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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bdx | Budong-Budong | 70 (1988). | Tongkou village, Mamuju District, Budong-Budong Subdistrict, on the Budong-Budong River. | Closer to Aralle-Tabulahan and Ulumandak. Lexical similarity 56% with Mamuju and Seko Padang, 61% with Seko Tengah, 72% with Panasuan. | Some speakers are becoming bilingual in Topoiyo through intermarriage and geographical proximity. | Oriya script. | Oriya script. | |
| bdy | Bandjalang | 10 (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). | New South Wales, northeastern, Woodenbong. | Gidabal (Gidhabal), Yugumbir. | All speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Bible portions. | Dictionary. Bible portions. | |
| bdz | Badeshi | Ethnic population: 2,825 (2000 WCD). | Upper reaches of Bishigram (Chail) Valley, east of Madyan, Swat Kohistan. One village. | Gidabal (Gidhabal), Yugumbir. | Speakers also use Pashto. | Dictionary. Bible portions. | Dictionary. Bible portions. | |
| bea | Beaver | 300 (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Ethnic population: 600 (1987 SIL). | North eastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta, Chateh (Assumption) on the Hay River, and Prophet River south of Fort Nelson. | Gidabal (Gidhabal), Yugumbir. | The remaining speakers are highly bilingual in English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1886–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1886–1989. | |
| bec | Iceve-Maci | 5,000 in Nigeria (1990). | Cross River State, Obudu LGA. | Maci (Matchi, Oliti, Olithi, Olit, Kwaya, Oliti-Akwaya, Motom, Motomo), Bacheve (Becheve, Bechere, Beheve, Baceve). | Some use Evant, and older males can speak some Denya-Kenyang. Cameroon Pidgin is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1886–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1886–1989. | |
| bed | Bedoanas | 180 (2000 Wurm). | Northwest coast, Bomberai Peninsula, Fakfak Kabupaten, Kokas Kecamatan. | Maci (Matchi, Oliti, Olithi, Olit, Kwaya, Oliti-Akwaya, Motom, Motomo), Bacheve (Becheve, Bechere, Beheve, Baceve). | Some use Evant, and older males can speak some Denya-Kenyang. Cameroon Pidgin is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1886–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1886–1989. | |
| bee | Byangsi | 1,734 in Nepal (2001 census). Ethnic population: 2,103. | Mahakali Zone, Darchula District, 9 villages in Byas Valley. | Pangjungkho Boli, Yerjungkhu Boli, Kuti. Related to Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi. Devidatta Sharma 1989 suggests that Chaudangsi and Byangsi are varieties of one language. Considered to be dialects of one language with Chaudangsi and dialects in Chhanguru and Tinker districts of Nepal. | 161 second langauge speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Byanshi). Nepali, Hindi, Kumauni are widely used. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bef | Benabena | 45,000 (1998 NTM). | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | Pangjungkho Boli, Yerjungkhu Boli, Kuti. Related to Rangkas, Darmiya, Chaudangsi. Devidatta Sharma 1989 suggests that Chaudangsi and Byangsi are varieties of one language. Considered to be dialects of one language with Chaudangsi and dialects in Chhanguru and Tinker districts of Nepal. | 161 second langauge speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Byanshi). Nepali, Hindi, Kumauni are widely used. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| beg | Belait | 700 (1995 Martin). | Scattered areas in Belait District, Kampung Kiudang, in Tutong District. | Related to Kiput, Baram, Tinjar. Lexical similarity 54% with Tutong 2. | Speakers are shifting to Brunei. Used more among those above 19 years old. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| bei | Bekati' | 4,000 (1986 UBS). | Northwestern near Sarawak border, around Sambas and Selvas. | Related to Kiput, Baram, Tinjar. Lexical similarity 54% with Tutong 2. | Speakers are shifting to Brunei. Used more among those above 19 years old. | Bible portions: 1986. | Bible portions: 1986. | |
| bej | Bedawi | 150,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 20,000 Hadendoa (1970 Bendor). | Northeastern Sudan along the Red Sea coast. Also spoken in Egypt, Eritrea. | Hadareb (Hadaareb), Bisharin (Bisarin, Bisariab), Hadendoa (Hadendowa), Beni-Amir, Ababda, Amara. | Speakers also use Arabic or Tigré. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bel | Belarusan | 220,000 in Poland (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Canada, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Russia (Europe), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, USA, Uzbekistan. | Northeast Belarusan (Polots, Viteb-Mogilev), Southwest Belarusan (Grodnen-Baranovich, Slutsko-Mozyr, Slutska-Mazyrski), Central Belarusan. Linguistically between Russian and Ukrainian, with transitional dialects to both. | National language. 74% of the ethnic group from the former USSR speak it as first language. | Cyrillic script. Bible: 1973. | Cyrillic script. Bible: 1973. | |
| ben | Bengali | 600 in Singapore (1985). Ethnic population: 14,000 in Singapore (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Mechi Zone, Jhapa District; Koshi Zone, Morang and Sunsari districts; Sagarmatha Zone, Saptari District. | Barik, Bhatiari, Chirmar, Kachari-Bengali, Lohari-Malpaharia, Musselmani, Rajshahi, Samaria, Saraki, Siripuria. | State language of West Bengal. Spoken by some Koda as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 51.2%. | Literacy rate in second language: 51.2%. | |
