1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| byr | Baruya | 6,600 (1990 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Marawaka District. | Wantakia, Baruya, Gulicha, Usirampia (Wuzuraabya). | 60% of the Christians are partly bilingual in Tigrinya, 70% of the Muslims also use Tigré. The younger generation mixes their speech with Arabic. Some also use Nara or Kunama. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| bys | Burak | 4,000 (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Bauchi State, Billiri and Kaltungo LGAs, Burak town. | Wantakia, Baruya, Gulicha, Usirampia (Wuzuraabya). | 60% of the Christians are partly bilingual in Tigrinya, 70% of the Muslims also use Tigré. The younger generation mixes their speech with Arabic. Some also use Nara or Kunama. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| byt | Berti | Extinct. | Northern Sudan. Tagabo Hills, Dar Fur, and in Kordofan. | Wantakia, Baruya, Gulicha, Usirampia (Wuzuraabya). | 60% of the Christians are partly bilingual in Tigrinya, 70% of the Muslims also use Tigré. The younger generation mixes their speech with Arabic. Some also use Nara or Kunama. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| byu | Buyang | 2,772 (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous District, Guangnan County, one location, and Funing County, Gula Township. | Yalang, Ecun, Langjia. A number of dialects. Some similarities grammatically with Kam-Sui. Lexical similarity 38% with Pubiao, 34% with Lati, 32% with Northern Zhuang, 31% with Gelo, 28% with Dong, 24% with Laka, 23% with Hlai, 10% with Hmong, 6% with Mien. | Most speakers can use Southwest Mandarin, except for children and older adults. Those from 15 to 50 can speak the local kind of Zhuang. About half can speak Yerong. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| byw | Belhariya | 500 (1995 Ebert). | Kosi Zone, Dhankuta District, Belhara village and hill west of Dhankuta Bajar. | Different from Athpariya, although also called that, and closely related to it (Winter 1991). Not intelligible with Athpariya (Bickel 1996:21). Appears to be between Athpariya, Yakkha, and Chhilling linguistically. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| byx | Qaqet | 6,350 (1988 SIL). | East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula. | 2 dialects. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| byy | Buya | 13,000 (2002). | East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula. | 2 dialects. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| byz | Banaro | 2,484 (1991 SIL). | Madang and East Sepik provinces. 2 villages. | 2 dialects. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| bza | Bandi | 100,000 in Liberia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). 50,000 have fled to Guinea (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries: 107,000. | Lofa County, northwest Liberia. Also spoken in Guinea. | Tahamba, Wawana, Wulukoha, Hasala, Lukasa, Hembeh. Tahamba dialect used for literature. Lexical similarity 96% among the 6 dialects, 83% with the closest Mende dialect. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | Grammar. NT: 2000. | Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| bzb | Andio | 1,700 (1991 SIL). | Central Sulawesi, Banggai District, Lamala Subdistrict, eastern peninsula, Taugi and Tangeban villages. | Related to Balantak, Saluan. Lexical similarity 44% with Bobongko, 62% with Coastal Saluan, 66% with Balantak. | Belhare is preferred and the standard means of communication in most households. All speakers also use Nepali (Bickel 1996). | Grammar. NT: 2000. | Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| bzd | Bribri | 11,000 (2002). Ethnic population: 12,172 (2000). | Southern, along Lari, Telire, and Uren rivers, Canton of Talamanca, Limón Province; Canton of Buenos Aires, Puntarenas Province. | Salitre-Cabagra, Amubre-Katsi, Coroma. Closest to, but unintelligible to speakers of Cabécar, Guatuso, and Teribe. At least 3 major dialects which are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. | 75% of the ethnic group are speakers. Used in the home. All ages. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% read halting Spanish. Bible portions: 1905–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% read halting Spanish. Bible portions: 1905–1994. | |
| bze | Bozo, Jenaama | 100,000 in Mali (1991 Vanderaa). | Niger, Kwara, and Kebbi states, Lake Kainji. | Pondori, Kotya (Kotyaxo), Korondougou, Débo. Lexical similarity 53% with Tieyaxo Bozo (closest). | Those in Nigeria speak Hausa as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% read halting Spanish. Bible portions: 1905–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% read halting Spanish. Bible portions: 1905–1994. | |
| bzf | Boikin | 31,328 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Yangoru District. | West Boikin, Central Boikin, East Boikin, Munji, Haripmor, Kwusaun, Kunai, Island Boikin. | 30% monolingual. Others use Tok Pisin as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1971–1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1971–1979. | |
| bzg | Babuza | 3 to 4 (2000 S. Wurm). | West central coast and inland, Tatu and Choshui rivers and beyond, around 24 degrees north. | Poavosa, Taokas. Taokas dialect is extinct. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Babuza. Used in the home. No children speak Babuza. Neutral language attitude. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| bzj | Belize Kriol English | 55,051 in Belize (1991 census). Population total all countries: 95,051. Ethnic population: 158,000 including second-language speakers (1990). | Most live in Belize City, but nearly everyone else in Belize is either a first- or second-language speaker of Creole. Many of the rural villages are Creole-speaking. Creole people tend to live along the coast or other waterways. It is the lingua franca in much of the country. Also spoken in USA. | Reported to be very close to Mískito Coast, Rama Cay, and Islander (San Andrés) creoles. Historically an extension of Mískito Coast Creole. Dahufra was a creole used in the 16th to 18th centuries. | Spoken by creoles and people of East Indian descent, used everywhere in most areas of life. Used in advertisements. Positive language attitude. | Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | |
