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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ttb | Gaa | 10,000 (1997 Boyd). | Adamawa State, Ganye LGA; Tiba Plateau, between Garba Sbege and Jada, north of the Shebshi Mountains. | Several varieties do not have functional intelligibility of each other. | Vigorous. Used in the home and cultural events, social events along with other languages. Vernacular instruction first two years. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use English, Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Hoyahoya, Bamu, or Gogodala. Women tend to control fewer languages than men. Many women are monolingual. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1969. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1969. | |
| ttc | Tektiteko | 1,000 in Mexico. | Amatenango de la Frontera and Mazapa de Madero, Chiapas. | Close to Mam. | Speakers are older adults. The Mexican group is highly bilingual in Spanish, but not the Guatemalan group. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | |
| ttd | Tauade | 11,000 (1991 SIL). | Central Province, Goilala District toward the northeast. | Lexical similarity 44% with Kunimaipa (closest). | Speakers are older adults. The Mexican group is highly bilingual in Spanish, but not the Guatemalan group. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. RC schools teach in Tauade. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. RC schools teach in Tauade. | |
| ttf | Tuotomb | 1,000 (1984). | Center Province, Mbam Division, Bafia Subdivision, village of Bonek near Ndikinemeki. Many live in urban areas. | Lexical similarity 44% with Kunimaipa (closest). | Speakers also use Tunen, Yambeta, or Cameroon Pidgin. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. RC schools teach in Tauade. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. RC schools teach in Tauade. | |
| ttg | Tutong 2 | 12,000 (1996 Martin, Ozog, and Poedjosoedarmo). | Around Tutong town on the coast and central Tutong District. | Lexical similarity 54% with Belait. | Used with other ethnic groups. 63% of parents below 40 years old use Tutong 2 with their children. In mixed marriages, 48% use Brunei Malay with their children. Positive language attitude. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tth | Ta'oih, Upper | 19,000 in Viet Nam (2002). 70% monolingual. | Thua Thien-Hue Province and Quang Tri Province. | Pasoom, Kamuan', Palee'n, Leem, Ha'aang (Sa'ang). | Used with other ethnic groups. 63% of parents below 40 years old use Tutong 2 with their children. In mixed marriages, 48% use Brunei Malay with their children. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ttk | Totoro | 4 (1998 Arango and Sánchez). Ethnic population: 3,650 (1998 Arango and Sánchez). | 17 km west of Silvia, Cauca, in town of Totoro. | Pasoom, Kamuan', Palee'n, Leem, Ha'aang (Sa'ang). | Used with other ethnic groups. 63% of parents below 40 years old use Tutong 2 with their children. In mixed marriages, 48% use Brunei Malay with their children. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| ttm | Tutchone, Northern | 200 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1995 M. Krauss). | Central Yukon, Mayo-Stewart, Selkirk-Pelly, Carmacks, Whitehorse, and White River areas. | Pasoom, Kamuan', Palee'n, Leem, Ha'aang (Sa'ang). | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| ttn | Towei | 115 (1975 SIL). | Border area south of Jayapura, south of Dubu, west of Emumu languages, in and around Towe. | Pasoom, Kamuan', Palee'n, Leem, Ha'aang (Sa'ang). | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| tto | Ta'oih, Lower | 15,836 (2000 WCD). | Saravan Province, northwest of Saravan town. | Tong, Hantong'. Not intelligible with Upper Ta'oih. | Some also use Upper Ta'oih. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| ttp | Tombelala | 1,100 (1995 SIL). | Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah Subdistrict, 4 villages. | Lexical similarity 66% to 76% with Pamona varieties and 38% with Bungku. | Speakers consider themselves part of Pamona. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| ttq | Tamajaq, Tawallammat | Few speakers in Nigeria. | A few villages in the far northwest in Sokoto State. | Ioullemmeden. | Official language. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | |
| ttr | Tera | 100,620 (2000 WCD). | Bauchi State, Yamaltu-Deba LGA; Borno State, Kwayakusar LGA. | Nyimatli (Nyemathi, Yamaltu, Nimalto, Nyimatali), Pidlimdi (Hina, Hinna, Ghuna, Ghena), Bura Kokura. Dialect cluster. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1930. | |
