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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| uam | Uamué | Extinct. Ethnic population: 3,900 (1995 AMTB). | Pernambuco, vicinity of Floresta. | Closest to Kopar (Watam). Distinct from the Karawari dialect of Alamblak. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | NT: 1987. | NT: 1987. | |
| uan | Kuan | 2,500 (1995 census). | Bolikhamxay Province, Viangthong District, near the Mouan River. | Some classification problems, possibly because of migration. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | NT: 1987. | NT: 1987. | |
| uar | Tairuma | 4,000 (1993 SIL). | Gulf Province, Uaripi and several other villages near Toaripi. | Some classification problems, possibly because of migration. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| uba | Ubang | 3,416 (2000 WCD). | Cross River State, Obudu LGA. | Some classification problems, possibly because of migration. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ubi | Ubi | 1,100 (1995 SIL). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Mongo Subprefecture, southwest of Tounkoul, around Oubi village. | Lexical similarity 48% with Mawa (closest). | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ubm | Kenyah, Upper Baram | 636 in Indonesia (2000 WCD). | Border with Sarawak, northwest of Longkemuat. | Long Anap may be a dialect (Blust 1974). | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ubu | Umbu-Ungu | 34,154 (2000 census). | Western Highlands Province, Tambul (No-Penge dialect) and Lower Kaugel (Kala dialect) districts, extending into Southern Highlands Province (Andelale dialect). | Kala (Mendo-Kala), No-Penge, Andelale. | Some speakers understand Medlpa. | NT: 1995–1998. | NT: 1995–1998. | |
| uby | Ubykh | Extinct. | Haci Osman village, near the Sea of Marmara, near Istanbul. | Kala (Mendo-Kala), No-Penge, Andelale. | The last fully competent speaker, Tevfik Esen, of Haci Osman, died in Istanbul October 1992. A century ago there were 50,000 speakers in the Caucasus valleys east of the Black Sea. Most migrated to Turkey in 1894. The ethnic group now speaks a distinct dialect of Adyghe. | NT: 1995–1998. | NT: 1995–1998. | |
| ude | Udihe | 100 (1991 Kibrik). Ethnic population: 1,600 (1991 Kibrik). | Siberian far east; Khabarovsk Krai, Gvasiugi settlement, Lazo Region; Arsenievo settlement, Nanai Region; Primorski Krai, Krasny Yar settlement in the Pozharsk Region, Agzu settlement in the Terneisk Region. | Khungari, Khor, Anjuski, Samargin, Bikin, Iman, Sikhota Alin. Dialect differences are not great. | 10% or less of the ethnic group speaks Udihe. Used in the home. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| udi | Udi | 4,200 in Azerbaijan (1995). Population total all countries: 5,720. | Qabala, Nic, and Mirzabeyli villages, and Oghuz, Oghuz town. Most Udi are reported to have left Oghuz. Also spoken in Georgia, Russia (Asia), Turkmenistan. | Oghuz (Vartashen), Nidzh (Nij, Nic, Nizh), Oktomberi. Oktomberi is more different from Nic Udi than Oghuz Udi is. One of the most divergent of the Lesgian languages. | Up to 1954 schooling was in Azerbaijani. New primers and folk tales have been prepared for publication. Udi is used for intragroup communication. 30% to 50% of children speak Udi. Russian and sometimes Azerbaijani used as literary languages; in some areas they use Armenian or Georgian. In Nic the children attend Russian language schools. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | |
| udj | Ujir | 975 (1995 J. Hughes). | 2 villages, Ujir on Ujir Island and Samang on the end of western peninsula on Wokam Island, in northwest Aru Islands, south Maluku. | Lexical similarity 75% with Kola in north Aru, and slightly less with Kulaha on the west coast of Kola Island. | Language use is declining in Ujir because of the influence of Malay used by an increasing number of outsiders. Use is reported to be less in Samang than in Ujir. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | |
| udl | Wuzlam | 10,500 (1982 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Sava Division, Tokombere Subdivision, Wuzlam Massif south of Mora. | Lexical similarity 75% with Kola in north Aru, and slightly less with Kulaha on the west coast of Kola Island. | Language use is declining in Ujir because of the influence of Malay used by an increasing number of outsiders. Use is reported to be less in Samang than in Ujir. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1902. | |