| beo | Beami | 4,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Province, east of Nomad, extending into Southern Highlands Province. | Komofio, North Beami. | State language of West Bengal. Spoken by some Koda as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| bep | Besoa | 8,000 (2000 SIL). | Central Sulawesi, Lore Utara Subdistrict, Napu Valley, 8 villages. | Geographically, politically, culturally, and lexically distinct from Bada and Napu. | 70% are speakers. The language is passed on to more than 60% of the children. Most domains. Positive language attitude. Nearly everyone can speak Indonesian at some level. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| bes | Besme | 1,228 (1993 census). | Southwest, Tandjilé Prefecture, Kélo and Laï subprefectures, in Besmé, Bodor, and 3 other villages along the Logone River northwest of Laï. | Lexical similarity 51% with Kim. | Some bilingualism in Nancere and Chadian Arabic, but not universal nor at a high level. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| bet | Béte, Guiberoua | 130,000 (1993 SIL). | West Central Department, Daloua, Issia, Guiberoua, Soubre, Buyo, Gregbeu, and Ouaragahio subprefectures. | Soubré, Guiberoua. Closest to Godié. There are 18 dialects. | Some bilingualism in Nancere and Chadian Arabic, but not universal nor at a high level. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | |
| beu | Blagar | 11,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 11,000. | Eastern Pantar, northern Pura, southern Ternate islands, Lesser Sundas. | Apuri, Limarahing, Bakalang, Pura. The Retta variety on south Pura is thought to be a separate language by 2 Alorese. | Some bilingualism in Nancere and Chadian Arabic, but not universal nor at a high level. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | |
| bev | Bété, Daloa | 130,000 (1993 SIL). | West Central Department, Daloa Subprefecture. | Apuri, Limarahing, Bakalang, Pura. The Retta variety on south Pura is thought to be a separate language by 2 Alorese. | Some bilingualism in Nancere and Chadian Arabic, but not universal nor at a high level. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1996. | |
| bew | Betawi | 2,700,000 (1993 Johnstone). | Jakarta, Java. | 'A Malay-based creole which is quite distinct from both standard Indonesian and from other Malay-based pidgins and creoles'. It evolved by the mid-19th century. Unique phonological, morphological, and lexical traits. There are also influences from Peranakan Chinese and Bali. Often not intelligible to Indonesian speakers not familiar with it (R. B. Allen, Jr. 1989). | Functions as a 'low' variety in a diglossic situation, but is a prestige variety when used by the upper class. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bex | Jur Modo | 100,000 (2004 SIL). | Southern Sudan, vicinity of Mvolo and on the Naam (Olo) River. | Lori, Modo (Jur Modo, Modo Lali), Wira, Wetu. | Vigorous. The Wetu dialect is not extinct. All domains, oral and written use in administration, commerce, written use in folk stories, keeping of family records. Positive language attitude. Many speakers also use Arabic, Dinka, Moru, Baka, or Zande. | Taught in primary schools. NT: 1998. | Taught in primary schools. NT: 1998. | |
| bey | Beli | 2,202 (2000). Population includes 1,400 in area and 53 outside. | Sandaun Province, west of Mehek. | Lori, Modo (Jur Modo, Modo Lali), Wira, Wetu. | Vigorous. The Wetu dialect is not extinct. All domains, oral and written use in administration, commerce, written use in folk stories, keeping of family records. Positive language attitude. Many speakers also use Arabic, Dinka, Moru, Baka, or Zande. | Taught in primary schools. NT: 1998. | Taught in primary schools. NT: 1998. | |
| bfa | Bari | 60,000 in Uganda. | Northwest corner. | Kuku, Nyepu (Ngyepu, Nyefu, Nyepo, Nypho), Pöjulu (Pajulu, Fadjulu, Fajulu, Fajelu), Nyangbara (Nyangwara, Nyambara), Mondari (Mandari, Mundari). | Trade language. | Grammar. Bible: 1979. | Grammar. Bible: 1979. | |
| bfb | Bareli, Pauri | 150,000 to 200,000 (2000). | Maharashtra; Nandurbar District, Dhadgaon, Shahada, Taloda tahsils; Dhule District; Shirpur tahsil; Madhya Pradesh; Barwani District; Pansemal tahsil; Nivali and Pati blocks. | Pauri Bareli not intelligible with Rathwi Bareli or Palya Bareli. Dialect center in Maharashtra, Nandurbar District, Dhadgaon tahsil. Lexical similarity 81 to 88% among varieties of Pauri Bareli; 68 to 79% with Rathwi Bareli; 62 to 66% with Palya Bareli. | Vigorous. All domains except education. Positive language attitude. Most speakers have low proficiency in regional (Nimadi, Ahirani) and state (Hindi, Marathi) langauges. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| bfc | Bai, Northern | 40,000 (2003). | Northwest Yunnan, Nujiang, and Lanping. | Nujiang, Lanping. | Vigorous. All domains except education. Positive language attitude. Most speakers have low proficiency in regional (Nimadi, Ahirani) and state (Hindi, Marathi) langauges. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| bfe | Betaf | 500 (2000). | North coast area east of Sarmi, Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan. | Nujiang, Lanping. | Vigorous. All domains except education. Positive language attitude. Most speakers have low proficiency in regional (Nimadi, Ahirani) and state (Hindi, Marathi) langauges. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| bff | Bofi | 23,500 (1996). | Boda and Bimbo subprefectures. | Nujiang, Lanping. | Speakers also use Sango. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| bfg | Kayan, Busang | 3,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | On the upper Mahakam, Oga, and Belayan rivers. | Mahakam Busang, Belayan, Long Bleh. | Speakers also use Sango. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| bfh | Blafe | 667 (2003 SIL). | Western Province, west of Nambo language. Indorodoro town is center. | Mblafe, Ránmo. Different from Ara (Rouku), although related. | Speakers also use Sango. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| bfi | British Sign Language | 40,000 first-language users (1984 Deuchar), out of 909,000 deaf, of which the majority probably have some degree of sign language competence (1977 Deuchar). | United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, Scotland. | Not inherently intelligible to users of American Sign Language. The deaf community is cohesive, so communication is good despite regional differences. | Good regional and national organizations for the deaf. Signed interpretation is required in court, and provided in some other situations. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. There is a committee on national sign language. Sign language was used before 1644. Deaf schools were established in the late 18th century. There is increasing desire to train deaf children in BSL. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bfk | Ban Khor Sign Language | No estimate available. | Northeastern Thailand, a few villages. | Not related to the original sign languages of Thailand, but there is some similarity. | Good regional and national organizations for the deaf. Signed interpretation is required in court, and provided in some other situations. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. There is a committee on national sign language. Sign language was used before 1644. Deaf schools were established in the late 18th century. There is increasing desire to train deaf children in BSL. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bfn | Bunak | 50,000 in Indonesia (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Ethnic population: 50,000. | Central interior Timor Island, south coast. | Not closely related to other languages. | Many speakers bilingual with Tetun. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bfq | Badaga | 245,374 (2000 WCD). | Tamil Nadu, Madras-Nilgiri, Kunda hills. 200 villages. | Not closely related to other languages. | Many speakers bilingual with Tetun. | Tamil script. NT: 1999. | Tamil script. NT: 1999. | |
| bfr | Bazigar | 58,236 (1981 census). | Haryana; Chandigarh; Delhi; Gujarat; Himachal Pradesh; Punjab; Jammu and Kashmir; Madhya Pradesh; Karnataka. | Not closely related to other languages. | Many speakers bilingual with Tetun. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bfs | Bai, Southern | 400,000 (2003). | Northwest Yunnan, Dali, and Xiangyun provinces. | Dali, Xiangyun. | Many speakers bilingual with Tetun. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| bft | Balti | 67,000 in India (1997). | Jammu and Kashmir. | Chorbat is the most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity 87% to 100% among dialects, 78% to 85% with Purik. | Some Shina is used as second language. Urdu proficiency is reported to be high in some places. Women and the uneducated have little knowledge of Urdu. Many Purik have shifted to Balti. | Literacy rate in second language: 3% to 5% in Urdu. Perso-Arabic script. Bible portions: 1903–1940. | Literacy rate in second language: 3% to 5% in Urdu. Perso-Arabic script. Bible portions: 1903–1940. | |
| bfu | Gahri | 4,000 in India (1997). | Himachal Pradesh, Gahr Valley along the Bhaga River from its confluence with the Chandra and upstream about 25 km, Biling, Kardang, Kyelang, Guskyar, Yurnad, Gumrang, Barbog, Paspara, Pyukar, Styering villages. Also spoken in China. | Related to Tukpa, Kanashi, Thebor, Kanam, Lippa, Sumtsu (Sumchu), Sungnam (Sungam), Zangram. Lexical Similarity 39% with Sunam, 26% to 39% with varieties of Chamba Lahuli (Pattani), 37% with Tinani, 26% to 34% with varieties of central Tibetan, 34% with Jangshung and Shumcho, 31% with Kinnaur Bhoti, 30% with Chitkuli and Nesang (Tukpa), 24% with Lhasa Tibetan, 23% with Kanauri. | All domains, home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Formerly Takari, then Tibetan script. Bible portions: 1911–1923. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Formerly Takari, then Tibetan script. Bible portions: 1911–1923. | |
| bfw | Bondo | 9,000 (2002 SIL). Few Lower Bondo are monolingual. Population includes 5,565 Upper Bondo and 3,500 Lower Bondo. | Orissa, Malkangiri District, Khoirput Block, Bondo Hills. | Upper Bondo, Lower Bondo. Closest to Didayi, Gutob Gadaba, Parenga. 88% comprehension of Upper Bondo by Lower Bondo. Lexical similarity 70% to 94% with other Bondo varieties, 45% to 51% with Gadaba Gutob, 22% to 32% with Upper Gata' (Didayi). | Positive language attitude. Many speak Adivasi Oriya for trade and interactions with surrounding communities. Few Upper Bondo are bilingual. | Literacy rate in second language: 0.7% female, 6.8% male, 3.6% total (1981 census). Oriya script. | Literacy rate in second language: 0.7% female, 6.8% male, 3.6% total (1981 census). Oriya script. | |
| bfy | Bagheli | Ethnic population: 136,953 Kewat. | Koshi Zone, Morang District. | Ojhi, Powari, Banapari, Gahore, Tirhari, Godwani (Mandlaha), Sonpari. | Trade language. | Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | Devanagari script. NT: 1821. | |
