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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wsr | Owenia | 349 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Eastern Highlands Province, Obura District. | Closest to Korak. | About 20 people use it as their second or third language. Used in the home. Most are 20 and older, but there are speakers below 20. Most are proficient in Papuan Malay. Indonesian and Yoke also spoken. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| wsu | Wasu | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,024 (1995 AMTB). | Alagoas. | Closest to Korak. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| wsv | Wotapuri-Katarqalai | 2,000 (1994). | South of Waigali area in Nuristan in the towns of Wotapuri and Katarqalai. | Closest to Korak. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| wtf | Dumpu | 510 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, two villages: Bebei and Dumpu. | Related to Sinsauru, Asas, Sausi, Kesawai. | All men use Tok Pisin as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| wti | Berta | 22,000 in Sudan. | Blue Nile Province, on the Ethiopia border. | Shuru, Bake, Undu, Mayu, Fadashi. | 16,533 second-language speakers including 795 of Fadashi. | Literacy rate in second language: Berta: 9.7%, Gobato: 55.4%. | Literacy rate in second language: Berta: 9.7%, Gobato: 55.4%. | |
| wtk | Watakataui | 350 (1998). | East Sepik Province, on a branch of the middle Korosameri River. 2 villages. | Shuru, Bake, Undu, Mayu, Fadashi. | All also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| wtm | Mewati | 5,000,000 (2002 Gusain). | Rajasthan, Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur districts; Uttar Pradesh, Madhura District; Haryana, Gurgaon, Faridabad districts. | 45% intelligibility of Marwari. Lexical similarity 72% to 77% with Hindi, 63% to 68% with Haryanvi, 57% to 70% with Shekhawati, 62% to 67% with Dhundari, 52% to 70% with Harauti, 68% to 71% with Braj Bhasha. | Speakers also use Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| wtw | Wotu | 5,000 (1987 SIL). | South Sulawesi, town of Wotu, Wotu Subdistrict, Luwu District. | Lexical similarity 58% with Wolio, 53% with Barang-Barang (Laiyolo), average 43% with South Sulawesi Group, 43% with Kaili-Pamona Subgroup, 41% with Seko Padang, 39% with Tae' Luwu, 36% to 43% with Bungku-Tolaki Subgroup, 37% with Toraja-Sa'dan, 33% with Bugis, 31% with Rampi, 25% with Lemolang. | Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1 8%, 2 83%, 3 9%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Bugis-Luwu is the dominant second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| wua | Wikngenchera | 50 (1970 Oates). | Aurukun, Queensland. | Related to Wikngathara (Wikalkan). | All young people speak Wik-Mungkan. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| wub | Wunambal | 20 (1990 A. Schmidt). | Kalumburu, Wyndham and Mowanjum, Western Australia. | Wunambal, Gambera, Miwa. | People generally speak Kriol. Children may know some of the language, but most speak Kriol, Aboriginal English, or Standard Australian English as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| wud | Wudu | 2,000. | The main centers are Gbékon and Glitho. | Wunambal, Gambera, Miwa. | People generally speak Kriol. Children may know some of the language, but most speak Kriol, Aboriginal English, or Standard Australian English as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| wuh | Wutunhua | 2,000 (1995). | Eastern Qinghai Province, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Tongren County, Longwu township, Upper and Lower Wutun villages and Jiangchama village. | Wunambal, Gambera, Miwa. | People generally speak Kriol. Children may know some of the language, but most speak Kriol, Aboriginal English, or Standard Australian English as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| wul | Silimo | 5,000 (1987 SIL). 50% monolinguals. | Central highlands south of the range immediately west of the Baliem River, Amo, Kiniage valleys. | Lower Samenage. | People generally speak Kriol. Children may know some of the language, but most speak Kriol, Aboriginal English, or Standard Australian English as first language. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| wur | Wurrugu | Extinct. | Cobourg Peninsula, Northern Territory. | Close to Iwaidja. | People generally speak Kriol. Children may know some of the language, but most speak Kriol, Aboriginal English, or Standard Australian English as first language. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| wut | Wutung | 903 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Vanimo District, coast bordering Papua, Indonesia, including Sangke village. | Close to Iwaidja. | People generally speak Kriol. Children may know some of the language, but most speak Kriol, Aboriginal English, or Standard Australian English as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| wuu | Chinese, Wu | 77,175,000 (1984). | Jiangsu south of the Changjiang River, east of Zhenjiang, on Chongming Island in the mouth of the Changjiang, and north of the Changjiang in the area around Nantong, Haimen, Qidong, and Qingjiang, and in Zhejiang Province as far south as Quzhou, Jinhua, and Wenzhou. | Taihu, Jinhua (Kinhwa), Taizhou, Oujiang, Wuzhou, Chuqu, Xuanzhou. Subdialects of the Taihu dialect are Piling, Su-Hu-Jia, Tiaoxi, Hangzhou, Lin-Shao, Yongjiang. Chuqu subdialects are Chuzhou, Longqu. Xuanzhou subdialects are Tongjing, Taigao, Shiling. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | |
| wuv | Wuvulu-Aua | 1,000 (1982 SIL). | Western Manus Province, Aua, Durour, Maty, and Wuvulu islands. | Aua, Wuvulu (Wuu). 2 nearly identical dialects. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | |
| wux | Wulna | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Arnhem Land around Darwin, mouth of Adelaide River and inland. | Aua, Wuvulu (Wuu). 2 nearly identical dialects. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | |
| wuy | Wauyai | 300 (2001 B. Remijsen). | Southwest Waigeo Island, Wauyai village. | Aua, Wuvulu (Wuu). 2 nearly identical dialects. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1908–1914. | |
| wwr | Warrwa | 2 (2001 McGregor). | Western Australia, West Kimberley, Derby Region. | Aua, Wuvulu (Wuu). 2 nearly identical dialects. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| wxa | Waxianghua | 300,000 (1995). | A 6,000 square km area in western Hunan Province, Wuling Mountains, including Yuanling, Chunxi, Jishou, Guzhang, and Dayong. | Part of the Han nationality. It differs greatly from both Southwestern Mandarin (Xinan Guanhua) and Xiang Chinese (Hunanese), but is relatively uniform within itself. Neighboring Han Chinese, Miao, and Tujia people do not understand it. Some view it as a special variety of Chinese, others as a minority language, perhaps related to Miao. | Mandarin is used for news and official broadcasts. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| wya | Wyandot | Extinct. Ethnic population: 3,200 (1997 Bruce L. Pearson). | Formerly in northeastern Oklahoma. | Huron, Wyandot. | Wyandot was spoken until quite recently near Sandwich, Ontario, and Wyandotte, Oklahoma. There were 2 older adult speakers in 1961. Huron was last spoken at Lorette, near Quebec City, in the mid-19th century, or 1912. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | |
| wyb | Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa | 12 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | New South Wales, Darling River, Barwon River, Yanda Creek, Bogan River. | Wangaaybuwan (Wongaibon, Wombungee, Wongagibun, Wonghibon, Wonghi, Wonjhibon), Ngiyambaa (Giamba, Narran, Noongaburrah, Ngeumba, Ngiamba, Ngiumba, Ngjamba, Ngumbarr), Wayilwan (Waljwan). | Wyandot was spoken until quite recently near Sandwich, Ontario, and Wyandotte, Oklahoma. There were 2 older adult speakers in 1961. Huron was last spoken at Lorette, near Quebec City, in the mid-19th century, or 1912. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | |
| wyr | Wayoró | 80 (2000 SIL). | Rondônia, Pororoca Post, Guapore River. | Wangaaybuwan (Wongaibon, Wombungee, Wongagibun, Wonghibon, Wonghi, Wonjhibon), Ngiyambaa (Giamba, Narran, Noongaburrah, Ngeumba, Ngiamba, Ngiumba, Ngjamba, Ngumbarr), Wayilwan (Waljwan). | Wyandot was spoken until quite recently near Sandwich, Ontario, and Wyandotte, Oklahoma. There were 2 older adult speakers in 1961. Huron was last spoken at Lorette, near Quebec City, in the mid-19th century, or 1912. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | |
| xac | Kachari | 59,000 (1997). | Assam, North Cachar District and the Cachar Hills; Nagaland, Kohima District, Dimapur, Dhansiri administrative circles, 16 villages. | Wangaaybuwan (Wongaibon, Wombungee, Wongagibun, Wonghibon, Wonghi, Wonjhibon), Ngiyambaa (Giamba, Narran, Noongaburrah, Ngeumba, Ngiamba, Ngiumba, Ngjamba, Ngumbarr), Wayilwan (Waljwan). | Fewer than 30% of ethnic Kachari speak it as first language. Most Kachari speak Assamese as first language. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | The language is being taught to children in school (1999). Dictionary. | |
