1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aaa | Ghotuo | 9,000 (1994). | Edo State, Owan, and Akoko-Edo LGAs. | |||||
| aab | Alumu-Tesu | 4,702 (2000 WCD). | Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA, near Wamba. Alumu is 7 villages and Tesu is 1. | Alumu (Arum), Tesu. Related to Toro. The two dialects have only intonation differences. | Spoken fluently by young people. | |||
| aac | Ari | 50 (2000 S. Wurm). | Ari and Serea villages, Aramia River area, Western Province. | Alumu (Arum), Tesu. Related to Toro. The two dialects have only intonation differences. | Speakers also use Gogodala. | |||
| aad | Amal | 831 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, on Wagana River, near the confluence with Wanibe Creek. | Alumu (Arum), Tesu. Related to Toro. The two dialects have only intonation differences. | Speakers also use Gogodala. | |||
| kuf | Katu, Western | 14,700 (1998). | Upper Xe Kong River, high basin of Song Boung River watershed along the Vietnamese border, Sekong, Saravan, and Champassak provinces. | A different language variety and orthography from Viet Nam. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Major language of the area. All domains. Oral use in local administration, in the first 3 grades in school, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 70,000 use Tok Pisin as second language. 20,000 can also use English or various neighboring languages. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kug | Kupa | 20,000 (1998 Blench). | Kwara State, Kogi LGA, around Abugi. 52 villages. | A different language variety and orthography from Viet Nam. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Major language of the area. All domains. Oral use in local administration, in the first 3 grades in school, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 70,000 use Tok Pisin as second language. 20,000 can also use English or various neighboring languages. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kuh | Kushi | 11,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Billiri, and Kaltungo LGAs, Kushi village. | A different language variety and orthography from Viet Nam. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Major language of the area. All domains. Oral use in local administration, in the first 3 grades in school, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 70,000 use Tok Pisin as second language. 20,000 can also use English or various neighboring languages. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kui | Kuikúro-Kalapálo | 526 (1995 AMTB). Population includes 277 Kuikúro and 249 Kalapálo. | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, three villages along the Culuene River. | The Kuikúro and the Kalapálo speak the same language, but are separate ethnically. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kuk | Kepo' | 10,605 (2000 WCD). | Central Flores, between Manggarai and Rembong, with a separate enclave between Manggarai and Wae Rana. | May be intelligible with one of the surrounding languages. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| cso | Chinantec, Sochiapan | 5,800 (2000 SIL). 725 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 6,000. | North Oaxaca, Cuicatlán: San Pedro Sochiapan, Retumbadero, San Juan Zautla, Santiago Quetzalapa, San Juan Zapotitlán. | 66% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec (closest), 56% of Chiltepec, 45% of Usila, 11% of Tepetotutla. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. A few teachers try to teach it in school. Oral and written use in church. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 15%, 2 30%, 3 30%, 4 9%, 5 1%. 10 to 20 know some English. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| csq | Croatia Sign Language | No estimate available. | North Oaxaca, Cuicatlán: San Pedro Sochiapan, Retumbadero, San Juan Zautla, Santiago Quetzalapa, San Juan Zapotitlán. | 66% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec (closest), 56% of Chiltepec, 45% of Usila, 11% of Tepetotutla. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. A few teachers try to teach it in school. Oral and written use in church. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 15%, 2 30%, 3 30%, 4 9%, 5 1%. 10 to 20 know some English. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| csr | Costa Rican Sign Language | No estimate available. | North Oaxaca, Cuicatlán: San Pedro Sochiapan, Retumbadero, San Juan Zautla, Santiago Quetzalapa, San Juan Zapotitlán. | May be related to Providencia Sign Language. Lexical similarity 60% with ASL. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. A few teachers try to teach it in school. Oral and written use in church. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 15%, 2 30%, 3 30%, 4 9%, 5 1%. 10 to 20 know some English. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| css | Ohlone, Southern | Extinct. | Formerly in north central California, Monterrey and San Benito counties. | Monterey, Mutsun (San Juan Bautista), Rumsen (Runsien, San Carlos, Carmel). | Became extinct in the 1950s. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| cst | Ohlone, Northern | Extinct. | Formerly in north central California, Monterrey and San Benito counties. | East Bay, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Soledad. | Some Ohlones are collecting and studying language materials. Lost its fluent speakers in the 18th or early 19th centuries. Subdialects of East Bay were Huchiun (Juichun), Niles (Chocheño), San José, San Lorenzo. Soledad may be transitional between Northern and Southern Ohlone. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | 10% can read it, 5% can write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| mmy | Migaama | 20,000 (2000 W. Chesley). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 23,000 (1991 census). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Mongo Subprefecture, east of Mongo, Abou Telfane Canton centered in Baro, around Abu Telfan. Migaama dialect is in Baro, Doga in Fityari, Gamiya in Game and Julkulkili, and Dambiya in Mala. | Migaama, Doga, Gamiya, Dambiya (Ndambiya). Dialect cluster. Dambiya is probably a Bidiyo dialect rather than a Migaama dialect. | Vigorous. All domains except to Arabs in market, French to teachers in school. Oral use in administration, a little in school, some in church, commerce. Positive language attitude. 18,000 to 19,000 also use Chadian Arabic as second language, men at a high proficiency level, women at a low proficiency level. 6,000 can speak French. Modern Standard Arabic taught in school. | 100 can read Migaama, 10 can write it. Bible portions. | 100 can read Migaama, 10 can write it. Bible portions. | |
