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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vaf | Vafsi | 18,000 (2003). | Markazi Province, Arak District, Vafs, near Tafresh. | Various dialects. Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh; very close to Ashtiani. | Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Tamil script. Bible portions: 1975. | Tamil script. Bible portions: 1975. | |
| vah | Varhadi-Nagpuri | 463 (1961 census). Population includes 186 Dahngari, 271 Kumbhari, 6 Warhadi. | Maharashtra, Amravati, Buldana, Akola districts; Madhya Pradesh, Chhindwara and Balaghat districts; Andhra Pradesh, Adilabad and Nizamabad districts. | Brahmani, Kunbi, Raipur, Jhadpi, Govari, Kosti (Rangari), Kunban (Kohli), Mahari (Dhedi). Regarded by some as a dialect of Marathi. More distinct dialects or languages are Marheti, Natakani, Katia (Katiyai). | Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Bible portions: 1834. | Bible portions: 1834. | |
| vai | Vai | 15,500 in Sierra Leone (1991). | Western. Also spoken in Sierra Leone. | Different from Kono. | Most are Mende speakers in Sierra Leone. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| vaj | Vasekela Bushman | No estimate available. | Western Caprivi area. | May be the same as 'Akhoe or Kung-Ekoka. | Most are Mende speakers in Sierra Leone. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| vam | Vanimo | 2,667 (2000 census). | Sandaun Province, Vanimo District. 3 villages. Not in Papua, Indonesia. | 2 dialects. Related to Wutung. | Most are Mende speakers in Sierra Leone. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| van | Valman | 1,740 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. | Related to Olo, Yau, Ningil, Yis. | Most are Mende speakers in Sierra Leone. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| vap | Vaiphei | 27,791 in Manipur (2001 census). | Assam; south Manipur: Churachandpur District, 30+ villages; Meghalaya; Tripura. | Related to Olo, Yau, Ningil, Yis. | Most are Mende speakers in Sierra Leone. | Roman script. NT: 1957–1989. | Roman script. NT: 1957–1989. | |
| var | Huarijio | 5,000 (1994 SIL). Nearly all are monolingual. | Western Sierra Madre Mountains, west central Chihuahua, from Río Chinipas on the east to the Sonora border, to the headwaters of the Río Mayo in Sonora, more than 17 villages. | Highland Huarijío, Lowland Huarijío. Intelligibility of Tarahumara is less than 50%. 'Maculai' (Macurawe, Macuyawe) is used by the upriver Huarijio to refer to the downriver Huarijio, who may have intermarried with the Mayo in the past. There are old town ruins called Macoyawi, now under Lake Mocutzari, which also refer to them. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 20%, 2 19%, 3 10%, 4 1%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% adults. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% adults. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| vas | Vasavi | 900,000 (1997 BSI). | Maharashtra, small villages and hamlets around the Tapti River; Gujarat, Surat and Bharuch districts, north of the Tapti River in the southern areas of Akkalkuwa and Akrani tahsils on a narrow belt of land between the Satpudas and the Tapti banks; some in the Satpudas; south of the Tapti in the central and northern Nandurbar and Nawapur tahsils. | Dehvali, Ambodi (Ambodia), Dogri (Dungri, Dhogri), Khatalia, Kotni. Not intelligible with Pauri or Bhili. 77% to 93% intelligibility between Dogri, Khatali, Dehwali, Dubli, and Kotni varieties. | Speakers have low proficiency in Marathi. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. Gujarati and Marathi scripts. Bible portions: 1998. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. Gujarati and Marathi scripts. Bible portions: 1998. | |
| vav | Varli | 600,000 (2003). | Maharashtra, northern Thane District, especially Dahanu and Talasari taluks, and some in Nasik and Dhule districts; Gujarat, Valsad District, especially Dharampur taluk; Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Davari dialect in far north Thane District and southern Gujarat; Nihiri elsewhere. | Davari, Western Nihiri, Eastern Nihiri. Some classify this as a dialect of Gujarati or Bhili. Lexical similarity 61% to 93% among dialects. | Speakers have low proficiency in Marathi or Gujarati. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| vay | Wayu | 1,743 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 1,821 (2001 census) to 2,826 (2000). | Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap and Sindhuli districts, on the hills on both sides of the Sun Kosi River. | Distinct from Chepang. | Hodgson said it was becoming extinct in the mid-19th century, but it has survived until the end of the 20th century (Michailovsky 1988). No monolingual children (Matisoff 1991). | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| vbb | Babar, Southeast | 3,325 (1989 SIL). | Southeast Babar Island, south Maluku. | Distinct from Chepang. | Hodgson said it was becoming extinct in the mid-19th century, but it has survived until the end of the 20th century (Michailovsky 1988). No monolingual children (Matisoff 1991). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vec | Venetian | 100,000 in Croatia and Slovenia (1994 Tapani Salminen). See also Italian in Croatia. | Istrian Peninsula and Dalmatia. | Istrian, Tretine, Venetian Proper. | Vigorous. | Bible portions: 1859. | Bible portions: 1859. | |