| tts | Thai, Northeastern | 15,000,000 (1983 SIL). Population includes at least 1,000,000 in Bangkok. Kalerng has a few thousand speakers (1990 A. Diller ANU). | Northeastern; 17 provinces. Kalerng is in Sakon Nakhon and Nakhon Phanom. | Northern Isan, Central Isan (Kalerng, Kaleung, Kaloeng), Southern Isan. Korat. The Korat dialect is quite different, and may be a separate language. | 88% use Isan in the home, 1% use Central Thai, 11% use both. | Thai script. | Thai script. | |
| ttt | Tat, Muslim | 8,000 in Iran. | In Northern Caucasus (Dashestan) and a large community in Moscow. | Northern Tats. | Speakers use Azerbaijani as a literary language in Azerbaijan. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ttw | Kenyah, Tutoh | 600 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, Tutoh River. | Long Wat, Long Labid, Lugat. Not closely related to other languages. | Speakers use Azerbaijani as a literary language in Azerbaijan. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ttx | Tutong 1 | 10,000 in Malaysia. | Along the lower Limbang River. | Long Wat, Long Labid, Lugat. Not closely related to other languages. | 72% of parents below 40 years of age use Tutong with their children. In mixed marriages, 57% of parents use Brunei Malay with children. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tty | Sikaritai | 800 (1993 Doriot). | Lakes Plain area just north of junction of Idenburg and Rouffaer rivers, along Mamberamo River, and west 15 miles, south 10 miles, villages of Sikari, Haya, Iri. | Lexical similarity 86% with Eritai. | Vigorous. | Bible portions: 1992. | Bible portions: 1992. | |
| ttz | Tsum | 4,786 (2000). | Gandaki Zone, northern Gorkha District, Tsum area, the region drained by the Shiar Khola north of Ganesh Himal. Chekampar (Chokong) is the prestige village. | 71% to 78% intelligibility of Nubri, 66% of Kyerung; 60% to 66% of Lhasa Tibetan; 22% to 25% of Northern Ghale, 22% of Southern Ghale, 23% to 27% of Kutang Ghale, 14% to 16% of Eastern Gorkha Tamang, 14% of Western Gurung, 15% of Banspur Tamang. Divided into upper region, 'Yarba', and lower region, 'Ushug'. | Vigorous. Nearly every domain. Highly positive language attitude. Speakers have minimal bilingualism in Nepali. Nepali used only with those who do not understand Tsum. Tibetan is viewed very favorably in the religious domain, and Nepali is viewed fairly positively as a language of education and potential advancement. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% or less. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% or less. | |
| tua | Wiarumus | 162 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Sepik Province, Mandi village, on coast about 12 km southeast of Wewak. | 71% to 78% intelligibility of Nubri, 66% of Kyerung; 60% to 66% of Lhasa Tibetan; 22% to 25% of Northern Ghale, 22% of Southern Ghale, 23% to 27% of Kutang Ghale, 14% to 16% of Eastern Gorkha Tamang, 14% of Western Gurung, 15% of Banspur Tamang. Divided into upper region, 'Yarba', and lower region, 'Ushug'. | Only people over 60 are still speakers, middle-aged people can understand it, but only speak a few phrases, young people do not understand the language. Of 400 people in the village, there are very few speakers. Interest in revitalization. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| tub | Tübatulabal | 6. Ethnic population: 900 (2000 Yamamoto). | South central California. | 71% to 78% intelligibility of Nubri, 66% of Kyerung; 60% to 66% of Lhasa Tibetan; 22% to 25% of Northern Ghale, 22% of Southern Ghale, 23% to 27% of Kutang Ghale, 14% to 16% of Eastern Gorkha Tamang, 14% of Western Gurung, 15% of Banspur Tamang. Divided into upper region, 'Yarba', and lower region, 'Ushug'. | May be extinct (1987), Speakers are older adults. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| tud | Tuxá | Extinct. Ethnic population: 900 (1995 AMTB). | Bahía, Pernambuco. | 71% to 78% intelligibility of Nubri, 66% of Kyerung; 60% to 66% of Lhasa Tibetan; 22% to 25% of Northern Ghale, 22% of Southern Ghale, 23% to 27% of Kutang Ghale, 14% to 16% of Eastern Gorkha Tamang, 14% of Western Gurung, 15% of Banspur Tamang. Divided into upper region, 'Yarba', and lower region, 'Ushug'. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| tue | Tuyuca | 465 in Brazil (1995). | Amazonas. | Tsola. | Speakers also use Tucano or Waimaha. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991–1994. | |
| tuf | Tunebo, Central | 2,500 in Colombia (2000 SIL). | Apure State. | Tsola. | A few speakers in Venezuela. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | |
| tug | Tunia | 2,255 (1993 census). | South, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Sarh Subprefecture, in Sarh and about three small villages north of Sarh. | Tunya, Perim. Not intelligible with other Bua languages. | Perim dialect is extinct. 25% also use Niellim, Sara (the majority, but with low proficiency), Chadian Arabic, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | |
| tuh | Taulil | 800 (2000 Wurm). | East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula. | Taulil, Butam. | The Butam dialect is extinct (1981). Speakers also use Kuanua. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | |
| tuj | Tugutil | 2,588 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, inland around Kusuri, inland in Kecamatan Tobelo, around Taboulamo in Kecamatan Kao, in the pass between Lolobata and Buli in Kecamatan Wasilei, along the Dodaga and Tutuling rivers, and along the Akelamo and Mabulan rivers in Kecamatan Maba, Tanjung Lili, villages of Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno. A few along the Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers, and reports of other places. | Teluk Lili, Kusuri. Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Intelligibility of Tobelo dialects is inadequate. | Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tuk | Turkmen | 925 in Turkey (1982). | Tokat Province. | Anauli, Khasarli, Nerezim, Nokhurli (Nohur), Chavdur, Esari (Esary), Goklen (Goklan), Salyr, Saryq, Teke (Tekke), Yomud (Yomut), Trukmen. | Speakers also use Farsi. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| tun | Tunica | Extinct. | Central Louisiana. | Anauli, Khasarli, Nerezim, Nokhurli (Nohur), Chavdur, Esari (Esary), Goklen (Goklan), Salyr, Saryq, Teke (Tekke), Yomud (Yomut), Trukmen. | Speakers also use Farsi. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| tuo | Tucano | 2,000 in Colombia. | Upper Papurí River and tributaries. | Yohoraa (Curaua), Wasona (Uasona). | Trade language. Tucano is the second language of many neighboring groups, especially south and east of Mitú. All speak at least one other Tucanoan language or Spanish as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. | |
| tuq | Tedaga | 2,000 in Nigeria (1990 Blench). | Borno State, northeastern LGAs, a few villages. | Kecherda. | Speakers also use Dazaga. The majority use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. | |
| tur | Turkish | 197,000 in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan (based on 1979 census, not counting 56,000 'Turks of Fergana', who speak an Uzbek dialect). | Along the Danube in southeast Romania. | Danubian, Eskisehir, Razgrad, Dinler, Rumelian, Karamanli, Edirne, Gaziantep, Urfa. | Some speak Turkish; others Azerbaijani. Meskhetian Georgians, Khemshel Armenians, and Kurds in Uzbekistan speak Turkish. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1827–1941. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1827–1941. | |
| tus | Tuscarora | 4 to 5 in the USA (1997 Mithun). Ethnic population: 1,200 in the USA (1997 Mithun). | Tuscarora Reservation near Niagara Falls, New York, eastern North Carolina. | Danubian, Eskisehir, Razgrad, Dinler, Rumelian, Karamanli, Edirne, Gaziantep, Urfa. | Speakers have shifted to English. Speakers are older adults. Children are being taught the Tuscarora language in eastern North Carolina. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tuu | Tututni | 10 (1962 Chafe). | Southwestern Oregon. | Danubian, Eskisehir, Razgrad, Dinler, Rumelian, Karamanli, Edirne, Gaziantep, Urfa. | Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tuv | Turkana | 25,163 in Ethiopia (2000 WCD). | Southwestern region west of the Omo River. | Northern Turkana, Southern Turkana. Inherently intelligible with Toposa, but hostile toward the speakers. Also partially intelligible with Karamojong, Jie, and Nyangatom, but all five are ethnically distinct. There are a few phonological, lexical, and discourse marker differences between them. Northern Turkana and Eastern Toposa are closer; Southern Turkana and Western Toposa are farther apart linguistically. The four varieties form a cluster divided in the middle by the Kenya-Sudan border. Lexical similarity 85% similarity with Karamojong, 76% with Teso. | Vigorous. Unfriendly toward the Karamojong and Pokot; friendly with Jie. Most are monolingual. Only a few adults have mastered upcountry Swahili as lingua franca. More are learning Swahili because of a new road. A few can speak Pokot or Daasenech. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| tux | Tuxináwa | Extinct. | Acre. | Northern Turkana, Southern Turkana. Inherently intelligible with Toposa, but hostile toward the speakers. Also partially intelligible with Karamojong, Jie, and Nyangatom, but all five are ethnically distinct. There are a few phonological, lexical, and discourse marker differences between them. Northern Turkana and Eastern Toposa are closer; Southern Turkana and Western Toposa are farther apart linguistically. The four varieties form a cluster divided in the middle by the Kenya-Sudan border. Lexical similarity 85% similarity with Karamojong, 76% with Teso. | Vigorous. Unfriendly toward the Karamojong and Pokot; friendly with Jie. Most are monolingual. Only a few adults have mastered upcountry Swahili as lingua franca. More are learning Swahili because of a new road. A few can speak Pokot or Daasenech. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| tuy | Tugen, North | 144,000 (1987 BTL). | West central, west of the Kalenjin. | People may not be able to use Kalenjin literature. | Vigorous. Unfriendly toward the Karamojong and Pokot; friendly with Jie. Most are monolingual. Only a few adults have mastered upcountry Swahili as lingua franca. More are learning Swahili because of a new road. A few can speak Pokot or Daasenech. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| tuz | Turka | 37,000 in Burkina Faso (1998 SIL). | Comoé Province, north and west of Banfora. The principal villages are the dialects named. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. | Douna, Beregadougou-Toumousseni. Cerma is the closest language, but it is not inherently intelligible with Turka. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| tvd | Tsuvadi | 150,000 (1998). | Niger State, Bangi, Kontagora, and Rijau LGAs. | Douna, Beregadougou-Toumousseni. Cerma is the closest language, but it is not inherently intelligible with Turka. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Bible portions: 1997–2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Bible portions: 1997–2001. | |
| tve | Te'un | 1,200 (1990 SIL). | Transmigration area in south central Seram Island, central Maluku. 4 villages. Originally Teun Island in south central Maluku. | Douna, Beregadougou-Toumousseni. Cerma is the closest language, but it is not inherently intelligible with Turka. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| tvm | Tela-Masbuar | 1,050 (1990 SIL). | Villages of Tela and Masbuar, southwest Babar Island, south Maluku. | Douna, Beregadougou-Toumousseni. Cerma is the closest language, but it is not inherently intelligible with Turka. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| tvn | Tavoyan | 400,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Southeast. | One of the better known varieties of nonstandard Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| tvo | Tidore | 26,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | North Maluku, islands of Tidore, Maitara, Mare, northern half of Moti, and some areas of west coast of Halmahera. | Close to Ternate. | 20,000 second-language speakers. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| tvt | Naga, Tutsa | 25,000 (2001). | Arunachal Pradesh, south Changlang and east Tirap districts. | Close to Nocte and Tase, but intelligible only with difficulty. | Used in the home and village. All ages. Consider themselves separate from Nocte and Tase. Assamese spoken by young people; Hindi by young and slightly educated people; English by educated young people. English has prestige as international language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| tvw | Sedoa | 600 (1979 Barr). | East central Sulawesi, Lore Utara, and Poso Pesisir subdistricts; villages of Sedoa and parts of Tambarona and Pinedapa. | Not a dialect of nearby Napu or Kaili. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| tvy | Pidgin, Timor | Extinct. | Timor Island, around Bidau, Dili, and Lifan. | Português de Bidau, Macaísta. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| twa | Twana | Extinct. Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL). | East of Puget Sound, Washington. | Skokomish, Quilcene. | Extinct since 1980. Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| twb | Tawbuid, Western | 6,809 (2000 WCD). | Central Mindoro; Occidental Mindor, mainly Sablayan and Calintaan municipalities; Oriental Mindoro, Bongabon Municipality. | Different enough from Eastern Tawbuid to need separate literature. Closest to Buhid. | All ages. Speakers also use Tagalog. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| twc | Teshenawa | Extinct. | Jigawa State, Keffin Hausa LGA, Teshena town. | Different enough from Eastern Tawbuid to need separate literature. Closest to Buhid. | All ages. Speakers also use Tagalog. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| twd | Twents | No estimate available. | Northeastern, Overijssels Province. Twents is in the east. | Different enough from Eastern Tawbuid to need separate literature. Closest to Buhid. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| twe | Tewa | 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central Pantar. | Deing, Madar, Lebang. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| twf | Tiwa, Northern | 927 (1980 census). Population includes 803 Taos speakers, 101 Picuris speakers (1990 census). Ethnic population: 1,166 (1980 census), including 1,042 Taos, 124 Picuris (1990 census). | North central New Mexico. | Taos, Picuris. | Vigorous at Taos. 67.3% of the Taos under 18 are speakers, 92.9% over 18 are speakers (1980 census). Speakers are older adults. Most speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1976–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1976–1992. | |