| bzk | Nicaragua Creole English | 30,000 (1986 Carrier Pidgin). Includes 625 speakers of Rama Cay Creole (1989 Holm). | Bluefields Region including Rama Cay Island, Pearl Lagoon, Prinzapolka, Puerto Cabezas, Corn Islands. | Rama Cay Creole English, Bluefields Creole English. | The first language of the Creole people and most Garifuna; the second language of most Mískito and some Spanish speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use English or Spanish. | Bible portions: 1999. | Bible portions: 1999. | |
| bzl | Boano | 2,700 (2001 N. Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi, Montong Subdistrict, Bolano village, on the south coast. | Lexical similarity 83% with Totoli. | The first language of the Creole people and most Garifuna; the second language of most Mískito and some Spanish speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use English or Spanish. | Bible portions: 1999. | Bible portions: 1999. | |
| bzp | Kemberano | 1,500 (1987 SIL). | Southern Bird's Head along the coast, east of Komundan River, south of Arandai language. Several villages also northwest Bomberai Peninsula, south from Kalitami across Bintuni Bay. | Barau, Weriagar. Lexical similarity 85% with Arandai, 60% with Kokoda. | The first language of the Creole people and most Garifuna; the second language of most Mískito and some Spanish speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use English or Spanish. | Bible portions: 1999. | Bible portions: 1999. | |
| bzq | Buli | 2,524 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, central Halmahera, east coast, three villages. | Buli, Wayamli (Wajamli, Jawanli). | The first language of the Creole people and most Garifuna; the second language of most Mískito and some Spanish speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use English or Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bzr | Biri | Extinct. | Queensland southeast of Charters Towers. | Buli, Wayamli (Wajamli, Jawanli). | The first language of the Creole people and most Garifuna; the second language of most Mískito and some Spanish speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use English or Spanish. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bzs | Brazilian Sign Language | No estimate available. | São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, and elsewhere. | The dialects appear to be inherently intelligible, although northern dialects above the Amazon show greater differences. Some relationship to North American and European sign languages. | The first language of the Creole people and most Garifuna; the second language of most Mískito and some Spanish speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use English or Spanish. | TV. Dictionary. | TV. Dictionary. | |
| bzu | Burmeso | 250 (1998 Donohue). | Burmeso village and isolated temporary houses along nearby rivers, mid-Mamberamo River between Trimuris and Sikari northeast of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes). Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. | Less than 5% lexical similarity with any other languages. | Vigorous. Not spoken by outsiders. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Many proficient in Indonesian, more than surrounding groups. Many understand nearby languages. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| bzv | Bebe | 2,500 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Donga-Mantung Division, west part of Ako Subdivision, west of Nkambe and north of Ring Road, Bebe-Jama and Bebe-Jatto villages. | Member of the Eastern Beboid cluster. Lexical similarity 85% with Kemezung. | All domains. Cameroon Pidgin, Kemezung, or Nsari are also used. Schooling is in English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| bzw | Basa | 100,000 (1973 SIL). | Kogi State, Bassa and Ankpa LGAs; Plateau State, Nasarawa LGA; Federal Capital Territory, Yaba and Kwali LGAs; Benue State, Makurdi LGA. | North-south dialect division along the Benue River. | Speakers also use Igala or Nupe. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1972. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1972. | |
| bzx | Bozo, Hainyaxo | 117,696 (1987 census). | From Miérou (near Ke-Maacina) to Tamani on the Niger River. They can be found working the major rivers in much of West Africa. | Lexical similarity 48% with Tieyaxo Boso (closest). | All Bozo speakers are 6 years and older (1987). Speakers also use Bambara. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1972. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1972. | |
| bzy | Obanliku | 65,000 (1989 Faraclas). | Cross River State, Obudu LGA. | Bebi, Busi, Basang, Bisu (Gayi), Bishiri. Dialect cluster. Related to Alege. | All Bozo speakers are 6 years and older (1987). Speakers also use Bambara. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1972. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1972. | |
| bzz | Evant | 1,000 in Cameroon (1996 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, Akwaya Subdivision, Atolo and Matene I villages. | Lexical similarity 50% with Iceve-Maci, Tiv, and Otank. | Speakers also use Cameroon Pidgin. | Literacy is in English. | Literacy is in English. | |
| caa | Ch'orti' | 10 in Honduras (1997 Reeck). Ethnic population: 4,200 in Honduras (1997 Reeck). | Copan Department, along the Guatemala border. | Lexical similarity 50% with Iceve-Maci, Tiv, and Otank. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| cab | Garifuna | A few speakers in Nicaragua (2001 Elias Velásquez). Ethnic population: 1,500 in Nicaragua (1982 Meso-America). | Región Atlántica Autónoma del Sur, Orinoco village, far from speakers in other countries. | Eastern Garifuna, Western Garifuna. Eastern Garifuna is in Honduras and Nicaragua (leaves out 'r' and tends to shorten words), Western Garifuna in Guatemala and Belize. Related to Island Carib, with Spanish, English, and French borrowings. | All speakers are older adults in Nicaragua. Speakers also use Creole. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. | |