| ved | Veddah | 300 (1993 Johnstone). Ethnic population: 2,500 (2002). | Eastern mountains, Badulla and Polonnaruwa districts. | Istrian, Tretine, Venetian Proper. | Speakers are shifting to Sinhalese. Breton 1997 says Veddah no longer used. | Bible portions: 1859. | Bible portions: 1859. | |
| vel | Veluws | No estimate available. | Northeastern, Gelderland Province. | East Veluws, North Veluws. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | Bible portions: 1859. | Bible portions: 1859. | |
| vem | Vemgo-Mabas | 5,000 in Cameroon (1984). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, village of Mabas on Nigerian border northwest of Mokolo. | Vemgo, Mabas. | Some also use Mafa, Lamang, or Hdi. | Bible portions: 1859. | Bible portions: 1859. | |
| veo | Ventureño | Extinct. | Formerly in southern California, near Santa Barbara. | Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. Had multiple dialects. | Some also use Mafa, Lamang, or Hdi. | Bible portions: 1859. | Bible portions: 1859. | |
| vep | Veps | 6,355 (1990 A. Kibrik). Ethnic population: 13,500. | Among Russian speakers, on the boundary between St. Petersburg and Vologda oblasts and in Karelian Republic. Half reportedly went to Finland during World War II. | Southern Veps, Central Veps, Prionezh (North Veps). | Few children speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Russian. | Taught in some primary schools, but not compulsory. Book of poems, school primers for grades 1 to 3. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–1999. | Taught in some primary schools, but not compulsory. Book of poems, school primers for grades 1 to 3. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–1999. | |
| vgr | Vaghri | 10,000 in Pakistan (1998). | Sindh, in Sukkur, Karachi (Bhes Colony), Nawabshah, Sakrand, Hala, Sanghar, Tando Adam, Tando Mohammed Khan, Badin, Matli, Tando Ghulam Ali, Digri, Noakot, Jang Sai, Mirpur Khas, and Tando Allahyar. Possibly 90,000 in India. | Related to the language spoken by the Kukar people living near Chanesar Halt, Mehmoodabad in Karachi. Lexical similarity 78% with Wadiyari Koli. | They speak some Sindhi, Urdu, and Gujarati. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| vic | Virgin Islands Creole English | 16,700 in Netherlands Antilles (2002 SIL). Population includes 14,000 on St. Maarten, 1,100 on Saba, 1,600 on St. Eustatius. | Southern St. Maarten, Saba, St. Eustatius. | St. Maarten Creole English, Saba Creole English, Statia Creole English. | Coexists with English in a fairly stable diglossic relationship (Holm 1989:455). | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| vie | Vietnamese | 7,200 in China (1999 Ouyag Jueya). 14,000 monolinguals (half older adults and half children). | On the Shanxin, Wanwei, and Wutou peninsulas in the Jiangping Region of the Fangcheng Pan-Nationality Autonomous County on the south coast of Guangxi Province. | Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects. | Vigorous. A few Chinese living in the area speak Vietnamese as second language. All domains. All ages. Speakers are accustomed to using their language locally and Yue outside. Bilinguals use Chinese as a written language. Bilingualism in Yue Chinese of Guanxi is reported to be high. About 100 can also speak Zhuang. Yue or Mandarin used in secondary education. | Literacy rate in first language: 65%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Roman script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1916–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 65%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Roman script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1916–1994. | |