| bfz | Pahari, Mahasu | 500,000 (1992). Population includes 3,976 Baghati (1961 census). | Himachal Pradesh, Shimla (Simla) and Solan districts. | Lower Mahasu Pahari (Kiunthali, Baghati, Baghliani), Upper Mahasu Pahari (Shimla Siraji, Sodochi, Rampuri, Rohruri). The Kiunthali subdialect appears to be understood by speakers of the other varieties, and their attitude toward it is favorable. The Rampuri subdialect is also called 'Kochi'; the Rohruri subdialect also called 'Soracholi'. Intelligibility among dialects is above 85%. Lexical similarity 74% to 82% with upper dialects, 74% to 95% with lower dialects. | Some domains, home, religion. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Hindi: 0 0%, 1 40%, 2 30%, 3 15%, 4 10%, 5 5%. Those with more than 5 years of schooling are more proficient in Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: below 40% in Hindi. Radio programs. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: below 40% in Hindi. Radio programs. Dictionary. | |
| bga | Gwamhi-Wuri | 16,000 (2000). | Kebbi State, Wasugu LGA, Danko-Maga area, and Niger State, Magama LGA, Dusai and Kwimu. The Gwamfawa are around Danko and the Wurawa around Maga. Migrants are in Niger State. | Gwamhi (Gwamfanci, Gwamfi Gwamfawa, Abaangi, Banga, Banganci, Bangawa), Wuri (Wuranci, Wurawa). The two dialects have slight lexical and tonal differences. Lexical similarity 57% with Puku-Geeri-Keri-Wipsi, 47% with Duka, 43% with Lela. | Many Gwamfawa are assimilating to Lela culture and language, while the Wurawa are assimilating to Hausa. Speakers also use Lela or Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: below 40% in Hindi. Radio programs. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: below 40% in Hindi. Radio programs. Dictionary. | |
| bgb | Bobongko | 1,500 (2001 SIL). Population includes 1,100 in Lembanato and 400 in Tumbulawa. | Central Sulawesi, Togian Islands, Lembanato village, on Kilat Bay on the north side, and Tumbulawa village on the northwest coast of Batu Daka Island. | Related to Saluan. Not the same as Andio. Lexical similarity is 53% with Coastal Saluan, 44% with Andio, and 30% with Gorontalo, 25% to 30% with Gorontalo-Mongondow languages. | Many Gwamfawa are assimilating to Lela culture and language, while the Wurawa are assimilating to Hausa. Speakers also use Lela or Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: below 40% in Hindi. Radio programs. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: below 40% in Hindi. Radio programs. Dictionary. | |
| bgc | Haryanvi | 13,000,000 (1992 SIL). Population includes 107,000 Haryanvi proper (1997). Ethnic population: 16,000,000 (1992 SIL). | Haryana; Punjab; Karnataka; Delhi; Himachal Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh. | Bangaru Proper, Deswali, Bagdi, Khadar, Mewati. 'Bagdi' is the variety used around Fatehabad and Sirsa, and south of Bhiwani (distinct from the Wagdi language in southern Rajasthan). Needs comparison with Bagri. Intelligibility among dialects is good, but Haryanvi is not intelligible with Hindi, the closest language. Closest to Braj Bhasha. Lexical similarity 92% among dialects. | Some domains, home, religion. All ages. Positive language attitude. Hindi is used as second language; proficiency higher among educated speakers than uneducated ones. Some bilingual ability in all social groups for education and contact with non-Haryanvi speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: 55% Hindi. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 55% Hindi. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2001. | |
| bgd | Bareli, Rathwi | 63,700 (2000). | Madhya Pradesh; Barwani District; Barwani, Sendhwa, Rajpur tahsils; Khargone District; Bhagawanpura, Jhirniya, Bhikangaon tahsils; Dewas District; Bagli tahsil; Khandwa District; Burhanpur tahsil; Dhar District; Dahi block; Rathia Bhilala in South Jhabua District; Maharashtra northern Dhule District; Shirpur tahsil; Jalgaon District; Chopda, Raver, Yawal tahsils. | Pauri Bareli and Rathwi Pauri not intelligible with Vasavi or Bhilori. Dialect center is Madhya Pradesh, Barwani District, Chiklia. Not intelligible with Palya Bareli or Pauri Bareli. Understood by Rathia Bhilala of Nimad, Bhilala of Sondhwa block of Jhabua District and Bhils of south Dhar District. Lexical similarity 81% to 93% among Rathwi Bareli dialects; 67 to 73% with Palya Bareli; 68 to 79% with Pauri Bareli. | Vigorous. All domains except education. Positive language attitude. Most speakers have low proficiency in regional (Nimadi, Ahirani) and state (Hindi, Marathi) languages. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1986. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| bge | Bauria | 247,872 (1999). | Punjab; Himachal Pradesh; Delhi; Haryana; Chandigarh; Rajasthan; Uttar Pradesh. | Pauri Bareli and Rathwi Pauri not intelligible with Vasavi or Bhilori. Dialect center is Madhya Pradesh, Barwani District, Chiklia. Not intelligible with Palya Bareli or Pauri Bareli. Understood by Rathia Bhilala of Nimad, Bhilala of Sondhwa block of Jhabua District and Bhils of south Dhar District. Lexical similarity 81% to 93% among Rathwi Bareli dialects; 67 to 73% with Palya Bareli; 68 to 79% with Pauri Bareli. | Speakers also use Panjabi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bgf | Bangandu | 2,700 in Cameroon (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Sangha Region, along the Cameroon border. | Baagato, North Bangato. | Speakers also use Panjabi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bgg | Bugun | 1,046 (1991 census). | Arunachal Pradesh; West Kameng District, in 7 or 8 villages on the mountains on both sides of the Rupa River, interspersed among the Hruso. | Mutually intelligible with Sulung (Chowdhury). | Speakers also use Nefamese, Sherdukpen, Hruso, Monpa, or Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | |
| bgh | Bogan | 6,000 (2001). | Yunnan. | Mutually intelligible with Sulung (Chowdhury). | Speakers also use Nefamese, Sherdukpen, Hruso, Monpa, or Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | |
| bgi | Giangan | 55,040 (1990 census). | Davao City, Mindanao; eastern slopes of Mt. Apo, Davao del Sur. | 69% comprehension of Tagabawa; 79% of Obo Manobo. Lexical similarity 34% with Tagabawa, 35% with Obo Manobo; 43% with Blaan. | Marginally bilingual in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | |
| bgk | Bit | 500 in China (1990 Svantesson). | Southern Yunnan Province. | Not Khmuic, but Palaungic (J-O Svantesson 1990). Related to Khao in Viet Nam. | Marginally bilingual in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | |
| bgl | Bo | 2,950 (2000). | Central Laos inland from the bend of the Mekong, Nhang River, around Nape, Kammouan Province and Lak Sao, Bolikhamxay Province, Hinboun District. | Not Khmuic, but Palaungic (J-O Svantesson 1990). Related to Khao in Viet Nam. | Marginally bilingual in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | |
| bgm | Baga Mboteni | Ethnic population: 4,893. | South of the Nunez River. | Related to Nalu, Mbulungish. | Speakers also use Susu. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1981 census), 35% for men, 12% for women. | |
| bgn | Balochi, Western | 28,000 in Turkmenistan (1993). | Northern Sistan va Baluchistan Province. Half are settled in cities and villages, half are nomadic. | Rakhshani (Raxshani), Sarawani. | Turkmen is used as the literary language in Turkmenistan. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| bgo | Baga Koga | Ethnic population: 5,000. | Coast between the Pongo and Konkouré rivers, extending to the Île de Kito. | Close to Landoma, Temne. | Speakers also use Susu. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| bgp | Balochi, Eastern | 5,000 in India (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Uttar Pradesh; Gujarat. | Close to Landoma, Temne. | Speakers also use Urdu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1815–1906. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1815–1906. | |
| bgq | Bagri | 200,000 in Pakistan. 100,000 in Sind Province (1998). | In the Sindh and Punjab. | Lexical similarity 62% with Hindi, 65% with Haryanvi, 51% to 66% with Marwari, 58% to 69% with Merwari, 69% to 76% with Shekhawati, 47% to 63% with Godwari, 63% to 65% with Dhundari, 60% to 66% with Mewati, 74% with Jandavra. | They speak some Sindhi and understand some Urdu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| bgr | Chin, Bawm | 3,581 in Myanmar (2000 WCD). | Falam area, Chin Hills. | Regard themselves correctly as a subgroup of the Laizou (Anal) (Matisoff et al. 1996:8). | Speakers also use Mizo. | Bible: 1989. | Bible: 1989. | |
| bgs | Tagabawa | 43,000 (1998 SIL). | Mindanao, Davao City, slopes of Mt. Apo. | 45% comprehension of Tigwa Manobo; low comprehension of Cebuano. Lexical similarity 62% with Sarangani Manobo; 34% with Bagobo (Giangan). | Speakers also use Mizo. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | |
| bgv | Warkay-Bipim | 300 (1993). | South coast area bordering Asmat to east and Sawi to west, lower Eilanden River, 3 villages. | 45% comprehension of Tigwa Manobo; low comprehension of Cebuano. Lexical similarity 62% with Sarangani Manobo; 34% with Bagobo (Giangan). | 50% of speakers have some proficiency in Indonesian or Asmat. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1952–1992. | |
| bgw | Bhatri | 600,000 (2000). | Andhra Pradesh; Chhattisgarh, Bastar District, Jagdalpur tahsil; Maharashtra; Orissa, Koraput District, Kotpad tahsil. | All dialects understand each other at 88%. Close to Halbi. Lexical similarity 70% to 90% between dialects, 58% with Adivasi Oriya. | Vigorous. Bhatri is preferred in home and religious domains. Positive language attitude. Communities in Madhya Pradesh have low proficiency in Hindi. Those in Orissa have low proficiency in Oriya. One-third of the speakers have enhanced comprehension of Halbi because of closeness to the Halbi-speaking area. | Literacy rate in second language: 7.5% (1981 census). Oriya script. | Literacy rate in second language: 7.5% (1981 census). Oriya script. | |
| bgx | Balkan Gagauz Turkish | 4,000 in Macedonia and Greece. | Macedonian Gagauz dialect in the Kumanovo area, Yuruk dialect in the Bitola area. | Macedonian Gagauz, Yuruk (Yoruk, Konyar). | Vigorous. Bhatri is preferred in home and religious domains. Positive language attitude. Communities in Madhya Pradesh have low proficiency in Hindi. Those in Orissa have low proficiency in Oriya. One-third of the speakers have enhanced comprehension of Halbi because of closeness to the Halbi-speaking area. | Literacy rate in second language: 7.5% (1981 census). Oriya script. | Literacy rate in second language: 7.5% (1981 census). Oriya script. | |
| bgy | Benggoi | 350 (1989 SIL). | North coast, Werinama and Bula districts, east Seram, central Maluku, 3 villages (Benggoi, Balakeo, Lesa). | Lesa, Benggoi, Balakeo. Lexical similarity 70% among 'dialects'; 54% to 66% with Liana-Seti, 46% to 50% with Salas Gunung, 32% to 46% with Manusela. | Vigorous. Bhatri is preferred in home and religious domains. Positive language attitude. Communities in Madhya Pradesh have low proficiency in Hindi. Those in Orissa have low proficiency in Oriya. One-third of the speakers have enhanced comprehension of Halbi because of closeness to the Halbi-speaking area. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bgz | Banggai | 100,000 (1995 SIL). | Central Sulawesi; Banggai, Liang, Bulagi, Buko, Totikum, Tinangkum, Labobo Bangkurung subdistricts; Banggai Islands off the eastern peninsula; 157 villages, or parts of villages. | East Banggai, West Banggai. | Vigorous. Bhatri is preferred in home and religious domains. Positive language attitude. Communities in Madhya Pradesh have low proficiency in Hindi. Those in Orissa have low proficiency in Oriya. One-third of the speakers have enhanced comprehension of Halbi because of closeness to the Halbi-speaking area. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | |
| bha | Bharia | 196,512 (1981 census). | Madhya Pradesh, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Jabalpur, Mandla, Panna, Rewa, Sidhi, Tikamgarh districts; Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur, Durg, Surguja districts; Uttar Pradesh; West Bengal. | Singh 1993 reports they speak a variety of Hindi. | Vigorous. Bhatri is preferred in home and religious domains. Positive language attitude. Communities in Madhya Pradesh have low proficiency in Hindi. Those in Orissa have low proficiency in Oriya. One-third of the speakers have enhanced comprehension of Halbi because of closeness to the Halbi-speaking area. | Devanagari script. | Devanagari script. | |
| bhb | Bhili | 1,300,000 (1994). Population includes 1,000,000 Bhil plus 300,000 Patelia in Madhya Pradesh. 12,688 Kotvali (1994), 5,624,000 in languages in the Bhil family. | Madhya Pradesh, Jhabua, Char, Ratlam districts; Gujarat, Panchmahals, and Dahod districts; Rajasthan; Maharashtra; some in Jammu and Kashmir; Andhra Pradesh; Karnataka; Punjab; Bihar; Tripura; mountainous areas. | Ahiri, Anarya (Pahadi), Bhilodi, Bhim, Charani, Habura, Konkani, Kotali (Kotvali, Kotwalia), Magra Ki Boli, Nahari (Baglani), Naikdi, Panchali, Patelia, Ranawat, Rani Bhil, Siyalgir. Bhili of Ratlam District in Madhya Pradesh is inherently intelligible with Wagdi and a connecting link between Gujarati and Rajasthani (Marwari). Bhili highly intelligible to Bhilodi. | Spoken as first language by the Patelia in Madhya Pradesh. Most speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | |
| bhc | Biga | 300 (2001 Remijsen). | Misool Island, Biga village. | Ahiri, Anarya (Pahadi), Bhilodi, Bhim, Charani, Habura, Konkani, Kotali (Kotvali, Kotwalia), Magra Ki Boli, Nahari (Baglani), Naikdi, Panchali, Patelia, Ranawat, Rani Bhil, Siyalgir. Bhili of Ratlam District in Madhya Pradesh is inherently intelligible with Wagdi and a connecting link between Gujarati and Rajasthani (Marwari). Bhili highly intelligible to Bhilodi. | Spoken as first language by the Patelia in Madhya Pradesh. Most speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | |
| bhd | Bhadrawahi | 69,000 (1997). | Jammu and Kashmir. | Bhalesi, Padar, Padari. | Spoken as first language by the Patelia in Madhya Pradesh. Most speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | |
| bhe | Bhaya | 70 to 700 (1998). | Lower Sindh: Kapri Goth near Samaro, near Khipro, Jamesabad, Mir ke goth, Mirpurkhas, Phuladia, a few families in Hyderabad. There may be more in India. | Similarity of key morphemes: The possessive postposition with 'g-' contrasts with all other languages in the area. Gender endings match Rajasthani. This might be the same as Bhoyari in India. It may be in the Western Hindi group. Lexical similarity 84% with Marwari sweeper, 75% with Malhi, 73% with Bhat, 72% to 73% with Goaria, 70% to 73% with Sindhi Meghwar, 63% to 72% with Mogi, 63% to 71% with Sindhi Bhil, 70% with Urdu. | Spoken as first language by the Patelia in Madhya Pradesh. Most speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | |
| bhf | Odiai | 244 (2000 census). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Upper Sepik River, west of Namia. 3 villages. Yare is north and east, Abau is south and west, Biaka is northwest. | Similarity of key morphemes: The possessive postposition with 'g-' contrasts with all other languages in the area. Gender endings match Rajasthani. This might be the same as Bhoyari in India. It may be in the Western Hindi group. Lexical similarity 84% with Marwari sweeper, 75% with Malhi, 73% with Bhat, 72% to 73% with Goaria, 70% to 73% with Sindhi Meghwar, 63% to 72% with Mogi, 63% to 71% with Sindhi Bhil, 70% with Urdu. | Spoken as first language by the Patelia in Madhya Pradesh. Most speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Devanagari script. TV. Videos. Grammar. NT: 1930. | |
| bhg | Binandere | 6,902 (2003 SIL). | Oro Province, along the Eia, Gira, Ope, Mambere, and Kumusi rivers, between Zia and Ambasi; a few in Morobe Province. | Aeka (Aiga), Ambasi (Tain-Daware, Davari, Dawari), Binandere. Lexical similarity 50% to 54% with Suena and Zia, 67% with Ambasi. | Speakers who live near the coast are more bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1949. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1949. | |
| bhh | Bukharic | 10,000 in Uzbekistan (1995). | Various parts of Uzbekistan. The cultural center is Bokhara (Buchara). | Related to Tajiki Persian. May be easily intelligible with Tajiki or Farsi. Also close to Judeo-Persian. | Speakers who live near the coast are more bilingual. | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | |
| bhi | Bhilali | 1,000,000 to 1,300,000 (2000). Population includes 25,000 to 50,000 Parya Bhilali. | Madhya Pradesh, Khargone (Segaon), Barwani (Rajpur), southern Jhabua and southern Dhar districts; Maharashtra, Dhule District; some in Gujarat; Karnataka; Rajasthan. | Parya Bhilali. Lexical similarity 61 to 79% between Parya Bhilali and other Bhilali varieties. | Speakers who live near the coast are more bilingual. | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | |
| bhj | Bahing | 2,765 (2001 census). | Sagarmatha Zone, Okhaldunga District, south of the Solu River in the Nachedanda ranges, east of the Melung River to the Thatan River and its tributaries in the west. | Namber Sacha, Rokhung, Khaling, Banenge, Dobo Lo, Proca Lo. The Khaling dialect of Bahing is distinct from the Khaling language. More homogeneous than most Kiranti languages. Related to Sunwar. | The language still in use by the younger generation. Degree of Nepalization is relatively low (Winter 1991). | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | |
| bhk | Bicolano, Albay | 1,900,907 (2000). | Western Albay Province and Buhi, Camarines Sur, Luzon. | Buhi (Buhi'non), Daraga, Libon, Oas, Ligao. | Speakers have some proficiency in Central Bicolano. | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | Hebrew script. Radio programs. | |
| bhl | Bimin | 2,250 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Bak-Bimin District, and Western Province. | Bim, Nimtep Weng. Close to Faiwol. | Speakers have some proficiency in Central Bicolano. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | |
| bhm | Bathari | 200 in Oman. | Dhofar Governorate, in coastal towns of Shuwaymiya and Sharbithat. | Close to Mehri. | Speakers have some proficiency in Central Bicolano. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | |
| bhn | Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | 1,000 in Georgia (1999 Fox). | Mainly in Garbadani village, Georgia. Also spoken in Russia (Asia). | Close to Mehri. | Most over 60. Younger generations tend to shift to Georgian or Russian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | |
| bho | Bhojpuri | 1,712,536 in Nepal (2001 census). | Main concentration in Narayani Zone, Rautahat, Para, and Parsa districts. Also near the India border in Lumbini Zone, Nawalparasi District; Janakpur Zone, Sarlahi District; Koshi Zone, Morang District; Mechi Zone, Jhapa District. | Bhojpuri Tharu, Teli. | 74,148 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census). Speakers also use Hindi, Maithili, Nepali, or Awadhi. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 40% literate in Nepali, Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 40% literate in Nepali, Hindi. | |
| bhp | Bima | 500,000 (1989). | Sunda Islands, eastern Sumbawa Island, east of the isthmus. | Kolo, Sangar (Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, Mbojo. | 74,148 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census). Speakers also use Hindi, Maithili, Nepali, or Awadhi. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 40% literate in Nepali, Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 40% literate in Nepali, Hindi. | |
| bhq | Tukang Besi South | 130,000 (1995 SIL). Population includes 100,000 in Maluku. | Southern islands of Tukang Besi archipelago, (Binongko and Tomea islands) off Southeast Sulawesi; Taliabu, Mongole, Sulabesi, Buru, Seram, Ambon, and Alor islands in Maluku; Bonerate dialect in Bonerate, Madu, Kalaotoa, and Karompa islands in Selayar District, South Sulawesi; numerous settlements throughout western Papua. | Binongko, Tomea (Tomia). Lexical similarity 70% to 75% with Tukang Besi North, 48% with Cia-Cia, 49% with Lasalimu, average of 35% with other nearby languages. Lexical similarity 85% between Binongko and Tomea, 81% with Bonerate, 79% between Tomea and Bonerate. | Speakers also use Wolio. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bhr | Malagasy, Bara | 500,000 (2002). | South central Madagascar, Ibara, south of Betsileo, west of Tesaka, east of Masikoro, north of Anosy, Androy, and Mahafaly. | Lexical similarity 69% with Merina. | Speakers also use Wolio. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bhs | Buwal | 7,000 (2001 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Mokolo Subdivision, in and around Gadala, south of Mokolo. | Lexical similarity 90% with Gavar. | All domains, church. Speakers have low proficiency in Fulfulde and French. Schooling is in French. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bht | Bhattiyali | 102,252 (1991 census). | Himachal Pradesh, Chamba District, Bhattiyat tahsil, Sihunta Sub-tahsil. | Lexical similarity 86% with Chambeali, 83% with Palampuri Kangri, 76% with Bilaspuri. | All ages. Speakers also use Hindi, Panjabi, or Urdu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bhu | Bhunjia | 18,601 (1981 census). | Madhya Pradesh, Hoshangabad District; Chhattisgarh, Raipur District; Orissa, Nuapada, Koraput, Dhenkanal, Balasore (Baleshwar), Keonjhar Sambalpur districts, Sunabera Plateau area; Maharashtra. | Called a more divergent dialect of Halbi. | Some also use Chhattisgarhi or Hindi for intergroup communication (Singh). | Literacy rate in second language: 8.5% (1981). Devanagari script. | Literacy rate in second language: 8.5% (1981). Devanagari script. | |
| bhv | Bahau | 3,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, north, and southeast of Busang. | Called a more divergent dialect of Halbi. | Some also use Chhattisgarhi or Hindi for intergroup communication (Singh). | Literacy rate in second language: 8.5% (1981). Devanagari script. | Literacy rate in second language: 8.5% (1981). Devanagari script. | |