| xah | Kahayan | 45,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Kapuas and Kahayan rivers, south central, northeast of Ngaju. | Kapuas. Related to Ngaju, Bakumpai. Lexical similarity 73% with Katingan. | Fewer than 30% of ethnic Kachari speak it as first language. Most Kachari speak Assamese as first language. | Bible portions: 1990. | Bible portions: 1990. | |
| xai | Kaimbé | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,100 to 1,400 (1986 SIL). | Bahía. | Kapuas. Related to Ngaju, Bakumpai. Lexical similarity 73% with Katingan. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1990. | Bible portions: 1990. | |
| xal | Kalmyk-Oirat | 205,500 in Mongolia. Population includes 139,000 Oirat, 55,100 Dorbot, 11,400 Torgut. | Bayan Gool Autonomous Prefecture and Bortala Autonomous Prefecture. | Jakhachin, Bayit, Mingat, Olot (Ööld, Elyut, Eleuth), Khoshut (Khoshuud), Uriankhai, Khoton (Hoton). | Official regional language. Since 1982 schooling has been in Chahar Mongolian. Speakers have high bilingualism in Chahar Mongolian in China. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1827–2002. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1827–2002. | |
| xam | |Xam | Extinct. | Bayan Gool Autonomous Prefecture and Bortala Autonomous Prefecture. | Jakhachin, Bayit, Mingat, Olot (Ööld, Elyut, Eleuth), Khoshut (Khoshuud), Uriankhai, Khoton (Hoton). | Official regional language. Since 1982 schooling has been in Chahar Mongolian. Speakers have high bilingualism in Chahar Mongolian in China. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1827–2002. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1827–2002. | |
| xan | Xamtanga | 143,369 (1998 census). 93,889 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 158,231 (1998 census). | North Amhara Region, Avergele District and Lasta and Waag zones, 100 km north of Weldiya. | Low inherent intelligibility of Qemant. Lexical similarity 45% with Qemant. | A few Xamir do not speak Xamtanga, but most do, and have a strong desire to have literature. There is an association of Xamtanga speakers in Weldiya. 11,026 second-language speakers. The monolinguals are older people or women. Others also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | |
| xao | Khao | 10,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwest, near the Ma River, north of Pa Ma. | Related to Bit in Laos and China. | A few Xamir do not speak Xamtanga, but most do, and have a strong desire to have literature. There is an association of Xamtanga speakers in Weldiya. 11,026 second-language speakers. The monolinguals are older people or women. Others also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | |
| xar | Karami | Extinct. | Gulf Province, on Western Province border, northeast of Tao-Suamoto. | Related to Bit in Laos and China. | A few Xamir do not speak Xamtanga, but most do, and have a strong desire to have literature. There is an association of Xamtanga speakers in Weldiya. 11,026 second-language speakers. The monolinguals are older people or women. Others also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. | |
| xas | Kamas | Extinct. | Sayan Mountains, Abalakovo village. | Kamassian, Koibal. | A few Xamir do not speak Xamtanga, but most do, and have a strong desire to have literature. There is an association of Xamtanga speakers in Weldiya. 11,026 second-language speakers. The monolinguals are older people or women. Others also use Amharic. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| xat | Katawixi | 10 (1986 SIL). | Amazonas. | Kamassian, Koibal. | A few Xamir do not speak Xamtanga, but most do, and have a strong desire to have literature. There is an association of Xamtanga speakers in Weldiya. 11,026 second-language speakers. The monolinguals are older people or women. Others also use Amharic. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| xau | Kauwera | 400 (1987 SIL). | East of mid-Mamberamo, north and south of Kasonaweja. | Kamassian, Koibal. | Vigorous. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| xav | Xavánte | 10,000 (2000 SIL). | Mato Grosso, 6 noncontiguous reservations, 80 villages. | Kamassian, Koibal. | Vigorous. 7,000 monolingual speakers. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 3,000 speak some Portuguese with Brazilians only. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50% (most men, few women). The Xavante teachers teach Xavante reading and writing. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1970–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50% (most men, few women). The Xavante teachers teach Xavante reading and writing. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1970–1993. | |