| cac | Chuj, San Sebastián Coatán | 19,458 (1991 SIL). | Central western Coatán River area, western Huehuetenango Department. | Eastern Garifuna, Western Garifuna. Eastern Garifuna is in Honduras and Nicaragua (leaves out 'r' and tends to shorten words), Western Garifuna in Guatemala and Belize. Related to Island Carib, with Spanish, English, and French borrowings. | All speakers are older adults in Nicaragua. Speakers also use Creole. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1969. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1969. | |
| cad | Caddo | 25 (1997 Chafe). Ethnic population: 3,371 (1997 W. Chafe). | Western Oklahoma, Caddo County. Formerly in northeastern Texas, extending into southwestern Arkansas. | Related to Pawnee, Wichita, and two extinct languages: Kitsai and Adai. | All speakers older than 70 years (2000). Speakers have shifted to English. No monolinguals (2000 Levy). | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1969. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1969. | |
| cae | Lehar | 10,925 (2002). | North of Thies in west central Senegal, around the towns of Panbal, Mbaraglov, Dougnan. | 52% intelligibility of Non. Lexical similarity 84% with Non, 74% with Safen, 68% with Ndut and Palor, 22% with Serer-Sine. | Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some speakers also use Non, Ndut, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| caf | Carrier, Southern | 500 (1987 SIL). | Central British Columbia, west of Quesnel and south of Cheslatta Lake, towards the Fraser and its tributaries, and Anahim Lake-Ulkatcho. | Cheslatta, Prince George, Stoney Creek, Nautley, Stellaquo. Can use literature adapted from Central Carrier. Lexical similarity 90% with Central Carrier. | Vigorous. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 2002. | |
| cag | Nivaclé | 200 in Argentina. | Salta Province, northeast. | Forest Nivaclé, River Nivaclé. | Vigorous by all Nivaclé. Nivaclé is the language of the home. All ages. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1995. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1995. | |
| cah | Cahuarano | 5 (1976 SIL). | Nanay River. | Forest Nivaclé, River Nivaclé. | Official language. It may be extinct. Speakers have shifted to Spanish. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1995. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1995. | |
| caj | Chané | Extinct. | Salta Province. | Some have equated this name with 'Guana' (Kaskiha) of Paraguay of Mascoian affiliation, or Terena of Brazil of Arawakan affiliation, but they are distinct. | The language has not been spoken for 300 years. Descendants are called 'Izoceño' and now speak a variety of Chiriguano (Eastern Bolivian Guaraní). | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1995. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1995. | |
| cak | Kaqchikel, Central | 132,200 (1990 SIL). | Southern Guatemala, Chimaltenango Department. | Some have equated this name with 'Guana' (Kaskiha) of Paraguay of Mascoian affiliation, or Terena of Brazil of Arawakan affiliation, but they are distinct. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 39%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1931–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 39%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1931–1980. | |
| can | Chambri | 1,700 (1991). | East Sepik Province, marsh dwellers east and north of Sepik Hill area, southeastern shore and island in Chambri Lake. 4 villages. | Some have equated this name with 'Guana' (Kaskiha) of Paraguay of Mascoian affiliation, or Terena of Brazil of Arawakan affiliation, but they are distinct. | Speakers are highly bilingual in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| cao | Chácobo | 550 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 860 (2000 SIL). | Northwest Beni, south of Riberalta. | Some have equated this name with 'Guana' (Kaskiha) of Paraguay of Mascoian affiliation, or Terena of Brazil of Arawakan affiliation, but they are distinct. | Bolivian non-Chacobo children at Alto Ivon are learning Chácobo. All ages. Spanish bilingual schools have about 180 students, 4 teachers, 5 grades. 3 of the teachers are Chácobo. 50% are monolingual. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| cap | Chipaya | 1,200 (1995). Ethnic population: 1,800. | Department of Oruro, Province of Atahuallpa. | May be Arawakan or distantly related to Mayan. | Vigorous. Used in religious services. Positive language attitude. Previously bilingualism was mainly in Aymara, now in Spanish. 400 children in school. 5% are monolingual. 500 speakers are multilingual in Spanish and Aymara (SIL 2000). | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Roman script. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Roman script. NT: 1978. | |
| caq | Nicobarese, Car | 30,000 (1997). | North Nicobar Islands, Car Island. | May be Arawakan or distantly related to Mayan. | Vigorous. Used in religious services. Positive language attitude. Previously bilingualism was mainly in Aymara, now in Spanish. 400 children in school. 5% are monolingual. 500 speakers are multilingual in Spanish and Aymara (SIL 2000). | Literacy rate in second language: 18% (1971). Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1969. | Literacy rate in second language: 18% (1971). Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1969. | |
| car | Carib | 1,200 in Suriname (2001 Carlin). Ethnic population: 3,000. | Various locations along the north coast. The eastern dialect in Suriname is primarily in the Albina area and in French Guiana, Brazil, and Venezuela; the western dialect is in the central and western areas of Suriname and in Guyana. | Murato (Myrato, Western Carib), Tyrewuju (Eastern Carib). | All ages in some areas. The eastern dialect is the prestige dialect in Suriname. Speakers of the central dialect are reported to be bilingual and shifting to Sranan. They also speak Dutch as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| cas | Tsimané | 5,316 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 5,907. | Southwestern Beni Department and along Maniqui River, and towns of San Miguel de Huachi and Santa Ana de Alto Beni. | Gill (2002) reports that Mosetén move into Tsimané communities and function with seemingly no communication difficulties. | All ages. Mosetén young people are becoming bilingual in Spanish at a rate much faster than the Tsimané. | Mosetén has a different orthography but it is not used. Dictionary. NT: 1997. | Mosetén has a different orthography but it is not used. Dictionary. NT: 1997. | |