| mfi | Wandala | 20,000 in Nigeria (1993). Population includes 10,000 Gamargu, 9,300 Kirawa. | Borno State, Damboa, Bama, Gwoza, and Konduga LGAs. | Kamburwama, Masfeima, Jampalam, Ziogba, Mazagwa, Gwanje, Gamargu (Gamergu, Malgo, Malgwa), Kirawa. | Vigorous. Some speak Hausa or English. | 200 to 300 read Wandala. Grammar. NT: 1988. | 200 to 300 read Wandala. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| mfj | Mefele | 11,000 (2002 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Mokolo Subdivision, south and east of Mokolo, 6 villages. | Mefele, Serak (Sirak), Muhura (Mouhour), Shugule (Chougoule). | Vigorous. All domains. Bilingualism in Fulfulde is increasing by those who travel, and in French by the few children in school. Bilingualism in Mafa appears to be increasing among the children, who learn it at school and market. | 200 to 300 read Wandala. Grammar. NT: 1988. | 200 to 300 read Wandala. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| clk | Idu-Mishmi | 80 in China (1999 Sun Hongkai). 50 are monolingual. | Townships of Xia Chayu (Zayu) and Ba'antong of the Xia Chayu (Zayu) Zone, Chayu County of Nyingchi Prefecture, in southeast Tibet, in the Danba River valley and adjoining mountain slopes, near the Bhutan border. | Closest to Digaro-Mishmi. A different language from Boga'er Lhoba. May be a dialect of Miri. Lexical similarity 7% with Miju-Mishmi, 25% with Digaro-Mishmi (IICCC). | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Indifferent language attitude. 25 can also speak Chinese or Tibetan. | 27% attended primary school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | 27% attended primary school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | |
| clm | Clallam | 10 (1997 Timothy Montler). Ethnic population: Several thousands (1997 T. Montler). | Washington, northeastern Olympic Peninsula, Port Angeles. | Close to Saanich. | All speakers are older adults. | 27% attended primary school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | 27% attended primary school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | |
| adi | Adi | 1,088 in China (1999 Ouyang Jueya). 400 monolinguals. | Lhunze and Mainling counties in southeast Tibet, south of the Yaluzangjiang River in the Luoyu area. | Ashing, Bokar (Boga'er Luoba), Bori, Karko, Komkar, Milang, Minyong, Padam (Standard Adi), Pailibo, Pangi, Pasi, Ramo, Shimong, Tangam. Sun (1993) lists Tani languages and dialects as Apatani, Milang, Bokar, Damu, Mising, Padam, Bangni, Tagin, Sagli, south Aya, Leli, and perhaps Pailibo, Ramo, Asing, Bori, Pasi, Panggi, Simong, Minyong, Karok, Hill Miri, and some northern and western dialects of Nisi. Intelligible with Adi Galo but they are sociolinguistically distinct. A different language from Yidu Lhoba. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. 55% use Tibetan or Cona Monba as second language. 23% can also speak Tibetan and Chinese in Mainling and Lhunze counties, and Tibetan, Chinese, and Monba in Medog County. Elementary schools use Tibetan, Chinese, or Monba. | 27% attended school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | 27% attended school, 31% have some degree of literacy, 0.8% have a university degree. | |
| khm | Khmer, Central | 1,055,174 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Mainly in Hau Giang, Tra Vinh, Vinh Long, Kien Giang, An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Phuoc, and Tay Ninh provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. | Central Khmer, Southern Khmer. | Official language. 1,000,000 second-language speakers. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | |
| khn | Khandesi | 1,579,000 (1997). | Maharashtra, Dhule District, Sakri tahsil, Nasik District, Satna tahsil, Nandurbar district, Nandurbar and Shahada tahsils; Gujarat. | Dangri, Kunbi (Kunbau), Rangari, Khandesi, Kotali Bhil. All varieties of Khandesi tested at 90% or higher intelligibility of each other. | Vigorous. A group of Kukna in Dhule district speak Khandesi. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Kukna and Marathi. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | |
| khp | Kapori | 30 to 40 (2000 Wurm). | Village of Pagai on north bank of upper Idenburg River. | Dangri, Kunbi (Kunbau), Rangari, Khandesi, Kotali Bhil. All varieties of Khandesi tested at 90% or higher intelligibility of each other. | Vigorous. A group of Kukna in Dhule district speak Khandesi. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Kukna and Marathi. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | |
| hni | Hani | 17,535 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces in northern Viet Nam. One variety is east, one west of Muong Te City. Not in Thailand. | Haya, Haohai, Bika. Divided into three dialect groups depending on whether and to what degree they have vowels with 'clear-muddy' vowel contrasts (P. B. Denlinger 1974). Sang Kong (Sangkong; 2,000) in Jing Hong Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous State, Yunnan, is officially under Hani, and may be a separate language. Kaduo is reported to be a separate language. Haya is the standard dialect. | Vigorous. Some speakers of nearby languages also speak Hani. Taught at Kunming Institute. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 40% of the others can also use Chinese. A few can also speak Yi or Lü. Written Chinese is in common use. | 40,000 who can read and write it. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | 40,000 who can read and write it. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aew | Ambakich | 770 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,964 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province. | Northern Ambakich (Antanau), Southern Ambakich. | Very low vitality. All speakers older than 20 years. Interest in language retention. Many parents say they want their children to know Ambakich; however, they often speak Tok Pisin to their children. Nearly all speakers also speak Tok Pisin, those under 20 speak it primarily. Tok Pisin is used in many domains, including home, cultural, social, official (court), and with outsiders. | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | |
| aex | Amerax | No estimate available. | East Sepik Province. | Northern Ambakich (Antanau), Southern Ambakich. | Spoken by Neo-Muslims in prisons. Reported to not have first-language speakers. | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | 41% of ethnic group (10 years and older) literate in at least one language (2000 census). | |
| cle | Chinantec, Lealao | 2,000 (1990 census). 500 monolinguals. | Northeastern Oaxaca, San Juan Lealao, Latani, Tres Arroyos, and La Hondura. | Considered the most divergent of the Chinantec languages. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral and written use in religious services. Oral use in local commerce. All ages. Speakers consider it to be inferior to Spanish, but they continue to use it. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 45%, 2 50%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. There is also some bilingualism in Zapotec. | 50 can read it, 5 can write it. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | 50 can read it, 5 can write it. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| clh | Chilisso | 1,600 to 3,000 (1992 SIL). | Scattered families in the Koli, Palas, Jalkot area of the Indus Kohistan, east bank of the Indus River. | Lexical similarity 70% with Indus Kohistani, 65% to 68% with Gowro, 54% with Bateri, 48% to 56% with Shina. 26% with Torwali, 25% with Kalami. | Socially integrated with the Kohistani Shina, and most or all speak that as first or second language. | 50 can read it, 5 can write it. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | 50 can read it, 5 can write it. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| pym | Fyam | 3,000. | Plateau State, Jos, Barkin Ladi, and Mangu LGAs. | Closest to Horom. Chadic influence. | In some villages, young people use Fyam only in special contexts. Shift to Hausa in progress. Fyam is used at home and in the village in some cases. Hausa is used generally, English in education and government. English is restricted to young people, especially men. | 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. | 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| pyn | Poyanáwa | 310 (1995 AMTB). | Acre, upper Rio Môa, tributary of the Jumá. | Closest to Horom. Chadic influence. | In some villages, young people use Fyam only in special contexts. Shift to Hausa in progress. Fyam is used at home and in the village in some cases. Hausa is used generally, English in education and government. English is restricted to young people, especially men. | 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. | 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| tzb | Tzeltal, Bachajón | 100,000 (1993 SIL). 50,000 are monolingual. Speakers of all Tzeltal varieties: 215,145 (1980 census). | East central Chiapas, Chilon and Ocosingo municipalities. | Amatenango del Valle. | Vigorous. Some families now use Spanish. Some Ch'ol in the northern border area and lowland have learned Tzeltal. All domains. Minimal use in government schools. Oral use in local commerce. Oral and written use in religion. All ages. Spanish use increasing among young people. Positive language attitude. 50,000 use Spanish as second language, 500 also speak some Ch'ol. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1964. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1964. | |
| tzh | Tzeltal, Oxchuc | 90,000 (2000 S. Hoffman REF). 50,000 are monolingual. | East central Chiapas, Oxchuc area. | Chanal Cancuc, Tenango. | Vigorous. Some Tzotzil speakers also speak Tzeltal. All domains. Oral use in administration, commerce, some oral and written use in education, religion. All ages. Young people are increasing use of Spanish. Positive language attitude. 40,000 use Spanish as second language. 100 can also speak Tojolabal. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 2002. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 2002. | |
| ctp | Chatino, Western Highland | 12,000 (2000 SIL). 6,000 monolinguals (1990 census). | Southwestern Oaxaca, Juquila District, towns of Panixtlahuaca, San Juan Quiahije, and Yaitepec; villages of Ixtapan, Tepenixtelahuaca, Ixpantepec, and Amialtepec, plus various rancherías. | Panixtlahuaca Chatino, San Juan Quiahije Chatino, Yaitepec Chatino. 71% intelligibility of Yaitepec, 66% of Nopala, 46% of Zacatepec, 32% of Tataltepec. Yaitepec has 80% intelligibility of Nopala, 78% of Panixtlahuaca, 20% of Tataltepec. | Vigorous. 1 or 2 speakers of other languages speak Chatino. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce, religious services, some in elementary and secondary education. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 30%, 2 9.95%, 3 .05%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Yaitepec is one of the most monolingual Chatino towns. 