| xaw | Kawaiisu | 8 to 10 (2000 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 35 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | California, south, Tehachapi-Mojave area of the Mojave Desert. | Kamassian, Koibal. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| xay | Kayan Mahakam | 1,300 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | North central, Mahakam River, 2 areas. | Kamassian, Koibal. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| xba | Kamba | Extinct. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1986 SIL). | Mato Grosso do Sul, near Corumbá. | May have been Tupí. | Ethnic group came from Bolivia, and now speak Spanish. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| xbi | Kombio | 2,970 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Dreikikir District, Torricelli Mountains 31 villages. | North Kombio (Mwi), West-Central Kombio (Wampukuamp), South Kombio (Yanimoi). The Mwi dialect is more distinct from the others and speakers have some difficulty in comprehension between dialects. | Speakers are shifting to Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. Bible portions: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. Bible portions: 2001. | |
| xbr | Kambera | 234,574 (2000 WCD). | Eastern half of Sumba Island, south of Flores, Lesser Sundas. | Kambera, Melolo, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai), Lewa, Kanatang, Mangili-Waijelo (Wai Jilu, Waidjelu, Rindi, Waijelo), Southern Sumba. Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Speakers of Lewa and Uma Taru Nggai have difficulty understanding those from Mangili in many speech domains. | Speakers are shifting to Tok Pisin. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | |
| xbw | Kambiwá | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,108 (1995 SIL). | Pernambuco. | Kambera, Melolo, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai), Lewa, Kanatang, Mangili-Waijelo (Wai Jilu, Waidjelu, Rindi, Waijelo), Southern Sumba. Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Speakers of Lewa and Uma Taru Nggai have difficulty understanding those from Mangili in many speech domains. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | |
| xbx | Kabixí | 100 (1986 SIL). | Slopes of Planalto dos Parecís, right bank of upper Guaporé, near Vila Bela, Mato Grosso. | Related to Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Wanham, Urunumacan. | Both people and language may be extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | |
| xdy | Malayic Dayak | 520,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 300 Tapitn, 100,000 Banana', 100,000 Kayung, 200,000 Delang, 10,000 Semitau, 10,000 Suhaid, 20,000 Mentebah-Suruk. | Western Kalteng and much of KalBar. Banana' and Tapitn are western, between Singakawang, Bengkayang, Darit, and Sungairaya; Kayung and Delang are southern, between Sandai, Muarakayang, Pembuanghulu, Sukamara, and Sukaraja; Semitau, Suhaid, and Mentebah-Suruk are eastern, southeast of Kapuas River from Sintang to Putus Sibau. | Tapitn, Banana', Kayung (Kayong), Delang, Semitau, Suhaid, Mentebah-Suruk, Arut (Sukarame), Lamandau (Landau Kantu), Sukamara (Kerta Mulya), Riam (Nibung Terjung), Belantikan (Sungkup). The listed dialects form a chain and may constitute 3 or more languages. Related to Selako, Kendaya, and Keninjal. | Both people and language may be extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | |
| xed | Hdi | 4,000 in Nigeria (2001 SIL). | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA; along the Cameroon border, across from Tourou; part of one village. | Tur (Turu, Tourou, Ftour). 51% intelligibility of Mabas, 48% of Lamang, 35% of Gvoko. Lexical similarity 78% with Mabas, 64% with Lamang, 56% with Gvoko. | Both people and language may be extinct. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| xeg | ||Xegwi | Extinct. | Near the Swaziland border. | Tur (Turu, Tourou, Ftour). 51% intelligibility of Mabas, 48% of Lamang, 35% of Gvoko. Lexical similarity 78% with Mabas, 64% with Lamang, 56% with Gvoko. | Both people and language may be extinct. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| xel | Kelo | 200. | Northern Sudan, Tornasi Hills; Jebels Tornasi (Keeli village) and Beni Sheko. West of Berta speaking people. | Beni Sheko, Kelo. | M. L. Bender reports that they are not extinct (1997). | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| xem | Kembayan | 45,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwest, near Sarawak border, around Balaikarangan, Kembayan, Landak River. | Beni Sheko, Kelo. | M. L. Bender reports that they are not extinct (1997). | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Grammar. | |