| cat | Catalan-Valencian-Balear | 20,000 in Alghero (1996). | Alghero, northwest coast on Sardinia. | Algherese. | Italian or Logudorese Sardinian are used as second language by many. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| cav | Cavineña | 1,180 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 1,736 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Northern Bolivia, southeast of Riberalta, along the Beni River, east of the Beni, and 500 in the Pando on the west side of the Beni. | Algherese. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 40%, 1 25%, 2 15%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 5%. Becoming increasingly bilingual in Spanish. 500 children in school (1995). High school in Galilea has 135 students and 15 teachers. | Dictionary. NT: 1985. | Dictionary. NT: 1985. | |
| caw | Callawalla | 10 or 20 speakers (1995 SIL). | Highlands and high valleys, eastern Andes north of La Paz, Charazani area north of Lake Titicaca. | The language seems to have Quechua affixes and syntactic patterns, but distinctive roots from a dialect of the extinct Puquina language (Girault 1990). | A special language used by the herb doctors of the Inca emperors; they continue as herb doctors. May be extinct. Women and children do not speak Callawalla, but speak Spanish, North Bolivia Quechua, or Aymara. Spoken only by the men. | Dictionary. NT: 1985. | Dictionary. NT: 1985. | |
| cax | Chiquitano | 5,855 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 47,086 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Eastern region east of Santa Cruz. | Concepción, San Ignacio de Velazco, San Javier (Javierano, Xavierano), Santiago, San Miguel. | Some children learn Chiquitano either from parents or from the community. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| cay | Cayuga | 10 in the USA (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). | Cattaraugus Reservation, western New York, and formerly in northeastern Oklahoma. | Concepción, San Ignacio de Velazco, San Javier (Javierano, Xavierano), Santiago, San Miguel. | Speakers have shifted to English. All speakers are older adults. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| caz | Canichana | Extinct. Ethnic population: 583 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Lowlands. | Said to be of the Tucanoan family. | Speakers have shifted to English. All speakers are older adults. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| cbb | Cabiyarí | 50 (1976 Bourgue). | Cananarí River (tributary of the Apaporis and Vaupés). | Said to be of the Tucanoan family. | Speakers have shifted to English. All speakers are older adults. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| cbc | Carapana | 50 in Brazil (1986 SIL). | São Gabriel and Pari-Cachoeira, Amazonas. | Said to be of the Tucanoan family. | Due to intermarriage with neighboring groups, almost all Tatuyo and Waimaha speak Carapana as well as their first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Grammar. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| cbd | Carijona | 140 (1993 SIL). | Upper Vaupés, Yarí, and lower Caquetá rivers, 1 hour by motorized canoe; 2 to 3 hours by canoe south of Miraflores, around Puerto Nare. | M. Durbin says there are possibly two separate languages, Hianacoto-Umaua and Carijona. The two groups have not had contact for many years. | Intermarrying with other tribes. Some bilingualism in Spanish. | Some interest in literacy. | Some interest in literacy. | |
| cbe | Chipiajes | Extinct. | Upper Vaupés, Yarí, and lower Caquetá rivers, 1 hour by motorized canoe; 2 to 3 hours by canoe south of Miraflores, around Puerto Nare. | M. Durbin says there are possibly two separate languages, Hianacoto-Umaua and Carijona. The two groups have not had contact for many years. | Intermarrying with other tribes. Some bilingualism in Spanish. | Some interest in literacy. | Some interest in literacy. | |
| cbg | Chimila | 2,000 (1993 census). | Lowlands south and west of Fundación, and scattered in the central part of Magdalena Department. | M. Durbin says there are possibly two separate languages, Hianacoto-Umaua and Carijona. The two groups have not had contact for many years. | Vigorous. Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| cbh | Cagua | Extinct. | Lowlands south and west of Fundación, and scattered in the central part of Magdalena Department. | M. Durbin says there are possibly two separate languages, Hianacoto-Umaua and Carijona. The two groups have not had contact for many years. | Vigorous. Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| cbi | Chachi | 3,450 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,500 to 5,000. | North coastal jungle, Esmeraldas Province, Cayapas River and its tributaries (Onzole, Canandé, Sucio, Cojimíes, and others). | M. Durbin says there are possibly two separate languages, Hianacoto-Umaua and Carijona. The two groups have not had contact for many years. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 6%, 1 25.5%, 2 26.5%, 3 34.5%, 4 6%, 5 1.5%. Women, older adults, and those living in the isolated headwaters of the river are less bilingual in Spanish. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1980. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1980. | |
