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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bir | Bisorio | 255 (2003 SIL). Population includes 50 to 100 Pikaru. | East Sepik Province, headwaters of the Karawari, Wagupmeri, and Korosameri rivers; villages of Bisorio, Iniai, Gadio. | Pikaru (Bikaru). Lexical similarity 70% with Nete. | Official language. Used in adult education, history text. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| bis | Bislama | 1,200 in New Caledonia (1982 SIL). | Mainly in Noumea. All from Vanuatu. | Unlike Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea) and Pijin (Solomon Islands) there are some French loanwords. Partially intelligible with Pijin and Tok Pisin. | Official language. The majority of the population of 128,000 understand and use it as a lingua franca. Widely used in commerce, government, internal dealings. Language of parliament. Used orally in education. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1998. | |
| bit | Berinomo | 353 (2000 census). | East Sepik Province, April River. Bitara and Kagiru villages. | Bitara, Kagiru (Apowasi). | Speakers are moderately bilingual in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1998. | |
| biu | Biete | 19,000 (1997). | Meghalaya, Jaintia Hills District; Mizoram northeast, Aizawl District, Darlawn, Ratu, New Vervek villages; Assam; Cachar Hills; Manipur. | Closest to Hrangkhol. | Speakers also use Mizo. | Literacy rate in first language: 56%. Roman script. NT: 1985–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 56%. Roman script. NT: 1985–1991. | |
| bix | Bijori | 2,391 (1961 census). | Jharkhand, Cowerdaga, and Ranchi districts; West Bengal, Darjeeling, and Jalpaiguri districts; Madhya Pradesh; Orissa. | Closest to Hrangkhol. | Speakers also use Mizo. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | |
| biy | Birhor | 10,000 (1998 GR). | Jharkhand, Hazaribagh, Singbhum, and Ranchi districts; Chhattisgarh, Raigarh District; Orissa, Sundargarh, Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj, Sambalpur districts; West Bengal; Maharashtra. | Lexical similarity 55% to 72% with Santhali, Ho, Mundari. | Vigorous. No indication of language shift. Most domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Sadri, Santhali, Ho, Mundari, Hindi, Oriya in market. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | |
| bjb | Banggarla | Extinct. | South Australia, Port Lincoln to the head of Spencer Gulf. | Lexical similarity 55% to 72% with Santhali, Ho, Mundari. | Vigorous. No indication of language shift. Most domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Sadri, Santhali, Ho, Mundari, Hindi, Oriya in market. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | |
| bjc | Bariji | 456 (2000). | Oro Province, on the south bank of the Bariji River. | Lexical similarity 49% with Moikodi. | Speakers also use Hiri Motu and some know Moikodi or Yareba. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | |
| bjd | Bandjigali | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | New South Wales, northwest, north, and west of White Cliffs. | Lexical similarity 49% with Moikodi. | Speakers also use Hiri Motu and some know Moikodi or Yareba. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 0.02% (1971 census). Literacy rate in second language: 10% Hindi. | |
| bje | Biao-Jiao Mien | 43,000 (1995 Wang and Mao). | Northeastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Quanzhou, Guanyang, and Gongcheng Yao Autonomous counties; southern Hunan Province, Shuangpai, and Daoxian counties. | Biao Min (Biaomin, Biao Mien, Dongshan Yao), Jiaogong Mian (Chao Kong Meng, Shikou). The two dialects are reported to be unintelligible. Quite different from and unintelligible with Biao Mon (Biaoman). Lexical similarity 70% with Iu Mien, 67% with Kim Mun, 58% with Dzao Min. | Speakers also use Hiri Motu and some know Moikodi or Yareba. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bjf | Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic | 20 (2004 Mutzafi). | In Israel since 1951. | Barzan, Shahe, Bijil. Sandu is a Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect closely related to Barzani, but evinces several isoglosses binding it with Lishana Deni. | The last speaker of the Bijil dialect died in 1998, age over 80. She learned it from one parent, while the other parent was a Kurdish or Arabic native speaker. In 1951, it was spoken among the 8 Jewish families of Bijil, a village in Iraqi Kurdistan. (1998 Hezy Mutzafi). All speakers older than 70 years. Some passive speakers in their 50s. Speakers are all competent in Hebrew and Kurdish, which they speak as their primary languages, and some speak other Neo-Aramaic languages. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bjg | Bidyogo | 27,575 (2002). | Roxa and Bijago islands. Anhaki is on Canhabaque (Roxa) Island, Kagbaaga on Bubaque Island, Kamona on Caravela and Caraxe islands, Kajoko on Orango and Uno islands. | Anhaqui (Anhaki), Kagbaaga, Kamona, Kajoko (Orango). Some intelligibility problems are reported between dialects. Only Kamona is said to be unintelligible to others. There are important grammatical differences between Kagbaaga and Anhaki, Kagbaaga and Kajoko. No information about dialects on Galinhas and Formosa islands. | Crioulo is also spoken. | Little literacy work has been done. NT: 1975. | Little literacy work has been done. NT: 1975. | |
| bjh | Bahinemo | 550 (1998 NTM). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Hunstein Range, south of the Sepik River. 4 villages. | Anhaqui (Anhaki), Kagbaaga, Kamona, Kajoko (Orango). Some intelligibility problems are reported between dialects. Only Kamona is said to be unintelligible to others. There are important grammatical differences between Kagbaaga and Anhaki, Kagbaaga and Kajoko. No information about dialects on Galinhas and Formosa islands. | Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1973–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1973–1983. | |