| vig | Viemo | 8,000 (1995 SIL). | Houet Province, Karankasso Vigué Department, 40 km southeast of Bobo Dioulasso. | Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects. | Vigorous. Used in the homes and village. All ages. All use Jula with outsiders. Few have learned French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vil | Vilela | 20 (1981 Buckwalter). | Resistencia, east central Chaco Province near Paraguay border. | Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects. | Any remaining Vilela are apparently being absorbed by the Toba or losing their Indian identity in the barrios of towns and cities (1981 Buckwalter). | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vis | Vishavan | 150 (Shashi 1994). | Kerala, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Trichur districts, Parana and Perumuzhi on Idamala River, Idyara Range, Moovatupuzha Taluk; groups on Chalakudi River near Ittyani. | Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects. | Any remaining Vilela are apparently being absorbed by the Toba or losing their Indian identity in the barrios of towns and cities (1981 Buckwalter). | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vka | Kariyarra | Extinct. | Western Australia, south of Port Hedland. | Northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Hanoi), Central Vietnamese (Hue), Southern Vietnamese. Numerous dialects. | Any remaining Vilela are apparently being absorbed by the Toba or losing their Indian identity in the barrios of towns and cities (1981 Buckwalter). | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vki | Ija-Zuba | No estimate available. | Federal Capital Territory, south of Abuja, north of the Minna Suleja road. | A dialect cluster. Listed separately in Crozier and Blench 1992. Different from Koro of Lafia, Begbere-Ejar, or Tanjijili. 'Koro' is used as a cover term for several languages. | Any remaining Vilela are apparently being absorbed by the Toba or losing their Indian identity in the barrios of towns and cities (1981 Buckwalter). | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vkj | Kujarge | 1,000 (1983 Bender). | Dar Fongoro, 7 villages near Jebel Mirra, and scattered among the Fur and Sinyar in Sudanese villages along the lower Wadis Salih and Azum rivers. The Daju Galfigé are to the west, Sinyar to the north, Fur-Dalinga, Fongoro, Formono, and Runga to the east and south. | A dialect cluster. Listed separately in Crozier and Blench 1992. Different from Koro of Lafia, Begbere-Ejar, or Tanjijili. 'Koro' is used as a cover term for several languages. | Fur is used as second language and some use Daju. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vkk | Kaur | 20,000 (1989). | Southwestern Sumatra, South Bengkulu, Southern Kaur area, and Northern Kaur area. | Related to Serawai. | Fur is used as second language and some use Daju. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vkl | Kulisusu | 22,000 (1995 SIL). | Southeast Sulawesi, Kulisusu and Bonegunu subdistricts on the northeast corner of Buton Island. | Lexical similarity 81% between dialects, 77% with Taloki, 75% with Koroni, 66% with Wawonii and the Bungku group, 65% with Moronene, 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups. | Fur is used as second language and some use Daju. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vkm | Kamakan | Extinct. | Bahia area. | Lexical similarity 81% between dialects, 77% with Taloki, 75% with Koroni, 66% with Wawonii and the Bungku group, 65% with Moronene, 54% with the Mori and Tolaki groups. | Fur is used as second language and some use Daju. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vko | Kodeoha | 1,500 (1991 SIL). | Southeast Sulawesi, Kolaka District, Lasusua Subdistrict, west coast of Kolaka. 4 villages. | Lexical similarity 75% with Rahambuu; 70% with Tolaki, Mekongga, and Waru; 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. | Speakers also use Bugis. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Jula, 1% in French. | |
| vkp | Korlai Creole Portuguese | 750 (1998 J.C. Clements). | Maharashtra, Korlai, 200 km south of Bombay, west coast. | A blend of Portuguese and Marathi. | First language of the Christian farming community in upper Korlai. Originated around 1520. Originally cut off from Hindu and Muslim neighbors by social and religious barriers, lost virtually all Portuguese contact as well after 1740. Situation now rapidly changing, with intense cultural pressure from the surrounding Marathi-speaking population. Used in the home. Speak Marathi fluently with outsiders. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | |
| vkt | Malay, Tenggarong Kutai | 210,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 100,000 in Tenggarong, 60,000 in Ancalong, 50,000 in Northern Kutai. | Mahakam River basin, east central coastal area, from Sepinang and Tg. Mangkalihat in the north to Muarabadak and Samarinda in the south. | Tenggarong Kutai, Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bangun are not inherently intelligible. Shares phonological innovations with Berau Malay, Banjar, and Brunei. | First language of the Christian farming community in upper Korlai. Originated around 1520. Originally cut off from Hindu and Muslim neighbors by social and religious barriers, lost virtually all Portuguese contact as well after 1740. Situation now rapidly changing, with intense cultural pressure from the surrounding Marathi-speaking population. Used in the home. Speak Marathi fluently with outsiders. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | |
| vku | Kurrama | 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, northwest, southeast of Pannawonica. | Tenggarong Kutai, Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bangun are not inherently intelligible. Shares phonological innovations with Berau Malay, Banjar, and Brunei. | Speakers also use English. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | |
| vky | Kayu Agung | 45,000 (1989). | Southern Sumatra, around Kayuagung. | Tenggarong Kutai, Ancalong Kutai, Northern Kutai. Many dialects. Tenggarong and Kota Bangun are not inherently intelligible. Shares phonological innovations with Berau Malay, Banjar, and Brunei. | Speakers also use English. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. | |
| vls | Vlaams | 122,000 in the Netherlands (1998 U. of Ghent). | The Netherlands, southernmost island of the Province of Zeeland. | West Vlaams, Frans Vlaams (Vlaemsch). | Speakers have Vlaams as first and sometimes only language. Used for informal situations. Varies locally from all ages to over 40. Speakers also use Dutch. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% Dutch. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% Dutch. | |
| vma | Martuyhunira | 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, northwest coast southwest of Dampier and inland. | West Vlaams, Frans Vlaams (Vlaemsch). | Speakers have Vlaams as first and sometimes only language. Used for informal situations. Varies locally from all ages to over 40. Speakers also use Dutch. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| vmb | Mbabaram | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, northwest coast southwest of Dampier and inland. | West Vlaams, Frans Vlaams (Vlaemsch). | Speakers have Vlaams as first and sometimes only language. Used for informal situations. Varies locally from all ages to over 40. Speakers also use Dutch. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| vmc | Mixtec, Juxtlahuaca | 16,000 (1990 census). 5,500 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, central Santiago Juxtlahuaca, towns of San Sebastián Tecomaxtlahuaca, San Miguel Tlacotepec, Santos Reyes Tepejillo, Santa María Tindú, and Santa María Yucunicoco, San Quintín valley, Baja California. | 84% intelligibility of Silacayoapan, 80% of Yucucani and San Miguel Peras, 63% of Santa Cruz Mixtepec, 48% of Coicoyán (Western Juxtlahuaca), 37% of Tezoatlán, 18% of Zacatepec, 10% of Ñumí. | Speakers have Vlaams as first and sometimes only language. Used for informal situations. Varies locally from all ages to over 40. Speakers also use Dutch. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| vmd | Koraga, Mudu | 15,000. Ethnic population: 16,665 (1981 census). | Kerala. | Distinct from Korra Koraga, Tulu, or Kannada. Structural differences in phonology with Korra Koraga. | Speakers also use Kannada. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| vme | Masela, East | 519 (1980 de Jonge). | 3 villages on Marsela Island, south Maluku. | Distinct from Korra Koraga, Tulu, or Kannada. Structural differences in phonology with Korra Koraga. | Speakers also use Kannada. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vmf | Mainfränkisch | No estimate available. | Spoken mostly along the River Main, including the city of Mainz, thus not far west of Frankfurt. | Approximately 40% inherently intelligible with Standard German. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vmh | Maraghei | No estimate available. | Upper Rudbar area (Rudbar-e Alamut). | Dikini. Various dialects. Close to Gozarkhani. Dialect in Kuhpayeh may be the same language. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vmi | Miwa | 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, Drysdale River, far northern Kimberleys area. | Dikini. Various dialects. Close to Gozarkhani. Dialect in Kuhpayeh may be the same language. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vmj | Mixtec, Ixtayutla | 5,500 (1990 census). 2,800 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, Jamiltepec District, Santiago Ixtayutla and about 15 settlements (Nuyuku, Xiniyuva, La Humedad, Pueblo Viejo, Musko, Yukuyaa, Llano Verde, Yomuche, Carasul, Frutillo). | 79% intelligibility of Amoltepec, 59% of Chayuco, 49% of Jamiltepec, 40% of San Juan Colorado, 30% of Zacatepec. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vml | Malgana | Extinct. | Western Australia, Shark Bay, south of Wooramel River to near Hamelin Pool. | 79% intelligibility of Amoltepec, 59% of Chayuco, 49% of Jamiltepec, 40% of San Juan Colorado, 30% of Zacatepec. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vmm | Mixtec, Mitlatongo | 1,800 (1994 SIL). | Oaxaca, Nochixtlán, Santiago Mitlatongo, Santa Cruz Mitlatongo. | 70% intelligibility of Yutanduchi, 56% of Peñoles, 54% of San Juan Tamazola, 43% of Teita, 10% of Nuxaá, 8% of Diuxi. | All ages. Children are learning Spanish, but it is limited. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vmo | Muko-Muko | 30,000 (1989). | Southern Sumatra, west coast around Mukomuko. | Related to Minangkabau with strong influences from Rejang. | All ages. Children are learning Spanish, but it is limited. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| vmp | Mazatec, Soyaltepec | 23,000 (1990 census). 6,000 monolinguals. The original Soyaltepec variety may only be 900 speakers, most of whom are monolingual. | Oaxaca, northwestern Tuxtepec District, part of Soyaltepec Municipio, towns of Santa María Jacatepec and San Miguel Soyaltepec, Soyaltepec Island. | 5% intelligibility of Chiquihuitlán. A separate language from other Mazatec. | Speakers also use Spanish. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vmq | Mixtec, Soyaltepec | 322 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 926 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Teposcolula District, villages of San Bartolo Soyaltepec and Guadalupe Gabilera. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | All ages in some places. Children are learning Mixtec in Guadalupe. Speakers also use Spanish. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vms | Moksela | Extinct. | Central Maluku, possibly east Buru Island, near Kayeli. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vmu | Muluridyi | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, headwaters of Mitchell River to Mt. Carbine, Rumula, Mareeba, Woodville. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | A bilingual primary school and a secondary school on the Island. | |
| vmv | Maidu, Valley | Extinct. | Formerly in California, between Sacramento and the Sierra foothills. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Last speaker died in 1974. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| vmx | Mixtec, Tamazola | 2,500 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, Nochixtlán, San Juan Tamazola. | 28% intelligibility of Tilantongo, 25% of Ñumí, 23% of Apoala. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| vmy | Mazatec, Ayautla | 3,500 (1994 SIL). 2,800 are monolingual. | Oaxaca, southeastern Teotitlán District, San Bartolomé Ayautla. | 80% intelligibility of Huautla, 79% of San Miguel Hualtepec, 40% of Soyaltepec, 37% of Jalapa, 24% of Ixcatlán. | A prestige variety. Vigorous. All domains. All ages. | There is a secondary school. People are interested in literature. There is a bilingual school. | There is a secondary school. People are interested in literature. There is a bilingual school. | |
| vmz | Mazatec, Mazatlán | 13,000 (1990 census). 2,200 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, southern Teotitlán District, Mazatlán Villa de Flores, plus 32 towns and villages, and others in D.F. | Loma Grande, Zoyaltitla. 80% intelligibility of San Jerónimo Tecóatl, 78% of Huautla, 16% of Jalapa de Díaz, 8% of Chiquihuitlán. | A significant number of monolinguals are 5 to 9 years old. Over half the children do not know Spanish when entering school. | There is a secondary school. People are interested in literature. There is a bilingual school. | There is a secondary school. People are interested in literature. There is a bilingual school. | |
| vot | Vod | 25 (1979 Valt). Ethnic population: 200 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Kingisepp area of St. Petersburg. | East Vod, West Vod. Intelligible with Estonian of the northeast coast. | Used in the home. All speakers are adults. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| vsi | Moldova Sign Language | No estimate available. | Kingisepp area of St. Petersburg. | East Vod, West Vod. Intelligible with Estonian of the northeast coast. | Used in the home. All speakers are adults. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| vsl | Venezuelan Sign Language | No estimate available. | Kingisepp area of St. Petersburg. | The sign language used in the classroom is different from the one used by adults outside. | There have been schools for the deaf since 1937, and they use sign language. Deaf people can attend college with a sign language interpreter. There is a national bilingual education program for Venezuelan Sign Language and Spanish. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| waa | Walla Walla | 100 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 700 (1977 SIL). | Umatilla Reservation, Oregon. | The sign language used in the classroom is different from the one used by adults outside. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wac | Wasco-Wishram | 69 (1990 census). 7 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 750 possibly (1977 SIL). | North central Oregon, south central Washington. | The sign language used in the classroom is different from the one used by adults outside. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wae | Walser | 1,300 in Liechtenstein (1995 C. Buchli). | Triesenberg, including Saminatal and Malbun. 1 community in Liechtenstein. | Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwyzerdütsch spoken in Wallis Canton in Switzerland. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. | Used in religious services. All ages. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| waf | Wakoná | Extinct. Ethnic population: 500 to 1,000 (1995 SIL). | Alagoas. | Ancestors came from the Wallis Canton between the 12th and 13th centuries. Close but different from Schwyzerdütsch spoken in Wallis Canton in Switzerland. Different from Cimbrian, Mocheno, or Bavarian. | Used in religious services. All ages. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wah | Watubela | 4,000 (1990 SIL). | Watubela Islands, east central Maluku, north of Kur Island. | Tamher Timur, Sulmelang. Lexical similarity 77% between dialects, 51% to 61% with Geser-Gorom, 41% with Teor and Kur, 37% with Bobot, 34% with Masiwang. | Many claim to use Geser-Gorom as second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| wai | Wares | 200 (1993 Doriot). | North coast area inland from Kwesten language on upper Biri River, south side, village of Mauswares. | Tamher Timur, Sulmelang. Lexical similarity 77% between dialects, 51% to 61% with Geser-Gorom, 41% with Teor and Kur, 37% with Bobot, 34% with Masiwang. | Many claim to use Geser-Gorom as second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| waj | Waffa | 1,300 (1988 SIL). | Morobe Province, Kaiapit District, headwaters of Waffa River, 3 major villages and 2 smaller ones. | Tamher Timur, Sulmelang. Lexical similarity 77% between dialects, 51% to 61% with Geser-Gorom, 41% with Teor and Kur, 37% with Bobot, 34% with Masiwang. | Vigorous. Some North Tairora traders also use Waffa. All domains. Oral and written use in church. All ages. Positive language attitude. Tok Pisin is used by those who have access to a school, English to those with access to a secondary school. | Literacy rate in first language: 90%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 90%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1988. | |
| wal | Wolaytta | 1,231,673 (1998 census). 999,694 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,269,216 (1998 census). | Wolaytta Region, Lake Abaya area. | Zala. Dorze, Melo, Oyda may be dialects of Wolaytta or of Gamo-Gofa-Dawro. Lexical similarity 79% to 93% with Gamo, 84% with Gofa, 80% with Kullo and Dorze, 48% with Koorete, 43% with Male. | 89,801 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 29.6%. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 29.6%. NT: 1981. | |
| wam | Wampanoag | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,200 (1977 SIL). | Southeastern Massachusetts. | Zala. Dorze, Melo, Oyda may be dialects of Wolaytta or of Gamo-Gofa-Dawro. Lexical similarity 79% to 93% with Gamo, 84% with Gofa, 80% with Kullo and Dorze, 48% with Koorete, 43% with Male. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Dictionary. Bible: 1663–1685. | Dictionary. Bible: 1663–1685. | |
| wan | Wan | 22,000 (1993 UBS). | Subprefectures of Kounahiri and the western part of Beoumi. | Miamu, Kemu. | Speakers also use French, Jula, or Muan. | Dictionary. Bible: 1663–1685. | Dictionary. Bible: 1663–1685. | |
| wao | Wappo | Extinct. Ethnic population: 50 (1977 SIL). | California, north of the San Francisco Bay area. | Miamu, Kemu. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| wap | Wapishana | 1,500 in Brazil (1986 SIL). | Roraima. | Amariba, Atorai. | Amariba dialect may be extinct. Some also use Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1975–1994. | Bible portions: 1975–1994. | |
| waq | Wageman | 10 (2000). | South of Pine Creek, Tipperary Station, and Bagot, Northern Territory. | Amariba, Atorai. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| war | Waray-Waray | 2,437,688 (1990 census). | Northern and eastern Samar-Leyte. | Waray, Samar-Leyte, Northern Samar. Several dialects. | Language of wider communication. | Bible: 1937–1984. | Bible: 1937–1984. | |