10 can also speak English, 10 to 20 speak either Tataltepec Chatino or Zenzontepec Chatino. | 500 can read it, 50 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | 500 can read it, 50 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| cts | Bicolano, Northern Catanduanes | 122,035 (2000). | Luzon, Northern Catanduanes, east of Bicol. | Comprehension of Naga 68%. | A population sample had 66% comprehension of Tagalog narrative. | 500 can read it, 50 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | 500 can read it, 50 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| cym | Welsh | 25,000 in Argentina (1998 A. Leaver). | Patagonia, Chubut Territory. | Patagonian Welsh. | First- and second-language speakers (1998). Spoken here since around 1891. Speakers also use Spanish. | 525 Welsh primary and secondary schools provide Welsh-medium education to over 82,000 children (1999). Compulsory in most Welsh schools. Magazines. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1588–1988. | 525 Welsh primary and secondary schools provide Welsh-medium education to over 82,000 children (1999). Compulsory in most Welsh schools. Magazines. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1588–1988. | |
| xed | Hdi | 4,000 in Nigeria (2001 SIL). | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; along the Cameroon border, across from Tourou; part of one village. | Tur (Turu, Tourou, Ftour). 51% intelligibility of Mabas, 48% of Lamang, 35% of Gvoko. Lexical similarity 78% with Mabas, 64% with Lamang, 56% with Gvoko. | Both people and language may be extinct. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| xeg | ||Xegwi | Extinct. | Near the Swaziland border. | Tur (Turu, Tourou, Ftour). 51% intelligibility of Mabas, 48% of Lamang, 35% of Gvoko. Lexical similarity 78% with Mabas, 64% with Lamang, 56% with Gvoko. | Both people and language may be extinct. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| xel | Kelo | 200. | Northern Sudan, Tornasi Hills; Jebels Tornasi (Keeli village) and Beni Sheko. West of Berta speaking people. | Beni Sheko, Kelo. | M. L. Bender reports that they are not extinct (1997). | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| xem | Kembayan | 45,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwest, near Sarawak border, around Balaikarangan, Kembayan, Landak River. | Beni Sheko, Kelo. | M. L. Bender reports that they are not extinct (1997). | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| yog | Yogad | 16,043 (1990 census). | Echague and several nearby towns, Isabela Province, Luzon. | Related to Ibanag and Gaddang. Lexical similarity 52% with Ilocano, 66% with Itawit, 63% with Ibanag. | Highly bilingual in Ilocano. | 77% literacy in Isabela in 1955. Dictionary. Grammar. | 77% literacy in Isabela in 1955. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| yoi | Yonaguni | 800 (2004). | Southern Okinawa; Yonaguni Island. | Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. | Older adult speakers can understand Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Yonaguni, but mainly use Japanese at home and work (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | 77% literacy in Isabela in 1955. Dictionary. Grammar. | 77% literacy in Isabela in 1955. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| vmp | Mazatec, Soyaltepec | 23,000 (1990 census). 6,000 monolinguals. The original Soyaltepec variety may only be 900 speakers, most of whom are monolingual. | Oaxaca, northwestern Tuxtepec District, part of Soyaltepec Municipio, towns of Santa María Jacatepec and San Miguel Soyaltepec, Soyaltepec Island. | 5% intelligibility of Chiquihuitlán. A separate language from other Mazatec. | Speakers also use Spanish. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vmq | Mixtec, Soyaltepec | 322 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 926 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Teposcolula District, villages of San Bartolo Soyaltepec and Guadalupe Gabilera. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | All ages in some places. Children are learning Mixtec in Guadalupe. Speakers also use Spanish. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vms | Moksela | Extinct. | Central Maluku, possibly east Buru Island, near Kayeli. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vmu | Muluridyi | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, headwaters of Mitchell River to Mt. Carbine, Rumula, Mareeba, Woodville. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| bqi | Bakhtiari | 1,000,000 (2001). 350,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,000,000 (2001). | Southwestern Iran: western Chahar-Mahal va Bakhtiari, eastern Khuzestan, eastern Lorestan, and western Esfahan. Masjed-e Soleiman, Shahr-e Kord, Dorud. | Haft-Lang, Charlang, Chelgerd, Kuhrang (Kohrang). Bakhtiari is on a dialect continuum between Northern Luri and Southern Luri. Farsi dialects in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province are mutually intelligible with Bakhtiari. Close to Kumzari. Lexical similarity 75% with Southern Luri (Mamasani), 86% with Southern Luri (Boyerahmadi), 73% with Northern Luri (rural), 78% with Northern Luri (Khorramabadi), 76% with Western Farsi. | Vigorous. Used in the home, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers use Western Farsi or English. Older speakers and women have lower levels of bilingualism. | A few native authors have attempted to use an Arabo-Persian script for Bakhtiari. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. | A few native authors have attempted to use an Arabo-Persian script for Bakhtiari. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bql | Bilakura | 30 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province. | Related languages: Usan, Yaben, Yarawata, Parawen, Ukuriguma. | Vigorous. Used in the home, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers use Western Farsi or English. Older speakers and women have lower levels of bilingualism. | A few native authors have attempted to use an Arabo-Persian script for Bakhtiari. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. | A few native authors have attempted to use an Arabo-Persian script for Bakhtiari. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| yix | Yi, Axi | 60,000 (2002). | Southeastern Yunnan in Mile, Luxi and Shilin counties. | Eshan Nasu, Xinping Nisu. | Speakers also use Mandarin Chinese. | A phonetic script. Dictionary. | A phonetic script. Dictionary. | |
