now speak Quichua. May be extinct. Language revival effort; classes in 2 schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | |
| nyv | Nyulnyul | 1 (2001 McGregor). | Western Australia, West Kimberley, coast around Beagle Bay. | Related to Wulguru, Bindal, and Yuru, which may be extinct. | Former Nyungar languages: Tjapanmay, Karlamay, Pipelman (Pipalman), Ngatjumay, Kwetjman, Mirnong, Kaniyang Pindjarup, Whadjuk. There are about 8,000 people who are descended from the Nyunga and speak a mixture of English and Nyunga. They are sometimes called 'Noonga', 'Noongar', or 'Noogar', and their speech 'Neo-Nyunga'. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| trr | Taushiro | 1 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 20. | Off the Tigre River, Aucayacu River, tributary of the Ahuaruna River. | Possibly Zaparoan. Ruhlen says it is related to Candoshi. | Official language. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| yag | Yámana | 1 (2003). Ethnic population: 100 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Patagonia, Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams, Ukika hamlet. Extinct in Argentina. | Tovar (1961) says it was closest to Qawasqar, and had some relationship to Ona. Earlier there were up to five dialects. | One report says that there are still speakers near the Beagle Canal Naval Base in Chile. Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1881–1886. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1881–1886. | |
| kyl | Kalapuya | 1 or 2 (1962 Chafe). | Northwest Oregon. | North Kamayo, South Kamayo. Intelligibility of Surigaonon 92%, of Butuanon 87%, of Mansaka 82%. Lexical similarity 66% with Surigaonon, 70% with Butuanon. | May be extinct. Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| csz | Coos | 1 or 2 (1962 Chafe). Ethnic population: 250 (1977 SIL). | Southern Oregon coast. | Close to Paite Chin. | Speakers have shifted to English. Possibly extinct. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| lmw | Miwok, Lake | 1 to 2 (1994 L. Hinton). | California, Clear Lake basin. | A separate language from other Miwok varieties. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| nmu | Maidu, Northeast | 1 to 2 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 108 (1990 census). | California, northern Sierras, Plumas and Lassen counties. | Related to Monsang Naga and Anal. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy program in progress (Roel 1988). Bengali and Roman scripts. | Literacy program in progress (Roel 1988). Bengali and Roman scripts. | |
| ona | Ona | 1 to 3 (1991 Adelaar). | Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. Also formerly in Chile. | Aatasaara (Atakara), Haaviqinra-Oraura (Habina-Oraura), Omwunra-Toqura (Obura-To'okena), Vaira-Ntosara (Baira), Veqaura (Meauna), Vinaata-Konkompira (Pinata-Konkombira). Most closely related to North Tairora and Waffa. | Speakers have shifted to Spanish. Probably extinct (2000 W. Adelaar). | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1994–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1994–2000. | |
| abo | Abon | 1,000 (1973 SIL). | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Abong town, east of Baissa. | Central Abuan, Emughan, Otapha, Okpeden. The central dialect is understood by all others. Odual is the most closely related language. Lexical similarity 70% with Odual. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| ksa | Shuwa-Zamani | 1,000 (1973 SIL). | Bauchi State, Toro LGA. | Intelligible to other Kanum variety speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home and in hunting camps. All ages. They use Moraori or Indonesian as trade languages, Indonesian for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| drb | Dair | 1,000 (1978 GR). | Northern Sudan, west and south parts of Jebel Dair, Kordofan. | Lexical similarity 82% to 87% with Gamo, 77% to 81% with Gofa, 80% with Wolaytta, 73% to 75% with Kullo, 54% with Koorete, 48% with Male. | High comprehension of Tatana. Much intermarriage with Tatana, Bisaya, Bajau, Brunei Kedayan speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | |
| mpk | Mbara | 1,000 (1980 Tourneux). | East, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, Massénya Subprefecture, and Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Bongor Subprefecture, along the Chari River, around Guélengdeng. | Manyjilyjara (Mantjiltjara), Kartujarra (Kartutjara, Kardutjara, Kadaddjara, Kardutjarra, Kiadjara, Gardudjara, Gagudjara), Puditara (Budidjara, Putujara), Yulparitja (Yilparitja, Yulbaridja), Wangkajunga (Wangkajungka). Mantjiltjara and Kartutjara are two ethnic groups speaking almost identical dialects. High inherent intelligibility between Yulparitja and Wangkajunga. Speakers of the 4 dialects can use the same written language with possible minor adjustments, including vocabulary change, partly needed because of cultural identity factors. | Puditara dialect is extinct. Speakers also use Walmajarri, Kukatja, or Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1994. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1994. | |