| bji | Burji | 7,000 in Kenya (1994 I. Larsen). | Mainly around Marsabit township, Moyale. | Lexical similarity 41% with Sidamo (closest). | All speakers older than 20 years. Speakers below 40 years are apparently functionally bilingual in Boran. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| bjj | Kanauji | 6,000,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, Farrukhabad, Etawah, Hardoi, Shahjahanpur, Pilibhit, Mainpuri, Auraiya districts. | Kanauji Proper, Tirhari, Transitional Kanauji. Transitional Kanauji dialect is between Kanauji and Awadhi. Grierson calls it a form of Braj Bhasha. The variety spoken in Kannauj and Farrukhabad is considered the pure form. Lexical similarity 84% to 97% between all varieties of Kanauji, 72% to 76% with Bundeli, 70% to 78% with Braj Bhasha, 83% to 94% with Hindi. | Kanauji being used in various domains of daily life but there is a shift towards Hindi. Nobody refers to their language as Kanauji. The language has a very low identity. They regard their own language as being Hindi. However, a small group in the region is interested in promoting Kanauji before it dies out. Most are bilingual in Hindi. The less-educated have lower proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% (2001 census). Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% (2001 census). Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | |
| bjl | Bulu | 906 (2000 census). | West New Britain Province, Willaumez Peninsula. | Kanauji Proper, Tirhari, Transitional Kanauji. Transitional Kanauji dialect is between Kanauji and Awadhi. Grierson calls it a form of Braj Bhasha. The variety spoken in Kannauj and Farrukhabad is considered the pure form. Lexical similarity 84% to 97% between all varieties of Kanauji, 72% to 76% with Bundeli, 70% to 78% with Braj Bhasha, 83% to 94% with Hindi. | Speakers also use Bola. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% (2001 census). Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% (2001 census). Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | |
| bjm | Bajelani | 20,000 (1976 Sara). | Qasr-e Shirin, Zohab, Bin Qudra, Quratu, north of Khanaqin, also in Mosul Province. Since late 1980s, many have become displaced. | In the Gurani and Zaza group. | Speakers also use Bola. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% (2001 census). Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% (2001 census). Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | |
| bjn | Banjar | 900,000 in Malaysia (1993). | Tawau. | Kuala, Hulu. Lexical similarity 45% with Bakumpai, 35% with Ngaju. | Language of wider communication. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| bjq | Malagasy, Southern Betsimisaraka | 600,000 (2001). | East coast of Madagascar, Toamasina Province, Mahanoro District; Fianarantsoa Province, Nosy Varika, Mananjary, Manakara Atsimo districts. | Kuala, Hulu. Lexical similarity 45% with Bakumpai, 35% with Ngaju. | Language of wider communication. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| bjr | Binumarien | 360 (1990 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu District. | Kuala, Hulu. Lexical similarity 45% with Bakumpai, 35% with Ngaju. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1983. | |
| bjs | Bajan | 259,000 (1995). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu District. | There is a basilectal variety spoken in a fishing village (Roy 1986). The speech of the poor and less educated is similar to the mesolect in nearby countries. Increasingly influenced by USA rather than United Kingdom English (Todd and Hancock 1986). Fewer than 20 lexical items are traceable to African origin (Niles 1980:148). Shares lexical features with Caribbean creoles. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1983. | |
| bjt | Balanta-Ganja | 106,350 (2002). | Southwest corner of Senegal, south of the Casamance River, between Goudomp and Tanaff, and south from there. | Fganja (Ganja), Fjaalib (Blip). A separate language from Balanta-Kentohe in Guinea-Bissau. | Official language. Speakers also use Mandinka. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bju | Busuu | 8 (1986 Breton). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Furu-Awa Subdivision, Furu-Awa and Furu-Nangwa villages. | Reported to be in Furu cluster (2000 B. Connell). May be Jukunoid. Lexical similarity 10% with Jukun languages, 7% to 8% with Beboid languages. | Used by older adults at reunions. Children learn only Jukun. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bjv | Bedjond | 36,000 (1969 Caprile and Fedry). | Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Koumra and Moïssala subprefectures, centered around Bediondo. West of the Day. | Bedjond, Bébote, Yom. | Used by older adults at reunions. Children learn only Jukun. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bjw | Bakwé | 10,300 (1993 SIL). | Southern and West Central departments, prefectures of Sassandra, Soubre, San Pedro. | Defa, Deple, Dafa, Nigagba, Nyinagbi. Closest to Godié. | Used by older adults at reunions. Children learn only Jukun. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| bjx | Itneg, Banao | 3,500 (2003 SIL). Unknown number in the Malibcong dialect area. | Eastern Abra Province, Luzon. | Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg. Lexical similarity Banao of Malibcong 58% with Ilocano, 81% with Lubuagan Kalinga, 73% with Limos Kalinga. Banao Pikek (Daguioman) 62% with Ilocano, 83% with Masadiit Itneg of Boliney, 79% with Masadiit Itneg of Sallapadan, 78% with Banao of Malibcong, and 73% with Binongan Itneg. | Moderate vitality. Used in the home and community. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Speakers also use Tagalog or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| bjy | Bayali | Extinct. | Queensland, from the mouth of the Fitzroy River inland to Boomer Range at Marlborough, Yeppon, Yamba, and Rockhampton. | Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg. Lexical similarity Banao of Malibcong 58% with Ilocano, 81% with Lubuagan Kalinga, 73% with Limos Kalinga. Banao Pikek (Daguioman) 62% with Ilocano, 83% with Masadiit Itneg of Boliney, 79% with Masadiit Itneg of Sallapadan, 78% with Banao of Malibcong, and 73% with Binongan Itneg. | Moderate vitality. Used in the home and community. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Speakers also use Tagalog or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| bjz | Baruga | 2,227 (2003 SIL). Population includes 796 Tafota, 987 Bareji, and 444 Mado. | Oro Province, Tufi District, in the Musa and Bariji (Bareji) River flood plains. The Gaina, Bariji, and Yareba border them to the south. The Okeina dialect of Ewage-Notu, Ambe Tofo, Korafe-Mokorua, Miniafia-Arifama, Ubir, and Maisin speakers border them to the east. Dyke Ackland Bay is to the north. | Bareji, Baruga, Mado, Tafota Baruga. Lexical similarity 56% to 61% with Korafe and Gaina (Dutton 1971), 43% with Ewage dialect of Ewage-Notu. | Vigorous. Wives of Baruga men who are not Baruga learn it. All domains. Some use in religious services. Speakers are preparing books in Baruga. Oral literature. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Hiri Motu, Ewage, Korafe, Tok Pisin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| bka | Kyak | 5,000 (1995 Adelberger). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. | Bareji, Baruga, Mado, Tafota Baruga. Lexical similarity 56% to 61% with Korafe and Gaina (Dutton 1971), 43% with Ewage dialect of Ewage-Notu. | Vigorous. Wives of Baruga men who are not Baruga learn it. All domains. Some use in religious services. Speakers are preparing books in Baruga. Oral literature. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Hiri Motu, Ewage, Korafe, Tok Pisin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| bkd | Binukid | 100,000 (1987 SIL). | North central Mindanao, southern Bukidnon, northeastern Cotabato, Agusan del Sur. | Literature should serve Kalabugao, Bukidnon, Minalowang, Esperanza, and Agusan del Sur. Close to Higaonon. | Vigorous. Wives of Baruga men who are not Baruga learn it. All domains. Some use in religious services. Speakers are preparing books in Baruga. Oral literature. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Hiri Motu, Ewage, Korafe, Tok Pisin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 63%. Literacy rate in second language: 63%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 63%. Literacy rate in second language: 63%. NT: 1986. | |
| bke | Bengkulu | 55,000 (1989). | Small area around Benkulu city, western end of southern Sumatra. | Literature should serve Kalabugao, Bukidnon, Minalowang, Esperanza, and Agusan del Sur. Close to Higaonon. | Vigorous. Wives of Baruga men who are not Baruga learn it. All domains. Some use in religious services. Speakers are preparing books in Baruga. Oral literature. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Hiri Motu, Ewage, Korafe, Tok Pisin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 63%. Literacy rate in second language: 63%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 63%. Literacy rate in second language: 63%. NT: 1986. | |
| bkk | Brokskat | 3,000 (1981 census). | Jammu and Kashmir, along the Indus River in Ladakh and Kargil districts, northern Kashmir, villages around Garkhon, including Darchiks, Chulichan, Gurgurdo, Batalik, Dah, and formerly in Hanu. | Literature should serve Kalabugao, Bukidnon, Minalowang, Esperanza, and Agusan del Sur. Close to Higaonon. | Many are fluent in Ladakhi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Balti script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Balti script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bkl | Berik | 1,200 (1994 SIL). | North coast area along the mid and upper Tor River, inland from Sarmi. Jayapura Kabupaten, Tor Atas Kecamatan; Bora Bora, Waf, Doronta, Beu, Togonfo, Dangken, Kondirjan, Somanente, Tenwer, Sewan, Safrontani, and Taminambor villages. | Lexical similarity 45% with Keder, 13% with Orya. | Bilingual level estimates for Papuan Malay: 0 10%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 5%. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| bkn | Bukitan | 289 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). | Kapit, 7th Division. | Punan Ukit, Punan Busang. | Bilingual level estimates for Papuan Malay: 0 10%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 5%. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| bkq | Bakairí | 570 (1994 SIL). | Mato Grosso in 9 or 10 villages. | Punan Ukit, Punan Busang. | Speakers have some proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1969–1976. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1969–1976. | |