| cbj | Ede Cabe | 69,000 (2002 SIL). | Borgou Province, Tchaourou Subprefecture; Zou Province, Savè and Ouèssè subprefectures. | A member of the Ede language cluster. Lexical similarity 76% with Yoruba (Porto-Novo). | All domains except in schools and some government offices. Yoruba and some French used along with Cabe in churches. Speakers have very high level of comprehension of Yoruba. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| cbk | Chavacano | 292,630 in the Philippines (1990 census). Population includes 155,000 Zamboangueño (1989 J. Holm), 27,841 Caviten, 3,750 Ternateño (1975 census), 5,473 Cotabato Chavacano (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | One village in Semporna. | Caviteño, Ternateño (Ternateño Chavacano), Ermitaño (Ermiteño), Davawenyo Zamboanguenyo (Abakay Spanish, Davao Chavacano, Davaoeño, Davaweño), Cotobato Chavacano (Cotabateño), Zamboangueño (Chavacano). A creole with predominantly Spanish vocabulary and Philippine-type grammatical structure. | Davawen Zamboangueño may be extinct. Nearly all Caviten speak Tagalog, but many still speak Caviteño. The major language of Zamboanga City. Ermiteño is extinct. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1981. | |
| cbl | Chin, Bualkhaw | No estimate available. | Chin State, Falam Township. | Closest to Zanniet Chin. | Davawen Zamboangueño may be extinct. Nearly all Caviten speak Tagalog, but many still speak Caviteño. The major language of Zamboanga City. Ermiteño is extinct. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1981. | |
| cbm | Kaqchikel, Yepocapa Southwestern | 8,000 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 15,000 (1991 SIL). | Municipio of Yepocapa. | Closest to Zanniet Chin. | All speakers are older than 40 years. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1990. | |
| cbn | Nyahkur | 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 20,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Central Thailand, Khorat, Petchabun, Chayaphum, a few villages, from north of B. Khum Chieo to south of Ban Kao, Thakhong and other rivers. | Closest to Zanniet Chin. | All speakers are older than 40 years. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| cbo | Izora | 4,816 (2000 WCD). | Plateau State, Bassa LGA. | Closest to Zanniet Chin. | All speakers are older than 40 years. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| cbr | Cashibo-Cacataibo | 5,000 (1999). Some women over 50 are monolingual. | Aguaytía, San Alejandro, and Súngaro rivers. | Cacataibo de Mariscal, Cacataibo de Sinchi Roca, Cashibo. | Official language. Vigorous. All domains. Used in schools up to third grade. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 34%, 1 24%, 2 22%, 3 12%, 4 6%, 5 2%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| cbs | Cashinahua | 400 in Brazil (2003). | Acre. | It may be closest to Sharanahua. | Speakers have some proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| cbt | Chayahuita | 11,384 (2000 WCD). | Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers. | Chayahuita, Cahuapana. Not intelligible with Jebero. | Official language. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 6%, 4 3%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| cbu | Candoshi-Shapra | 3,000 (1981 SIL). | Morona, Pastaza, Huitoyacu, and Chapuli rivers. | Chapara (Shapra), Kandoashi. May be distantly related to Arawakan; probably not Jivaroan. | Official language. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 88.5%, 1 10%, 2 1%, 3 .5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1979–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1979–1993. | |
| cbv | Cacua | 150 (1982 SIL). Many are monolingual, especially children. | Wacará, 30 kilometers east of Mitú, Lower Vaupés Region. | Vaupés Cacua, Macú-Paraná Cacua. Related to Jupda and Nukak. | Vigorous. Some bilingualism in Cubeo, Desano, and Guanano, but none in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Spanish. Bible portions: 1975. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Spanish. Bible portions: 1975. | |
| cby | Carabayo | 150. | Amazonas Department, halfway between the San Bernardo and Pure rivers. 3 long houses, at least. | Vaupés Cacua, Macú-Paraná Cacua. Related to Jupda and Nukak. | Vigorous. Some bilingualism in Cubeo, Desano, and Guanano, but none in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Spanish. Bible portions: 1975. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Spanish. Bible portions: 1975. | |
| cca | Cauca | Extinct. | Amazonas Department, halfway between the San Bernardo and Pure rivers. 3 long houses, at least. | Related to Anserma. | Vigorous. Some bilingualism in Cubeo, Desano, and Guanano, but none in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Spanish. Bible portions: 1975. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Spanish. Bible portions: 1975. | |
| ccc | Chamicuro | 2 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 10 to 20 (2000 Adelaar). | Pampa Hermosa on a tributary of Huallaga. | Related to Anserma. | Official language. Speakers have shifted to Spanish. No children. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ccd | Cafundo Creole | 40 (1978 M. Gnerre, U. Estadual de Campinas). | Cafundo, 150 miles from São Paulo. | Related to Anserma. | Speakers are fluent in Portuguese. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ccg | Samba Daka | 107,000 (2000). | Taraba State, Gashaka, Jalingo, Bali, Zing LGAs, and Adamawa State, Ganye and Mayo Belwa LGAs. | Samba Daka, Samba Jangani, Samba Nnakenyare, Samba of Mapeo, Taram, Dirim. A dialect cluster. Together with Lamja-Dengsa-Tola it may form a language cluster. Close to Dirim. | Speakers also use Fulfulde or Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. Bible portions: 1933. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. Bible portions: 1933. | |
| cch | Atsam | 30,000 (1972 Barrett). | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA. | Closest to Piti. | Speakers also use Fulfulde or Hausa. | Bible portions: 1923–1932. | Bible portions: 1923–1932. | |
| ccj | Kasanga | 650 (2002). | A remnant is living near Felupe, northwest, in a sparsely populated border area. None in Senegal. | Close to Banyun. | Speakers also use Mandinka. | Bible portions: 1923–1932. | Bible portions: 1923–1932. | |