| are | Arrarnta, Western | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Alice Springs area, Hermannsburg. | Western Aranda, Akerre (Akara), Southern Aranda. Close to Alyawarr and Gaididj. Wurm and Hattori (1981) and Ruhlen (1987) treat Western Arrarnta and Eastern Arrernte as separate languages. | Southern Aranda is nearly extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1956. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1956. | |
| cno | Con | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Luang Namtha Province, southwest of Vieng Pou Kha. | 87% intelligibility of Tepinapa (closest, but lower in outlying areas), 43% of Ozumacín, 24% of Lealao. | The Mexican group is reported to be bilingual in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1970–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1970–1994. | |
| kjx | Ramopa | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Bougainville Province, northwest Bougainville Island, south of Rapoisi. | Lexical similarity 19% with Rapoisi. | Few also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| lmm | Lamam | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Near northeast corner on the Viet Nam border. | Related to Bahnar, Tampuan, Alak 1. | All ages. All understand Meitei. Some also speak Hindi or English. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% Meitei: 10 to 40 year olds (Towar 2000). Literacy help requested, only 2% can read Roman script. Roman script; Burmese script in Myanmar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% Meitei: 10 to 40 year olds (Towar 2000). Literacy help requested, only 2% can read Roman script. Roman script; Burmese script in Myanmar. NT: 2002. | |
| pnx | Phong-Kniang | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southern Houaphan Province, Viangthong and Houamuang districts, near the Neun River; northern Xieng Khouang Province. | Related to Puoc and Khang. | Speakers also use Yindjibarndi or English. | Many are educated. | Many are educated. | |
| whk | Kenyah, Wahau | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, north of Muara Wahau and Wahau Kayan. | Uma Timai. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Teluti. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| adb | Adabe | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 1,000. | Atauro Island, north of Dili on Timor Island. | Munaseli Pandai. Reported to be different from Galoli dialects on Atauro. No relationship to Kolana. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | |
| kpu | Kafoa | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 1,000. | Southwest Alor Island, north of Aluben, between Abui and Kelong languages. | Tokita (Tokitin), Anchix. Karatin and Tokitin are quite different. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Karata. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. | |
| nxa | Nauete | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 1,000. | South coast, eastern tip of Timor Island, west of Tiomar. The main town is Uato Lari. | Naumik, Oso Moko. Not closely related to any other language. Many loanwords from Trans-New Guinea languages like Makasae. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| agy | Alta, Southern | 1,000 (1982 SIL). | Eastern Nueva Ecija, Sierra Madre and coast areas of Quezon Province, town of San Miguel, and a large community in a remote part of San Miguel, Bulacan Province. North of the Umiray Dumaget. | Not close to other languages. Lexical similarity 34% with Northern Alta. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1970. | Bible portions: 1970. | |
| blq | Baluan-Pam | 1,000 (1982 SIL). | Manus Province, Baluan and Pam islands. | Baluan, Pam. Two close dialects; Baluan is the larger one. | Speakers are moderately bilingual in Lou or Titan. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. 15 classes each year. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. 15 classes each year. | |
| net | Nete | 1,000 (1982 SIL). | East Sepik Province, adjoining the Hewa area. 3 villages. | Lexical similarity 70% with Bisorio of East Sepik. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 1%. | |
| wuv | Wuvulu-Aua | 1,000 (1982 SIL). | Western Manus Province, Aua, Durour, Maty, and Wuvulu islands. | Aua, Wuvulu (Wuu). 2 nearly identical dialects. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | |
| vkj | Kujarge | 1,000 (1983 Bender). | Dar Fongoro, 7 villages near Jebel Mirra, and scattered among the Fur and Sinyar in Sudanese villages along the lower Wadis Salih and Azum rivers. The Daju Galfigé are to the west, Sinyar to the north, Fur-Dalinga, Fongoro, Formono, and Runga to the east and south. | A dialect cluster. Listed separately in Crozier and Blench 1992. Different from Koro of Lafia, Begbere-Ejar, or Tanjijili. 'Koro' is used as a cover term for several languages. | Fur is used as second language and some use Daju. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| aoi | Anindilyakwa | 1,000 (1983 Black). | Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Gulf of Carpenteria. | Most closely related to Aru. | Most young people also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1976–1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1976–1993. | |
| fgr | Fongoro | 1,000 (1983 Doornbos and Bender). | East, Ouaddaï Prefecture, Goz Beida Subprefecture, canton Fongoro, along the Sudan border in the Dar Fongoro Region south of Mongororo and the Sinyar, in a rather inaccessible area. | Western Macina, Eastern Macina. There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible. Substantial Bambara influence. There is skewing between the ethnic and linguistic relationships. | Speakers are shifting to Fur. There may be a few older adult speakers left and some living in isolated places. Extinct in Sudan. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1934. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1934. | |
| kqt | Kadazan, Klias River | 1,000 (1984 SIL). | Klias River area, Beaufort District. | Low intelligibility of Coastal Kadazan. Lexical similarity 77% with Tatana. | Speakers also use Krio or Mende. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% in French. Literacy materials taught in school. Grammar. NT: 1966–1986. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% in French. Literacy materials taught in school. Grammar. NT: 1966–1986. | |
| huo | Hu | 1,000 (1984 Svantesson). | Southwestern Yunnan Province, Mengla, Jinghong, 5 villages. | Oberwart. | 95% speak it as first language. | Newspapers. Grammar. Bible: 1590–1991. | Newspapers. Grammar. Bible: 1590–1991. | |
| fam | Fam | 1,000 (1984). | Taraba State, Bali LGA, 17 km east of Kungana. | Not closely related to other languages. | All ages. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| ttf | Tuotomb | 1,000 (1984). | Center Province, Mbam Division, Bafia Subdivision, village of Bonek near Ndikinemeki. Many live in urban areas. | Lexical similarity 44% with Kunimaipa (closest). | Speakers also use Tunen, Yambeta, or Cameroon Pidgin. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. RC schools teach in Tauade. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. RC schools teach in Tauade. | |
| klq | Rumu | 1,000 (1985 UBS). | Gulf Province, Kikori District, north of Kikori on the Kikori, Sirebi, and Tiviri rivers. | Related to Kutep. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1965–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1965–1993. | |
| ssr | Swiss-French Sign Language | 1,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Central Flores, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad'a and Riung. | Some regional lexical variations in the French area are tied to specific schools. There are local Swiss signs and imported French signs. | Sign language is now taught in a bilingual program in Geneva. The status of signing has been low, but is now improving. | TV. | TV. | |
| cic | Chickasaw | 1,000 (1987 Munro and Willmond). Ethnic population: 35,000 to 37,000 (1999 Chickasaw nation). | Principally in south central Oklahoma, from Byng or Happyland (near Ada) in the north, and from Davis or Ardmore in the west to Fillmore and Wapanucka in the east. Some in Los Angeles, California. | Choctaw speakers find Chickasaw to be unintelligible. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most speakers older than 50 years. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| aqm | Atohwaim | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | South coast on the Cook and Kronkel rivers, between the Sawi and Kaygir languages. Merauke Kabupaten, Pantai Kasuari Kecamatan. | Oyin, Uro, Arigidí, Erúsú (Erushu), Ojo, Udo (Ido, Òwòn Ùdò, Oke-Agbe), Afa (Affa, Òwòn Àfá), Òge (Òwòn Ògè), Aje, Ese (Òwòn Èsé), Igasi (Ìgàshí, Òwòn Ìgásí). A dialect cluster. | About 50% are bilingual in Indonesian, Sawi, or Kaygir. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dem | Dem | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | Western highlands along upper Rouffaer River north of Damal, northeast of Western Dani. | Lexical similarity 69% with Burate, 64% with Kofei, 60% with Sauri, 65% with Tunggare, 64% with Woria. | Used in the home and religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| iwo | Iwur | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | Border area in valley of Iwur River, Ok Iwur, and east to Ok Denom. | Close to Amal and Sepik Iwam. | Vigorous. The very young and very old use only Ivatan. Not used in schools. All domains, home, administration, religion, commerce, labor relations, letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Only preschool children are monolingual. 90% use Tagalog as second language. Some can use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | |
| jbj | Arandai | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | Southern Bird's Head, east and west of the Wariaga River and around the Sebyar (Timoforo) River, Manokwari Kabupaten, Bintuni Kecamatan. | Kemberano (Tomu), Dombano (Arandai). Related to Kampong Baru. Kemberano and Dombano appear to have 71% lexical similarity with each other in preliminary wordlists; probably 2 separate languages. | Speakers are older adults. Monolingual communities may have disappeared before 1930 in Morocco. Speakers also formerly used Judeo-Arabic (J. Chetrit 1985). | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| xse | Sempan | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | Middle south coast, between Kokonao and Agats, east of Kamoro and west of Asmat languages. | Close to Kamoro and Nefarpi. | Young people start using it in work situations if they do not go on to higher education; little use among children. All domains among adults. Oral use in local commerce, occasional use in religion and political campaigning. Some letter writing. Speakers are adults. They do not use Sambal around outsiders, but they like it when a few outsiders learn Sambal. All have moderate comprehension of Filipino. Possibly 30% speak some Ilocano. Only Filipino and English taught in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 98%. Literacy rate in second language: 98%. Orthography close to Filipino. Roman script. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 98%. Literacy rate in second language: 98%. Orthography close to Filipino. Roman script. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| tmd | Haruai | 1,000 (1988 B. Comrie). Many are monolingual. | Madang Province, southwest corner, southwest Mid-Ramu (Simbai) District, western Schrader Range, west of the Kobon. | North Waibuk (Hamil), Central Waibuk (Mambar), South Waibuk (Arama). Related to Pinai-Hagahai, though not inherently intelligible with Haruai. Word taboo is practiced, but does not seem to impede intelligibility among related language varieties. Lexical similarity 37% with Aramo, 35% with Kobon. | Speeches and sermons by outsiders are always translated into Haruai. All ages. Young men are likely to know Tok Pisin or Kobon, many children speak good Tok Pisin, and many women are at least communicatively competent in Tok Pisin (Comrie). | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| msg | Moraid | 1,000 (1988 SIL). | West Bird's Head, east of Moi and south of Madik languages, villages of Sailala, Makbon, Luwelala, Seni. | Lexical similarity 60% with Kemtuik. | Used in religious services. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| bnf | Masiwang | 1,000 (1989 SIL). | Seram Island, Waru Bay area, Bula District, central Maluku. | Lexical similarity 44% with Bobot, 43% with Salas Gunung, 39% with Sepa and Teluti, 36% with Liana and Atamanu. | Used by Salas as second language. Some use Geser as second language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| pia | Pima Bajo | 1,000 (1989 SIL). | Central Sonora-Chihuahua border, scattered. | Chihuahua Pima Bajo (Lower Piman), Sonora Pima Bajo. Sonora, Pima Bajo and Pima of the USA are close. Lexical similarity 85% with Pima (Tohono O'odham) of USA and Northern Tepehuán. | Speakers have some proficiency in Spanish. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| srk | Serudung Murut | 1,000 (1989 SIL). | Tawau District along the Serudung River and one village 12 miles from Tawau town. | The two dialects may not be very different. Related to Pasemah. | Second languages are Tucano and Nhengatu, but they are ethnically distinct. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| ctz | Chatino, Zacatepec | 1,000 (1990 census). | Southeastern Oaxaca, village of San Marcos Zacatepec and Juquila. | 66% intelligibility of Nopala, 61% of Panixtlahuaca, 57% of Yaitepec, 6% of Tataltepec. Lengthened word forms are like Zenzontepec Chatino. Similar to Lachao-Yolotepec Chatino in some respects, but geographically and socioeconomically separated. | Spoken in Zacatepec. Virtually extinct in Juquila with 2 older adult men speakers. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1977–1992. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1977–1992. | |