| bkr | Bakumpai | 100,000 (2003). | Kapuas and Barito rivers, northeast of Kualakapuas. | Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Related to Ngaju, Kahayan, Katingan. Lexical similarity 75% with Ngaju, 45% with Banjar. | Language of wider communication. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| bks | Sorsogon, Masbate | 85,000 (1975 census). | Luzon, Sorsogon, Casiguran and Juban, Sorsogon Province. | Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Related to Ngaju, Kahayan, Katingan. Lexical similarity 75% with Ngaju, 45% with Banjar. | Those with less than high school education are highly bilingual in Tagalog and Naga Bicolano. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| bku | Buhid | 8,000 (1991 OMF). | Southern Mindoro. | Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Related to Ngaju, Kahayan, Katingan. Lexical similarity 75% with Ngaju, 45% with Banjar. | Those with less than high school education are highly bilingual in Tagalog and Naga Bicolano. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| bkv | Bekwarra | 100,000 (1989 SIL). | Cross River State, Ogoja LGA. | Bakumpai, Mengkatip (Mangkatip, Oloh Mengkatip). Related to Ngaju, Kahayan, Katingan. Lexical similarity 75% with Ngaju, 45% with Banjar. | Those with less than high school education are highly bilingual in Tagalog and Naga Bicolano. | Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| bkx | Baikeno | 20,000 (2003 UKAW). Many are monolingual. Population includes several thousand refugees in west Timor. Ethnic population: 20,000. | Oekusi enclave separated from the rest of East Timor. Traditional kingship of Ambeno on north coast of west Timor. The Kais Metan dialect is spoken in the Pantai Makasar and Oesilu districts. Tai Boko is spoken in the Nitib District. The two dialects together take up most of the northern part of Ambeno. Uis Tasae is spoken in the Pasab District, taking up the southern third. Kais Metan has two subdialects: Kais Metan in the north, and Bob Meto in the south. | Kais Metan (East Baikeno, Bob Meto), Tai Boko (West Baikeno), Uis Tasae (South Baikeno). Baikeno is linguistically a dialect of Uab Meto, but for political reasons has to be treated as a separate language for vernacular literature. It is intelligible with the Uab Meto dialects of Amfo'an, northern Mollo, and Insana. Significant differences with Amarasi block intelligibility. They see themselves as part of the wider Atoni cultural, linguistic, political, and historical network, in contrast to being Tetun, Helong, or Rote. They refer to themselves as 'atoni' (person), speaking 'uab meto' (the language of the dry). The Kais Metan dialect is the most populous and most influential, being around the town of Oekusi, the seat of the former king, and the commercial and government center. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Less than 1% can perform job related functions in Portuguese. Many have difficulty with low levels of Indonesian. Only those who have studied or worked in Dili can function in Tetun Dili. Baikeno as a whole has a different political and contact history from other dialects of Uab Meto, having been under Portuguese domination, rather than Dutch. Nevertheless, there are surprisingly few Portuguese loans (sentilu, turisti). There is almost no influence from Tetun Dili. | Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| bky | Bokyi | 3,700 in Cameroon. | South West Province, Manyu Division, Akwaya Subdivision, along Nigerian border northwest of Mamfe. | Basua, Boki, Iruan. | Important district language. | Bible: 1987. | Bible: 1987. | |
| bkz | Bungku | 21,500 (1995 SIL). Population includes 100 Routa, 16,400 Bungku, 2,500 Torete, 1,000 Tulambatu, 800 Landawe, 650 Waia. | Central Sulawesi, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah, and Bungku Selatan subdistricts, along east coast; 45 villages or parts of villages. Also Tulambatu dialect in northern Southeast Sulawesi, Kendari District, Asera, Soropia, and Lasolo subdistricts, where there is difficult access. | Bungku, Routa, Tulambatu, Torete (To Rete), Landawe, Waia. Lexical similarity 81% with Torete, Waia, Tulambatu, and Landawe, 38% with Pamona dialects, Tulambatu 88% lexical similarity with Landawe, 84% with Waia, 82% with Torete, 74% with Wawonii, 66% with Taloki, Kulisusu, and Koroni, 65% with Moronene, 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups. Lexical similarity 82% between Bungku and Routa. | Bungku was a language of wider communication before independence. The Torete dialect is not becoming extinct, as reported earlier. | Bible: 1987. | Bible: 1987. | |
| bla | Blackfoot | 100 in the USA (2001 Goddard). Ethnic population: 5,000 to 8,000 in USA (2001 Ives Goddard). | Blackfeet Reservation, Montana. | Piegan (Peigan). | In USA most speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to English. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1890–1980. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1890–1980. | |
| blb | Bilua | 8,740 (1999 SIL). | Vella Lavella Island, Western Province. | Piegan (Peigan). | There are second-language users. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1995. | |
| blc | Bella Coola | 20 (2002 Poser). Ethnic population: 700 (1991 Kinkade). | Inlet on the central British Columbia coast at the mouth of Bella Coola River, on North Bentinck Arm at the head of Burke Channel. | Piegan (Peigan). | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bld | Bolango | 20,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 5,000 in Bolango, 15,000 in Atinggola. | Northeastern Sulawesi. Bolango is on the south coast of the peninsula around Molibagu and Atinggola on the north central coast around Atinggola, between Kaidipang and Gorontalo. | Bolango, Atinggola. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ble | Balanta-Kentohe | 367,000 in Guinea-Bissau (2002). Population total all countries: 393,000. | North central and central coast. Also spoken in Gambia. | Fora, Kantohe (Kentohe, Queuthoe), Naga, Mane. Naga, Mane, and Kantohe may be separate languages. A separate language from Balanta-Ganja in Senegal. Not intelligible with Mansoanka. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Bible portions: 1980. | Bible portions: 1980. | |