| bhw | Biak | 30,000 (2000 Wurm). | Islands of Biak and Numfor to the north and on numerous small islands east and west of the Bird's Head, including Mapia Island. Biak Numfor Kabupaten. | Ariom, Bo'o, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Korim, Mandusir, Mofu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sundei, Wari, Wadibu, Sorido, Bosnik, Korido, Warsa, Wardo, Kamer, Mapia, Mios Num, Rumberpon, Monoarfu, Vogelkop. Some consider Biak and Numfor to be two languages. | Vigorous. A few thousand second-language users. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| bhx | Bhalay | 8,672 (1981 census). | Maharashtra, Amravati District. | Ariom, Bo'o, Dwar, Fairi, Jenures, Korim, Mandusir, Mofu, Opif, Padoa, Penasifu, Samberi, Sampori (Mokmer), Sor, Sorendidori, Sundei, Wari, Wadibu, Sorido, Bosnik, Korido, Warsa, Wardo, Kamer, Mapia, Mios Num, Rumberpon, Monoarfu, Vogelkop. Some consider Biak and Numfor to be two languages. | Some speakers also use Hindi. Singh says the Balahi of Maharashtra speak Marathi in addition to their first language. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| bhz | Bada | 10,000 (1991 SIL). | South central portion of central Sulawesi, in 14 villages of Lore Selatan Subdistrict, two mixed villages of Pamona Selatan Subdistrict, four mixed villages of Poso Pesisir Subdistrict, part of Lemusa village in Parigi Subdistrict, and Ampibabo Subdistrict. Ako village is in northern Mamuju District, Pasangkayu Subdistrict. 23 villages or parts of villages. Members of the ethnic group in south Sulawesi, headwaters of the Budong-Budong River in Budong-Budong Subdistrict, Mamuju District, no longer speak the language. One speaker spoke some, with influences from other languages. | Bada, Ako. The Hanggira dialect is no longer distinguished from Bada. Lexical similarity 85% between Bada and Besoa, 91% between Besoa and Napu, 80% between Bada and Napu. The three are geographically, politically, culturally distinct. | All domains, home, work. Speakers use Indonesian as second language with varying proficiency. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| bia | Badimaya | 20 (1966 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Western Australia, northeast of Moora to south of Cue; east to Paynes Find; west to Mullewa. | Related to Wajarri. | Linguists at Yamaji Language Centre working on a draft dictionary and wordlist. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| bib | Bissa | 3,000 in Togo (1991 SIL). | Border with Burkina Faso in the northwest corner of Togo, Savana Region, Tone Prefecture. | Lebir (Western Bisa), Baraka (Eastern Bisa). | Many speak Mòoré with Mossi who do not speak Bissa; on common topics. They also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bic | Bikaru | 100 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Sepik Province, headwaters of April River. | Lebir (Western Bisa), Baraka (Eastern Bisa). | Many speak Mòoré with Mossi who do not speak Bissa; on common topics. They also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| bid | Bidiyo | 14,000 (1981 Jungraithmayr). | South central, north Guéra Prefecture, Mongo Subprefecture, south of Mongo and west of Abou Telfane. | Garawgino (Kafila), Jekkino (Kofilo), Bigawguno (Tounkoul), Nalguno (Niergui), 'Oboyguno (Zerli). The first 2 dialects listed are eastern, the others western. Dambiya is probably a Bidiyo dialect instead of a Migaama dialect. | The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bie | Bepour | 50 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province. | Related to Mauwake, Moere. | 40% of the ethnic group speaks Bepour. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bif | Biafada | 41,420 (2002). | Central south, north of the Nalu. | Lexical similarity 52% with Badyara. | 40% of the ethnic group speaks Bepour. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| big | Biangai | 1,400 (1991 SIL). 50% monolingual. | Morobe Province, Wau District, headwaters of the Bulolo River. 7 villages. | Ngowiye, Yongolei. | Some speakers use Tok Pisin as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. The literacy rate remains high because of the number of children attending school. The vernacular literacy rate has dropped because of the deaths of adult readers and the shift of children to Tok Pisin. NT: 1985. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. The literacy rate remains high because of the number of children attending school. The vernacular literacy rate has dropped because of the deaths of adult readers and the shift of children to Tok Pisin. NT: 1985. | |
| bii | Bisu | 1,000 in Thailand (1987 Purnell). | Southwest Chiangrai, North Lampang. Two main villages, the largest with 100 houses. | Lanmeng, Huaipa, Dakao. Close to Mpi, Pyen, and Phunoi. There are some dialect differences based on Dai versus Lahu loanwords. Lexical similarity 36% with Hani, 32% with Lahu, 31% with Lisu. | Vigorous. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| bij | Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri | 20,000 (2003). | Plateau State, Mangu LGA; Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA, 10 villages 20 km south of Tafawa Balewa. | Vaghat (Tivaghat, Kadun, Kwanka), Ya (Tiya, Boi), Bijim, Legeri. Dialect cluster. | Vigorous. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| bil | Bile | 30,000 (1992). | East of Numan, along Benue River, Adamawa State, Numan LGAs, southwest of Numan. | Related to Mbula-Bwazza. | Speakers also use Hausa or Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| bin | Edo | 1,000,000 (1999 WA). | Bendel State, Ovia, Oredo, and Orhionmwon LGAs. | Related to Mbula-Bwazza. | Official language. Used in adult education, history text. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1996. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1996. | |
| bio | Nai | 595 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, adjacent to and southeast of the Angor language. 3 large villages. | Related to Mbula-Bwazza. | Official language. Used in adult education, history text. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. |
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