| twg | Tereweng | 800 (1997). Ethnic population: 800 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Tereweng Island off southeast Pantar. 2 villages on the northern side of the island and one on Pantar mainland. Water and gardens on Pantar. | There is disagreement over whether this is a dialect of Blagar or a separate language. Grouped by Stokhof (1975) with Blagar, by Vatter (1932) with Kelong, and by van Gaalen (1945) as distinct. | Distinct ethnic identity from Blagar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1976–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1976–1992. | |
| twh | Tai Dón | 200,000 in Laos (1995 census). | Northeastern Laos. | Not intelligible with Tai Dam. Lao has influenced the speech of some Tai Dón speakers. | A large influential group. Those who have had prolonged contact with Tai Dam have become bilingual in it. Many have not had that contact. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| twq | Tasawaq | 8,000 (1998 SIL). | Central Niger, Ingal and Teguidda-n-Tessoumt, near Agadez. | Close to Tagdal (Niger), Tadaksahak (Mali), Korandje (Algeria). | Some also speak Hausa or Tamajaq. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| twr | Tarahumara, Southwestern | 100 (1983 SIL). | Chihuahua, town of Tubare. | Close to Tagdal (Niger), Tadaksahak (Mali), Korandje (Algeria). | Speakers also use Tarahumara or Spanish. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| twt | Turiwára | Extinct. Ethnic population: 30 (1995 SIL). | Pará, live with the Tembé on the Acará-miri River. | Close to Tagdal (Niger), Tadaksahak (Mali), Korandje (Algeria). | Speakers also use Tarahumara or Spanish. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| twu | Termanu | 30,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 30,000. | Central Rote Island, domains of Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, and Bokai. Speakers also in Kupang, West Timor, and Jakarta. | Pa'da (Termanu), Pa'da Kona (Keka-Talae, Southern Termanu), Korbafo (Korbaffo), Bokai. Seems closer to Lole than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. Generally educated in Indonesian, some older people in Dutch. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1895–2002. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1895–2002. | |
| tww | Tuwari | 122 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province, middle Sepik Region, upper Walio (Leonhard Schultze) River. A few also near Akiapmin south of the Central Range. | Pa'da (Termanu), Pa'da Kona (Keka-Talae, Southern Termanu), Korbafo (Korbaffo), Bokai. Seems closer to Lole than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. Generally educated in Indonesian, some older people in Dutch. | Literacy rate in second language: 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 0%. | |
| twy | Tawoyan | 20,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Central around Palori. | Lexical similarity 77% with Lawangan, 52% with Dusun Deyah. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. Generally educated in Indonesian, some older people in Dutch. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1985. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1985. | |
| txa | Tombonuwo | 20,000 (1991 UBS). Population includes 3,000 Lingkabau. | Labuk-Sugut, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts. | Lingkabau Sugut (Linkabau). | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. Generally educated in Indonesian, some older people in Dutch. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| txc | Tsetsaut | Extinct. | Portland Canal area, borderline to southwest Alaska and British Columbia. | Lingkabau Sugut (Linkabau). | Became extinct about 1930. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| txe | Totoli | 25,000 (2001 N. Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi, Tolitoli Utara, Galang, Baolan, Dondo, subdistricts on the north coast; 29 villages, or parts of villages. | Lingkabau Sugut (Linkabau). | Became extinct about 1930. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| txi | Ikpeng | 146 (1995). | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Similar to Arara of Pará. | Speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| txm | Tomini | 30,000 (2001 N. Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi; Moutong, Tomini, Tinombo subdistricts along Tomini Bay; 42 villages. | Similar to Arara of Pará. | Speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| txn | Tarangan, West | 6,478 (1987 Maluku Dalam Angka). | West coast of Tarangan Island, southern Aru Islands, south Maluku. Largest language in the Aru Islands. | Southwestern Tarangan, North Central Tarangan. 2 sharply distinct dialect groups, with minor variation within them. Lexical similarity 70% with East Tarangan and Wokam. | Trade language of Aru Islands, especially in the south. Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 70%. Bible portions: 1997–2004. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 70%. Bible portions: 1997–2004. | |