| udm | Udmurt | 550,000 in Russia (1989 census). Population total all countries: 565,786. Ethnic population: 750,000 in the former USSR. | Udmurtia, 1,000 km northeast of Moscow, bounded by the Kama and Cheptsa rivers, near the Ural Mountains Izhyevsk (Ischewsk) is the capital. Also spoken in Kazakhstan. | North Udmurt (Besermyan, Udmurt), South Udmurt (Southwestern Udmurt). | The Besermyan are Udmurt-speaking Tatar. Speakers also use Russian. | Bible portions: 1847–1995. | Bible portions: 1847–1995. | |
| udu | Uduk | 20,000 in Ethiopia (1995 W. James). | Northern Sudan, Upper Nile Province from Belila in the north, southwards along Blue Nile Province boundary to Yabus River. Most now in a refugee camp in Ethiopia. | North Udmurt (Besermyan, Udmurt), South Udmurt (Southwestern Udmurt). | The Besermyan are Udmurt-speaking Tatar. Speakers also use Russian. | NT: 1963. | NT: 1963. | |
| ues | Kioko | 1,000 (1991 SIL). | Southeast Sulawesi, Kulisusu Subdistrict on Buton Island. | Kioko, Kambowa. Possibly dialect of the Pancana language. Lexical similarity 82% with Kambowa, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna, 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku and Busoa. | The Besermyan are Udmurt-speaking Tatar. Speakers also use Russian. | NT: 1963. | NT: 1963. | |
| ufi | Ufim | 550 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province. | Kioko, Kambowa. Possibly dialect of the Pancana language. Lexical similarity 82% with Kambowa, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna, 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku and Busoa. | The Besermyan are Udmurt-speaking Tatar. Speakers also use Russian. | NT: 1963. | NT: 1963. | |
| ugb | Kuku-Ugbanh | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, west coast Cape York Peninsula below Aurukun. | Kioko, Kambowa. Possibly dialect of the Pancana language. Lexical similarity 82% with Kambowa, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna, 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku and Busoa. | The Besermyan are Udmurt-speaking Tatar. Speakers also use Russian. | NT: 1963. | NT: 1963. | |
| ugn | Ugandan Sign Language | No estimate available. | All over Uganda, but mainly in the towns. | Kioko, Kambowa. Possibly dialect of the Pancana language. Lexical similarity 82% with Kambowa, 81% with Laompo dialect of Muna, 74% with Muna, 75% with Liabuku and Busoa. | There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1962. Several sign languages became one in 1988. The schools allow sign language in the classroom since 1988. The sign language used in the classroom and that used by adults outside is the same. Some sign language interpreters are provided for deaf people in court. Little research. There are a few sign language classes for hearing people. It was recognized as a minority language in 1995. Interpretation provided in parliament from a deaf member. Promotion by the Uganda National Association of the Deaf. Positive language attitude. Influences from Kenyan Sign Language and ASL. Knowledge of English is not widespread or deep. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ugo | Ugong | 80 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 500. | Kanchanaburi, Uthai Thani, Suphanburi. None in Myanmar. | Kok Chiang, Suphanburi. Not closely related to other languages. | No longer spoken in most of its former locations. Children speak Thai as first language. Used by 80 adults as language of the home. Adult speakers, youngest in 50s. No children speakers since 1977. All speak some variety of Thai. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ugy | Uruguayan Sign Language | No estimate available. | Kanchanaburi, Uthai Thani, Suphanburi. None in Myanmar. | Kok Chiang, Suphanburi. Not closely related to other languages. | The sign language has been used since 1910. Used in schools. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Instruction for parents of deaf children. A committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| uha | Uhami | 13,584 (2000 WCD). | Ondo State, Akoko South and Owo LGAs. | Kok Chiang, Suphanburi. Not closely related to other languages. | The sign language has been used since 1910. Used in schools. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Instruction for parents of deaf children. A committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| uhn | Damal | 14,000 (1991 UBS and 2000 Wurm). | Central highlands west of the Western Dani, east of Ekari, southeast of the source of the Kemandoga River, all around Puncak Jaya, northern and southern Carstens Mountains, Paniai Kabupaten, Ilaga and Beoga kecamatans. | Damal, Amung, Amongme, Enggipilu. Related to Ekari, Moni, Wolani. | The sign language has been used since 1910. Used in schools. Sign language interpreters are required in court. Instruction for parents of deaf children. A committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| uig | Uyghur | 500 in Turkey (1981). | Kayseri city, and an unknown number in Istanbul. Possibly in Iran. | Taranchi (Kulja), Kashgar-Yarkand. | 86% speak it as first language. | Literacy is in Halh in Mongolia; the Uyghur are generally assimilated to Halh culture. | Literacy is in Halh in Mongolia; the Uyghur are generally assimilated to Halh culture. | |