| ers | Ersu | 9,000 (1999 Sun Hongkai). About 500 older adults are monolingual. Ethnic population: 20,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | South central Sichuan in the lower reaches of the Dadu River; Ganluo, Yuexi, Mianning, and Muli counties of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Shimian and Hanyuan counties of Ya'an Prefecture, Jiulong County of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in their own villages, and dispersed among the Yi, Chinese, and Tibetan peoples. | Ersu (Eastern Ersu), Duoxu (Central Ersu), Lisu (Western Ersu, Lüzü, Liru). Menia (Menya) is reported to be a dialect, but it is unclear how it relates to the other dialects. Dialect differences are reported to be great, so speakers do not understand each other. | All domains by older adults. In the eastern area: vigorous use among older adults. Adults use Ersu with each other about half the time, young people and children know it, but mainly use Chinese or Yi. Indifferent language attitude. About 8,000 also use Chinese, 400 also use Yi. | About 10 people can read the Shaba script. | About 10 people can read the Shaba script. | |
| ses | Songhay, Koyraboro Senni | 400,000 (1999 Dan Stauffer). | Southeast, along the Niger River from Gourma Rharous, just east of Timbuktu, through Bourem, Goa, and Ansongo on to the Mali-Niger border. Borders Kaado (Zarma) in Niger, but boundary zone not well studied. | Intelligibility is good of all dialects on the Niger River. Fulan Kirya variety has more limited intelligibility because of heavy lexical borrowing from Fulfulde and Humburi Senni Songhay. Closely related languages: Koyra Chiini Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay, Zarma, Dendi. Lexical similarity 77% between Gao and Timbuktu dialects, lexical similarity 50% with Tadaksahak. | National language. Trade language. Language of instruction at primary level in some experimental schools. All ages. Gao variety is dominant in all respects. Many are monolingual. Some know Bambara, French, or Tamasheq, but there is no extensive bilingualism (J. Heath 1999). | Actively promoted by the government through adult literacy classes and as the language of instruction at the primary level in some experimental schools. Some French literacy. Dictionary. Grammar. | Actively promoted by the government through adult literacy classes and as the language of instruction at the primary level in some experimental schools. Some French literacy. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bqc | Boko | 40,000 in Nigeria (1995 R. Jones). | Niger State, Borgu LGA; Kebbi State, Bagudo LGA, from Senji in the north to Kenugbe and Kaoje, 150 km to the south and Demmo, 50 km to the east, 35 villages. | Closely related languages: Busa-Bisã (Nigeria), Bokobaru (Nigeria), Shanga (Nigeria). Lexical similarity 90% with Busa-Bisã, Bokobaru, Shanga, 86% with Bokobaru, 52% with Kyenga, 51% with Bissa in Burkina Faso. | Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Baatonum, Hausa, or English. | Adult literacy program. | Adult literacy program. | |
| bqd | Bung | 3 (1995 Connell). | Near the Kwanja language. | It may have been a form of Kwanja. | People now use Kwanja. May be extinct. | Adult literacy program. | Adult literacy program. | |
| knc | Kanuri, Central | 195,000 in Sudan (1993 Johnstone). | Northern. | Dagara, Kaga (Kagama), Sugurti, Lare, Kwayam, Njesko, Kabari (Kuvuri), Ngazar, Guvja, Mao, Temageri, Fadawa, Maiduguri. | Official language. 500,000 second-language speakers. | Ajami script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Ajami script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| knd | Konda | 500 (1988 SIL). | Southwest Bird's Head along lower Waromge River south of Teminabuan, villages of Konda and Teminabuan District. | Lexical similarity 61% with Yahadian. | Official language. 500,000 second-language speakers. | Ajami script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Ajami script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| ale | Aleut | 190 in Russia (2002 K. Matsumura). 5 on Bering Island Atkan (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 702 (1989 census). | Nikolskoye settlement, Bering Island, Commander (Komandor) Islands. | Beringov (Bering, Atkan). | All speakers of Bering Island Atkan are 60 years and older (1995 M. Krauss). Neutral language attitude to mild support. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as first language. | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. | |
| alf | Alege | 1,200 (1973 SIL). | Cross River State, Obudu LGA. | Related to Gayi (Bisu of Obanliku cluster) of Nigeria and Cameroon. | All speakers of Bering Island Atkan are 60 years and older (1995 M. Krauss). Neutral language attitude to mild support. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as first language. | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. | |
| geh | German, Hutterite | 5,000 in the USA (1981 SIL). | 123 colonies in USA (South Dakota 53, North Dakota 6, Minnesota 9, Montana 34, Washington State 6, and Oregon 1). | About 50% intelligible to a speaker of Pennsylvania German, Plautdietsch, and Standard German. Although it is called 'Tirolean', it is not a Tirolean dialect. | Speakers use Standard German in church and for Scriptures. They are partly bilingual in English and Standard German. | Almost all adults are literate in English and Biblical German. | Almost all adults are literate in English and Biblical German. | |
