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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oun | !O!ung | 5,629 (2000 WCD). | Southern border with Namibia, surrounded by Luchazi. | Most dialects are not functionally intelligible with Nasioi. | High bilingualism with several surrounding languages in Côte d'Ivoire. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| nmn | !Xóõ | 200 in Namibia (1985 Traill). | Along the east central Botswana border in the vicinity of Aranos and Leonardville. | Auni (|Auni, |Auo), Kakia (Masarwa), Ki|hazi, Ng|u|en (Nu||en, |U||en, Ng|u|ei, |Nu||en, ||U||en), Nusan (Ng|usan, Nu-San, Noosan), Xatia (Katia, Khatia, Kattea, Vaalpens, |Kusi, |Eikusi), !Kwi. | The N|gamani, |Nu||en, |'Auni, and Ki|hazi are extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| huc | =|Hua | 200 (2004 Cook). | Southern Kalahari Desert, Kweneng District. Sasi are in southwestern Mahalapye Subdistrict of the Central District. | =|Hua, Sasi. Related to !Xóõ. | Diminishing in number of speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| aue | =|Kx'au||'ein | 2,000 in Botswana (2004 Cook). | Ghanzi District: Grootelaagte, Kanagas, Ghanzi villages, and on the commercial farms. | Nogau. | Most bilinguals use Naro as second language; next most common is Tswana. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | |
| aot | A'tong | No estimate available. | Assam. | Most closely related to Koch and Rabha. | Not inherently intelligible with Garo, but many A'tong speak Garo as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | |
| apq | A-Pucikwar | 24 (2000 Verma). | Andaman Islands, Boratang Island, south coast of Middle Andaman Island, northeast coast of South Andaman Island. | Chiricahua, Mescalero. | Speakers are shifting to Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| aiz | Aari | 158,857 (1998 census). 129,350 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 155,002 (1989 census). | North central Omo Region, southern tip of Ethiopian plateau, near the Hamer-Banna. | Gozza, Bako (Baco), Biyo (Bio), Galila, Laydo, Seyki, Shangama, Sido, Wubahamer (Ubamer), Zeddo. Galila is a significantly divergent dialect. | 13,319 second-language users. Used in the home, market. Some bilingualism in Amharic and Gofa (Wolaytta). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.3%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.3%. NT: 1998. | |
| aay | Aariya | No estimate available. | Madhya Pradesh, Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, Tikamgarh districts. | Thracean Arvanitika, Northwestern Arvanitika, South Central Arvanitika. Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. | Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| aas | Aasáx | 350 (1999 Jeff Carr). | Northern Tanzania in the central Maasai Steppe. Landenai, Ndovu Okutu, Lolbeni villages, and Lemelebo, Landrobo, Naitomani, and Kilili districts are reported to have speakers. | Central Afar, Northern Afar, Aussa, Ba'adu. | Reported in 1999 to still be spoken in the central Massai Steppe. It became linguistically extinct in the eastern Maasai Steppe in 1976. They are dependent on the Maasai and became absorbed into it and nearby Bantu groups. Speakers use Maasai with the Maasai, on whom they are economically dependent. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | |
| abg | Abaga | 5 (1994 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,200 (1975 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | Speakers also use Kamano or Benabena. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| abf | Abai Sungai | 400 (2000 Wurm). | Lower reaches of the Kinabatangan River. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Abai Sungai. Used in the home. About 30% to 50% of the children speak it. Neutral language attitude. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| abm | Abanyom | 12,500 (1986). | Cross River State, Ikom LGA, Abangkang the main village. | Jabung, Menggala (Northeast Lampung), Kota Bumi (Northwest Lampung). Many differences in vocabulary and phonology with Pesisir. Menggala has 72% lexical similarity with Kalianda, a dialect of Southern Pesisir. Lexical similarity 77% among dialects. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | |
| mij | Abar | 2,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, centered around village of Missong, including villages of Munken and Abar. | 23% intelligibility of Chazumba (Southern Puebla; closest). An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl. Low intelligibility of all Mixtec; very different. | 217 speakers over 50 years old, 273 monolinguals (1990). Most speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| aau | Abau | 7,267 (2000 census). | Sandaun Province, Green River District, Sepik and Green rivers. Not in Papua, Indonesia. | Thracean Arvanitika, Northwestern Arvanitika, South Central Arvanitika. Arvanitika is partially intelligible to speakers of Tosk. Dialects are perceived as unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. | Young people are migrating to Athens and assimilating as Greeks. Some cultural revival since the 1980s. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| abq | Abaza | 10,000 in Turkey (1995). | Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Also spoken in Germany, Turkey (Asia). | Tapanta, Ashkaraua (Ashkar), Bezshagh. | Speakers also use Turkish. | Modified Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | Modified Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aba | Abé | 170,000 (1995 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Agboville (except Krobou Canton) and Abbe Canton of Tiassale Subprefecture. 70 villages. | Tioffo, Morie, Abbey-Ve, Kos (Khos). | Some speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1967–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1967–1980. | |
| abi | Abidji | 50,500 (1993 SIL). | Department of Abidjan, Subprefecture of Sikensi (12 villages), and a few villages in Subprefecture of Dabou. | Enyembe, Ogbru. | Speakers also use French, Jula, Baoule, or Adioukrou. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| bsa | Abinomn | 300 (1999 Clouse and Donohue). | Lakes Plain area, from the mouth of the Baso River just east of Dabra at the Idenburg River to its headwaters in the Foya Mountains, Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. | Close to Warembori. | Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Low level of schooling. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Low level of schooling. | |
| axb | Abipon | Extinct. | Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. | There is some dialect variation within Awara. Wantoat, Wapu, and Awara are part of a language chain, with Awara being the western end. Lexical similarity 60% to 70% with Wantoat and Wapu. | All domains, home, religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| ash | Abishira | Extinct. | Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha on the Napo River. | Rofia. A member of the Kambari cluster, which includes Tsishingini and Tsikimba. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| abk | Abkhaz | 4,000 in Turkey (1980). Ethnic population: 39,000 in Turkey (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Coruh in northeast Turkey, and some in northwest. Mainly villages in Bolu and Sakarya provinces. | Bzyb, Abzhui, Samurzakan. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | |
| aaq | Abnaki, Eastern | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,800 including Western Abnaki in Canada (1982 SIL). | Formerly near Bangor, Maine, 1 village (Penobscot). | Penobscot. | The last speaker of Penobscot died in the 1990s. Other dialects also extinct. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | ||
| abe | Abnaki, Western | 20 (1991 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,800 including Eastern Abnaki in USA (1982 SIL). | Quebec on St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | Extinct in the USA. All speakers are older adults. Speakers also use French. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| aob | Abom | 15 (2002 SIL). | Western Province, a few older adult speakers in Tewara, Lewada, and Mutam villages. | Lexical similarity 14% with Bitur, 12% with Baramu, 11% with Makayam, 9% with Were, 4% with Idi and Agob. | All speakers are older adults (2002). Middle-aged generation understand only rudiments. Children do not speak or understand Abom. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Grammar. | |
| abo | Abon | 1,000 (1973 SIL). | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Abong town, east of Baissa. | Central Abuan, Emughan, Otapha, Okpeden. The central dialect is understood by all others. Odual is the most closely related language. Lexical similarity 70% with Odual. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| ado | Abu | 3,221 (1990 census). | East Sepik Province, Angoram District, 19 villages; Madang Province, Bogia District, 8 villages, western side of lower Ramu River. | Abu, Auwa, Sabu. Auwa may be a different language. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| abn | Abua | 25,000 (1989 Faraclas). | Rivers State, Degema and Ahoada LGAs. | Central Abuan, Emughan, Otapha, Okpeden. The central dialect is understood by all others. Odual is the most closely related language. Lexical similarity 70% with Odual. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| abz | Abui | 16,000. Ethnic population: 16,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central and western Alor in the Lesser Sundas. | Atimelang, Kobola, Alakaman. Much dialect diversity. The Alakaman dialect may be a dialect of Kamang (Woisika). May be more than one language. | Speakers also use Motu or Yareba. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| kgr | Abun | 3,000 (1995 SIL). | North coast and interior of central Bird's Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. Sorong Kabupaten, Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid kecamatans. About 20 villages. | Abun Tat (Karon Pantai), Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Je. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| abl | Abung | 700,000 (2000). | South. | Jabung, Menggala (Northeast Lampung), Kota Bumi (Northwest Lampung). Many differences in vocabulary and phonology with Pesisir. Menggala has 72% lexical similarity with Kalianda, a dialect of Southern Pesisir. Lexical similarity 77% among dialects. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | Bible portions: 1912–1981. | |
| abu | Abure | 55,120 (1993 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Bonoua, some in Subprefecture of Grand Bassam, many in Abidjan. | Closest to Anyin. Also close to Baule and Nzema. | Many speakers use Anyin. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mgj | Abureni | No estimate available. | Bayelsa State, four towns: Brass LGA, Agrisaba (Obo-Emeke); Ogbia LGA, Idema; Nembe LGA, Okoroba; Ogbia LGA, Opume, which is politically part of Oloibiri. | Close to Bedjond and Gor, with high inherent intelligibility. | Used in the home, friends. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| ace | Aceh | 3,000,000 (1999 WA). | Northern, Aceh Province, northern and southern coasts around the tip of Sumatra. | Banda Aceh, Baruh, Bueng, Daja, Pase, Pidie (Pedir, Timu), Tunong. | Language of wider communication. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | |
| aca | Achagua | 400 (1994 SIL). | Rio Meta near Puerto Gaitan. Not in Venezuela. | Close to Piapoco. | Used in the home. Speakers are trilingual in Achagua, Spanish, and Piapoco. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| acn | Achang | 1,700 in Myanmar (1983). | West of the Irrawaddy River in Katha District, near Banmauk, scattered among the Lashi. Along the China border. | Maingtha. | Also spoken by the Tai Sa blacksmiths among the northern Shan. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| guq | Aché | 1,500 (2002). | Eastern, Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Chopa Pou, Cerro Moroti, and Puerto Barra reservations, and Tupa Renda. | Reported to be four dialects, one of which is nearly extinct. | Speakers are becoming bilingual in Paraguayan Guaraní. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| acz | Acheron | No estimate available. | Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, southern Nuba Hills. | Eastern Acheron, Western Acheron. Not a dialect of Moro. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy is in Arabic. | Literacy is in Arabic. | |
| acc | Achi', Cubulco | 48,252 (2000 WCD). | Central area west of Rabinal, Baja Verapaz Department. | Close to Piapoco. | Used in the home. Speakers are trilingual in Achagua, Spanish, and Piapoco. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 11%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 11%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1984. | |
| acr | Achi', Rabinal | 37,300 (1990 SIL). | Central Rabinal area, Baja Verapaz Department. | Closest linguistically to Cubulco Achi'. | All ages. Possibly 20% of speakers can discuss more than common topics in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | |
| act | Achterhoeks | No estimate available. | Northeastern, Gelderland Province. | Closest linguistically to Cubulco Achi'. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | Bible portions: 2002. | Bible portions: 2002. | |
| acu | Achuar-Shiwiar | 2,000 in Ecuador. Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000). | Pastaza and Bobonaza river areas, 7 villages. | Different from Shuar (Jivaro) of Ecuador. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Many in the Ecuador group seem to have routine proficiency in Shuar, but their comprehension is limited. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | |
| acv | Achumawi | 10 nonfluent speakers (1997 Nevin). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1997 Bruce Nevin). | Northeastern California. | Originally there were nine dialects. | All speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981–1994. | |
| acp | Acipa, Eastern | 5,000 (1993). | Niger State, Kontagora LGA; Kaduna State, Birnin Gwari LGA. Towns include Randeggi and Bobi. | Boroma (Taboroma). Lexical similarity 83% between Randeggi and Bobi; 52% with Shama; 47% to 50% with Kamuku; 42% to 44% with Hungworo; 15% to 20% with Western Acipa. | The influence of the Hausa language is slight. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| awc | Acipa, Western | 20,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Niger State, Kontagora LGA; Kebbi State, Sakaba LGA. Towns include Kumbashi, Kakihum, and Karisen. | Cep (Tochipo, Tacep, Western Acipanci). Morphological evidence suggests its affiliation with the Kamuku language cluster. Lexical similarity 89% to 95% among the dialects; 15% to 20% with Eastern Acipa; 18% with Hungworo; 16% to 17% with Shama; 15% to 17% with Kamuku. | The influence of the Hausa language is slight. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | |
| acs | Acroá | Extinct. | Bahia area. | Closest linguistically to Cubulco Achi'. | All ages. Possibly 20% of speakers can discuss more than common topics in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1966–1993. | |
| adb | Adabe | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 1,000. | Atauro Island, north of Dili on Timor Island. | Munaseli Pandai. Reported to be different from Galoli dialects on Atauro. No relationship to Kolana. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1999. | |
| ads | Adamorobe Sign Language | 3,400 including hearing people (2003). | Adamorobe, a village in the Eastern Region. The district capital is Aburi. | West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. | 15% deafness in the population; one of the highest percentages in the world, caused by genetic recessive autosome. The village has been settled for 200 years. It is an indigenous deaf sign language, also used by many hearing people. Most users have no contact with Ghanaian Sign Language. All ages, evenly distributed. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| adn | Adang | 31,814 (2000 WCD). | Northwestern (Bird's Head) Alor Island in the Lesser Sundas. | Aimoli. On the basis of linguistic differences and social identity, it is considered a separate language from Kabola. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | |
| adq | Adangbe | 2,000 in Togo (2002 SIL). | Border area of Togo and Ghana directly east of Ho, Ghana. Agotime are mainly in Ghana. Volta Region. | Close to Igo. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| adp | Adap | No estimate available. | South central, between Damphu and Shemgang, Ada village, Wangdue Phodrang District. | Lexical similarity 77% with Dzongkha, 62% to 65% with Bumthangkha, 41% with Tshangla. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| ade | Adele | 11,000 in Ghana (2003). | East central border with Togo. Upper Adele is in Togo, Lower Adele in Ghana. | Upper Adele, Lower Adele. | Speakers also use Twi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| adh | Adhola | 247,577 (1986). | Eastern, Mbale District. Not in Kenya. | The most distinct of the Western Nilotic languages in Uganda. | Speakers also use Twi. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1977–1979. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1977–1979. | |
| adi | Adi | 1,088 in China (1999 Ouyang Jueya). 400 monolinguals. | Lhunze and Mainling counties in southeast Tibet, south of the Yaluzangjiang River in the Luoyu area. | Ashing, Bokar (Boga'er Luoba), Bori, Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam (Standard Adi), Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Sun (1993) lists Tani languages and dialects as Apatani, Milang, Bokar, Damu, Mising, Padam, Bangni, Tagin, Sagli, south Aya, Leli, and perhaps Pailibo, Ramo, Asing, Bori, Pasi, Panggi, Simong, Minyong, Karok, Hill Miri, and some northern and western dialects of Nisi. Intelligible with Adi Galo but they are sociolinguistically distinct. A different language from Yidu Lhoba. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. 55% use Tibetan or Cona Monba as second language. 23% can also speak Tibetan and Chinese in Mainling and Lhunze counties, and Tibetan, Chinese, and Monba in Medog County. Elementary schools use Tibetan, Chinese, or Monba. | 27% attended school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | 27% attended school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | |
| adl | Adi, Galo | 150,000 (2004). A few older adult monolinguals. | Arunachal Pradesh, West Siang, East Siang, Dibang Valley (south), Lohit (east), Changlang (northeast), and some in Upper Subansiri (west) districts. | Reportedly intelligible with other Adi dialects but they are sociolinguistically distinct. | Used in the village, home. All ages. Padam has not been accepted as the standard Adi dialect by the Galo or other groups. Nearly all speak some Hindi and Assamese. Hindi is used with the military. English is spoken by the educated and the young. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Radio programs. | |