| txo | Toto | 20,000 (1994 King). | West Bengal, Subhapara, Dhunchipara, Panchayatpara hillocks on the Indo-Bhutan border. | Not inherently intelligible with Dhimal of Nepal. Low lexical similarity with Dhimal. | Hindi is also used. The Toto can converse in Bengali and Nepali. | Devanagari and Bengali scripts. | Devanagari and Bengali scripts. | |
| txq | Tii | 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. | Rote Island southwest, domain of Tii, east of Dela-Oenale, west of Lole, south of Dengka. | Minor variation, third singular verb prefix 'na-fa'da' varies with 'i-fa'da'. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | Devanagari and Bengali scripts. | Devanagari and Bengali scripts. | |
| txs | Tonsea | 90,000 (1989). | Northeastern tip of Sulawesi. | Maumbi, Airmadidi, Likupang, Kauditan, Kalabat Atas. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | Devanagari and Bengali scripts. | Devanagari and Bengali scripts. | |
| txt | Citak | 8,000 (1985 M. Stringer TEAM). | South coast area, west of the upper Digul River, north of Awyu, east of Asmat, Senggo, and north, 19 villages. Merauke Kabupaten, Citak-Mitak Kecamatan. | Senggo, Komasma, Bubis, Esaun, Pirabanak, Vakam, Tiau. Close to Asmat. | Vigorous. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 90%, 1 10%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| txu | Kayapó | 4,000 (1994 SIL). 3,950 monolinguals. Population includes 469 Xikrin (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000. | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, southern Pará, both sides of the Xingú River, on the west up to the Iriri and its tributaries, and on the west bank to the Fresco and Zinho rivers, 14 villages. | Xikrin (Xukru, Diore), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú. Those listed as dialects are only slightly different. | Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and written Kayapó used in religious services. Initial education is in Kayapó. Positive language attitude. 50 also speak some Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 400 speakers can read Kayapó, 100 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 400 speakers can read Kayapó, 100 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| txx | Tatana | 5,500 (1982 SIL). | Kuala Penyu District. | Xikrin (Xukru, Diore), Kararaó, Kayapó-Kradaú. Those listed as dialects are only slightly different. | Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and written Kayapó used in religious services. Initial education is in Kayapó. Positive language attitude. 50 also speak some Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 400 speakers can read Kayapó, 100 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 400 speakers can read Kayapó, 100 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| txy | Malagasy, Tanosy | 350,000 (2002 SIL). | Southeast Madagascar, along the coast. Others south of the Onilahy River, south of Ibara and north of Androy, northeast of Mahafaly and the area in between. | Lexical similarity 75% with Merina. | Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and written Kayapó used in religious services. Initial education is in Kayapó. Positive language attitude. 50 also speak some Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 400 speakers can read Kayapó, 100 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 400 speakers can read Kayapó, 100 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| tya | Tauya | 347 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related to Biyom, Isabi, Faita. | Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and written Kayapó used in religious services. Initial education is in Kayapó. Positive language attitude. 50 also speak some Portuguese. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tye | Kyenga | 1,000 in Benin (1995 Ross Jones SIM). | Alibori Province (formerly northern half of Borgou Province), Segbana Subprefecture, around the village of Tungan Bage. | Lexical similarity 70% with Shanga, 38% to 40% with the Busa group. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyh | O'du | 194 in Laos (1996 F. Proschan). | Xiang Khoang Province, Nonghet District. | Lexical similarity 70% with Shanga, 38% to 40% with the Busa group. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyj | Tai Do | 300 (2002). | Northern Viet Nam. | Lexical similarity 70% with Shanga, 38% to 40% with the Busa group. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyl | Thu Lao | 200 (2002 Edmondson). | Cao Bàng, Lang Son, Hà Giang, Tuye Quang, Bác Thái, Quang Ninh, Hà Bac, and Lam Dòng provinces, central and northeastern Viet Nam near the China border. Some moved south and settled in Tung Nghia and Song Mao. Also possibly in Laos. | Lexical similarity 70% with Shanga, 38% to 40% with the Busa group. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyn | Kombai | 4,000 (1991 SIL). | South coast area east of Senggo around Boma. | Central Kombai, Tayan. Close to Wambon, Mandobo Atas, Mandobo Bawah, Wanggom. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| typ | Thaypan | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, Coleman River. | Related to Takalak. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyr | Tai Daeng | 25,000 in Laos (1991). | Northeastern Laos, near the Viet Nam border. | Related to Takalak. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tys | Tày Sa Pa | 300 (2002 Edmondson). | Lao Cai Province, Muong Khuong District. | Related to Takalak. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyt | Tày Tac | No estimate available. | Northwestern Viet Nam, Muong Tâc District in eastern Son La Province. | Related to Tai Dam, Tai Dón, Tai Daeng. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyu | Kua | 817 (2004 Cook). | Central District, especially Mahalapye, Serowe subdistricts and Northeast District. Primarily on cattleposts and in 'settlements'. | Related to Tai Dam, Tai Dón, Tai Daeng. | Little Kyenga use, shifting to Hausa or Dendi. Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tyv | Tuvin | 27,000 in Mongolia (1993 Johnstone). | Hövsgöl and Hovd Aimags, north and west Mongolia. | Kokchulutan, Khöwsögöl Uigur. | Speakers also use Halh Mongolian. | Literacy rate in second language: In Halh Mongolian. | Literacy rate in second language: In Halh Mongolian. | |
| tyz | Tày | 1,477,514 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Cao Bàng, Lang Son, Hà Giang, Tuye Quang, Bác Thái, Quang Ninh, Hà Bac, and Lam Dòng provinces, central and northeastern Viet Nam near the China border. Some moved south and settled in Tung Nghia and Song Mao. Also possibly in Laos. Also spoken in France, USA. | Central Tày, Eastern Tày, Southern Tày, Northern Tày, Tày Trung Khanh, Thu Lao, Tày Bao Lac. Dialect continuum to Southern Zhuang in China. Close to Nung. | High degree of bilingualism and acculturation in Vietnamese. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1938–1963. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1938–1963. | |
| tza | Tanzanian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Cao Bàng, Lang Son, Hà Giang, Tuye Quang, Bác Thái, Quang Ninh, Hà Bac, and Lam Dòng provinces, central and northeastern Viet Nam near the China border. Some moved south and settled in Tung Nghia and Song Mao. Also possibly in Laos. Also spoken in France, USA. | Central Tày, Eastern Tày, Southern Tày, Northern Tày, Tày Trung Khanh, Thu Lao, Tày Bao Lac. Dialect continuum to Southern Zhuang in China. Close to Nung. | High degree of bilingualism and acculturation in Vietnamese. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tzb | Tzeltal, Bachajón | 100,000 (1993 SIL). 50,000 are monolingual. Speakers of all Tzeltal varieties: 215,145 (1980 census). | East central Chiapas, Chilon and Ocosingo municipalities. | Amatenango del Valle. | Vigorous. Some families now use Spanish. Some Ch'ol in the northern border area and lowland have learned Tzeltal. All domains. Minimal use in government schools. Oral use in local commerce. Oral and written use in religion. All ages. Spanish use increasing among young people. Positive language attitude. 50,000 use Spanish as second language, 500 also speak some Ch'ol. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1964. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1964. | |
| tzc | Tzotzil, Chamula | 130,000 (1990 census). Speakers of all Tzotzil languages: 265,000 (1990 census). | West central Chiapas, San Juan Chamula, Huitiupan, Simojovel, San Juan del Bosque, San Cristóbal Las Casas, Bochil, Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan, Ocozocoautla, Ixtapa (Nibak), Jitotol, Teopisca, Amatan, Ishuatan. | Amatenango del Valle. | Vigorous. Some families now use Spanish. Some Ch'ol in the northern border area and lowland have learned Tzeltal. All domains. Minimal use in government schools. Oral use in local commerce. Oral and written use in religion. All ages. Spanish use increasing among young people. Positive language attitude. 50,000 use Spanish as second language, 500 also speak some Ch'ol. | Bible: 2001. | Bible: 2001. | |