| uis | Uisai | 2,500 (1991 SIL). | Bougainville Province, southern, Buin District. | Taranchi (Kulja), Kashgar-Yarkand. | 86% speak it as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| uiv | Iyive | 1,000 in Nigeria (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Benue State, Kwande LGA, near Turan. | Lexical similarity 75% with Tiv. | 86% speak it as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| uji | Tanjijili | 8,540 (2000 WCD). | Niger State, Chanchaga and Suleija LGAs, on the road from Minna to Abuja at Kafin Koro, about 10 villages. | Lexical similarity 75% with Tiv. | 86% speak it as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| uka | Kaburi | 600 (1986 SIL). | Southern Bird's Head, east of Kemberano and Arandai languages, north of Kokoda and Fakfak, Manokwari Kabupaten, Merdei and Inanwatan kecamatans. | Lexical similarity 75% with Tiv. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| ukg | Ukuriguma | 166 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Wanuma, Yaben, Yarawata, Parawen, Bilakura. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| ukl | Ukrainian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Madang Province. | Related to Wanuma, Yaben, Yarawata, Parawen, Bilakura. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| ukp | Ukpe-Bayobiri | 12,000 (1973 SIL). | Cross River State, Obudu and Ikom LGAs. | Ukpe, Bayobiri. Dialect cluster. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| ukr | Ukrainian | 100,000 in Slovakia. | Western Ukraine, adjacent republics. Also spoken in Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Russia (Asia), Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, USA, Uzbekistan. | Northwest Ukrainian, Southwest Ukrainian, East Ukrainian. Dialect differences are slight. | Official language. 83% speak it as first language. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible: 1903–1999. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible: 1903–1999. | |
| uks | Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language | 7 users (1986 J. Kakumasu). | Maranhão. | Northwest Ukrainian, Southwest Ukrainian, East Ukrainian. Dialect differences are slight. | 500 second-language users. The deaf are monolingual in sign language. About one out of every 75 persons is deaf. Urubu hearing children grow up knowing both the verbal and the sign systems. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible: 1903–1999. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible: 1903–1999. | |
| uku | Ukue | 14,085 (2000 WCD). | Ondo State, Akoko South LGA. | Related to Ehuen. | 500 second-language users. The deaf are monolingual in sign language. About one out of every 75 persons is deaf. Urubu hearing children grow up knowing both the verbal and the sign systems. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible: 1903–1999. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible: 1903–1999. | |
| ukw | Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni | 150,000 (1973 SIL). | Delta State, Ndokwa LGA; Rivers State, Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni LGA. | Ukwuani (Ukwani, Ukwali, Kwale), Abo (Aboh, Eboh), Ndoni. A dialect cluster within the Igbo language cluster. | 500 second-language users. The deaf are monolingual in sign language. About one out of every 75 persons is deaf. Urubu hearing children grow up knowing both the verbal and the sign systems. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ula | Fungwa | 1,000 (1992 Blench). | Niger State, Rafi LGA. | Ukwuani (Ukwani, Ukwali, Kwale), Abo (Aboh, Eboh), Ndoni. A dialect cluster within the Igbo language cluster. | 500 second-language users. The deaf are monolingual in sign language. About one out of every 75 persons is deaf. Urubu hearing children grow up knowing both the verbal and the sign systems. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ulb | Ulukwumi | 10,000 (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Delta State, Aniocha and Oshimili LGAs. | Ukwuani (Ukwani, Ukwali, Kwale), Abo (Aboh, Eboh), Ndoni. A dialect cluster within the Igbo language cluster. | 500 second-language users. The deaf are monolingual in sign language. About one out of every 75 persons is deaf. Urubu hearing children grow up knowing both the verbal and the sign systems. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ulc | Ulch | 500 to 1,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 3,200 (1990 census). | Ulch Region of the Khabarovsk Krai along the Amur River and its tributaries, along the coast of the Tatar Channel. Bogorodskove is the capital. Also at Bulava, Dudi, Kalinovka, Mariinskoe, Nizhnaya Gavan, Savinskoe, Mongol, Solontsy, Kolchom, Sofiyskoe, Tur, and Ukhta. | Ukwuani (Ukwani, Ukwali, Kwale), Abo (Aboh, Eboh), Ndoni. A dialect cluster within the Igbo language cluster. | 40% or less of the ethnic group speak Ulch. Used in the home. The older generation knows the language, middle aged less well, adolescents and young adults passively, children under 20 do not speak it. Speakers also use Russian. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. | |