| blf | Buol | 75,000 (1989). | Central Sulawesi; Paleleh, Bunobogu, Bokat, Momunu, Biau, Baolan subdistricts; north coast near the border with north Sulawesi, 68 villages. | Lexical similarity 61% with Totoli. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Bible portions: 1980. | Bible portions: 1980. | |
| blg | Balau | 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southwest Sarawak, southeast of Simunjan. | Lexical similarity 61% with Totoli. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Bible portions: 1980. | Bible portions: 1980. | |
| blh | Kuwaa | 12,800 (1991 Vanderaa). | Lofa County, south of Bandi and Loma, north of Kpelle. | Only minor pronunciation differences exist between the two Kuwaa clans; Lubaisu and Gbade. | Many of the Kuwaa also speak the nearby languages Bandi, Loma, and Kpelle. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1989. | |
| blj | Bolongan | 15,000 (1989). | Northeast, around Tanjungselor, lower Kayan River. | May be a dialect of Tidong or Segai. Classification uncertain. | Many of the Kuwaa also speak the nearby languages Bandi, Loma, and Kpelle. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. NT: 1989. | |
| blk | Karen, Pa'o | 743 in Thailand (2000). | Maehongson. | Southern Pa'o, Northern Pa'o. Southern Pa'o is in Myanmar, Northern Pa'o in Thailand. | Many of the Kuwaa also speak the nearby languages Bandi, Loma, and Kpelle. | Bible portions: 1912–1964. | Bible portions: 1912–1964. | |
| bll | Biloxi | Extinct. | Lower Mississippi Valley. | Southern Pa'o, Northern Pa'o. Southern Pa'o is in Myanmar, Northern Pa'o in Thailand. | Many of the Kuwaa also speak the nearby languages Bandi, Loma, and Kpelle. | Bible portions: 1912–1964. | Bible portions: 1912–1964. | |
| blm | Beli | 6,600 (1982 SIL). Population includes 5,000 Beli, 1,600 Sopi. | Southern Sudan. One group is southwest of Rumbek, at Wulu, westward along the road to Bahr Gel and south toward the southern border of Lakes Province. In some areas they are heavily intermingled with Dinka. Another group lives east of Mvolo and has no links with the first group. They are centered around Bahri Girinti (Lake Nyiropo) just west of Yei River. | Wulu, Bahri Girinti, Sopi (Supi). Lexical similarity 46% with Jur Modo, 45% with Bongo, 41% with Mo'da and Morokodo, 39% with Baka. | Many of the Kuwaa also speak the nearby languages Bandi, Loma, and Kpelle. | Using Jur Modo literacy materials (1998). | Using Jur Modo literacy materials (1998). | |
| bln | Bicolano, Southern Catanduanes | 85,000 (1981 SIL). | Luzon, Southern Catanduanes, east of Bicol. | Northern Catanduanes intelligibility 91%. Virac dialect is preferable for literature. | Population samples had 85% comprehension of Central Bicolano and Tagalog narrative. | Using Jur Modo literacy materials (1998). | Using Jur Modo literacy materials (1998). | |
| blo | Anii | 12,300 in Togo (2002 SIL). | Both sides of the Togo-Benin border. In Benin, the southern part of the Aracora Province, Bassila Subprefecture. In Togo, the Central Region, Tchamba Prefecture. | Akpe, Balanka, Gikolodjya, Gilempla, Giseda, Gisème, Ananjubi (Anandjoobi). | All domains except schools, government. General level of comprehension of Bassila Anii is high. Speakers also use Tem, Akalesem, Ifè, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. 15 classes each year. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. 15 classes each year. | |
| blq | Baluan-Pam | 1,000 (1982 SIL). | Manus Province, Baluan and Pam islands. | Baluan, Pam. Two close dialects; Baluan is the larger one. | Speakers are moderately bilingual in Lou or Titan. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. 15 classes each year. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 1%. 15 classes each year. | |
| blr | Blang | 1,200 in Thailand (1998 SIL). | Chiangrai; 1,000 live outside Mae Sai near the northern border, a village of 200 to 300 is near Mae Chan. About 200 live west of Bangkok and work in gardens. | Phang, Kem Degne. Dialects listed may be separate languages. Chinese sources list two dialects: Bulang (Blang Proper), and Awa (A'erwa). It is not known how these relate to the dialects listed above. Close to Wa. In Thailand, the group from Mae Sai came from Sipsongpanna, Yunnan, China, stayed in Myanmar for a while, and have been in Thailand since 1974. There are 6 to 10 dialects represented in one refugee village in Thailand. Samtao of Myanmar and China is not intelligible with Blang, but is closely related to Blang and Wa. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| bls | Balaesang | 3,200 (2001 Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi, Balaesang Subdistrict, 5 villages on the Manimbayu Peninsula. | Not closely related to other languages. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| blt | Tai Dam | 700 in Thailand (2004). | Loei Province, village of Ban Na Pa Nat. | Tai Muoi (Tai Muei, Tay Mueai, Meuay). | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–2000. | |
| blu | Hmong Njua | 33,000 in Thailand (1987). | Living in many provinces of northern Viet Nam, probably some in Dac Lac Province in southern Viet Nam. | Hmong Hoa. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | |
| blw | Balangao | 21,271 (2000). | Eastern Bontoc Province, Luzon. | Hmong Hoa. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Literacy rate in first language: 42.2%. Literacy rate in second language: 42.2%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 42.2%. Literacy rate in second language: 42.2%. NT: 1982. | |