| nln | Nahuatl, Durango | 1,000 (1990 census). | Southern Durango, Mezquital Municipio, San Pedro de la Jicoras and San Juan de Buenaventura. San Pedro is 30-minute walk from the nearest air strip, one-day trail from nearest highway. | Vocabulary and phonological differences between San Pedro Jicoras and San Agustín Buenaventura. 76% intelligibility of Michoacán Nahuatl (closest). | Vigorous. Some Tepehuans intermarry with them and speak Nahuatl. All domains. Oral use in elementary education, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Moderate bilingualism in Spanish. 5% to 10% understand some Southeastern Tepehuan. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| ztn | Zapotec, Santa Catarina Albarradas | 1,000 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Santa Catarina Albarradas. | 80% intelligibility of Santo Domingo Albarradas; Santo Domingo 52% of Santa Catarina. Differences in phonology and grammar between them. | About half the population can understand San Pedro Cajonos Zapotec reasonably well because of trading with them. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| wmt | Walmajarri | 1,000 (1990 Schmidt). | Western Australia, along the Fitzroy River valley, Lake Gregory and La Grange. | Djuwarliny (Juwaliny, Tjuwalinj). The western group speaks Juwaliny. | Some children understand and respond to Walmajarri, but their first language is Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1978–1985. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1978–1985. | |
| bdk | Budukh | 1,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Quba Region. | Budukh, Yergyuch. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children speak Budukh. Positive language attitude. Azerbaijani is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | |
| hov | Hovongan | 1,000 (1991 NTM). | North central near Sarawak border, 2 areas. | Hovongan, Semukung Uheng. Lexical similarity 69% with Kereho, 67% with Aoheng. | Extinct. Members of the ethnic group now speak the Kle dialect of Ngam. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | |
| ago | Tainae | 1,000 (1991 SIL). | Gulf Province, Ivori-Swanson District. The main villages are Pio, Famba, and Paiguna. | Close to Angoya. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Cuyonon, Tagalog, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| etz | Semimi | 1,000 (1991 SIL). | Bomberai Peninsula close to Kaniran, south part of neck extending west to Triton Bay. | Lexical similarity 69% with Mairasi, 63% with Mer. | Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and some written use in religious services, Local use in commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 30% can also use Huli, Onobasulu, or Beami. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940. | |
| nks | Asmat, North | 1,000 (1991 SIL). | Near the headwaters of the Paterle Cocq River to the west, to the Unir River to the east, to the foothills in some places, Merauke Kabupaten, Sawa-Erma Kecamatan. | Close to Maram. | Used in the home and by local government. They report difficulty in understanding Indonesian or Malay. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% Meitei, English. Roman and Bengali scripts. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% Meitei, English. Roman and Bengali scripts. Dictionary. | |
| tdc | Emberá-Tadó | 1,000 (1991 SIL). | Upper San Juan River Region, Andes, Risaralda Region, near the Chamí. | Related to Sadri. Possibly the same as Kudmali. | Spoken by the Bedia and Pan Sawasi of Bihar, Pan of Assam (who migrated from Ranchi, Nagpur and Sambalpur), and Chik Barik of West Bengal. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| ues | Kioko | 1,000 (1991 SIL). | Southeast Sulawesi, Kulisusu Subdistrict on Buton Island. | Kioko, Kambowa. Possibly dialect of the Pancana language. Lexical similarity 82% with Kambowa, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna, 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku and Busoa. | The Besermyan are Udmurt-speaking Tatar. Speakers also use Russian. | NT: 1963. | NT: 1963. | |
| kfj | Kemiehua | 1,000 (1991). | Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, southwestern Yunnan Province. | Malakanagiri Koya, Podia Koya (Gotte Koya), Jaganathapuram Koya (Gommu Koya, Godavari Koya), Dorli (Chintoor Koya, Korla, Dora, Dor Koi, Dora Koi, Dorla Koitur, Dorla Koya). Chintoor is the linguistic center. The Malkangiri and Podia varieties are more divergent. A separate language from Gondi. | Low bilingual proficiency in Tamil and Standard Kannada. | Younger generation over 50% literate, older generation less. Tamil script. | Younger generation over 50% literate, older generation less. Tamil script. |
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