| adj | Adioukrou | 100,000 (1999 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Dabou, in 49 villages. | Ashing, Bokar (Boga'er Luoba), Bori, Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam (Standard Adi), Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Sun (1993) lists Tani languages and dialects as Apatani, Milang, Bokar, Damu, Mising, Padam, Bangni, Tagin, Sagli, south Aya, Leli, and perhaps Pailibo, Ramo, Asing, Bori, Pasi, Panggi, Simong, Minyong, Karok, Hill Miri, and some northern and western dialects of Nisi. Intelligible with Adi Galo but they are sociolinguistically distinct. A different language from Yidu Lhoba. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. 55% use Tibetan or Cona Monba as second language. 23% can also speak Tibetan and Chinese in Mainling and Lhunze counties, and Tibetan, Chinese, and Monba in Medog County. Elementary schools use Tibetan, Chinese, or Monba. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1998. | |
| adr | Adonara | 16,967 (2000 WCD). | Adonara Island, and eastern Solor Island, between Flores and Lembata. | West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. | Lamaholot is used as a language of wider communication. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| adu | Aduge | 1,904 (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Anambra State, Oyi LGA. | Related to Guyani, Banggarla, Nugunu, and Narungga, which may be extinct. | Speakers also use English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ady | Adyghe | 277,900 in Turkey (2000). 6,409 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 130,000 in Turkey (1965 census). | Villages in Kayseri, Tokat, Karaman Maras, and many other provinces in central and western Anatolia. | Shapsug (Sapsug), Xakuchi, Bezhedukh (Bzedux, Bzhedug, Bezhehux-Temirgoi, Temirgoj, Chemgui), Abadzex (Abadekh, Abadzeg), Natuzaj (Natukhai). Closest to Kabardian. | 94% bilingual in Turkish. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script; Roman script in Turkey. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| adt | Adynyamathanha | 20 (1990 Schmidt). | South Australia, Flinders Ranges area, Nepabunna. | Related to Guyani, Banggarla, Nugunu, and Narungga, which may be extinct. | Speakers also use English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| awi | Aekyom | 8,000 (1987 UBS). | Western Province, Kiunga area. | North Awin, South Awin, East Awin. | May be bilingual in Kamayurá. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1987. | |
| aeq | Aer | 100 to 200 (1998). Women are monolingual. | Lower Sindh, Jikrio Goth near Kunri around Deh 333, Hyderabad, and at Jamesabad. Others are reported to have migrated to India at Partition in 1947, living in the Kach Bhuj area in Gujarat. | Jikrio Goth Aer, Jamesabad Aer. Lexical similarity 78% with Katai Meghwar and Kachi Bhil, 75% to 77% with Rabari, 76% with Kachi Koli. | All ages. They also speak Sindhi (adult men only for common topics), Panjabi (adult men of Jikrio Goth only for common topics), and Gujarati. 100% of boys and 25% of girls attend Sindhi medium schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% in Sindhi. Sindhi-based script. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% in Sindhi. Sindhi-based script. | |
| aal | Afade | 5,000 in Cameroon (2004 SIL). | Far North Province, Logone-and-Chari Division, southern part of Makari Subdivision, centered around Afade. | Sawuve, Wiyagwa, Wunavai, Miyatnu, Ankai, Bu'u. | Speakers also use Malayalam. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1991. | |
| aar | Afar | 160,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Southern Eritrea. May also be in Somalia. | Central Afar, Northern Afar, Aussa, Ba'adu. | Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 8%. | |
| aft | Afitti | 4,512 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, eastern Jebel ed Dair. Main center is Sidra. | Not inherently intelligible with Ama. Lexical similarity 59% with Ama. | All speakers are older adults in Nacimiento. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English; few use Tswana in Ghanzi District, most use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English; few use Tswana in Ghanzi District, most use English. | |
| afr | Afrikaans | 133,324 in Namibia (1991 census). | Not known in the north, in the Owambo tribes, and the Kavango and Caprivi regions. | Cape Afrikaans (West Cape Afrikaans), Orange River Afrikaans, East Cape Afrikaans. A variant of the Dutch spoken by the 17th century colonists, with some lexical and syntactic borrowings from Malay, Bantu languages, Khoisan languages, Portuguese, and other European languages. Their ancestors were brought from Java 300 years ago. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English; few use Tswana in Ghanzi District, most use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English; few use Tswana in Ghanzi District, most use English. | |
| afs | Afro-Seminole Creole | 200 in Mexico (1990). | Nacimiento de los Negros, Coahuila, Mexico. | Mexico Afro-Seminole. | All speakers are older adults in Nacimiento. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English; few use Tswana in Ghanzi District, most use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 100% in Ghanzi, 50% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English; few use Tswana in Ghanzi District, most use English. | |