| blx | Ayta, Mag-Indi | 5,000 (1998 SIL). | A few barrios of Florida Blanca, several of Porac, Pampanga Province, several of San Marcelino, Zambales, Luzon. People affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption. | 46% comprehension of Botolan Sambal, 50% of Ayta Ambala Sambal, 59% of Pampangan, 32% of Ayta Anchi Sambal. Lexical similarity 66% to 73% with Botolan Sambal, 44% with Tagalog, 73% to 81% with Ayta Anchi Sambal. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dai, Wa, and Chinese are in common use. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Bible portions: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| blz | Balantak | 30,000 (2000 R. Busenitz). 3,000 are monolingual. | East central Sulawesi; Banggai District, Luwuk, Balantak, Tinangkung, and Lamala subdistricts, eastern peninsula; 49 villages, or parts of villages. | Related to Andio, Saluan. Lexical similarity 66% with Andio, 51% with Coastal Saluan, 39% with Bobongko. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area also speak Balantak as second language. All domains. Oral and written use in some churches, oral use in local commerce. Medium of oral instruction in earliest education. Positive language attitude. 27,000 can speak Indonesian. A handful know some neighboring languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| bma | Lame | 10,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Toro LGA, Lame District. | Ruhu (Rufu, Rufawa), Mbaru (Bambaro, Bombaro, Bomberawa, Bunberawa, Bambara, Bamburo), Gura (Tugura, Agari, Agbiri). Dialect cluster. | There were reported to be no speakers of Ruhu left in 1987 (Blench). | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| bmd | Baga Manduri | 4,000. | Islands in Nunez River delta, around Dobale, Kanfarande Subprefecture. | Close to Landoma, Temne. | Speakers also use Susu. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| bmf | Bom | 250 (1991 Slager). Ethnic population: 5,000. | Along the Bome River. | Close to Landoma, Temne. | Speakers are shifting to Mende. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| bmh | Kein | 1,750 (2000 census). | Madang Province, Trans-Gogol District. | Related to Girawa, Munit. | Some speakers are bilingual in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. 3,000 can read it, 300 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| bmi | Bagirmi | 44,761 in Chad (1993 census). | West, Chari Baguirmi Prefecture. Two groups: Massénya Subprefecture around Massénya; Bousso Subprefecture around Bousso. The Gol are at Massénya, the Kibar east of Massénya, the Bangri west of Massénya and along the Chari River between Guélendeng and N'Djaména, and the Dam along the Chari River from Bousso to Gezlendeng. Also spoken in Nigeria. | Gol, Kibar, Bangri, Dam. Many dialects. | Trade language. It was the language of the ancient Bagirmi kingdom. It is widely spoken as a second language. The majority use Arabic as second language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bmj | Bote-Majhi | 11,000 (1991 census). | Narayani Zone, mainly Chitawan District, near Kumhali. | Gol, Kibar, Bangri, Dam. Many dialects. | Trade language. It was the language of the ancient Bagirmi kingdom. It is widely spoken as a second language. The majority use Arabic as second language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bmm | Malagasy, Northern Betsimisaraka | 900,000 (2001). | East coast of Madagascar, Toamasina Province, Mananara Avaratra, Soanierana-Ivongo, Fenoarivo Antsinana, Vavatenina, Toamasina districts. | Gol, Kibar, Bangri, Dam. Many dialects. | Trade language. It was the language of the ancient Bagirmi kingdom. It is widely spoken as a second language. The majority use Arabic as second language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bmp | Bulgebi | 50 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province, 10 miles southeast of Saidor. | Related to Asaro'o, Muratayak, Degenan, Forak, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | 40% of the ethnic group speaks Bulgebi. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bmq | Bomu | 56,000 in Burkina Faso (1991). | Kossi Province. | Dwemu, Dahanmu. Dwemu subdialects are Terekongo (Terekoungo), Wahu (between Téné and the Bani River), Togo. Dahanmu subdialects are Koniko, Mandiakuy, Bomborokuy, and Mao (Mahou). | All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 58%, 2 20%, 3 20%, 4 2%, 5 0%. Men can speak Jula for common topics with outsiders, women for trading. | Literacy rate in first language: Adults over 30: 2%, young people 20%. Literacy rate in second language: Young people 10% in Jula; 2% in French. | Literacy rate in first language: Adults over 30: 2%, young people 20%. Literacy rate in second language: Young people 10% in Jula; 2% in French. | |
| bmr | Muinane | 150 (1982 SIL). | Upper Cahuinarí, (tributary Caquetá) Amazonas. | Dwemu, Dahanmu. Dwemu subdialects are Terekongo (Terekoungo), Wahu (between Téné and the Bani River), Togo. Dahanmu subdialects are Koniko, Mandiakuy, Bomborokuy, and Mao (Mahou). | All also use Bora or Huitotoan languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1981. | |
| bms | Kanuri, Bilma | 20,000 (2003). | Northeast Niger, Kawar Region. | Bilma, Fachi. A member of the Kanuri cluster. | All also use Bora or Huitotoan languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1981. | |
| bmt | Biao Mon | 20,000 (1995 Wang and Mao). | Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Mengshan, Zhaoping, Pingle, Lipu, and Gongcheng counties. | Biao Mon (Min Yao), Shi Mun (Sida Min Yao). May be intelligible with some dialects of Iu Mien. Quite different from and unintelligible with Biao Jiao or its dialect Biaomin, also called 'Biao Mien'. | All also use Bora or Huitotoan languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1981. | |