| ccl | Cutchi-Swahili | 46,003 in Kenya (2000 WCD). | Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Mwanza, Arusha. | May be adequately intelligible to speakers of standard Swahili. Cutchi-Swahili and Asian Swahili may not be the same. | The first language of some Gujarati Muslims who have come from Zanzibar. Asian Swahili is used by other Asians in communicating with non-English speaking Africans and other Asians who share no common language. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| ccm | Malaccan Creole Malay | No estimate available. | Malacca Straits. | May be historically related to Sri Lankan Creole Malay. | Spoken since the 16th century by descendants of Tamil merchants who intermarried with other groups. The speakers are called 'Chitties' (Lim 1981:126–128; Holm 1989:580). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| cco | Chinantec, Comaltepec | 2,000 (1990 census). 145 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000. | North Oaxaca, Santiago Comaltepec, Soledad Tectitlán, La Esperanza, San Martín Soyolapan, Vista Hermosa (Quiotepec), San Pedro Yolox, Rosario Temextitlán, Maninaltepec. | 69% intelligibility of Quiotepec (closest), 7% of Tepetotutla. | Vigorous. All domains, local administration, preschool, religion. Written use to record customs, traditions, history. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 15%, 2 30%, 3 30%, 4 19%, 5 1%. 80 can also speak English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75%. 1,5% can read it, 0.8% can write it. Radio programs. Videos. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 1.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75%. 1,5% can read it, 0.8% can write it. Radio programs. Videos. NT: 2002. | |
| ccp | Chakma | 300,000 in India (1987). | Mizoram, southwestern part along Karnafuli River; Tripura, North Tripura District, Kailashahar Subdivision, South Tripura District; Assam, Karbi, Anglong, North Cachar, Cachar districts; Arunachal Pradesh, Tirap District, Changlang District, Miao Subdivision; Lohit District, Chowkham Circle; West Bengal; Manipur. | 6 dialects. Chakma of India understood with difficulty. | Speakers also use Bengali or Mizo. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman, Bengali scripts. NT: 1926–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman, Bengali scripts. NT: 1926–1991. | |
| ccq | Chaungtha | 121,700 (1983). | Mizoram, southwestern part along Karnafuli River; Tripura, North Tripura District, Kailashahar Subdivision, South Tripura District; Assam, Karbi, Anglong, North Cachar, Cachar districts; Arunachal Pradesh, Tirap District, Changlang District, Miao Subdivision; Lohit District, Chowkham Circle; West Bengal; Manipur. | Related to Burmese. | Speakers also use Bengali or Mizo. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman, Bengali scripts. NT: 1926–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman, Bengali scripts. NT: 1926–1991. | |
| ccr | Cacaopera | Extinct. | Department of Morazán. | Close to Matagalpa. | In 1974 several older adult men could remember a few words and fixed phrases, but none had been native speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman, Bengali scripts. NT: 1926–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.5%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman, Bengali scripts. NT: 1926–1991. | |
| ccx | Zhuang, Northern | 10,000,000 (1992 Edmondson). 50% are monolingual. Population includes Yongbei 1,600,000, Youjiang 732,000, Guibian 522,000, Liujiang 1,300,000, Guibei 1,300,000, Hongshuihe 2,700,000, Qiubei (not available). | Northern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture. Guizhou Province, Congjiang County, southwestern Hunan and northeastern Guangdong in Lianshan Zhuang-Yao Autonomous County. Yongbei is north of the Yongjiang and Youjiang rivers in the area from Hengxian to Pingguo; Hongshuihe is along the Red Water River; Liujiang around the town of Liujiang west of Liuzhou city; Youjiang straddles the Youjiang River in the area from Tiandong to Baise; Guibian in the northwesternmost region of Guangxi (Guibian lies across north central Guangxi); and Quibei around the town of Qiubei in Yunnan. | Yongbei (Yungpei), Liujiang (Liuchiang), Youjiang (Yuchiang), Guibian (Kueipien), Qiubei (Chiupei), Hongshuihe, Guibei, Lianshan. Dialect continuum to Bouyei. 'Biao' (Pumen) is a special variety spoken in Lianshan area of northwestern Guangdong and in eastern Guangxi around He Xian. Lexical similarity 75% to 86% among the dialects, average 65% between Northern and Southern Zhuang, Northern Zhuang 49% with Dong, 44% with Laka, 32% with Buyang, 30% with Laqua and Hlai, 28% with Lati, 25% with Gelo. | Official regional language. Vigorous. Some speakers of other languages also speak it. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. In a Mandarin-speaking area, but some also speak Cantonese. Many in more developed locations control a variety of Chinese to some useful degree, but the majority in the countryside do not. Chinese used in secondary schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 67%. Literacy generally low except in major towns and cities. Roman script based on the pronunciation of the Yongbei dialect spoken in Wuming County. May be difficult for some dialect speakers to use. Traditional ideographic script based on Chinese characters. Not standardized or widely used for general purposes. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904. | Literacy rate in second language: 67%. Literacy generally low except in major towns and cities. Roman script based on the pronunciation of the Yongbei dialect spoken in Wuming County. May be difficult for some dialect speakers to use. Traditional ideographic script based on Chinese characters. Not standardized or widely used for general purposes. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904. | |