| xer | Xerénte | 1,552 (2002 SIL). | Tocantins, between the Rio do Sono and Rio Tocantins. | Beni Sheko, Kelo. | Some also use Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | |
| xes | Kesawai | 767 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Sinsauru, Asas, Sausi, Dumpu. | Some also use Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | |
| xet | Xetá | 3 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 100 to 250 (1986 SIL). | Paraná, among the Kaingang. | Related to Sinsauru, Asas, Sausi, Dumpu. | Some also use Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | |
| xeu | Keuru | 4,523 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Gulf Province, from the mouth of the Purari River east to the Bairu River. | Aheave. | Some also use Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | Bible portions: 1970–1990. | |
| xhe | Khetrani | 4,000. | Northeast Balochistan Province. | Related to Siraiki. | Some also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xhv | Khua | 2,000 in Laos (1981). | Khammouan Province, Bouarapha District, northwest of Boualapha. | Related to Bru, Mangkong, Leun. | Some also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xia | Xiandao | 100 (1994). | Xiandao and Meng'e villages, Manmian Township, Jiemao District, Yingjiang County in the Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in extreme western Yunnan. | Spoken by members of the Achang nationality, and some consider it to be a dialect of Achang. | Some also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xii | Xiri | 87 (2000 WCD). | Xiandao and Meng'e villages, Manmian Township, Jiemao District, Yingjiang County in the Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in extreme western Yunnan. | Spoken by members of the Achang nationality, and some consider it to be a dialect of Achang. | A few isolated speakers (2000). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xin | Xinca | Extinct. | Southeastern. | Language may be related to Lenca. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xip | Xipináwa | Extinct. | Southern Amazonas and Acre. | Language may be related to Lenca. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xir | Xiriâna | 903 (2000 WCD). | Tributaries of Demeni and Rio Negro, Amazonas, near Venezuela border. | Language may be related to Lenca. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xiy | Xipaya | 2 (2000 SIL). | Pará, lower Xingú River. | Language may be related to Lenca. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xka | Kalkoti | 4,000 (1990). | Dir Kohistan, NWFP, in Kalkot village. A little more than half the people in the village are speakers. | Lexical similarity 69% with Kalami. | Kalami is used as second language. Kalami do not understand Kalkoti. All men and most women are reported to speak Pashto as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| xkb | Ede Nago, Manigri-Kambolé | 40,000 in Togo (2002 SIL). | Central Region, Tchamba Prefecture in the town of Kambolé and a few surrounding villages. | A member of the Ede language cluster. Lexical similarity 87% to 91% with Ede Nago, 77% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo, 78% with Ife of Tchetti. | All domains except French in schools, some government offices and with outsiders. Speakers also use French or Yoruba. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| xkc | Kho'ini | No estimate available. | Kho'in District, Zanjan Province. | Various dialects. Related to Kabatei and Takestani. Closely related varieties spoken in the nearby villages of Balbavin, Sefidkamar, Halab, Sa`dabad, and other villages. | All domains except French in schools, some government offices and with outsiders. Speakers also use French or Yoruba. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| xkd | Kayan, Mendalam | 1,500 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | North central, northeast of Putus Sibau, Mendalam River. | Various dialects. Related to Kabatei and Takestani. Closely related varieties spoken in the nearby villages of Balbavin, Sefidkamar, Halab, Sa`dabad, and other villages. | All domains except French in schools, some government offices and with outsiders. Speakers also use French or Yoruba. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| xke | Kereho-Uheng | 500 (2003). | North central near Sarawak border, south of Bukat and Hovongan. | Seputan. Lexical similarity 69% with Hovongan, 69% with Aoheng. | All domains except French in schools, some government offices and with outsiders. Speakers also use French or Yoruba. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| xkf | Khengkha | 40,000 (1993 Van Driem). 