| bmu | Burum-Mindik | 8,253 (2000 census). 1,000 monolingual. Population includes 5,500 in Somba, 4,500 in Siawari. | Morobe Province, Finschhafen District, 30 villages in Central Huon Peninsula, south of Cromwell Range, Burum River valley and some western slopes of Kuat River. (Burum and Kuat are tributaries of the main Mongi River.) Many live in towns, 1,000 in Lae, scattered groups in Port Moresby and other towns. 3 airstrips: Ogeramnang, Mindik, Nomanene. | Somba, Siawari. Lexical similarity 92% between the dialects. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Tok Pisin is the main second language, used by most. English use is increasing slowly. Kâte is the church language, but decreasing in use. 5,000 can speak all 4 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | |
| bmx | Baimak | 653 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, 20 miles west of Madang city. | Related to Gal. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Tok Pisin is the main second language, used by most. English use is increasing slowly. Kâte is the church language, but decreasing in use. 5,000 can speak all 4 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | |
| bmy | Bemba | 295,780 (2000 WCD). | Southern Kivu Province. | Related to Gal. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Tok Pisin is the main second language, used by most. English use is increasing slowly. Kâte is the church language, but decreasing in use. 5,000 can speak all 4 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | |
| bmz | Baramu | 853 (2000 census). | Western Province, southern bank of lower Fly River; Baramura, Tirio (Madiri), Tirio 2, and Tapila villages. | Lexical similarity 33% with Bitur, 32% with Makayam, 27% with Were. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Tok Pisin is the main second language, used by most. English use is increasing slowly. Kâte is the church language, but decreasing in use. 5,000 can speak all 4 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | |
| bna | Bonerate | 9,500 (1987 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands. | Bonerate, Karompa. Lexical similarity 79% to 81% with Tukang Besi South, 31% with Kalao, 25% with Laiyolo. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Tok Pisin is the main second language, used by most. English use is increasing slowly. Kâte is the church language, but decreasing in use. 5,000 can speak all 4 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | |
| bnb | Bookan | 2,764 (2000 WCD). Population includes 300 or more Tengara. | Keningau and Kinabatangan districts around the headwaters of the Sook and Kinabatangan rivers. | Baukan (Baokan, Bokan, Bookan, Boken, Bokun, Bukun, Bokon, Ulun-No-Bokon, Ulun-No-Bokan, Pingas), Kokoroton Murut, Tengara (Tungara, Tingara, Tenggaraq, Tangara', Tanggaraq, Kinabatangan Murut). Close to Keningau Murut, Timugon, Tagal. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Tok Pisin is the main second language, used by most. English use is increasing slowly. Kâte is the church language, but decreasing in use. 5,000 can speak all 4 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. 7,000 can read it, 6,000 can write it. Taught in primary and secondary schools. NT: 1996. | |
| bnd | Banda | 3,000 (1987 SIL). | West and northeastern side of Kei Besar Island in Kei Islands, villages of Banda-Eli and Banda-Elat, south Maluku. There may be a third village. The people originally came from the Banda Islands, but the language is no longer spoken there. | Eli, Elat. Different from other languages of south Maluku. | All domains. Speakers also use Kei. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bne | Bintauna | 6,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast Sulawesi, around Bintauna. | Eli, Elat. Different from other languages of south Maluku. | All domains. Speakers also use Kei. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bnf | Masiwang | 1,000 (1989 SIL). | Seram Island, Waru Bay area, Bula District, central Maluku. | Lexical similarity 44% with Bobot, 43% with Salas Gunung, 39% with Sepa and Teluti, 36% with Liana and Atamanu. | Used by Salas as second language. Some use Geser as second language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bnh | Banawá | 100 (2002 SIL). | Amazonas, upriver quite a distance from the Jamamadí. Half live on the Banawá River, others on small creeks and in scattered locations; 1 village and 2 extended family settlements. | Not as close to Jamamadí linguistically as previously thought. | Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Jamamadí or Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| bnj | Tawbuid, Eastern | 7,187 (2000 WCD). | Central Mindoro. | Western Tawbuid is different enough to need separate literature. | Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Jamamadí or Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1980. | Bible portions: 1980. | |
| bnl | Boon | 59 (2000 WCD). | Jilib District, Middle Jubba Region, scattered in the bush and live in settlements of 2 or 3 houses with their closest relatives. | There are similarities to Somali. | In recent decades they have shifted to the Maay dialect of Jilib. All speakers older than 60 years (1986 M. Lamberti). | Bible portions: 1980. | Bible portions: 1980. | |
| bnn | Bunun | 37,989 (2002 Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan, ROC). Ethnic population: 37,989. | East central plain, south of the Sediq (Taroko). | Randai, Tondai, Shibukun (Sibukun, Sibukaun, Sibucoon, Sivukun), North Bunun (Takitudu, Taketodo, Takebakha, Takibakha), Central Bunun (Takbanuao, Takivatan, Takevatan), South Bunun (Ishbukun), Takopulan. | Also spoken by the Kanakanabu and the Saaroa in everyday life. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2000. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2000. | |