| tze | Tzotzil, Chenalhó | 35,000 (1990 census). | Chenalhó Region, Chiapas. | San Pedro Chenalhó, San Pablo Chalchihuitan, Santa Catarina Pantelho, San Miguel Mitontic. Partially intelligible with San Andrés Larrainzar Chamula. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 95%, 1 1%, 2 1%, 3 2%, 4 .5%, 5 0%. | Bible: 1997. | Bible: 1997. | |
| tzh | Tzeltal, Oxchuc | 90,000 (2000 S. Hoffman REF). 50,000 are monolingual. | East central Chiapas, Oxchuc area. | Chanal Cancuc, Tenango. | Vigorous. Some Tzotzil speakers also speak Tzeltal. All domains. Oral use in administration, commerce, some oral and written use in education, religion. All ages. Young people are increasing use of Spanish. Positive language attitude. 40,000 use Spanish as second language. 100 can also speak Tojolabal. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 2002. | 50,000 can read it, 40,000 can write it. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 2002. | |
| tzj | Tz'utujil, Eastern | 50,000 (1998 SIL). 17,000 monolinguals. | Southern shore of Lake Atitlán, Sololá Department. | 99% of the people understand and speak Eastern Tz'utujil. | Vigorous. All domains, letters, local commerce. All ages. 25% are fairly fluent in Spanish, 65% are less fluent. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. 25% of the people read Eastern Tz'utujil, 5% write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. 25% of the people read Eastern Tz'utujil, 5% write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| tzm | Tamazight, Central Atlas | 3,000,000 in Morocco (1998). Population total all countries: 3,150,000. | Western Algeria mountain area of Atlas and adjacent valleys to Taza, in the vicinity of Rabat, south near the Moroccan border. | South Oran. | One of the more widely used Berber languages. | Literacy rate in second language: Men 25%, women 5%. Bible portions: 1919–1981. | Literacy rate in second language: Men 25%, women 5%. Bible portions: 1919–1981. | |
| tzn | Tugun | 1,200 (1990 SIL). 1% monolinguals. | Wetar Island, north of Timor, southwest Maluku; Mahuan, Masapun, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin, Ilway, Arwala villages, on the southeast end of Wetar. | Mahuan, Masapua, Tomliapat, Ilpokil, Kahailin Ilway, Arwala. Lexical similarity 92% to 97% among dialects, 76% with Perai, 74% with Aputai, 73% with Ili'uun, 52% with Talur. | Vigorous. Used in the home, local commerce, oral tradition. Positive language attitude. Most also use Indonesian or Ambonese Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| tzo | Tzotzil, Venustiano Carranza | 4,226 (1990 census). 58 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 60,000 (1990 census). | Central Chiapas, Venustiano Carranza Municipio, towns of Venustiano Carranza, El Puerto, and El Paraiso de Grijalva. | 66% intelligibility of Chenalhó Tzotzil, 65% of Zinacantán, 57% of Chamula, 56% of Huixtán. | Spanish proficiency is low. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| tzs | Tzotzil, San Andrés Larrainzar | 50,000 (1990 census). | West central Chiapas. | 66% intelligibility of Chenalhó Tzotzil, 65% of Zinacantán, 57% of Chamula, 56% of Huixtán. | Spanish proficiency is low. | Dictionary. NT: 1983. | Dictionary. NT: 1983. | |
| tzt | Tz'utujil, Western | 33,800 (1990 SIL). | Southern Sololá area, southwestern shore of Lake Atitlán. | 66% intelligibility of Chenalhó Tzotzil, 65% of Zinacantán, 57% of Chamula, 56% of Huixtán. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 3% to 4%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Grammar. NT: 1981–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 3% to 4%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Grammar. NT: 1981–1989. | |
| tzu | Tzotzil, Huixtán | 20,000 (1990 census). | Huixtán Region, Chiapas. | Huixtán, Angel Albino Corzo, La Concordia, Villa Corzo. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 98%, 1 .5%, 2 .5%, 3 .5%, 4 .3%, 5 .2%. | NT: 1975–1995. | NT: 1975–1995. | |
| tzx | Tabriak | 2,082 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, near Chambri, lower Karawari River. 9 villages. | Closest to Kopar (Watam). Distinct from the Karawari dialect of Alamblak. | Speakers have high proficiency in Tok Pisin. | NT: 1975–1995. | NT: 1975–1995. | |
| tzz | Tzotzil, Zinacantán | 25,000 (1990 census). | West central Chiapas. | Closest to Kopar (Watam). Distinct from the Karawari dialect of Alamblak. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 94%, 1 3%, 2 2%, 3 1%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1987. | NT: 1987. |
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