60% monolinguals. | Zhemgang, Mongar districts; near Bumthangkha. Middle dialect in northwest part of Zhemgang. Upper dialect is northeast of Zhemgang; also Mongar District. Lower Kheng is in southern Zhemgang. | Middle Kheng, Upper Kheng, Lower Kheng. Bumthangkha is closest related language. Intelligibility of Bumthangkha not sufficient for complex discourse. Intelligibility of Kurtokha only with difficulty. Lexical similarity 75% to 85% with Bumthangkha, 70% with Kurtokha and Nyengkha, 65% with Adap, 34% with Dzongkha, 40% with Sharchagpakha, and Chacangacakha, 28% with Tibetan, 22% with Tshangla, 75% to 100% between dialects. | Vigorous. 15,000 second-language speakers. Used in the home, commerce, local politics, traditional religion domains, but not allowed in school. All ages. Negative attitude toward Gonphu village speaking style. Lower Kheng considered the most backward. Middle Kheng is the most prestigious. Negative towards Nepali. English spoken by educated young people (10%). Nepali spoken by those who live near the road (20%), Dzongkha spoken well only by educated and some elder males. Bumthangkha, Kurtokha, Nyengkha spoken by those who travel or have intermarried. Tshangla spoken by those who travel on eastern side of Kheng area. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% in Dzongkha. Uchen script. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% in Dzongkha. Uchen script. | |
| xkh | Karahawyana | 40 (1995 SIL). | Amazonas, near the Waiwai. | Probably Cariban. | Today some live with the Waiwai and some near the Hixkaryana, and speak those languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% in Dzongkha. Uchen script. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% in Dzongkha. Uchen script. | |
| xki | Kenyan Sign Language | Students in primary schools in 1990: 2,600. There are around 200,000 deaf people in Kenya. It is not known how many know KSL. | 32 primary schools for the deaf in Hola, Kapsabet, Karatina, Karen, Kerugoya, Kilifi, Kisumu, Kitui, Kwale, Meru, Mombasa, Mumias, Murang'a, Nairobi, Nakuru, North Kinangop, Ruiru, Sakwa. Schools under the Kenya Institute of Education (KIE) use a Kenyan version of (American) Exact Signed English, including one at Machakos. KSL is used at Nyangoma School at Bondo, a primary and boys' technical school (Sakwa), and in one girl's school. A school in Mombasa uses British Sign Language. Some Belgian brothers use Belgian Sign language in a school near Oyugis. 4 churches in Nairobi: 2 use KIE Signed English, 1 a mixture of that and KSL, the other uses a mixture of Korean, American, and Kenyan Sign Languages. | Mainly unrelated to other sign languages. It has become standardized with slight variations since 1961, when elementary schools for deaf children were begun. The deaf from Kisumu (western Kenya) to the deaf in Mombasa (eastern Kenya) can understand each other completely even with some dialect differences. The deaf in Uganda and Tanzania do not really understand KSL, though they have much in common. | Used in court cases involving deaf people. The Kenya National Association of the Deaf which has 12 branches. The government is using KIE (Kenya Signed English). The University of Nairobi backs KSL. Little research. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkj | Kajali | No estimate available. | Khalkhal District in Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Kaqazkonan District, Kajal. | Close to Shahrudi and Koresh-e Rostam. | Used in court cases involving deaf people. The Kenya National Association of the Deaf which has 12 branches. The government is using KIE (Kenya Signed English). The University of Nairobi backs KSL. Little research. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkk | Kaco' | 2,000 (1992 G. Diffloth). | Ratanakiri Province. | Not intelligible to Tampuan speakers. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkl | Kenyah, Kelinyau | 1,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, Kinjau River, around Long Laes, and Telen River. | Uma Bem, Uma Tau, Lepo' Kulit, Uma Jalam. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkm | Kenyah, Mahakam | 7,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, east of Bahau, and on Mahakam River, 5 areas. | Mahakam Kenyah, Boh. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkn | Kayan, Kayan River | 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, Kayan River, 2 areas. | Uma Lakan, Kayaniyut Kayan. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xko | Kiorr | 2,359 in Laos (1985 F. Proschan). | Louang Nam Tha and Bokeo provinces, 6 villages. Also spoken in Myanmar. | Uma Lakan, Kayaniyut Kayan. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkp | Kabatei | No estimate available. | Rudbar District, Gilan Province. | Kalas, Kabate. Close to Upper Taromi. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkq | Koroni | 500 (1991 SIL). | Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah Subdistrict, Unsongi village on the east coast 12 km south of Bungku town. | Lexical similarity 75% with Taloki and Kulisusu, 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xkr | Xakriabá | Extinct. Ethnic population: 4,643 (1995 AMTB). | Minas Gerais. | Lexical similarity 75% with Taloki and Kulisusu, 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xks | Kumbewaha | 250 (1993 Mark Donohue). | Sulawesi Tenggara Province, Buton District, Lasalimu Subdistrict in southeast Buton Island, Kumbewaha village. | Lexical similarity 75% with Taloki and Kulisusu, 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. | All domains. All ages. They use Indonesian for school, official purposes, Lasilimu if they have family ties, Tukang Basi for trade or family. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| xkw | Kembra | 20 (2000 Wurm). | Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Okbibab Kecamatan, east of the Sogber River. | Lexical similarity 75% with Taloki and Kulisusu, 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kembra. Used in the home. A few children speak Kembra. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| xky | Kenyah, Western | 1,250 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Balui, Belaga, Kalua, and Kemena rivers. | Long Bangan, Kemena Penan, Kakus Penan, Uma Bakah (Long Bulan), Lunan. Madang may be a dialect. Lexical similarity 80% between Madang and Lepu Kulit. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kembra. Used in the home. A few children speak Kembra. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| xkz | Kurtokha | 10,000 (1993 Van Driem). | Northeastern, especially in Kurto. The dialect around Tangmachu is more divergent. | Related to Bumthangkha and Khengkha. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kembra. Used in the home. A few children speak Kembra. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| xla | Kamula | 800 (1998 SIL). | Villages of Kamiyami (Wasapea), Aramia River area, and Keseki and Somokopa, Wawoi Falls area, Western Province. | The closest language is Pare (G. Reesink SIL 1976). | Some also use Gogodala or Doso. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy is increasing as more children and adults are learning to read. Two vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1996–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy is increasing as more children and adults are learning to read. Two vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1996–2000. | |
| xmb | Mbonga | 1,488 (2000 WCD). | East Province, Lom-and-Djerem Division, near Betare-Oya. | The closest language is Pare (G. Reesink SIL 1976). | Some also use Gogodala or Doso. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy is increasing as more children and adults are learning to read. Two vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1996–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy is increasing as more children and adults are learning to read. Two vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1996–2000. | |
| xmd | Mbedam | 6,000 (2001 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Mokolo Subdivision, Northeast of Hina. | The closest language is Pare (G. Reesink SIL 1976). | Positive language attitude. Schooling is in French. Some use Fulfulde as a second language. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| xmf | Mingrelian | 500,000 (1989 Hewitt). | Lowland west Georgia. | Officially considered to be a single language with Laz, called Zan, but linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. | Georgian used as a literary language. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| xmh | Kuku-Muminh | 31 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. | Officially considered to be a single language with Laz, called Zan, but linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. | Georgian used as a literary language. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| xmi | Miarrã | No estimate available. | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Officially considered to be a single language with Laz, called Zan, but linguists recognize that they are not inherently intelligible with each other. | Georgian used as a literary language. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| xmj | Majera | 500 in Cameroon (2004 SIL). | West, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Bongor Subprefecture, north of Gelengdeng, Dogwea village. | Majera (Mazra), Kajire-'dulo, Hwalem (Holom). | In rapid decline. The young generation is not speaking it or only speak a reduced form (H Tourneux). | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| xml | Malaysian Sign Language | No estimate available. | West, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Bongor Subprefecture, north of Gelengdeng, Dogwea village. | Majera (Mazra), Kajire-'dulo, Hwalem (Holom). | Under development by the Ministry of Education since 1978 and used in government programs. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| xmm | Malay, Manado | 850,000 (2001). | North Sulawesi, Minahasa District, west coast around the port of Manado. Used as second language by many in North Sulawesi. | Closest to North Moluccan Malay. Also close to Sri Lankan Malay. | Trade language. An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. 1,500,000 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xmo | Morerebi | 100 (2000). | Amazonas, Rio Preto and Marmelos, 2 villages. | May be a Tenharim dialect. A family group that has not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with outside culture. | Trade language. An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. 1,500,000 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xmp | Kuku-Mu'inh | 7 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. | May be a Tenharim dialect. A family group that has not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with outside culture. | Trade language. An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. 1,500,000 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xmq | Kuku-Mangk | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. | May be a Tenharim dialect. A family group that has not lived with the Tenharim for many years, and does not want contact with outside culture. | Trade language. An important, growing lingua franca in many parts of Sulawesi. 1,500,000 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xms | Moroccan Sign Language | No estimate available. | Used in Tetouan and other cities. | Algerian Sign Language has influenced the strong deaf community of 60 to 70 men in the city of Oujda in the north. Lexical similarity less than 50% with American Sign Language. | Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4 to 21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xmt | Matbat | 1,250 (2001 Remijsen). | Raja Ampat Islands, Misool Island, Segaf Islands. | Algerian Sign Language has influenced the strong deaf community of 60 to 70 men in the city of Oujda in the north. Lexical similarity less than 50% with American Sign Language. | Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4 to 21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xmu | Kamu | 2 (1967). | Northern Territory, south of Darwin, east of Daly River. | Algerian Sign Language has influenced the strong deaf community of 60 to 70 men in the city of Oujda in the north. Lexical similarity less than 50% with American Sign Language. | Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4 to 21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xmv | Malagasy, Antankarana | 88,000 (1996). | Northern tip, Antananarivo. | Lexical similarity 71% with Merina. | Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4 to 21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| xmw | Malagasy, Tsimihety | 1,016,000 (1996). | North central. | Lexical similarity 68% with Merina. | Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4 to 21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. | Bible portions: 1924. | Bible portions: 1924. | |
| xmx | Maden | 600 (2001 Remijsen). | Raja Ampat Islands, western Salawati Island. | Kawait. | Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4 to 21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. | Bible portions: 1924. | Bible portions: 1924. | |
| xmy | Mayaguduna | 2. | Queensland, near north coast, inland between Leichhardt River and Flinders River. | Kawait. | Many deaf women do not leave their homes, or do not sign in the streets, so it is difficult to determine numbers. Association Nanane, a school in the north, had about 30 students, ages 4 to 21. MSL used in 3 programs for the deaf. Communities in Rabat, Tangier, and Casa Blanca do not use MSL. Used by USA Peace Corps. Most deaf people cannot read or write or understand Arabic. | Bible portions: 1924. | Bible portions: 1924. |
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