| fuc | Pulaar | 150,000 in Mauritania. | Settled primarily in northwestern Mali around Nioro and Kayes. Pockets found in Segou and Bandiagara, which are remnants of Umar Tal's conquest in the middle 1800s. | Toucouleur (Tukulor, Pulaar, Haalpulaar). | Fulbe Jeeri is an ethnic group which speaks this language as first language. | An official literacy committee is concerned with Pulaar. | An official literacy committee is concerned with Pulaar. | |
| mnw | Mon | 107,630 in Thailand (2000 WCD). | On the Myanmar border, Kanchanaburi, Pathum Thani, Rat Buri, Surat Thani, Lopburi, Khorat; north and south of Bangkok. | Mataban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Northern Mon, Mon Tang), Ye (Southern Mon, Mon Nya). | Many young people use only Burmese. The Mon can read Burmese and are generally bilingual in Burmese. | Ancient script, Indic-based derived from Pali. Bible: 1928. | Ancient script, Indic-based derived from Pali. Bible: 1928. | |
| bah | Bahamas Creole English | 225,000 in Bahamas (1987). | Also spoken in USA. | Intelligibility with Sea Islands Creole good. Very close to Sea Islands Creole and Afro-Seminole of USA (Ian Hancock). The major differences with Sea Islands are in phonology, a few words, regional expressions, and a few grammatical differences (verbal markers). There is a spectrum of varieties from Standard USA English usage to the creole (Todd and Hancock 1986). | French used by the younger generation as their main language. Ewondo is understood by most of the older generation. Basaa is only used by the older generation, not the youth. French is learned and spoken from early childhood in school, and in nearly every aspect of daily life, including the family, although interpretation into Nubaca is made in church. | Another orthography may be needed, since there were negative responses to the Sea Islands orthography presently in use. Dictionary. | Another orthography may be needed, since there were negative responses to the Sea Islands orthography presently in use. Dictionary. | |
| fia | Nobiin | 200,000 in Egypt (1996). | Northern Province, northwards from Burgeg to the Egyptian border at Wadi Halfa. Also at New Halfa in Kassala Province. 40% in the Upper Nile Valley, mainly near Kom Ombo; the rest in various cities. | Mahas (Mahasi, Mahass), Fiyadikka (Fedicca, Fadicha, Fadicca, Fadija, Fiadidja). Not intelligible with Kenuzi-Dongola. Lexical similarity 67% with Kenuzi-Dongola. | The language is the center of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but most are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1860–1899. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1860–1899. | |
| kzh | Kenuzi-Dongola | 100,000 in Egypt (1996). Ethnic population: 100,000 in Egypt. | 40% in the Upper Nile valley, mainly at Kom Ombo, the rest in various cities. | Dongola, Kenuz (Kenuzi, Kunuzi, Kenzi). | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1912. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1912. | |
| arb | Arabic, Standard | 206,000,000 first-language speakers of all Arabic varieties (1999 WA). | Middle East, North Africa. | Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Literary Arabic), Classical Arabic (Koranic Arabic, Quranic Arabic). Preserves the ancient grammar. | National language. Used for education, official purposes, formal speeches. | Arabic script in Algeria. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1984–1991. | Arabic script in Algeria. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1984–1991. | |
| wlo | Wolio | 34,529 in Indonesia (2000 WCD). | Southwestern Buton Island in Bau-Bau, Southeast Sulawesi. Also spoken in Malaysia (Sabah). | Lexical similarity 61% with Cia-Cia, 60% with Masiri and Lantoi. | Trade language. Wolio is the former court language of the Sultan at Baubau and a few surrounding communities, and formerly used by the nobility in the region. Official regional language. | Arabic script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Arabic script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wlu | Wuliwuli | Extinct. | Queensland, southwestern, Dawson River, Baralaba, Banana, Theodore. | Lexical similarity 61% with Cia-Cia, 60% with Masiri and Lantoi. | Trade language. Wolio is the former court language of the Sultan at Baubau and a few surrounding communities, and formerly used by the nobility in the region. Official regional language. | Arabic script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Arabic script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| snd | Sindhi | 2,812,000 in India (1997). | Gujarat; Maharashtra; Rajasthan; Andhra Pradesh; Bihar; Delhi; Madhya Pradesh; Orissa; Tamil Nadu; Uttar Pradesh. | Bhatia, Jadeji, Kayasthi, Lari, Lasi, Thareli, Thari, Viccholi, Visholi. | Official language. Many Sindhi do not learn their traditional ethnic language. Used mainly by women and older adults. | Arabic script; Arabic and Gurumukhi scripts in India. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1954. | Arabic script; Arabic and Gurumukhi scripts in India. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1954. | |
| mrg | Miri | 400,000 (1998). Population includes 10,050 Hill Miri. | Assam, North Lakhimpur, Sonitput, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat, Tinsukia districts; Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Ziro subdivision, a few villages near Pasighat, on both sides of the Kamla River; Upper Subansiri District, Daporizo subdivision. The Hill Miri are in Arunachal Pradesh, the Plain Miri are in Assam. | Idu may be a dialect. | Speakers also use Assamese. | Assamese and Devanagari scripts. NT: 2001. | Assamese and Devanagari scripts. NT: 2001. | |
| haj | Hajong | 19,000 in India (1997). | Meghalaya, West Garo Hills District, western side, West and East Khasi Hills; Assam, Goalpara and Nowgong districts; Arunachal Pradesh; West Bengal. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Formerly a Tibeto-Burman language, but culturally and linguistically Hinduized and Bengalized (Breton 1997). | Speakers are shifting to Assamese. | Assamese script. | Assamese script. | |