| ulf | Usku | 20 (2000 Wurm). | Usku village, south of Jayapura, just south of Pauwasi. | Not closely related to any other language. | 40% or less of the ethnic group speak Ulch. Used in the home. The older generation knows the language, middle aged less well, adolescents and young adults passively, children under 20 do not speak it. Speakers also use Russian. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. | |
| ulk | Meriam | 300 to 400 (1991 Rod Kennedy). | Murray Island, Eastern Torres Strait Islands, Queensland. Not in Papua New Guinea. | Boigu, Bulgai, Buglial, Tagota. | Most also use Torres Strait Creole. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1879–1902. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1879–1902. | |
| ull | Ullatan | 14,846 (1991 census). | Kerala, Palakkad, Trichur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Idukki, Koliam, Pathanamthitta, Alleppey, Trivandrum districts. | Boigu, Bulgai, Buglial, Tagota. | Ullatan people report they only use Malayalam. Prefer to be considered Malayalis rather than Ullatan. | Literacy rate in second language: 67% (70% males, 64% females) (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 67% (70% males, 64% females) (1991 census). | |
| ulm | Ulumanda' | 30,000 (1986 SIL). Population includes 18,000 in Polmas and Majene. | South Sulawesi, Majene, Mamuju, and Polewali-Mamasa districts. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Ullatan people report they only use Malayalam. Prefer to be considered Malayalis rather than Ullatan. | Literacy rate in second language: 67% (70% males, 64% females) (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 67% (70% males, 64% females) (1991 census). | |
| uln | Unserdeutsch | 100 in Papua New Guinea. Population includes 15 in New Britain, a few in other parts of Papua New Guinea and the rest in southeastern Queensland, Australia (1981 C. Volker). | East New Britain Province, Rabaul. Also spoken in Australia. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | The descendant of a pidginized form of Standard German which originated in the Gazelle Peninsula of New Britain during German colonial times among the Catholic mixed-race ('Vunapope') community. With increased mobility and intermarriage, it has been disappearing in the last few decades. Most speakers are older adults, although many younger members of the community can understand it. All speakers are fluent in at least two of the following: Standard German, English, or Tok Pisin. Some can also speak Kuanua. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| uma | Umatilla | 50 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 120 (1977 SIL). | Umatilla Reservation, Oregon. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| umd | Umbindhamu | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of Coen. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| umg | Umbuygamu | 7 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast of Princess Charlotte Bay. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| umi | Ukit | 120 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Upper Rajom and Tatau rivers, Baleh, 7th Division. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| umo | Umotína | Extinct. Ethnic population: 160 (1993). | Mato Grosso, along the Paraguay River. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | The last speaker died in 1988. Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ump | Umpila | 100 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Cape Sidmouth and north nearly to Night Island, Queensland. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Speakers are shifting to Torres Strait Creole. Only a few older people know Umpila. The middle generation has varying proficiency. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| umr | Umbugarla | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, southeast of Limilngan, between Mary River and South Alligator River. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Speakers are shifting to Torres Strait Creole. Only a few older people know Umpila. The middle generation has varying proficiency. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ums | Pendau | 3,200 (2001 Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi, Balaesang Subdistrict, villages of Walandano and part of Sibayu, and Simatang Island; and Dampelas Sojol, Ampibabo, Sirenja, Tinombo subdistricts, close to and north of Tajio. | Sondoang, Tappalang, Botteng. About 6 dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei. | Speakers are shifting to Torres Strait Creole. Only a few older people know Umpila. The middle generation has varying proficiency. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| umu | Munsee | 7 or 8 (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Ethnic population: 400 (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). | Southern Ontario, Moraviantown Reserve. | Close to Unami in USA. | Speakers have shifted to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1818–1821. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1818–1821. | |
| une | Uneme | 19,846 (2000 WCD). | Edo State, Etsako, Agbazko, and Akoko-Edo LGAs. | Close to Unami in USA. | Speakers have shifted to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1818–1821. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1818–1821. | |
| ung | Ngarinyin | 82 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Derby to King River, Kimberley, Western Australia. | Wilawila, Wolyamidi, Guwidj, Wurla (Worla, Worlaja, Wula, Ola, Walar, Wuladja, Wuladjangari). | Children may know some of the language. Most children speak Kriol as first language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| unk | Enawené-Nawé | 165 (1995). | Mato Grosso within northeast Nambiquara reserve. | Related to Parecís. | Children may know some of the language. Most children speak Kriol as first language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| unm | Unami | Extinct. Ethnic population: 13,500 (1997 J. Rementer). | Formerly in northeastern and west central Oklahoma, northern New Jersey, and lower Delaware Valley. | Related to Munsee in Ontario. | Children may know some of the language. Most children speak Kriol as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| unp | Worora | 20 (1990 Schmidt). | Derby area, Collier Bay, Western Australia. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| unz | Kaili, Unde | 20,000 (1979 Barr, Barr, and Salombe). | Central Sulawesi in the Banawa, Palu and Tawaeli subdistricts, and South Sulawesi in the Pasangkayu Subdistrict. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| uok | Uokha | No estimate available. | North and west of Afuze, Owan LGA. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| upi | Umeda | 289 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanda District, south of Imonda. | Worora, Unggumi. | 150 second-language speakers (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). Children may know some of the language. Many also use English, Aboriginal English, or Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930–1943. | |
| ura | Urarina | 3,000 (2002 SIL). | Urarinas District, Pucayacu, Chambira, and Urituyacu rivers. | There are several dialects with minor differences. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean. | Official language. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Women are monolingual. Men range from monolingual to routine proficiency in Spanish, with the majority able to handle commercial matters. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973–1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973–1990. | |
| urb | Urubú-Kaapor | 500 (1988 SIL). | Maranhão, Gurupi River, 8 to 10 villages scattered over 2,800 sq. mi. | There are several dialects with minor differences. Ruhlen and others classify it as Andean. | Official language. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Women are monolingual. Men range from monolingual to routine proficiency in Spanish, with the majority able to handle commercial matters. | Literacy rate in first language: 6%. Literacy rate in second language: 6%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 6%. Literacy rate in second language: 6%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| urc | Urningangg | 10 (1983 Black). | Arnhem Land, northwest; upper reaches of Alligator River. | Intelligible with Mangerr. | Official language. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. Women are monolingual. Men range from monolingual to routine proficiency in Spanish, with the majority able to handle commercial matters. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| urd | Urdu | 170,000 South Asian Muslims in South Africa (1987). | Along the Natal coast and urban areas around Durban, Transvaal surrounding Johannesburg, and scattered smaller towns. | Dakhini (Dakani, Deccan, Desia, Mirgan), Pinjari, Rekhta (Rekhti). | Most speak English. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| ure | Uru | 2 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 142 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Department of Oruro, Province of Atahuallpa, near Lake Titicaca, near where the Desaguadero River comes out of Titicaca, near Iruitu. | Dakhini (Dakani, Deccan, Desia, Mirgan), Pinjari, Rekhta (Rekhti). | A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| urf | Uradhi | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, northeast Cape York Peninsula, North Alice Creek. | Related to Gudang, Wuthati, Luthigh (Mpalitjanh), Yinwum, Ngkoth, Aritinngithigh, Mbiywom, Andyingit. | A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| urg | Urigina | 1,404 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, 30 miles downstream. | Related to Sop, Danaru, Sumau. | A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| urh | Urhobo | 546,000 (1993 Johnstone). | Delta State, Ethiope and Ughelli LGAs. | Agbarho, Ujevwe, Agbon, Udu. | A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. | Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1977. | Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1977. | |
| uri | Urim | 3,742 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Maprik Subdistrict, extending into Sandaun Province, Nuku Subdistrict, southwest of Kombio. 16 villages. | Kukwo, Yangkolen. | A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1981–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1981–1992. | |
| urk | Urak Lawoi' | 3,000 (1984 D. Hogan). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Phuket and Langta islands, west coast of southern Thailand. Not in Malaysia. | Aboriginal Malays who speak a unique Malay language. | A few older people 20 years ago. The others were assimilated to Spanish or Central Aymara. | Grammar. NT: 1998. | Grammar. NT: 1998. | |
| url | Urali | 5,843 (2003). | Kerala, Idukki District, Upputhara, Kanchiyar, Vannappuram, Velliyamattom, Ayyappankovil panchayats. | A distinct speech variety, sharing features with Tamil, Irula, and Kannada (Mohan Lal 1991). Lexical similarity 60% with Malayalam, 54% with Tamil. | May be dying out and being replaced by Malayalam. | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in Kerala (49% males, 42% females) (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in Kerala (49% males, 42% females) (1991 census). | |
| urm | Urapmin | 366 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District. | A distinct speech variety, sharing features with Tamil, Irula, and Kannada (Mohan Lal 1991). Lexical similarity 60% with Malayalam, 54% with Tamil. | May be dying out and being replaced by Malayalam. | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in Kerala (49% males, 42% females) (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in Kerala (49% males, 42% females) (1991 census). | |
| urn | Uruangnirin | 250 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Two small islands between Karas Island and mainland of southwest Bomberai Peninsula. | A distinct speech variety, sharing features with Tamil, Irula, and Kannada (Mohan Lal 1991). Lexical similarity 60% with Malayalam, 54% with Tamil. | May be dying out and being replaced by Malayalam. | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in Kerala (49% males, 42% females) (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 56% in Kerala (49% males, 42% females) (1991 census). | |
| uro | Ura | 1,900 (1991 SIL). | East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula. | A distinct speech variety, sharing features with Tamil, Irula, and Kannada (Mohan Lal 1991). Lexical similarity 60% with Malayalam, 54% with Tamil. | May be dying out and being replaced by Malayalam. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| urp | Uru-Pa-In | 200 (1995 SIL). | Rondônia, Municipality of Ariquemes. | A distinct speech variety, sharing features with Tamil, Irula, and Kannada (Mohan Lal 1991). Lexical similarity 60% with Malayalam, 54% with Tamil. | May be dying out and being replaced by Malayalam. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| urt | Urat | 6,279 (2003 SIL). Population includes 2,476 in Wasep Ngau, 2,058 in Wusyep Yehre, 1,208 in Wasep Yam, and 547 in Wusyep Tep. | East Sepik Province, Dreikikir District, southwest of Wom, south of Kombio. 20 major villages and several hamlets. | Wasep Nau (North Urat), Wusyep Yehre (Central Urat), Wasep Yam (South Urat), Wusyep Tep (East Urat). | In the Wusyep Yehre dialect area most children understand, but do not speak the language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1993. | |
