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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| thl | Tharu, Dangaura | 31,000 in India (1981 census). | Uttar Pradesh, along the border in Nighasan tahsil of Kheri District and Tulsipur tahsil of Gonda District, also Bahraich District. | Kailali (Malhora), Deokhuri (Deokhar, Deokri), Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Surkhet, Kanchanpur. 68% to 91% intelligibility of Rana, 95% to 97% of Kathoriya. Some intelligibility difficulty with speakers from India. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. Lexical similarity 74% to 79% with Kathoriya, 72% to 74% with Sunha, 63% to 72% with Rana Thakur, 61% to 67% with Chitwania, 58% to 65% with Hindi. | Hindi bilingual proficiency is limited among the 70% to 90% who are uneducated. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | |
| thm | Aheu | 1,770 in Laos (2000). | Pak Sane Province, Khamkeut District, near Lak Sao. | Kailali (Malhora), Deokhuri (Deokhar, Deokri), Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Surkhet, Kanchanpur. 68% to 91% intelligibility of Rana, 95% to 97% of Kathoriya. Some intelligibility difficulty with speakers from India. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. Lexical similarity 74% to 79% with Kathoriya, 72% to 74% with Sunha, 63% to 72% with Rana Thakur, 61% to 67% with Chitwania, 58% to 65% with Hindi. | Hindi bilingual proficiency is limited among the 70% to 90% who are uneducated. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | |
| thp | Thompson | 595 (1998 Statistics Canada). Ethnic population: 3,000 (1977 SIL). | British Columbia, south central. Fraser River north of Yale, and the lower Thompson River and tributaries. | Kailali (Malhora), Deokhuri (Deokhar, Deokri), Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Surkhet, Kanchanpur. 68% to 91% intelligibility of Rana, 95% to 97% of Kathoriya. Some intelligibility difficulty with speakers from India. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. Lexical similarity 74% to 79% with Kathoriya, 72% to 74% with Sunha, 63% to 72% with Rana Thakur, 61% to 67% with Chitwania, 58% to 65% with Hindi. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| thq | Tharu, Kochila | 258,211 in Nepal (2003). | Koshi Zone, Morang and Sunsari districts; Sagarmatha Zone, Saptari, Udayapur, and Siraha districts; Janakpur Zone, Mahottari, Sarlahi, Dhanusa districts. Also spoken in India. | Morangia. | Vigorous. Used among family, older people, children, village leaders. Speakers also use Nepali or Maithili. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (all Tharu as an ethnic group). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (all Tharu as an ethnic group). | |
| thr | Tharu, Rana | 64,000 in India (1981 census). | Border with Nepal, Uttar Pradesh: near Nighasan Tahsil of Kheri District and Pilibhit District; Uttaranchal: Khatima, Sitargani, Kiccha, and Haldwani tahsils of Nainital District. | Speakers appear to have 96% to 99% intelligibility among dialects, 90% of Kathoriya, 51% to 88% reported of Dangaura. Differences with India dialects. Lexical similarity 83% to 97% among dialects, 73% to 79% with Buksa, 74% to 79% with Kathoriya, 70% to 73% with Sunha, 63% to 71% with Dangaura, 56% to 60% with Chitwania, 68% to 72% with Hindi. | Among the 70% to 90% who are uneducated, proficiency in Hindi is low. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25% (census). | |
| ths | Thakali | 6,441 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 12,973 (2001 census). | Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Thak Khola, the mid Kali Gandaki Valley, with Annapurna Himal on one side and Dhaulagiri Himal on the other, from Tatopani village in the south to Jomosom in the north. Many live outside the area. Tukche is the cultural center. Tukche dialect is in Tukche and all the villages south to Ghasa, also in Jomsom. Syang dialect in Syang, Thini, Chhairo and Chimang. | Tukche (Thaksatsae, Thaksaatsaye), Marpha, Syang (Yhulkasom). Thakali dialects have 91% to 97% inherent intelligibility. Tukche is most easily understood by others. Lexical similarity 41% to 46% with Gurung, 46% to 51% with Tamang (Webster 1994). Thakali dialects in 4 villages have 75% to 86% lexical similarity with each other. | The younger generation in Tukche is maintaining Thakali more strongly than in other areas. Elsewhere the younger generation uses less Thakali, but will develop it more fully as they grow older (Webster 1994). 1,056 second-language speakers (1991 census). All ages except some educated ones under 30 who will probably speak it more fluently later. Tukche is the prestige dialect. 43% of the adult population (45% of men and 33% of women) have good, general proficiency in Nepali; others are less proficient. | Literacy rate in second language: 62.2% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 62.2% (1991 census). | |
| tht | Tahltan | 35 (2002 Poser). Ethnic population: 750 (1977 SIL). | Telegraph Creek, northwest British Columbia. | Close to Kaska. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in second language: 62.2% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 62.2% (1991 census). | |