| ijj | Ede Ije | 50,000 (2000 SIL). | Plateau Province (northern part of former Oueme Province), subprefectures of Pobe and Ketou. Zou Province, Ouihni Subprefecture. In general, the rural districts between the towns of Ketou and Pobe, extending westward to the Oueme River. There is also a group of Ije villages in the Zou Province, Zogbodome Subprefecture, south of the town of Zogbodome. | A member of the Ede language cluster. 99% comprehension of Yoruba, narrative text. There is a very high comprehension of Yoruba due to the linguistic and cultural closeness. Lexical similarity 85% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo, 91% with Ede Nago. | All domains. In schools, French is used, some French used in government offices, Yoruba, and in some cases Fon, used in churches, Yoruba and Arabic used at mosque. | Basic literacy program using Yoruba expanded to include post-literacy. | Basic literacy program using Yoruba expanded to include post-literacy. | |
| asm | Assamese | 15,334,000 in India (1997). Population total all countries: 15,374,000. | Assam; West Bengal; Meghalaya; Arunachal Pradesh. Also spoken in Bangladesh, Bhutan. | Jharwa (Pidgin), Mayang, Standard Assamese, Western Assamese. | State language of Assam. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | |
| asn | Asuriní, Xingú | 63 (1994 ALEM). | At least one sizeable village, on Rio Piçava off Xingú River near Altamira, Pará. | Different from Asuriní of the Tocantins (Akwaya), and Arawete. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | |
| nng | Naga, Maring | 17,361 (2001 census). | Manipur, southeast, Laiching; mountainous regions along the northern border of Chandel District, Tengnoupal subdivision. | Eastern Namuyi, Western Namuyi. Some intelligibility between the dialects, with lexical and phonological differences. Their speakers use Chinese when communicating with speakers of the other dialect. | Vigorous. | Bengali script. NT: 2001. | Bengali script. NT: 2001. | |
| nni | Nuaulu, North | 500 (1990 SIL). | Two villages on the north coast of central Seram Island, central Maluku. | Lexical similarity 67% with South Nuaulu, 64% with Saleman. | Vigorous. | Bengali script. NT: 2001. | Bengali script. NT: 2001. | |
| bzg | Babuza | 3 to 4 (2000 S. Wurm). | West central coast and inland, Tatu and Choshui rivers and beyond, around 24 degrees north. | Poavosa, Taokas. Taokas dialect is extinct. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Babuza. Used in the home. No children speak Babuza. Neutral language attitude. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| doa | Dom | 12,000 (1994 NTM). | Simbu Province, mainly south of the Wahgi River from Kundiawa west of the Sinasina area. | Era. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| gol | Gola | 8,000 in Sierra Leone (1989 TISLL). | Along the border and a few miles into Sierra Leone. | De (Deng), Managobla (Gobla), Kongbaa, Kpo, Senje (Sene), Tee (Tege), Toldil (Toodii). | Speakers in Sierra Leone are shifting to Mende. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| law | Lauje | 44,000 (2001 N. Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi, Dampelas Sojol, Dondo, Tinombo, Tomini, and Ampibabo subdistricts, along Tomini Bay, Sidoan River area. | Ampibabo. Ampibabo may be a separate language. | Official language. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| mot | Barí | 850 in Venezuela (1980 Seely). | Venezuelan and Colombian border, Zulia State. | M. Durbin questions its classification as Chibchan; Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) classify it as Arawakan. | Used in the home. Few or no children speak Mor. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| mou | Mogum | 7,000 (1997 SIL). | South central Chad, north Guéra Prefecture, Bitkine, Melfi, and Mongo subprefectures, south of the Bidiyo. | Jegu, Koffa (Kofa), Mogum Déle, Mogum Diguimi, Mogum Urmi. Dialect cluster. Mogum Diguimi may not be a separate dialect. Lexical similarity above 96% among dialects. | Used in the home. Few or no children speak Mor. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| mov | Mohave | 65 to 85 (1994 L. Hinton). Population includes 30 to 35 at Fort Mohave, 35 to 50 at Colorado River. Ethnic population: 767 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | Fort Mohave and Colorado River reservations on the California-Arizona border. | Lexical similarity 85% with Maricopa, 63% with Walapai and Havasupai, 62% with Yavapai. | Most adults speak the language but many younger ones do not. Speakers also use English. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| niw | Nimo | 350 (1998 NTM). | East Sepik Province, southeast of Ama language. Villages; Nimo (Boyemo), Wasuai, Didipas (including Uburu site), Yuwaitri (moved from Aimi site to Wanawo site), Fowiom, Uwawi, Wamwiu, Binuto, Arakau. | Lexical similarity 71% between Nakwi and Nimo. | Forced resettlement has weakened language use. Some are scattered and without regular contact with other speakers. Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Gilyak. Used in the home. Most speakers are older adults. People neutral to mildly supportive toward Gilyak. All members of the ethnic group are reported to be bilingual or monolingual in Russian. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| niy | Ngiti | 100,000 (1991). | Orientale Province, Irumu Territory, south of Bunia. | Lexical similarity 71% between Nakwi and Nimo. | Forced resettlement has weakened language use. Some are scattered and without regular contact with other speakers. Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Gilyak. Used in the home. Most speakers are older adults. People neutral to mildly supportive toward Gilyak. All members of the ethnic group are reported to be bilingual or monolingual in Russian. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| osa | Osage | 5 (1991 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 15,000 (1997 Carolyn Quintero). | North central Oklahoma. | Close to Omaha, Ponca, Quapaw, and Kansa. | Speakers have shifted to English. A few semifluent speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| slb | Saluan, Kahumamahon | 2,142 (2000 WCD). | East central Sulawesi. | Related to Coastal Saluan, Balantak, Andio. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| soa | Thai Song | 32,307 (2000 WCD). | Kanchanaburi, Phetburi, Pitsanulok, Nakorn Sawaan, Nakorn Pathom, Suphanburi. | Only slight dialect differences. Close to Tai Dam. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| soh | Aka | 300 (1989 Bender). | Northern Sudan, Sillok (Silak) Hills, west of the main Berta-speaking people. | Only slight dialect differences. Close to Tai Dam. | Speakers also use Arabic or Berta. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| soi | Sonha | 14,700 (2000). | Seti Zone, Kailali District, along Karnali River; Bheri Zone, Surkhet District along the Bheri River; Mahakali Zone, along the Mahakali River; Kanchanpur District, Mahendranagar tahsil. | Close to Dangura Tharu; 80% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 69% with Rana Tharu, 73% with Kathoriya Tharu, 72% with Dangaura Tharu. Sonha and Kathoriya form a lexical bridge between Rana and Dangaura varieties of Tharu. | Speakers also use Arabic or Berta. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| soj | Soi | 7,033 (2000 WCD). | Seti Zone, Kailali District, along Karnali River; Bheri Zone, Surkhet District along the Bheri River; Mahakali Zone, along the Mahakali River; Kanchanpur District, Mahendranagar tahsil. | Close to Dangura Tharu; 80% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 69% with Rana Tharu, 73% with Kathoriya Tharu, 72% with Dangaura Tharu. Sonha and Kathoriya form a lexical bridge between Rana and Dangaura varieties of Tharu. | Speakers also use Arabic or Berta. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| sok | Sokoro | 5,000 (1994 SIL). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Melfi Subprefecture, north and northwest of Melfi, from Gogmi to Badanga. | Sokoro, Bedanga. Related to Mahoua. Lexical similarity 55% with Tamki. | Most men speak Chadian Arabic as second language. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| spc | Sapé | 5 (1977 E. Migliazza). Ethnic population: 25 or fewer (1977 Migliazza). | 3 small settlements on Paragua and Karuna rivers. | Some lexical correspondences Warao (Language Isolate). Greenberg classified it provisionally as Macro-Tucanoan. | Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| tnb | Tunebo, Western | 700 (1998). | Santander del Sur. | The most divergent of the Tunebo languages. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| yuq | Yuqui | 125 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 138 (2000 Adelaar). | Foothills north of Cochabamba, one location on the Chimoré River. | Close to Sirionó. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| yur | Yurok | 12 (2002 Goddard). Ethnic population: 3,000 to 4,500 possibly (1982 SIL). | Northwestern California. | Close to Sirionó. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults (Ives Goddard 2002). Few if any full bloods younger than 20 years old. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| yus | Maya, Chan Santa Cruz | 40,000 (1990 census). | East central Quintana Roo. | Close to Sirionó. | Speakers also use Maya of Yucatán. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| ywn | Yawanawa | 310 (1994 SIL). | Acre. 1 village of 100 people, with the remainder living along a river. | Central Yawa (Mora), West Yawa, South Yawa, North Yawa, East Yawa. | Vigorous. Portuguese is used only with outsiders. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| zoh | Zoque, Chimalapa | 4,500 (1990 census). 15 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, Santa María Chimalapa and San Miguel Chimalapa. | Ocotepec, Ostuacán. 83% intelligibility of Francisco León (closest). | Speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| ztp | Zapotec, Loxicha | 50,000 (1990 census). In many towns perhaps 70% of the men and 90% of the women are monolingual. | Oaxaca, 120 km south of Oaxaca city, west of highway 175, halfway between Miahuatlán and Pochutla. Includes Candelaria Loxicha, Buena Vista, and San Bartolomé Loxicha. | San Agustín Loxicha Zapotec, Candelaria Loxicha Zapotec. Distinct from San Baltázar Loxicha and Santa Catarina Loxicha. | Those in town centers also use Spanish. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| frk | Frankish | Extinct. | Friesland, northern Netherlands. | Westerlauwers Fries, Súdhoeksk, Wâldfrysk, Klaaifrysk. Linguistically between Dutch and English. Lexical similarity 71% with Standard German, 61% with English, 74% with Eastern Frisian. | Official language. Over 70% of those in Friesland still speak Western Frisian. Positive language attitude. Most speakers also use Dutch. | Bible portions: 1758–1827. | Bible portions: 1758–1827. | |
| frq | Forak | 283 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Saidor District, Mamgak village, 5 miles west and inland from Seure on the coast. | Related to Asaro'o, Muratayak, Bulgebi, Degenan, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | Speakers also use Muratayak or Asaro'o. | Bible portions: 1758–1827. | Bible portions: 1758–1827. | |
| buy | Bullom So | Few speakers in Guinea (2001). | Along the coast from the Guinea border to the Sierra Leone border. | Mmani, Kafu. Bom is closely related. Little intelligibility of Sherbro, none of Krim. Bom has 66% to 69% lexical similarity with Sherbro dialects, 34% with Krim. | All speakers are older adults. | Bible portions: 1816. | Bible portions: 1816. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60