1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| zpu | Zapotec, Yalálag | 5,000 in Mexico (1990 census). 2,000 are in Yalálag, others are in D.F, Oaxaca City, Veracruz. Also in Los Angeles, California, USA. | Oaxaca. Also spoken in USA. | 75% intelligibility of San Baltázar Loxicha (closest, Northwestern Pochutla), 45% of Santa María Coatlán. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 10%, 2 30%, 3 30%, 4 10%, 5 10%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. NT: 2000. | |
| zpv | Zapotec, Chichicapan | 4,000 (1993 SIL). | Central Oaxaca. | 59% intelligibility of Ocotlán Zapotec (closest). | Monolinguals are mainly women and older people. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 30%, 1 5%, 2 60%, 3 4%, 4 1%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | |
| zpw | Zapotec, Zaniza | 770 (1990 census). 4 monolinguals. | Western Oaxaca, Santa María Zaniza, Santiago Textitlán, Santiago Xochiltepec, El Frijol, Buenavista. | 10% intelligibility of Texmelucan (closest). | 35% of speakers are under 40. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | |
| zpx | Zapotec, San Baltazar Loxicha | 1,500 (1990 census). 19 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, 115 km south of Oaxaca city. San Baltázar Loxicha and Santa Catarina Loxicha. | 71% intelligibility of Santa María Coatlán (closest), 63% of Cuixtla (Central Miahuatlán), 46.5% of San Vicente Coatlán. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | |
| zpy | Zapotec, Mazaltepec | 2,200 (1990 census). 24 monolinguals. | Western Oaxaca Valley, Etla District, 20 km northwest of Oaxaca city; Santo Tomás Mazaltepec, San Pedro y San Pablo Etla, and a few in San Andrés Zautla. | 10% intelligibility of San Juan Guelavía, none of other Zapotec varieties. | Approximately 58% are speakers. Used in the home. 25% of children do not speak Spanish when entering school. Positive language attitude. Most speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 50%. NT: 1990. | |
| zpz | Zapotec, Texmelucan | 4,100 (1992 SIL). | Western Oaxaca. | Closest to Western Sola de Vega (Zaniza). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 70%, 1 20%, 2 8%, 3 2%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1989. | NT: 1989. | |
| zrg | Mirgan | 12,000 (1992). Population includes 10,000 in Orissa, 2,000 in Madhya Pradesh. | Chhattisgarh, Bastar District; Orissa, Koraput District. | Dialects have good intelligibility. Not functionally intelligible with Halbi. Lexical similarity 83% to 95% among dialects. | Vigorous. Used in the home, religion. Positive language attitude. Speakers have low proficiency in Oriya. Oriya and Adivasi Oriya are used in Orissa, Hindi and Halbi in Madhya Pradesh. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | |
| zrn | Zirenkel | 2,237 (1993 census). | Chhattisgarh, Bastar District; Orissa, Koraput District. | Lexical similarity 71% with Mubi, 34% to 36% with Dangaléat (East, Central, and Western). | The majority use Arabic as second language. Some also use Dadjo or Dangaléat. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | |
| zro | Záparo | 1 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 170 (2000 M. R. Wise SIL). | Pastaza Province, Peru border, between the Curaray and Bobonaza rivers. | Lexical similarity 71% with Mubi, 34% to 36% with Dangaléat (East, Central, and Western). | Extinct in Peru. Members of the ethnic group now speak Quichua. May be extinct. Language revival effort; classes in 2 schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Oriya. Oriya and Telugu scripts. | |
| zrs | Mairasi | 3,300 (1996 SIL). | Bomberai Peninsula, southwest coast of neck, east and northeast from Kaimana, Wasior, Triton Bay. | Northeastern Mairasi. Close to Semimi. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity 69% with Semimi, 61% with Mer. | Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 20%, 4 23%, 5 2%. Some also speak Kowiai. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1986–1999. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1986–1999. | |