| bno | Bantoanon | 200,000 (2002 SIL). 500 to 1,000 monolinguals. | Western Visayas (Romblon Province). | Banton, Calatravanhon, Odionganon, Sibalenhon (Sibale), Simaranhon. 63% intelligibility of Hiligaynon; 92% of Loocnon. Odionganon dialect is preferred for literature. Lexical similarity 83% with Romblomanon (Zorc 1977). | Most domains, home, community. All ages. Tagalog is used for some politics, education, and with non-Bantuanon speakers. Some use English, Romblomanon, or Loocnon. | Literacy rate in first language: 80% to 90%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 80% to 90%. Literacy rate in second language: 80% to 90%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| bnp | Bola | 13,746 (2000 census). Population includes 2,253 Harua. | West New Britain Province, northeast coast, most of Willaumez Peninsula. Harua is on the east side of Kimbe. | Harua (Karua, Xarua, Garua, Mai), Bola. Harua is a dialect that has developed as a result of a group of people being resettled on an oil palm plantation. | Most domains, home, community. All ages. Tagalog is used for some politics, education, and with non-Bantuanon speakers. Some use English, Romblomanon, or Loocnon. | NT: 1934. | NT: 1934. | |
| bnq | Bantik | 11,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast section of the northern peninsula of Sulawesi; 11 villages around Manado. | Harua (Karua, Xarua, Garua, Mai), Bola. Harua is a dialect that has developed as a result of a group of people being resettled on an oil palm plantation. | Speakers also use Manado Malay. | NT: 1934. | NT: 1934. | |
| bns | Bundeli | 644,000 (1997). | Uttar Pradesh, Jalaun, Jhansi, Hamirpur, Banda districts; Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Sagar, Sehore, Panna, Satna, Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Shivpuri, Guna, Bhind, Morena, Gwalior, Lalitpur, Narsinghpur, Seoni, Datia districts; Maharashtra, Bhandara, Nagpur districts; Rajasthan; Gujarat; Andhra Pradesh. | Standard Bundeli, Pawari (Powari), Lodhanti (Rathora), Khatola, Banaphari, Kundri, Nibhatta, Tirhari, Bhadauri (Towargarhi), Gaoli, Kirari, Raghobansi, Nagpuri Hindi, Chhindwara Bundeli. Intelligibility testing of Standard varieties gave 83%, 92%, and 98%. Chhatapur dialect is widely understood. Other dialects listed by Grierson are Standard Braj of Mathura, Aligarh, western Agra; Standard Braj of Bulandshahr; Standard Braj of eastern Agra, southern Morena, southern Bharatpur; Braj merging into Kanauji in Etah, Mainpuri, Budaun, and Bareilly; Braj merging into the Bhadauri subdialect in northern Morena; Braj merging into Jaipuri (Rajasthani) in northern Bharatpur and Sawai Uradhopur; Bhuksa in southern Nainital. Lexical similarity 65% to 85% between Chhindwara and Standard Bundeli, 41% with Nagpuri Hindi. | Used in the home. Favorable attitudes toward Chhatapur dialect. The uneducated have low proficiency in Hindi. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bnu | Bentong | 25,000 (1987 SIL). | South Sulawesi, northwest corner of the southern tip of the peninsula; inland parts of Maros, Bone, Pangkep, and Barru districts. | Closest to Konjo. | Used in the home. Favorable attitudes toward Chhatapur dialect. The uneducated have low proficiency in Hindi. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bnv | Bonerif | 4 (1994 SIL). | North coast area on east side of the upper Tor River, north of Mander and south of Berik and Kwesten languages, village of Beneraf. Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan. | Closest to Konjo. | 20% to 30% of the ethnic group speaks Bonerif. Used in the home. A few children speak Bonerif. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and use Berik as second language. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bnw | Bisis | 500 (1986 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Hunstein Range, Ambunti District, next to the Bahinemo, between the Lower Salumei River and Chambri Lake. 3 villages. | Closest to Konjo. | Highly bilingual in Tok Pisin. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bny | Bintulu | 4,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast coast around Sibuti, west of Niah, around Bintulu, and two enclaves west. | Could also be classified as a Baram-Tinjar Subgroup or as an isolate within the Rejang-Baram Group. Blust classifies as an isolate with North Sarawakan. Not close to other languages. | Highly bilingual in Tok Pisin. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bnz | Beezen | 450 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Furu-Awa Subdivision, Kpep (Beezen) village. | Could also be classified as a Baram-Tinjar Subgroup or as an isolate within the Rejang-Baram Group. Blust classifies as an isolate with North Sarawakan. Not close to other languages. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Jukun. Cameroon Pidgin is spoken in the area. Schooling is in English. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| boa | Bora | 500 in Colombia. Population includes 100 or more Miraña and 400 other Bora. | Bora are in Providencia on the Igaraparana (tributary of the Putumayo). Miraña are on the lower Caquetá River, near the mouth of the Cabinari River, Amazonas. | Miraña (Miranha), Bora. | 457 Miranha in Brazil (1986 SIL) no longer speak the language. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| bob | Boni | Few if any speakers in Somalia (1991). | In forest hinterland behind Lamu, Lamu, and Tana River districts, Coast Province; Garissa District, North-Eastern Province. At least 11 villages. Also spoken in Somalia. | Close to Garre of Somalia, but not close in culture or appearance. | Many are monolingual. Some also use Somali, Orma, or Swahili. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. |
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