| uru | Urumi | Extinct. | Formerly Rondônia, Marmelos River, tributary of the middle Madeira. | Wasep Nau (North Urat), Wusyep Yehre (Central Urat), Wasep Yam (South Urat), Wusyep Tep (East Urat). | In the Wusyep Yehre dialect area most children understand, but do not speak the language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1993. | |
| urw | Sop | 2,250 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Usino-Bundi District, Usino Subdistrict, northeast of the Ramu Valley. | Related to Sumau, Urigina, Danaru. | In the Wusyep Yehre dialect area most children understand, but do not speak the language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1993. | |
| urx | Urimo | 799 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province. | Related to Elepi. | In the Wusyep Yehre dialect area most children understand, but do not speak the language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ury | Orya | 1,600 (1985 Philip Fields SIL). Population includes 900 in Unurum-Guay, 100 in Kecamatan Bonggo, 600 in Kecamatan Lereh. | Kecamatan District, Unurum-Guay, Kecamatan Bonggo, Kecamatan Lereh in the villages of Taja, Witi, and Wamho (formerly of Orya). | Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences. | Children learn Orya in most cases. All domains, adult literacy classes, religion, commerce, letters. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1 55%, 2 23%, 3 19%, 4 2%, 5 1%. All Orya can speak Indonesian or Papuan Malay. A very few (perhaps 9) speak Sause. Indonesian used with outsiders, in church, especially when outsiders are present, for discipline, for discussion of government issues, some commerce. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Some adult literacy classes. Roman script. Bible portions: 1987–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Some adult literacy classes. Roman script. Bible portions: 1987–1995. | |
| urz | Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau | 100 (1995). | Rondônia, on the upper Jaciparaná, Cautário, and Jamari rivers. | Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences. | Children learn Orya in most cases. All domains, adult literacy classes, religion, commerce, letters. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1 55%, 2 23%, 3 19%, 4 2%, 5 1%. All Orya can speak Indonesian or Papuan Malay. A very few (perhaps 9) speak Sause. Indonesian used with outsiders, in church, especially when outsiders are present, for discipline, for discussion of government issues, some commerce. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Some adult literacy classes. Roman script. Bible portions: 1987–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Some adult literacy classes. Roman script. Bible portions: 1987–1995. | |
| usa | Usarufa | 1,300 (1996 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Okapa District. | Barat (West Orya), Timur (East Orya), Yapsi-Taja. Slight dialect differences. | Children learn Orya in most cases. All domains, adult literacy classes, religion, commerce, letters. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1 55%, 2 23%, 3 19%, 4 2%, 5 1%. All Orya can speak Indonesian or Papuan Malay. A very few (perhaps 9) speak Sause. Indonesian used with outsiders, in church, especially when outsiders are present, for discipline, for discussion of government issues, some commerce. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | |
| ush | Ushojo | 2,000 (1992). | Upper reaches of Bishigram (Chail) Valley, east of Madyan, Swat Kohistan. 12 villages. | Lexical similarity 50% with Kolai Shina, 48% with Palas Shina, 42% with Gilgiti Shina, 35% with Chail Torwali, 31% with Biori Phalura, 27% with Bateri, 23% with Kalami, 22% with Kalkoti. | Children are learning Ushojo in the home. Pashto seems to be influencing some adult speech. Pashto appears to be the main second language used. Education in Urdu is limited. Torwali is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | |
| usi | Usui | 4,010 (1981 census). | Chittagong Hills. | Close to Tippera. | Children are learning Ushojo in the home. Pashto seems to be influencing some adult speech. Pashto appears to be the main second language used. Education in Urdu is limited. Torwali is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | |
| usp | Uspanteko | 3,000 (1998 SIL). | Quiché Department. The center is Las Pacayas. | Close to Tippera. | The Mayan Academy is actively promoting language use. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| usu | Uya | 272 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Trans-Gogol District. | Related to Kwato, Ogea, Duduela, Rerau, Jilim, Yangulam. | The Mayan Academy is actively promoting language use. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| uta | Otank | 3,000 (1973 SIL). | Cross River State, Obudu LGA; Benue State, Kwande LGA. | Lexical similarity 70% with Tiv, 60% with Iceve-Maci, 50% with Evant, 40% with Mesaka and Eman. | The Mayan Academy is actively promoting language use. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| ute | Ute-Southern Paiute | 1,984 (1990 census). 20 monolinguals (1990 census). Population includes 3 Chemehuevi on Chemehuevi Reservation, 10 on Colorado River Reservation (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1977 SIL). | Ute in southwestern Colorado and southeastern and northeastern Utah; Southern Paiute in southwestern Utah, northern Arizona, and southern Nevada; Chemehuevi on lower Colorado River, California. | Southern Paiute, Ute, Chemehuevi. | Most speakers are adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| utr | Etulo | 10,000 (1988 Shain). | Benue State, Gboko LGA; Taraba State, Wukari LGA. | Southern Paiute, Ute, Chemehuevi. | Most speakers are adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| utu | Utu | 583 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Southern Paiute, Ute, Chemehuevi. | Most speakers are adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| uum | Urum | 94,983 in Ukraine (2000 WCD). | A few villages in the Donetsk Oblast of southeastern Ukraine. 10 villages total. | Related to Crimean Tatar. A number of inherently intelligible dialects. | Most speakers are adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| uun | Kulon-Pazeh | 1 (2000 Paul Jen-Kuei Li). | Near the west coast just north of 24 degrees north, east of Tayal, around Cholan, Houli, Fengyuan, Tantzu, Taichung, Tungshih. | Related to Crimean Tatar. A number of inherently intelligible dialects. | Used only as a home language in 1930. One 86-year-old speaker (P. Li 2000). | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| uur | Ura | 6 (1998 T. Crowley). | North Erromanga Island, southern Vanuatu. | Related to Crimean Tatar. A number of inherently intelligible dialects. | Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| uuu | U | 3,000 (1990 Svantesson). | Southwestern Yunnan Province. | Not closely related to Blang (Svantesson). | Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| uvh | Uri | 2,500 (1991 SIL). | Morobe Province, Boana District. | East Urii, West Urii. | Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1984. | |
| uwa | Kuku-Uwanh | 40 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, east coast south of Aurukun. | East Urii, West Urii. | Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1984. | |
| uya | Doko-Uyanga | 200. | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA, several villages. | East Urii, West Urii. | Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1984. | |
| uzn | Uzbek, Northern | 5,000 in China (2000 Aixinjueluo Chentgshiliang). | North and west Xinjiang; Urumqi, Kashgar, and Yining (Ghulja) cities, especially Ili. | Andizhan, Tashkent, Samarkand, Fergana. | Vigorous. Some speakers of other languages in the area can also speak Uzbek. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. They use Uyghur and Kazakh as literary languages. Some also speak Chinese. | Literacy rate in second language: 79%. | Literacy rate in second language: 79%. | |
| uzs | Uzbek, Southern | 1,981 in Turkey (1982). | Hatay, Gaziantep, and Urfa provinces. Also possibly in Germany. | Limited comprehension of Northern Uzbek. Differences in grammar and loanwords from Western Farsi. | City dwellers also use Dari; village dwellers have limited ability in Dari. 20% use Dari as second language. Pashto is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% in Dari. Arabic script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% in Dari. Arabic script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| vaa | Vaagri Booli | 10,000 (1970 Varma). | Tamil Nadu, Arcot District. | Limited comprehension of Northern Uzbek. Differences in grammar and loanwords from Western Farsi. | City dwellers also use Dari; village dwellers have limited ability in Dari. 20% use Dari as second language. Pashto is also used. | Tamil script. Bible portions: 1975. | Tamil script. Bible portions: 1975. | |
| vae | Vale | 5,400 (1996). | Batangafo, Kabo, and Kaga Bandoro subprefectures. Not in Chad. | Vale, Tana (Tane, Tele). Related to Lutos. Not intelligible with Sara or Ngambai. | High bilingualism in Sango. | Tamil script. Bible portions: 1975. | Tamil script. Bible portions: 1975. |
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