| ccy | Zhuang, Southern | 4,000,000 (1990 Svantesson). About 50% monolingual. Population includes Yongnan 1,400,000, Zuojiang 1,400,000, De-Jing 980,000, Yan-Guang (not available), Wen-Ma 100,000. | Southwest Guangxi and southern Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture of southeastern Yunnan Province. Yongnan is south of the Yongjiang River from Yongning in the east to Long'an in the west; Zuojiang is in southwestern Guangxi around Tiandeng, Daxin, Chongzuo, Longzhou, Pingxiang, and Ningming, down to the Viet Nam border; De-Jing is in southwestern Guangxi around Debao, Jingxi, and Napo, down to the Yunnan and Viet Nam borders; Wen-Ma is in southeastern Yunnan Province south of Wenshan and Malipo, but excluding an area west of Maguan; Yan-Guang is in southeastern Yunnan Province north of Wenshan and Malipo, including Yanshan and north to Guangnan, and west of Maguan along the Viet Nam border. | Yongnan (Yungnan), Zuojiang (Tsochiang), De-Jing (Teching), Yan-Guang (Yenkuang), Wen-Ma (Wenma). Dialect continuum into Viet Nam. Speakers of the varieties between the Youjiang River and the Viet Nam border (particularly Zuojiang and De-Jing) refer to the language as 'Tho', share many regional characteristics, and are intelligible with the Tay ("Tho") of Viet Nam. The Yan-Guang and De-Jing varieties are intelligible with Nung (and Tay) of Viet Nam, and refer to their language as 'Nong'. Cao Lan may be close to the Yan-Guang dialect (if found in China—that name is not used) of Viet Nam. Lexical similarity 70% between dialects, 65% with Northern Zhuang. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area can speak it. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Chinese, Hmong, Mien, or Dong. | Literacy rate in second language: 67%. Literacy generally low except in major towns and cities. Roman script based on the pronunciation of the Yongbei dialect spoken in Wuming County. May be difficult for some dialect speakers to use. Traditional ideographic script based on Chinese characters. Not standardized or widely used for general purposes. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904. | Literacy rate in second language: 67%. Literacy generally low except in major towns and cities. Roman script based on the pronunciation of the Yongbei dialect spoken in Wuming County. May be difficult for some dialect speakers to use. Traditional ideographic script based on Chinese characters. Not standardized or widely used for general purposes. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904. | |
| cda | Choni | 24,000 (2002). | Yunnan-Tibet border. | Hbrugchu. Related to Amdo Tibetan, Golog, and Kham. Possible dialects or related languages: Dpari (Dpalri, Dparus), Rebkong, Wayen, Horke. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area can speak it. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Chinese, Hmong, Mien, or Dong. | Literacy rate in second language: 67%. Literacy generally low except in major towns and cities. Roman script based on the pronunciation of the Yongbei dialect spoken in Wuming County. May be difficult for some dialect speakers to use. Traditional ideographic script based on Chinese characters. Not standardized or widely used for general purposes. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904. | Literacy rate in second language: 67%. Literacy generally low except in major towns and cities. Roman script based on the pronunciation of the Yongbei dialect spoken in Wuming County. May be difficult for some dialect speakers to use. Traditional ideographic script based on Chinese characters. Not standardized or widely used for general purposes. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904. | |
| cde | Chenchu | 28,754 (1981 census). | Andhra Pradesh, highest concentration in Kurnool District, Nallamalla Hills; Karnataka; Orissa. | Hbrugchu. Related to Amdo Tibetan, Golog, and Kham. Possible dialects or related languages: Dpari (Dpalri, Dparus), Rebkong, Wayen, Horke. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area can speak it. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Chinese, Hmong, Mien, or Dong. | Literacy rate in second language: 9.7% (1981 census). Telugu script. | Literacy rate in second language: 9.7% (1981 census). Telugu script. | |
| cdf | Chiru | 7,000 (2000 Khorong). | Manipur, Tamenglong District, Lamdangmei, Dolang villages; Senapati, Kangchup, Thangzing, Sadu, Bungte, Nungshai, Dolang Khunou, Uram villages; Churachandpur District, Charoi Khullen village; Thoubal District, Vaithou; Bishnupur District; Assam, Cachar District, one village near Jirbom; Nagaland. Scattered. | Closest language linguistically is Chin Mizo. | All ages. Educated youths are more interested in developing first language and preserving culture than the elders. Speakers have high proficiency in Meitei. | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in English and Meitei (Khorong 2000). Older people read Meitei in Bengali script. Younger people read English in Roman script. Roman, Bengali scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in English and Meitei (Khorong 2000). Older people read Meitei in Bengali script. Younger people read English in Roman script. Roman, Bengali scripts. | |
| cdg | Chamari | 5,324 (1971 census). | Madhya Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow; Maharashtra. | Closest language linguistically is Chin Mizo. | All ages. Educated youths are more interested in developing first language and preserving culture than the elders. Speakers have high proficiency in Meitei. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| cdh | Chambeali | 129,654 (1991 census). | Himachal Pradesh, Chamba District, Chamba Tahsil; Jammu and Kashmir. | Bansbali, Bansyari, Gadi Chameali. 91% intelligibility of Mandeali, 87% of Kangri. Lexical similarity 90% with Palampuri Kangri, 86% with Bhattiyali, 84% with Bilaspuri, 83% with Mandeali, 79% with Gaddi, 78% with Churahi. | All ages. Speakers also use Hindi, Panjabi, or Urdu. | Radio programs. Bible portions: 1883–1979. | Radio programs. Bible portions: 1883–1979. | |