| thu | Thuri | 16,720 (2000 WCD). | Southern Sudan between Wau and Aweil, between Jur and Lol rivers, on Raga-Nyamlell road, and on Wau-Deim Zubeir road. | Bodho (Dhe Boodho, Dembo, Demen, Dombo), Colo (Dhe Colo, Jur Shol, Jo Colo), Manangeer (Jur Manangeer). | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in second language: 62.2% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 62.2% (1991 census). | |
| thv | Tamahaq, Tahaggart | 20,000 in Niger (1998). | The Hoggar dialect is in the south Hoggar (Ajjer) Mountain area around Tamanrasset and south into Niger. The Ghat dialect is in southeast Algeria around Ganet and west Libyan oases around Ghat. | Hoggar (Ahaggaren, Ajjer, Tahaggart), Ghat (Ganet, Djanet). | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | |
| thw | Thudam | 1,800 (2000). | Koshi Zone, Sankhuwasawa District, Chepuwa VDC, Thudam village (only one village). | Reportedly very close to Tibetan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | |
| thx | The | 2,920 (2000). | Attopeu Province. | Reportedly very close to Tibetan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | |
| thy | Tha | 1,000 (1998 Kleinewillinghöfer). | Taraba State, near Lau. | Reportedly very close to Tibetan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | Traditional script called 'Shifinagh' in Niger. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | |
| thz | Tamajeq, Tayart | 250,000 (1998). | Central, Agadez area. | Air (Agadez, Tayart, Tayert, Tamestayert), Tanassfarwat (Tamagarast). | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Taught in primary schools. Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. NT: 1990. | Taught in primary schools. Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. NT: 1990. | |
| tia | Tamazight, Tidikelt | 9,000 (1995). | Tidikelt, in the vicinity of Salah, and Tit in southern Algeria. | Tidikelt, Tit. | People may have shifted to Arabic. | Taught in primary schools. Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. NT: 1990. | Taught in primary schools. Traditional script called 'Shifinagh'. Radio programs. NT: 1990. | |
| tic | Tira | 40,000 (1982 SIL). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills in villages extending from near Otoro to the neighborhood of Talodi. | Kinderma (Kanderma), Tira El Akhdar (Tira Dagig), Tira Lumum (Luman), Tira Mandi. There are slight variations among the dialects. Lexical similarity 75% with Moro (closest). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Bible portions: 1999–2001. | Bible portions: 1999–2001. | |
| tid | Tidong | 9,800 in Malaysia (1982 SIL). | Sabah, Labuk-Sugut, Sandakan, and Tawau districts. Population center is along northeast coast of Kalimantan, Indonesia. | Tarakan (Terakan), Sesayap (Sesajap). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Bible portions: 1999–2001. | Bible portions: 1999–2001. | |
| tie | Tingal | 8,000 (1982 SIL). | Northern Sudan, Tegali Hills. | Tarakan (Terakan), Sesayap (Sesajap). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Bible portions: 1999–2001. | Bible portions: 1999–2001. | |
| tif | Tifal | 3,600 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District. | Tifal, Asbalmin. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in preschool. Oral and written use in churches. Oral use in local commerce. Personal letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most use Tok Pisin, Telefol, Faiwol, or Opti. | Literacy rate in first language: 6%. 300 can read and write it. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 6%. 300 can read and write it. NT: 1998. | |
| tig | Tigré | 800,000 in Eritrea (1997 census). | Northern Sudan. | Mansa' (Mensa). | Used as second language by the Tukrir. | Bible: 1988. | Bible: 1988. | |
| tih | Timugon Murut | 12,098 (2000 WCD). Population includes 1,200 to 1,700 in Beaufort Murut (1982 SIL). | Tenom District along the Padas River from Melalap to Batu, and Beaufort District along the Bukau and lower Padas rivers. | Kapagalan, Poros, Beaufort Murut (Binta'), Timugon, Sandiwar (Sandewar), Dabugus, Lower Murut, Murut Padas, Bukau (Bukow). | Used as second language by the Tukrir. | NT: 1998. | NT: 1998. | |
| tij | Tilung | 310 (2001 census). | Sagarmatha Zone, Halesidanda Range in the outer west of Khotang District, between Dudhkosi and Sunkosi. | Choskule, Dorunkecha. Choskule and Dorungkecha may be dialects or related languages; no linguistic data available. | Used as second language by the Tukrir. | NT: 1998. | NT: 1998. | |
| tik | Tikar | 25,000 (1989 SIL). | Center Province, Mbam Division, Ngambe-Tikar Subdivision, scattered over a wide area northwest of Yoko and northeast of Foumban; Adamawa Province, Mayo-Banyo Division, Bankim Subdivision; West Province, Noun Division, Magba Subdivision. | Twumwu (Tumu, Tikar de Bankim), Tige (Tikar de Ngambe), Nditam, Kong, Mankim, Gambai, Bandobo. Bandobo is a dialect or closely related language. The Bankim call their dialect 'Twumwu', the Ngambe call theirs 'Tige'. | Used as second language by the Tukrir. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | |
| til | Tillamook | Extinct. | Formerly in northwestern Oregon. | Twumwu (Tumu, Tikar de Bankim), Tige (Tikar de Ngambe), Nditam, Kong, Mankim, Gambai, Bandobo. Bandobo is a dialect or closely related language. The Bankim call their dialect 'Twumwu', the Ngambe call theirs 'Tige'. | The last speaker died in 1970. Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | |
| tim | Timbe | 11,000 (1991 SIL). 60% are monolingual (women and older men). | Morobe Province, Kabwum District, Timbe River valley and tributaries. | Central Timbe, North Timbe, South Timbe. | Vigorous. Weliki speakers use Timbe as second language. All domains. Used in education, local commerce. Oral and written use in church. Letter writing. All ages. Positive language attitude. All working-age men use Tok Pisin for work. 20% also know Kâte, the language formerly used in the church. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1987. | |
| tin | Tindi | 6,693 (2000 WCD). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Bagvalal is closely related, but probably not inherently intelligible. | Used in family and community. 30% to 50% of children speak Tindi. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1987. | |
| tip | Trimuris | 300 (1999 SIL). | East bank of the Mamberamo River between Kauwera and Bagusa languages, Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah Kecamatan. | They do not understand Kwerba very well. Lexical similarity 70% with Kauwera and 60% with Kwerba. | Vigorous. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1987. | |
| tiq | Tiéfo | 1,000 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 to 15,000 (1995 SIL). | Comoé Province, east of Toussiana, Dramandougou Tiéfo, one village. Other ethnic Tiéfo in about 20 villages, extending into Houet Province, speak Jula as first language. | Noumoudara-Koumoudara, Dramandougou-Nyarafo. | Noumoudara-Koumoudara dialect is extinct. All domains. All ages. Five of nine respondents are not upset when Tiéfo young people use Jula in the home. Jula is used with those who do not speak Tiéfo. | Literacy rate in second language: 1% in French. Nine of ten respondents state they would prefer to learn to read and write Tiéfo. | Literacy rate in second language: 1% in French. Nine of ten respondents state they would prefer to learn to read and write Tiéfo. | |
| tir | Tigrigna | 10,000 in Israel (1994 H. Mutzafi). | South and central Eritrea. | Noumoudara-Koumoudara, Dramandougou-Nyarafo. | Speakers also use Amharic or Hebrew. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| tis | Itneg, Masadiit | 7,500. 45,000 all Itnegs in province of Abra. | Luzon, Abra Province, Sallapadan and Bucloc, Boliney. | Masadiit Boliney, Masadiit Sallapadan. Lexical similarity 62% with Ilocano, 70% with Guinaang Kalinga, 86% with Binongan Itneg. | Vigorous. Used in the home and community. All ages. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Some speakers use Tagalog or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| tit | Tinigua | 2 (2000). Ethnic population: 2. | Sierra de la Macarena, Metá Department. Formerly they were in the Llanos de Yarí, Caquetá Department. | Masadiit Boliney, Masadiit Sallapadan. Lexical similarity 62% with Ilocano, 70% with Guinaang Kalinga, 86% with Binongan Itneg. | Vigorous. Used in the home and community. All ages. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Some speakers use Tagalog or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| tiu | Itneg, Adasen | 4,000 (NTM). | Luzon, northeastern Abra Province. | Eastern Addasen, Western Addasen. Comprehension of Isnag 74%. | 70% of the ethnic group speaks Adasen. Most domains. 30% of the children speak Adasen. Mildly supportive. Speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Second language used for most key domains. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| tiv | Tiv | Few speakers in Cameroon. | South West Province, Manyu Division, northeast of Akwaya on the Nigerian border, only in the village of Njobo (Njawbaw). | Eastern Addasen, Western Addasen. Comprehension of Isnag 74%. | Used as a language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| tiw | Tiwi | 1,500 (1983 Black). Population includes nonfluent speakers. | Bathurst and Melville Islands, Nguiu, Northern Territory. | Eastern Addasen, Western Addasen. Comprehension of Isnag 74%. | Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | |
| tix | Tiwa, Southern | 1,631 (1980 census). Population includes 1,588 Isleta speakers (1980 census). 43 Sandia speakers (1990 census) out of 220 population. Ethnic population: 2,469 (1980 census) including 2,249 Isleta, 220 Sandia (1990 census). | New Mexico, pueblos of Isleta and Sandia, north and south of Albuquerque. | Sandia, Isleta (Isleta Pueblo). | Vigorous in a few families. Diminishing vigor at Isleta among adults, except older adults. There is an attempt to reestablish use of Southern Tiwa at Sandia Pueblo and Ysleta del Sur, El Paso, Texas. Oral form is used for commerce on tribal land. Southern Tiwa is considered the only language of traditional ceremonial life. Most speakers are older adults. There is regret at apparent demise of the language. People are apprehensive about losing their culture if the language is not revived. Speakers range from being fluent in English to low proficiency. | Roman script. Bible portions: 1981–1987. | Roman script. Bible portions: 1981–1987. | |