| was | Washo | 10 (1998 J. Brooke). Ethnic population: 1,500 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | California-Nevada border southeast of Lake Tahoe. | Waray, Samar-Leyte, Northern Samar. Several dialects. | Speakers are shifting to English. Informal language classes taught by elder, plans for a preschool. Speakers are older adults. | Bible: 1937–1984. | Bible: 1937–1984. | |
| wau | Waurá | 240 (1994 SIL). | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Partially intelligible with Mehináku. | Speakers are shifting to English. Informal language classes taught by elder, plans for a preschool. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| waw | Waiwai | 200 in Guyana (1990 J. Forte). | Southwest Guyana, headwaters of the Essequibo River. | Katawian (Katwena, Katawina). | Speakers are shifting to English. Informal language classes taught by elder, plans for a preschool. Speakers are older adults. | Bible: 2002. | Bible: 2002. | |
| wax | Watam | 590 (2003 SIL). | Madang and East Sepik provinces, near the mouth of the Ramu River. | Katawian (Katwena, Katawina). | Speakers are shifting to English. Informal language classes taught by elder, plans for a preschool. Speakers are older adults. | Bible: 2002. | Bible: 2002. | |
| way | Wayana | 200 in French Guiana. Ethnic population: 1,000 in French Guiana. | Southwestern border area. | Rucuyen (Roucouyenne), Urucuiana (Urucena). | Speakers are shifting to English. Informal language classes taught by elder, plans for a preschool. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1979. | |
| wba | Warao | Few speakers in Suriname. | Near Guyana border. | Rucuyen (Roucouyenne), Urucuiana (Urucena). | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Guyanese. | NT: 1974. | NT: 1974. | |
| wbe | Waritai | 150 (2000 Wurm). | Lakes Plain area around Taiyeve. | Related to Doutai. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Guyanese. | NT: 1974. | NT: 1974. | |
| wbf | Wara | 4,500 (1993 Johnstone). | Comoé Province, west of Banfora, near the town of Sindou. The main village is Néguéni. | Negueni-Klani, Ouatourou-Niasogoni, Soulani, Faniagara. Negueni has over 95% intelligibility of Niansogoni, but the reverse is below 80%. No intelligibility of Natioro. | All ages. Positive language attitude. They speak Jula to outsiders. Everyone but the youngest children speaks Jula, but proficiency is limited. | NT: 1974. | NT: 1974. | |
| wbj | Alagwa | 30,000 (2001 Kiessling). | Dodoma Region, Kondoa District. | Related to Iraqw, but not inherently intelligible. Also close to Burunge and Gorowa. | Vigorous in most areas. In mixed villages children tend to speak Langi among themselves. Some speakers also use Langi. | NT: 1974. | NT: 1974. | |
| wbk | Waigali | 1,500 (2000 Van Driem). | Southeast Nuristan, north of Pech in central Kunar Province. Varjan is in north Waigal Valley, villages of Waigal, Zonchigal, Jamach, Ameshdesh, and eastward in the Veligal Valley and villages there. Chima-Nishey is in villages in the lower valley. | Varjan, Chima-Nishey. Lexical similarity 76% to 80% with Tregami. | Vigorous in most areas. In mixed villages children tend to speak Langi among themselves. Some speakers also use Langi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| wbl | Wakhi | 7,000 in Tajikistan (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 20,000 in Tajikistan (1990 Kibrik). | Gorno-Badakhshan, Pamir Mountains. | Western Wakhi, Central Wakhi, Eastern Wakhi. | 70% of the ethnic group speaks Wakhi. Not a written language. Some key domains. 60% of children speak Wakhi. Positive language attitude. Tajiki is used as a literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| wbm | Wa | 280,000 in China (1999 Chen Guoqing). Many are monolingual. | Awa Mountains, southwest Yunnan as far east as the Lancang (Mekong) River. | Baraoke, Va, Ava. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Chinese, Lü or Lahu. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. | |
| wbp | Warlpiri | 3,000 (1990 Schmidt). | Northern Territory, Yuendumu, Ali Curung Willowra, Alice Springs, Katherine, Darwin, and Lajamanu. | Related to Warlmanpa. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Chinese, Lü or Lahu. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2001. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2001. | |
| wbq | Waddar | 1,930,000 (2003 IMA). Ethnic population: Population of India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka is 3.2 million (IMA 2003). | Andhra Pradesh; Karnataka; Maharashtra, Jalgaon District. | Related to Warlmanpa. | Some speak Telugu, Marathi, Hindi. | Some are literate in Telugu or Marathi. | Some are literate in Telugu or Marathi. | |