| zsl | Zambian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Bomberai Peninsula, southwest coast of neck, east and northeast from Kaimana, Wasior, Triton Bay. | Northeastern Mairasi. Close to Semimi. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity 69% with Semimi, 61% with Mer. | Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 20%, 4 23%, 5 2%. Some also speak Kowiai. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1986–1999. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1986–1999. | |
| zsr | Zapotec, Southern Rincon | 12,000 (1990 census). | Oaxaca. | Northeastern Mairasi. Close to Semimi. Northeastern Mairasi may be a separate language. Lexical similarity 69% with Semimi, 61% with Mer. | Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 20%, 4 23%, 5 2%. Some also speak Kowiai. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| ztc | Zapotec, Lachirioag | 2,000 (1999 SIL). | Oaxaca, San Cristóbal Lachiruáj. | Closest to Villa Alta Zapotec and Yalálag Zapotec. Distinct from Yatee. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| zte | Zapotec, Elotepec | 200 (1990 census). | Western Oaxaca, west of Zimatlán, 1 village. | 68% intelligibility of Santa María Zaniza (closest), 10% of Texmelucan. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| ztg | Zapotec, Xanaguía | 2,500 (1990 census). 35% monolingual, mainly older women. | Oaxaca, southeastern Miahuatlán, including three towns: Santa Catarina Xanaguía, San Francisco Ozolotepec, and San José Ozolotepec. | A few phonological and lexical differences between San Francisco and San José. | Vigorous. A very few speakers of other languages have married into it and speak it. Used in the home. Oral use in local administration, commerce, religion. All ages. Positive language attitude. 20% have some degree of fluency in Spanish. 6th grade education in Spanish available in Xanaguía. Most children finish third or fourth grade. Those finishing 6th grade, the highest available locally, still have limited Spanish proficiency. San Francisco reported to be more monolingual than Santa Catarina, and San José the most bilingual. Some speakers can speak other varieties of Zapotec. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| ztl | Zapotec, Santiago Lapaguía | 4,200 (1983 SIL). | Oaxaca, southeastern Miahuatlán, including four towns: Lapaguía (700, monolingual), San Felipe Lachillo (500, settled from Lapaguía), La Merced del Potrero (2,500, bilingual), San Juan Guivini (500, monolingual). | 80% intelligibility of San Juan Mixtepec Zapotec. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| ztm | Zapotec, San Agustín Mixtepec | 59 (1994 SIL). | Oaxaca, Miahuatlán, town of San Agustín Mixtepec. | Distinct from San Juan Mixtepec Zapotec. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| ztn | Zapotec, Santa Catarina Albarradas | 1,000 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Santa Catarina Albarradas. | 80% intelligibility of Santo Domingo Albarradas; Santo Domingo 52% of Santa Catarina. Differences in phonology and grammar between them. | About half the population can understand San Pedro Cajonos Zapotec reasonably well because of trading with them. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| ztp | Zapotec, Loxicha | 50,000 (1990 census). In many towns perhaps 70% of the men and 90% of the women are monolingual. | Oaxaca, 120 km south of Oaxaca city, west of highway 175, halfway between Miahuatlán and Pochutla. Includes Candelaria Loxicha, Buena Vista, and San Bartolomé Loxicha. | San Agustín Loxicha Zapotec, Candelaria Loxicha Zapotec. Distinct from San Baltázar Loxicha and Santa Catarina Loxicha. | Those in town centers also use Spanish. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| ztq | Zapotec, Quioquitani-Quierí | 4,000 (1991 SIL). | Yautepec, Oaxaca, Quioquitani and Quierí municipios, and including Leapi. | Quioquitani Zapotec (Santa Catarina Quioquitani Zapotec), Quierí Zapotec (Santa Catarina Quierí Zapotec). Closest to Eastern Miahuatlán. | Those in town centers also use Spanish. | NT: 2000. | NT: 2000. | |
| zts | Zapotec, Tilquiapan | 2,700 (1990 census). 900 monolinguals. | Central Oaxaca, Ocotlán, San Miguel Tilquiapan town. | 87% intelligibility of Santa Inés Yatzechi, 65% of Chichicapan, 59% of Ocotlán, 45% of San Juan Guelavía. | Sociolinguistic differences with nearest Zapotec. Speakers also use Spanish. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | |
| ztt | Zapotec, Tejalapan | 124 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 4,656. | Oaxaca, Etla District, town of San Felipe Tejalapan. | Distinct from Santo Tomás Mazaltepec Zapotec. | 92 speakers are older than 50 years, including the 2 monolinguals. Speakers also use Spanish. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | |
| ztu | Zapotec, Güilá | 9,500 (1990 census). 2,300 monolinguals. | San Pablo Güilá and San Dionisio Ocotepec municipios, Oaxaca. | San Dionisio has 80% inherent intelligibility of Mitla. Güilá has 83% inherent intelligibility of San Juan Guelavía, 80% of Chichicapan, 69% of Tilquiapan, 41% of Mitla, 35% of Ocotlán, 5% of Santa María Albarradas. | 92 speakers are older than 50 years, including the 2 monolinguals. Speakers also use Spanish. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | |
| ztx | Zapotec, Zaachila | 550 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 or more (1990 census). | Oaxaca, 15 km south of the city of Oaxaca, past Xoxo, town of Zaachila (416 speakers out of 10,601 population) and San Raymundo Jalpan (116 speakers out of 1,270 population). A few in San Bartolo Coyotepec, San Pablo Cuatro Venados, and Santa María Coyotepec. | 85% intelligibility of Zegache, 75% of Tilquiapan, 72% of San Juan Guelavía, 10% of Ocotlán. | Only those older than 50 years understand but do not normally speak it, but this includes 3 women monolinguals (1990). No children speak it. Speakers also use Spanish. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | Primary school with bilingual teachers. | |
| zty | Zapotec, Yatee | 3,000 (1999 SIL). | Oaxaca, San Francisco Yatee, 4 towns. | Closest to Villa Alta Zapotec and Yalálag Zapotec. Distinct from Lachiruaj. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| zua | Zeem | 1,708 (2000 WCD). | Bauchi State, Toro LGA. | Zeem (Tulai), Danshe (Chaari), Lushi (Lukshi, Dokshi). The Zeem dialect cluster in the Barawa language cluster. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| zuh | Tokano | 6,000 (1982 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | Lower Asaro, Zuhuzuho. | Speakers also use Dano, Alekano, or Tok Pisi. | Bible portions: 1979. | Bible portions: 1979. | |
| zum | Kumzari | 1,700 (1993 census). | Spoken only on the Musandam Peninsula of northern Oman. | Lower Asaro, Zuhuzuho. | Speakers also use Dano, Alekano, or Tok Pisi. | Bible portions: 1979. | Bible portions: 1979. | |
| zun | Zuni | 9,651 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 9,651. | New Mexico, reservation in southern McKinley County, south of Gallup. | Lower Asaro, Zuhuzuho. | Some children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Speakers are slowly shifting to English. Oral language is used in traditional tribal council meetings. Zuni is used exclusively in all Zuni religious ceremonies, occasionally in religious services. Speakers were 85.5% of the population below 18 years of age, 6.2% above 18 (1980). Positive language attitude. Few, if any, monolinguals (2000). Schools are in English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. | |
| zuy | Zumaya | 25 (1987 SIL). | Far North Province, Diamare Division, Maroua Subdivision, Ouro-Lamorde. | Lower Asaro, Zuhuzuho. | Some children are being raised speaking the language (1998). Speakers are slowly shifting to English. Oral language is used in traditional tribal council meetings. Zuni is used exclusively in all Zuni religious ceremonies, occasionally in religious services. Speakers were 85.5% of the population below 18 years of age, 6.2% above 18 (1980). Positive language attitude. Few, if any, monolinguals (2000). Schools are in English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. | |
| zwa | Zay | 4,880 (1994 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,880. | Shores of Lake Zway and eastern islands in Lake Zway. | No dialect variations. Lexical similarity 61% with Harari, 70% with Silte (M. L. Bender 1971). | Speakers also used Oromo or Amharic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. | |
| zyp | Zyphe | 3,000 in India (2000). | Mizoram, Lakher District. | Lower Zyphe, Upper Zyphe. | Many also use Haka Chin, Lakher, or Mara, depending on location. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Some study of oral and written Zuni in primary school. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1970. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60