| cdi | Chodri | 226,534 (1994). | Mainly in Gujarat, Surat, Broach and Dangs districts. Some in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan. | Bansbali, Bansyari, Gadi Chameali. 91% intelligibility of Mandeali, 87% of Kangri. Lexical similarity 90% with Palampuri Kangri, 86% with Bhattiyali, 84% with Bilaspuri, 83% with Mandeali, 79% with Gaddi, 78% with Churahi. | All ages. Speakers also use Hindi, Panjabi, or Urdu. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Gujarati, Hindi (1977). Gujarati script. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Gujarati, Hindi (1977). Gujarati script. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| cdj | Churahi | 110,552 (1991 census). | Himachal Pradesh, Chamba District, Chaurah and Saluni tahsils, Bhalai Sub-tahsil. | 90% intelligibility of Mandeali, 83% of Kangri, 85% of Chambeali. Lexical similarity 78% with Chambeali (closest), 70% with Palampuri Kangri and Bhattiyali, 67% to 69% with Gaddi, 65% with Mandeali and Bilaspuri, 64% with Pangi. | All ages. Speakers also use Hindi, Panjabi, or Urdu. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Gujarati, Hindi (1977). Gujarati script. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Gujarati, Hindi (1977). Gujarati script. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| cdm | Chepang | 36,807 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 52,237. | Inner Terai; Narayani Zone, Makwanpur, Chitawan, and South Dhading districts; Gandaki Zone, South Gorkha District. | Eastern Chepang, Western Chepang. Bujhel can be considered a dialect close to Western Chepang, but has difficult intelligibility of Chepang, different morphology. Dialects differ in verb forms. Similar in morphology to Kiranti languages. Lexical similarity 98% with Bujhel. | Used in the home. All ages. Negative language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Nepali: 0 5%, 1 30%, 2 40%, 3 15%, 4 10%, 5 0%. Speakers over 5 know some Nepali. It is often learned in school. Men can talk about most common topics and political affairs. Women know greetings and vocabulary for trade. Young people may sometimes speak Nepali to each other. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% men, 15% women in Nepali; 13.9% ethnic group (1991 census). Difficulties in reading Chepang: long words, consonant clusters. They do not know how to write it. Written Chepang has lower prestige than Nepali. Motivation high for Nepali. Devanagari script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% men, 15% women in Nepali; 13.9% ethnic group (1991 census). Difficulties in reading Chepang: long words, consonant clusters. They do not know how to write it. Written Chepang has lower prestige than Nepali. Motivation high for Nepali. Devanagari script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| cdn | Chaudangsi | 1,197 in Nepal (2000). | Mahakali Zone, Darchula District, Chaudas Valley, 10 villages. | Related to Rangkas, Darmiya, Byangsi. | Used mainly in the home and with friends. Negative language attitude. High level of bilingualism in Kumauni and Hindi. Some also use Tibetan or Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Hindi is used for written communication. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Hindi is used for written communication. Grammar. | |
| cdo | Chinese, Min Dong | 34,154 in Singapore (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 31,391. | Mainly in China. | Fuzhou (Fuchow, Foochow). | Speakers are adequately bilingual in Standard Chinese. | Highly literate in Chinese, and they use that literature. Bible: 1884–1905. | Highly literate in Chinese, and they use that literature. Bible: 1884–1905. | |
| cdr | Cinda-Regi-Tiyal | 30,000 (1995 S. and S. Dettweiler). | Niger State, Chanchaga, Rafi, and Mariga LGAs; Kaduna State, Birnin Gwari LGA. | Cinda (Ucinda, Jinda, Majinda, Tegina, Makangara), Regi, Tiyal (Tiyar, Kuki). Lexical similarity 90% to 95% among the three dialects. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| cds | Chadian Sign Language | 390 (1989 M. Yonadjiel). Ethnic population: Large deaf population (1989). | Schools and an association for the deaf in N'Djamena, Sarh, and Moundou. | Cinda (Ucinda, Jinda, Majinda, Tegina, Makangara), Regi, Tiyal (Tiyar, Kuki). Lexical similarity 90% to 95% among the three dialects. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| cdz | Koda | 300 (1991 Parkin). Ethnic population: 28,200 (1991 census). | West Bengal, Burdwan and Bankura. | Cinda (Ucinda, Jinda, Majinda, Tegina, Makangara), Regi, Tiyal (Tiyar, Kuki). Lexical similarity 90% to 95% among the three dialects. | Most of the ethnic group (also in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa) speaks Bengali, Oriya, or Kurux as a first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| cea | Chehalis, Lower | Extinct. | Southwestern coast of Washington. | Cinda (Ucinda, Jinda, Majinda, Tegina, Makangara), Regi, Tiyal (Tiyar, Kuki). Lexical similarity 90% to 95% among the three dialects. | Most of the ethnic group (also in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa) speaks Bengali, Oriya, or Kurux as a first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| ceb | Cebuano | 20,043,502 in the Philippines (1995 census). | Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Visayas and parts of Mindanao. Also spoken in USA. | Cebu, Boholano, Leyte, Mindanao Visayan. Boholano is sometimes considered a separate language. | Language of wider communication. Speakers also use Tagalog. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1917–1981. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1917–1981. | |
| ceg | Chamacoco | 1,800 (1991 SIL). | Northeastern Chaco, eastern Alto Paraguay Department, Puerto Bahia Negra, Puerto Diana, Puerto Esperanza, Dos Estrellas, Potrerito, Fuerte Olimpo, along the Paraguay River. There may be some in Brazil. | Chamacoco Bravo (Tomaraho, Tomaraxa), Ebitoso (Ishiro). | Vigorous. All ages. Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish and Guaraní. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| ces | Czech | 10,004,800 in Czech Republic (1990 WA). Population total all countries: 11,525,089. | Western part, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia. Also spoken in Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Israel, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, USA. | Central Bohemian, Czecho-Moravian, Hanak, Lach (Yalach), Northeast Bohemian, Southwest Bohemian. All Czech and Slovak dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. | National language. | Grammar. Bible: 1380–1980. | Grammar. Bible: 1380–1980. | |
| cet | Centúúm | 200 (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Bauchi State, Balanga LGA, Cham town, among the Dijim. | Central Bohemian, Czecho-Moravian, Hanak, Lach (Yalach), Northeast Bohemian, Southwest Bohemian. All Czech and Slovak dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. | All speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible: 1380–1980. | Grammar. Bible: 1380–1980. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60