| wbr | Wagdi | 1,621,000 (1997). | Rajasthan, southern Udaipur, Dungarpur and Banswara districts; Gujarat, Sabarkantha and Panchmahals; Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. | Kherwara, Sagwara, Adivasi Wagdi. Intelligibility among dialects is above 95%. Wagdi Banswara highly intelligible to Bhilodi of Gujarat. Wagdi highly intelligible to Patelia of Gujarat. Lexical similarity 84% with Patelia dialects; 75% to 80% with Marwari dialects; 79% to 93% with Adiwasi Girasia dialects; 79% to 87% with Rajput Girasia dialects. | Language of wider communication. A regional language in Vagad Desh. Merchants and government workers use it as second language. No feeling of inferiority attached to Wagdi. Some also use Hindi; proficiency is adequate for market and other common topics. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | |
| wbt | Wanman | 20 (1973 SIL). | Western Australia, Marble Bar area, Nullagine Station, Strelley. | Kherwara, Sagwara, Adivasi Wagdi. Intelligibility among dialects is above 95%. Wagdi Banswara highly intelligible to Bhilodi of Gujarat. Wagdi highly intelligible to Patelia of Gujarat. Lexical similarity 84% with Patelia dialects; 75% to 80% with Marwari dialects; 79% to 93% with Adiwasi Girasia dialects; 79% to 87% with Rajput Girasia dialects. | Members of the ethnic group generally speak Kriol, English, Martu Wangka, or Nyangumarta. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | |
| wbv | Wajarri | 50 (1981 W. Douglas). Ethnic population: 200 or fewer (1981 W. Douglas). | Mt. Magnet to Geraldton, Western Australia. | Related to Badimaya. | Members of the ethnic group generally speak English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | |
| wca | Yanomámi | 9,000 (1994 SIL). | Waicá post, Uraricuera River, Roraima, Toototobi post, Amazonas, Catrimani River, Roraima. | Yanamam (Patimitheri, Waika), Yanomam (Naomam, Guadema, Wadema, Warema), Yanomay (Toototobi), Nanomam (Karime), Jauari (Joari, Yoari, Aica). Related to Yanomamö of Brazil and Venezuela. | Most speakers are monolingual. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | |
| wci | Gbe, Waci | 110,000 in Benin (1993 Johnstone). | Mono Province. | One of 10 languages that make up the Gbe language cluster that extends from southeastern Ghana across southern Togo and southern Benin into southwestern Nigeria. The cluster also includes Ci Gbe, Defi Gbe, Gbesi Gbe, Eastern Xwla Gbe, Maxi Gbe, Kotafon Gbe, Western Xwla Gbe, Tofin Gbe, Xwela Gbe. | Speakers also use French or Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| wdg | Wadaginam | 947 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | One of 10 languages that make up the Gbe language cluster that extends from southeastern Ghana across southern Togo and southern Benin into southwestern Nigeria. The cluster also includes Ci Gbe, Defi Gbe, Gbesi Gbe, Eastern Xwla Gbe, Maxi Gbe, Kotafon Gbe, Western Xwla Gbe, Tofin Gbe, Xwela Gbe. | Speakers also use French or Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| wdj | Wadjiginy | 12 (1988 SIL). | Southwest of Darwin along coast and inland along Finniss River. | Pungupungu (Kuwama, Patjtjamalh, Kandjerramal). | Members of the ethnic group speak Kriol, but many understand Wadjiginy when the older people speak it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| wdu | Wadjigu | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, southwest of Fairbairn Reservoir. | Pungupungu (Kuwama, Patjtjamalh, Kandjerramal). | Members of the ethnic group speak Kriol, but many understand Wadjiginy when the older people speak it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| wea | Wewaw | 23,874 (2000 WCD). | Toungoo District. | Pungupungu (Kuwama, Patjtjamalh, Kandjerramal). | Members of the ethnic group speak Kriol, but many understand Wadjiginy when the older people speak it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| wec | Wè Western | 25,188 (1998 SIL). Population includes 20,000 Kaoro (1995 SIL). | Western Department, Subprefecture of Toulépleu. | Nidrou (Nidru), Kaoro (Kaawlu, Kaowlu). | Most bilingual comprehension in French and Jula is limited to greetings and trade. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| wei | Were | 492 (2000 census). | Western Province, Dewara (Weredai) village. | Nidrou (Nidru), Kaoro (Kaawlu, Kaowlu). | Most bilingual comprehension in French and Jula is limited to greetings and trade. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| wem | Gbe, Weme | 60,000 (1991 L. Vanderaa). | Weme and Atlantic provinces. | Nidrou (Nidru), Kaoro (Kaawlu, Kaowlu). | Speakers also use French or Fon. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| wep | Westphalien | No estimate available. | Northwestern, Westphalia. | Nidrou (Nidru), Kaoro (Kaawlu, Kaowlu). | Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. |
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