| agd | Agarabi | 26,996 (2000 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu District. | Close to Gadsup. | All speakers are older adults in Nacimiento. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1970. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1970. | |
| agi | Agariya | 55,757 (1981 census). | Madhya Pradesh, Mandla, Bilaspur, Rewa districts, Maikal hills; Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur District Uttar Pradesh, Agra, Mathura, Mirzapur districts. | Nai (Central Angor), Samanai (Southern Angor). | Speakers also use Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| agc | Agatu | 70,000 (1987 UBS). | Benue State, Otuko Divison, districts of Agatu, Ochekwu, and Adoka; Nasarawa State, Awe and Nasarawa LGAs. | Member of the Idoma dialect cluster. | All speakers are older adults in Nacimiento. Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| avo | Agavotaguerra | 100 (1986 SIL). | Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, between the Curisevo and Culuene rivers, near the Kuikúro. | Related to Waurá and Yawalapiti. | Understood somewhat as a second language by speakers of nearby languages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | |
| ahh | Aghu | 3,000 (1987 SIL). | South coast area along the Digul River west of the Mandobo language, Merauke Kabupaten, Jair Kecamatan. | Qimant (Kemant, Kimant, Kemanat, Kamant, Chemant, Qemant), Dembiya (Dembya, Dambya), Hwarasa (Qwara, Qwarina, "Kara"), Kayla, Semyen, Achpar, Kwolasa (Kwolacha). Distinct from Awngi, Bilen, and Xamtanga. | 3,181 second-language speakers. Qwara dialect is extinct. 170,747 ethnic Western Agaw are monolingual in Amharic in Ethiopia. It is reported that all Qimant also use Amharic. Ge'ez is used as liturgical language, but many use a few Hebrew words in prayer. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ggr | Aghu Tharnggalu | Extinct. | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Laura. | Sironcha, Nirmal (Adilabad), Bhamragarh, Utnoor, Aheri, Rajura, Etapally Gondi. Sironcha is the dialect understood best by the others, with 90% to 98% intelligibility. 49% to 58% intelligibility of Northern Gondi. Lexical similarity 64% to 90% among dialects. | Used in the home. All ages. Language reinforces ethnic membership. Nepali viewed as essential, English as economically advantageous. All also use Nepali. School graduates use some English. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Telugu script. Bible portions: 1962. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Telugu script. Bible portions: 1962. | |
| agx | Aghul | 17,373 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 17,405. Ethnic population: 17,728 in Russia (1989 census). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan. | Koshan, Keren, Gekxun, Agul. | 98% speak it as first language. Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Aghul. Positive language attitude. Lezgi is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| aif | Agi | 955 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. | Lexical similarity 30% with Manem, 25% with Pagi. | Used in the home. Uyghur spoken to outsiders. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| kit | Agob | 2,436 (2000 census). Population includes 1,437 Agob, 542 Ende, 457 Kawam. | Western Province, along the Pahoturi River and southern coast. | Agob, Ende, Kawam. One end of a dialect chain stretching to Idi. Ende and Kawam are closest to Agob. Distinct from, but related to Idi (Tame) and Waia. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Uyghur or Chinese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ibm | Agoi | 12,000 (1989 Faraclas). | Cross River State, Obubra LGA, Agoi-Ekpo, Ekom-Agoi, Agoi-Ibami, and Itu-Agoi towns. | Iko. | Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Ilocano: 0 5%, 1 25%, 2 30%, 3 25%, 4 10%, 5 5%. Speakers also use Tagalog as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | |
| dul | Agta, Alabat Island | 30 (2000 Wurm). | East of Quezon Province, Luzon. | Related to Kwato, Ogea, Uya, Rerau, Jilim, Yangulam. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. Neutral language attitude. Speakers also use Tagalog. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| abd | Agta, Camarines Norte | 150 (2000 Wurm). | Luzon, Santa Elena and Labo, Camarines Norte. | Lexical similarity 67% with Alabat Agta, 35% with Mt. Iriga Agta. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. People mildly supportive toward Agta. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | |
| dgc | Agta, Casiguran Dumagat | 606 (2000 T. Headland). | East coast of Luzon, Aurora Province. | Intelligibility of Paranan 83%. | All ages. Children are learning Tagalog before becoming teenagers. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.4%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.4%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.4%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.4%. NT: 1979. | |
| agt | Agta, Central Cagayan | 779 (2000 WCD). | Northeast Luzon. | Lexical similarity 35% with Balo, Ipulo, and Iceve-Maci. | 95% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. All domains. All or nearly all the children speak Agta. Positive language attitude. They use Ilocano with all non-Agta who do not know Agta. Tagalog is the instructional language in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 6%. Literacy rate in second language: 6%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 6%. Literacy rate in second language: 6%. NT: 1992. | |
| duy | Agta, Dicamay | Extinct. | Luzon, Isabela Province, near Jones. | Dusun Pepas, Dusun Witu. Closest to Ma'anyan, Paku, Dusun Malang, Malagasy. Lexical similarity 75% with Ma'anyan, 73% with Paku. | Nearly everyone can speak Bambara. Students also speak French. | Very few can read or write. Roman script. | Very few can read or write. Roman script. | |
| duo | Agta, Dupaninan | 1,200 (1986 SIL). | Northeast Luzon, from below Divilacan Bay in the south to Palaui Island in the north. | Yaga, Tanglagan, Santa Ana-Gonzaga, Barongagunay, Palaui Island, Camonayan, Valley Cove, Bolos Point, Peñablanca, Roso (Southeast Cagayan), Santa Margarita. Yaga and Central Cagayan Agta are 63% intelligible. Lexical similarity 51% between Central Cagayan Agta and Tanglagan, 66% between Yaga and Central Cagayan Agta. | A small sample of speakers of Yaga had 70% comprehension of Ilocano. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 1%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 1%. NT: 2001. | |
| agk | Agta, Isarog | 5 to 6 (2000 Wurm). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1984 SIL). | Mt. Isarog east of Naga City, Bicol Province, Luzon. | Ankober, Shonke. It is reported that the 'purest' Argobba is spoken in Shonke and T'olaha. Lexical similarity 75% to 85% with Amharic. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. Negative language attitude. Speakers also use Central Bicolano. | Literacy rate in second language: 16.4%. | Literacy rate in second language: 16.4%. | |
| atl | Agta, Mt. Iraya | 150 (2000 Wurm). | East of Lake Buhi, Bicol Province, Luzon. | 54% to 86% comprehension of Naga (Central) Bicolano, 94% comprehension of Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 85% to 90% with Bicolano; 70% with Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 93% among four dialects. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. Negative language attitude. A population sample had 45% comprehension of Tagalog narrative. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| agz | Agta, Mt. Iriga | 1,500 (1979 SIL). | East of Iriga City, west of Lake Buhi, Bicol Province, Luzon. | 86% intelligibility of Iriga City Bicolano, 82% of Mt. Iraya, 72% of Central Bicolano (Naga). It is doubtful whether Naga Bicolano is adequately understandable to Mt. Iriga Agta speakers. Lexical similarity 76% with Iriga City Bicolano, 66% with Mt. Iraya, 66% with Central Bicolano (Naga). | Iriga City Bicolano has higher prestige. Iriga City inhabitants regard Naga as true Bicolano. Moderate comprehension of Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1970. | Bible portions: 1970. | |
| agv | Agta, Remontado | 2,527 (2000 WCD). | Luzon; Santa Inez, Rizal Province; Paimohuan, General Nakar, Quezon Province. | Lexical similarity 73% with Tagalog, 37% with Umiray Dumaget. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 29%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1971–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 29%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1971–1993. | |
| due | Agta, Umiray Dumaget | 3,000 (1994 SIL). | Quezon Province, Luzon. | Palaui Island Agta, Anglat Agta. | Some parents pass it on to children, Used mainly among adults. All domains, home, religion, commerce. Some are proud of their culture and language but many seem indifferent to them. Most speakers are also fluent in Tagalog or Ilocano. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 10%. Roman script. NT: 1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 10%. Roman script. NT: 1977. | |
| dyg | Agta, Villa Viciosa | Extinct. | Luzon, Abra Province. | Zanga. Zanga is a dialect or closely related language. Not close enough to Lobi to be intelligible. Distinct from Dan (Gio, Yacouba). | Members of the ethnic group now speak Ilocano. | Very few can read or write. Roman script. | Very few can read or write. Roman script. | |
| aga | Aguano | Extinct. Ethnic population: 40 families in Santa Cruz de Huallaga who did not use Aguano but were members of the ethnic group (1959). | Lower Huallaga and upper Samiria rivers, the right bank tributary of the Marañon River. | Related to Doutai, Biritai, Sikaritai. Lexical similarity 78% with Eritai, 69% with Biritai. | All speakers are older adults in Nacimiento. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| agr | Aguaruna | 38,290 (2000 WCD). Almost no monolinguals. | Western upper Marañon River area, Potro, Mayo, and Cahuapanas rivers. | Close to Huambisa, Achuar-Shiwiar. | Official language. Vigorous. Spanish speakers and Quechuas in the area also use Aguaruna. All domains. Oral and written use in commerce. Letters. Positive toward bilingualism. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 35%, 1 20%, 2 20%, 3 15%, 4 9.9%, 5 .1%. Primary education begins in Aguaruna and Spanish is gradually added. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973. | |
| aug | Aguna | 3,470 (1992 census). | Zou Province, Djidja Subprefecture, around village of Agouna. | Nogau. | Most bilinguals use Naro as second language; next most common is Tswana. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | |
| agn | Agutaynen | 10,384 (1990 census). | Agutaya Island, five smaller surrounding islands, and the municipalities of Roxas, San Vicente, and Brooke's Point, Palawan. A few also in Taytay, Linapacan, on Mindoro, and in Manila. | Lexical similarity 52% with Cuyonon; 71% with Calamian Tagbanwa. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Cuyonon, Tagalog, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 90%. Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Bible portions: 1989–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 90%. Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Bible portions: 1989–1993. | |
| ahn | Àhàn | 300 (2000 Blench). | Ondo State, Ekiti LGA, Ajowa, Igashi, and Omou towns. | Ako, Asong. | Older speakers use Adioukrou. Young people learn French in school. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ahe | Ahe | 30,000 (1990 UBS). | East of Iriga City, west of Lake Buhi, Bicol Province, Luzon. | 86% intelligibility of Iriga City Bicolano, 82% of Mt. Iraya, 72% of Central Bicolano (Naga). It is doubtful whether Naga Bicolano is adequately understandable to Mt. Iriga Agta speakers. Lexical similarity 76% with Iriga City Bicolano, 66% with Mt. Iraya, 66% with Central Bicolano (Naga). | Iriga City Bicolano has higher prestige. Iriga City inhabitants regard Naga as true Bicolano. Moderate comprehension of Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1970. | Bible portions: 1970. | |
| thm | Aheu | 1,770 in Laos (2000). | Pak Sane Province, Khamkeut District, near Lak Sao. | Kailali (Malhora), Deokhuri (Deokhar, Deokri), Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Surkhet, Kanchanpur. 68% to 91% intelligibility of Rana, 95% to 97% of Kathoriya. Some intelligibility difficulty with speakers from India. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. Lexical similarity 74% to 79% with Kathoriya, 72% to 74% with Sunha, 63% to 72% with Rana Thakur, 61% to 67% with Chitwania, 58% to 65% with Hindi. | Hindi bilingual proficiency is limited among the 70% to 90% who are uneducated. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | |
| ahr | Ahirani | 779,000 (1997). | Maharashtra, Dhule, Jalgaon districts; Gujarat. | Preliminary findings are that it is distinct from Khandesi. | Speakers also use Hindi or Marathi. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| aho | Ahom | Extinct. | Assam. | Ako, Asong. | No longer spoken in daily life, but used in religious chants and literary materials. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| aht | Ahtena | 80 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 500 (1995 M. Krauss). | Alaska, Copper River above the Eyak River at its mouth, and upper Susitna and Nenana drainages. 8 communities. | Related to Begbere-Ejar. | All speakers older than 50 years. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| aih | Ai-Cham | 2,700 (2000). | 13 villages in Di'e and Boyao townships in Libo County of the Qiannan Buyi-Miao Autonomous Prefecture in southern Guizhou Province. | Di'e, Boyao. The two dialects listed have phonological differences, but are largely intelligible to each other's speakers. Similar to Mak. | People use it with Jamaicans and some other Caribbean people, but not with non-Caribbean people. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mzf | Aiku | 1,132 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Maimai Namblo Division, Wemil village, and more in West Palei Division. | Lexical similarity 70% with Binahari (closest). | Most speakers also use Magi, Suau, Hiri Motu, or English. Suau used in religious services. Hiri Motu has been used as a trade language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. |
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