| tiy | Tiruray | 50,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 50,000. | Upi, Cotabato, Mindanao. | Sandia, Isleta (Isleta Pueblo). | Vigorous in a few families. Diminishing vigor at Isleta among adults, except older adults. There is an attempt to reestablish use of Southern Tiwa at Sandia Pueblo and Ysleta del Sur, El Paso, Texas. Oral form is used for commerce on tribal land. Southern Tiwa is considered the only language of traditional ceremonial life. Most speakers are older adults. There is regret at apparent demise of the language. People are apprehensive about losing their culture if the language is not revived. Speakers range from being fluent in English to low proficiency. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | |
| tiz | Tai Hongjin | 150,000 (1995 Luo Meizhen). | Scattered communities in Honghe, Jinshajiang, Yuanyang, Yuanjiang, Xinping, Maguan, Wuting, and Sichuan north of the Yangtze at Huili and Takou. | Sandia, Isleta (Isleta Pueblo). | Vigorous in a few families. Diminishing vigor at Isleta among adults, except older adults. There is an attempt to reestablish use of Southern Tiwa at Sandia Pueblo and Ysleta del Sur, El Paso, Texas. Oral form is used for commerce on tribal land. Southern Tiwa is considered the only language of traditional ceremonial life. Most speakers are older adults. There is regret at apparent demise of the language. People are apprehensive about losing their culture if the language is not revived. Speakers range from being fluent in English to low proficiency. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | |
| tja | Tajuasohn | 9,600 (1991 Vanderaa). | Sino County, north of Greenville. | Five clans speaking inherently intelligible dialects. Many can understand Klao, but the reverse is not true. | Vigorous in a few families. Diminishing vigor at Isleta among adults, except older adults. There is an attempt to reestablish use of Southern Tiwa at Sandia Pueblo and Ysleta del Sur, El Paso, Texas. Oral form is used for commerce on tribal land. Southern Tiwa is considered the only language of traditional ceremonial life. Most speakers are older adults. There is regret at apparent demise of the language. People are apprehensive about losing their culture if the language is not revived. Speakers range from being fluent in English to low proficiency. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | |
| tjg | Tunjung | 50,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East central, between Adas, Dempar, Melak, and east around the lake; south around Muntaiwan. | Tunjung (Tunjung Tengah), Tunjung Londong, Tunjung Linggang, Pahu. | Vigorous in a few families. Diminishing vigor at Isleta among adults, except older adults. There is an attempt to reestablish use of Southern Tiwa at Sandia Pueblo and Ysleta del Sur, El Paso, Texas. Oral form is used for commerce on tribal land. Southern Tiwa is considered the only language of traditional ceremonial life. Most speakers are older adults. There is regret at apparent demise of the language. People are apprehensive about losing their culture if the language is not revived. Speakers range from being fluent in English to low proficiency. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 49%. Literacy rate in second language: 49%. NT: 1983. | |
| tji | Tujia, Northern | 70,000 (2002 Brassett). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 7,353,300. | Northwest Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou in Yingjiang and Yanhe counties, Wuling Mt. range. | Longshan, Baojing. There are also phonological and grammatical differences with Southern Tujia. Not intelligible to each other's speakers. Lexical similarity 40% with Southern Tujia. | Regularly used but increasingly younger speakers prefer Chinese and are encouraged to do so by their parents. In most areas children acquire a passive knowledge only. All domains. 60% of speakers older than 50 years, 30% between 20 and 50, 10% under 25. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Chinese or Hmong. Written Chinese is in use. Chinese is used in schools. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tjn | Tonjon | Extinct. | Dabakala Department, among the Djimini Senoufo. | Related to Jogo (Ligbi) of Ghana and Jeri Kuo of Côte d'Ivoire. | Regularly used but increasingly younger speakers prefer Chinese and are encouraged to do so by their parents. In most areas children acquire a passive knowledge only. All domains. 60% of speakers older than 50 years, 30% between 20 and 50, 10% under 25. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Chinese or Hmong. Written Chinese is in use. Chinese is used in schools. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tjo | Tamazight, Temacine | 6,000 (1995). | Vicinity of Temacine, Tamelhat, Ghomra, and Meggarin. | Related to Tumzabt, Tagargrent, and Taznatit. Possibly a dialect of Tagargrent, but not likely. | People may have shifted to Arabic, but reports say there are still some villages where Temacine Tamazight is spoken. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tjs | Tujia, Southern | 1,500 (2002 Brassett). Monolingual speakers are mainly women, children, and older adults. Ethnic population: 7,353,300. | Northwest Hunan Province, Luxi county, 3 villages. | There are phonological and grammatical differences with Northern Tujia. Lexical similarity 40% with Northern Tujia. | Used in the home and village. Positive language attitude. Spoken and written Chinese are in use. Chinese is used in schools. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tju | Tjurruru | Extinct. | Western Australia, northwest, Hardey River, southwest of Tom Price. | There are phonological and grammatical differences with Northern Tujia. Lexical similarity 40% with Northern Tujia. | Used in the home and village. Positive language attitude. Spoken and written Chinese are in use. Chinese is used in schools. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tka | Truká | Extinct. Ethnic population: 909 (1995 AMTB). | Pernambuco, Bahía. | There are phonological and grammatical differences with Northern Tujia. Lexical similarity 40% with Northern Tujia. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tkb | Buksa | 43,000 (1999). | Uttaranchal, southwestern Nainital District, along a diagonal from Ramnagar to Keneshpur. 130 villages in Kichha and Kashipur tahsils, and small numbers in Bijnor and Garhwal districts. | 95% intelligibility of Rana Tharu. Lexical similarity 58% to 79% with western Tharu varieties, 58% with Chitwania Tharu, 83% with Hindi. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tkd | Tukudede | 63,170 (2000 WCD). | Timor Island, north coast, regions of Maubara and Liquisa from the banks of the Lois River to Dili. | Keha (Keia), Tukudede. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tkf | Tukumanféd | Extinct. | Rondônia, mouth of the Cacoal tributary of the Jiparaná. | Keha (Keia), Tukudede. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tkk | Takpa | No estimate available. | Rondônia, mouth of the Cacoal tributary of the Jiparaná. | Keha (Keia), Tukudede. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tkm | Takelma | Extinct. | Formerly on the middle course of the Rogue River, Oregon. | May be in a Takelma-Kalapuyan subgroup, but not conclusive. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tkn | Toku-No-Shima | 5,100 (2004). | Northern Okinawa; Toku-no-shima Island. | Kametsu. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, of other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. | Adult speakers understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | Literacy rate in second language: Probably 50%, basic literacy approaching 100% in children. | |
| tkq | Tee | No estimate available. | Rivers State, Tai LGA. | Previously regarded as a dialect of Khana. Has a number of sounds not found in Khana. | Adult speakers understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tkr | Tsakhur | 7,000 in Russia. | Southern Dagestan ASSR and Azerbaijan. | Kirmico-Lek, Mikik, Misles. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Tsakhur. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Avar. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tks | Takestani | 220,000. | Zanjan, Qazvin and Markazi provinces: various towns and villages in the mainly Azerbaijani-speaking region from Khalkhal to Saveh, especially in Takestan and villages to the south and southeast. | Khalkhal, Tarom, Zanjan, Kharaqan, Ramand (Takestan). Close to Talysh, especially Khalkhal dialect. Transitional between Talysh and Semnani languages. Close to Eshtehardi. | Speakers also use Farsi. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tkt | Tharu, Kathoriya | 60,000 in Nepal (1981). | Seti Zone, Kailali District. Also spoken in India. | There appear to be differences in speech between Nepal and India dialects. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. Lexical similarity 79% with Dangaura and Rana, 66% with Hindi, 66% to 69% with Buksa, 63% with Chitwania. | Speakers also use Nepali or Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | |
| tkx | Tangko | 85 (2000 WCD). | Seti Zone, Kailali District. Also spoken in India. | There appear to be differences in speech between Nepal and India dialects. Possibly Eastern Hindi Group. Lexical similarity 79% with Dangaura and Rana, 66% with Hindi, 66% to 69% with Buksa, 63% with Chitwania. | Speakers also use Nepali or Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | |
| tkz | Takua | 12,768 (2000 WCD). | Quang Nam and Da Nang provinces. | Closest to Cua and Kayong. | Speakers also use Nepali or Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | |
| tla | Tepehuan, Southwestern | 8,187 (2000 WCD). | Southwestern Durango, Lajas, Taxicaringa, Teneraca. | 55% intelligibility of Southeastern Tepehuán. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). | |
| tlb | Tobelo | 27,720 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, Tobelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts, and Maba and Wasile districts, Halmahera Tengah; northern half of Morotai, all coastal areas of Kao Bay and inland, Patani, Weda, Gane, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, Raja Ampat islands of Papua, Sorong, Papua. | Dodinga, Boëng, Tobelo (Heleworuru). | Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | |
| tlc | Totonac, Yecuatla | 500 (1994 SIL). | Near southern coast, Veracruz, towns of Yecuatla (293 speakers out of 11,541 population) and Misantla (126 speakers out of 50,000 population). | Dodinga, Boëng, Tobelo (Heleworuru). | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | |
| tld | Talaud | 60,000 (1981 UBS). | North Sulawesi, Talaud Islands northeast of the Sangihe Islands. | Kaburuang, South Karakelong (Karakelong, Karakelang), Nenusa-Maingas, Essang, Arangka'a, Dapalan (Riung), Awit, Beo, Lirang (Salibabu, Salebabu). | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| tle | Talai | 38,091 (2000 WCD). | Rift Valley Province. | Low intelligibility of basic Kalenjin dialects and Endo. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| tlf | Telefol | 5,400 (1994 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District. | Telefol, Feramin. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| tlg | Tofanma | 90 (2000 Wurm). | Tofanma village, south of Jayapura just east of Nawa River. | Not closely related to any other language. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| tli | Tlingit | 145 in Canada (1998 Statistics Canada). Ethnic population: 1,000 in Canada (1995 M. Krauss). | Northwestern British Columbia: Atlin, and southern Yukon: Carcross and Teslin. | Not closely related to any other language. | Speakers are older adults, but many in the 40 to 55 range understand a certain amount of Tlingit. English is the first or second language of the ethnic group. | In Teslin. | In Teslin. | |
| tlk | Taloki | 500 (1995 SIL). | Southeast Sulawesi, northwest coast Buton Island, Wakorumba Subdistrict, Maligano village, and possibly some on south Buton Island, Kapontori Subdistrict, Wakalambe village. | Lexical similarity 77% with Kulisusu; 75% with Koroni; 66% with Wawonii, Bungku, Tulambatu; 65% with Moronene. | Speakers are reported to have a high bilingualism in Muna. | In Teslin. | In Teslin. | |
| tln | Talondo' | 500 (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 500. | Talondo and Pedasi villages, Mamuju District, Kalumpang Subdistrict, 1 village. | May be in the Seko subgroup. Lexical similarity 80% with Kalumpang. | Used in the home, playing field. All ages. Very small children know only Talondo'. They claim to understand the Bone Hau dialect of Kalumpang, but Kalumpang speakers cannot understand Talondo'. They use Kalumpang with the Kalumpang. Indonesian used for trade because sellers are Bugis. Talondo' not used in school because teachers are not Talondo'. | In Teslin. | In Teslin. | |
| tlo | Talodi | 1,500 (1989). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, in Talodi town and hill, including the villages of Tasomi and Tata. | The dialects are nearly identical. Lexical similarity 70% with closest Talodi languages. | Used in the home, playing field. All ages. Very small children know only Talondo'. They claim to understand the Bone Hau dialect of Kalumpang, but Kalumpang speakers cannot understand Talondo'. They use Kalumpang with the Kalumpang. Indonesian used for trade because sellers are Bugis. Talondo' not used in school because teachers are not Talondo'. | In Teslin. | In Teslin. | |
| tlp | Totonac, Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán | 15,108 (2000 WCD). | Veracruz, highlands, in the middle of the main highlands dialect. | 93% intelligibility of speakers in Nonacatlán. Linguistically between Highland and Northern Totonac. | Speakers also use Coyutla Totonac. | In Teslin. | In Teslin. | |
| tlq | Tai Loi | 500 in Laos (1995 census). | Luang Namtha Province, Long District. Tai Loi is across the border in Myanmar. Tai Loi may also be in China. | Tai Loi, Doi. | Speakers also use Coyutla Totonac. | In Teslin. | In Teslin. | |
| tlv | Taliabu | 4,518 (2000 WCD). Population includes 500 to 1,500 in Mangei. | North Maluku, Taliabu Island, northwestern Mangole, Sula Islands. | Padang (Samada), Mananga, Mangei (Mange'e, Mange, Mang, Soboyo, Sobojo). Dialects share lexical similarities in the upper 90% range. | Positive language attitude. | In Teslin. | In Teslin. | |
| tly | Talysh | 112,000 in Iran (1993). | Northwest Gilan Province along Caspian coastal plain and adjacent mountainous areas from Masuleh, Masal, and Kapur-Chal (Kepri-Chal) (each about 50 km east of Rasht) to the Azerbaijan border. Northern Talyshi is centered around Astara and the Caspian littoral in Azerbaijan; Central Talyshi is centered in the Asalem-Hashtpar area along the Caspian littoral in Gilan Province; Southern Talyshi is centered around Shandermen, Masal, Masuleh, and surrounding mountainous areas in Gilan Province. | Northern Talyshi, Central Talyshi, Southern Talyshi. | Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Taught in primary schools. Arabic script. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Arabic script. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tlz | Toala' | 30,000 (1983 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Luwu District from Masamba to the southern tip of the district. Toala' dialect is from the foothills up to the divide. Palili' dialect is on a narrow coastal strip overlapping with Bugis Luwu. | Toala', Palili'. Probably at least 4 dialects. Lexical similarity 74% with Toraja-Sa'dan. | Vigorous. | Taught in primary schools. Arabic script. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Arabic script. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tma | Tama | 62,931 (1993 census). | Eastern, Biltine Prefecture, Guéréda Subprefecture, around Guéréda. Gimr dialect is east of the Tama. | Tama, Orra, Haura, Girga. Lexical similarity 62% to 73% with Assangori. | The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language, although at a low proficiency level. Some also use Masalit. | Taught in primary schools. Arabic script. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Arabic script. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tmc | Tumak | 25,249 (1993 census). | Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Koumra Subprefecture, around Goundil, southwest of Niellim. | Tumak, Motun (Mawer, Moden, Modin, Mod, Mot, Motin). Lexical similarity 71% between Motun and Tumak. | Most Motun speak Sara as second language, but with low proficiency. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| tmd | Haruai | 1,000 (1988 B. Comrie). Many are monolingual. | Madang Province, southwest corner, southwest Mid-Ramu (Simbai) District, western Schrader Range, west of the Kobon. | North Waibuk (Hamil), Central Waibuk (Mambar), South Waibuk (Arama). Related to Pinai-Hagahai, though not inherently intelligible with Haruai. Word taboo is practiced, but does not seem to impede intelligibility among related language varieties. Lexical similarity 37% with Aramo, 35% with Kobon. | Speeches and sermons by outsiders are always translated into Haruai. All ages. Young men are likely to know Tok Pisin or Kobon, many children speak good Tok Pisin, and many women are at least communicatively competent in Tok Pisin (Comrie). | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| tme | Tremembé | No estimate available. | Almofa, la Ceará. | North Waibuk (Hamil), Central Waibuk (Mambar), South Waibuk (Arama). Related to Pinai-Hagahai, though not inherently intelligible with Haruai. Word taboo is practiced, but does not seem to impede intelligibility among related language varieties. Lexical similarity 37% with Aramo, 35% with Kobon. | May be extinct (1995). Speakers also use Portuguese. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| tmf | Toba-Maskoy | 2,500 (1991 SIL). | Reserve of 30,000 hectares near Puerto Victoria and Puerto Guaraní, eastern Chaco. | North Waibuk (Hamil), Central Waibuk (Mambar), South Waibuk (Arama). Related to Pinai-Hagahai, though not inherently intelligible with Haruai. Word taboo is practiced, but does not seem to impede intelligibility among related language varieties. Lexical similarity 37% with Aramo, 35% with Kobon. | Men 40 years and older speak Paraguayan Guaraní, others use it as second language, and it is used as the church language. They are reported to speak a 'poor' variety of Paraguayan Guaraní. Young people speak Toba-Maskoy and learn some Spanish in school. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| tmg | Ternateño | Extinct. | North Maluku, Ternate Island, west of Halmahera Island. Varieties of Portuguese creole were also spoken in Banda and Ambon. | Spanish relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano and dialects, which are still spoken in the Philippines. | The Jakarta variety of creole Portuguese survived in Tugu until recent times (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Larantuka, Flores; Adonara (Vure), Solor; as well as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Maluku. Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Banda and Ambon. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| tmj | Samarokena | 400 (1982 SIL). | North coast inland just east of Apawar River, west of Sarmi, villages of Karfasia, Samarkena, Maseb, Tamaya. | Spanish relexification. Historical relationship with Chavacano and dialects, which are still spoken in the Philippines. | Speakers bilingual in Airoran, Isirawa, and some in Kwerba. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| tmk | Tamang, Northwestern | 55,000 (1991 census). | Bagmati Zone, Nuwakot District, central mountainous strip. Migrations to the Terai. | Dhading. Lexical similarity 94% with Western Trisuli Tamang, 82% to 83% with Western Rasuwa Tamang, 76% to 78% with Southwestern Tamang, 76% to 77% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang, 72% to 80% with Eastern Tamang. | Speakers bilingual in Airoran, Isirawa, and some in Kwerba. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tml | Citak, Tamnim | 290 (1993 Doriot). | Near Senggo, villages of Tamnim, Epem, Zinak, Wowi. Merauke Kabupaten, Citak-Mitak Kecamatan. | May be linguistically closer to Asmat, but the speakers want to be called Citak, not Asmat. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tmm | Tai Thanh | 20,000 (2002). | Northern Viet Nam, Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces. | Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Tai Hang Tong, Pu Thay, and Tho Da Bac. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tmn | Taman | 6,214 (2000 WCD). | North central, Kapuas River in the area directly upriver from Putussibau, and the Mendalam and Sibau tributaries. | Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Tai Hang Tong, Pu Thay, and Tho Da Bac. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tmo | Temoq | 350 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Jeram River, southeast Pahang. | Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Tai Hang Tong, Pu Thay, and Tho Da Bac. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tmp | Tai Mène | 7,200 (1995 census). | Borikhamxay Province, Vieng Thong District, several villages; Khamkeut District, many villages: Lak Xao, Khamkeut, Na Heuang, Nam Sak, Sop Chat, Ka'ane, Phon Thoen, Sop Pone, and Tha Veng. | Close to Saek. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tmr | Jewish Babylonian Aramaic | Extinct. | Borikhamxay Province, Vieng Thong District, several villages; Khamkeut District, many villages: Lak Xao, Khamkeut, Na Heuang, Nam Sak, Sop Chat, Ka'ane, Phon Thoen, Sop Pone, and Tha Veng. | Close to Saek. | The language of the Babylonian Talmud and other sacred Jewish works. Familiar among students of Judaism in both religious and scholarly realms, and studied diligently by most Orthodox Jewish young men. Used widely in Jewish culture and life. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tms | Tima | 3,305 (2000 WCD). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills in villages on and near Jebel Tima, 10 miles southwest of Katla, West Kordofan District. | Close to Saek. | The language of the Babylonian Talmud and other sacred Jewish works. Familiar among students of Judaism in both religious and scholarly realms, and studied diligently by most Orthodox Jewish young men. Used widely in Jewish culture and life. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| tmu | Iau | 600 (2000 J. Bateman). 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 600 or more. | Kabupaten Puncak Jaya, Faui, Lakes Plain area between Rouffaer and upper Van Daalen rivers, villages of Barere, Fawi, and Taiyai. Poi dialect on Rouffaer River, Turu dialect on Van Daalen River. | Foi, Turu, Iau. Close to Edopi. Distinct from Turu (Yawa). The varieties listed as dialects above may be separate languages. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the western Lakees Plains area speak basic Iau. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 98%, 1 2%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Speakers school age to about 35 years know varying degrees of Indonesian. A few speak Duvle or Dani. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | |
| tmw | Temuan | 9,312 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southern extension of the main range in the southern half of the peninsula, Selangor, Pahang, Johore, Negri Sembilan, Kuala Langat, scattered settlements. | Beduanda (Biduanda), Belanda (Belana, Blanda, Landa, Belanas, Belandas), Berembun (Birmun), Mantra (Mentera, Mintra), Temuan, Udai. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the western Lakees Plains area speak basic Iau. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 98%, 1 2%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Speakers school age to about 35 years know varying degrees of Indonesian. A few speak Duvle or Dani. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | |
| tmx | Tomyang | 20 villages in Ibadeviar of Num Village Development Committee (VDC). | Koshi Zone, Sankhuwasawa District. | Newly discovered in 2000 by a team of Nepali linguists. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the western Lakees Plains area speak basic Iau. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 98%, 1 2%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Speakers school age to about 35 years know varying degrees of Indonesian. A few speak Duvle or Dani. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | |
| tmz | Tamanaku | Extinct. | Near Mapoyo and Yawarana. | Similar to Eñepa. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the western Lakees Plains area speak basic Iau. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 98%, 1 2%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Speakers school age to about 35 years know varying degrees of Indonesian. A few speak Duvle or Dani. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. 200 or more can read and write it. Bible portions: 1985–1993. | |
| tna | Tacana | 1,821 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 5,058 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Beni and Madre de Dios rivers, jungle, some in foothills. | Similar to Eñepa. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | |
| tnb | Tunebo, Western | 700 (1998). | Santander del Sur. | The most divergent of the Tunebo languages. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| tnc | Tanimuca-Retuarã | 300 (1976 SIL). Population includes 180 Tanimuca. | Guacayá, Oiyaka rivers (tributaries of the Mirití-Parana), Mirití-Parana, Apaporis, and Popeyaka rivers near the mouth of the Pira River below Popeyaca, Amazonas Region. | Tanimuca, Retuarã. The Tanimuca and Retuarã are two ethnic groups living close together who speak the same language. Possibly Eastern Tucanoan. | Quite a few from the Apaporis and Popeyaka understand Macuna; those in other areas are often fluent in Yucuna. The Retuarã are more monolingual than the Tanimuca. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. Bible portions. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. Bible portions. | |
| tnd | Tunebo, Angosturas | 50. | Guacayá, Oiyaka rivers (tributaries of the Mirití-Parana), Mirití-Parana, Apaporis, and Popeyaka rivers near the mouth of the Pira River below Popeyaca, Amazonas Region. | 71% intelligibility between Eastern and Angosturas Tunebo. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. Bible portions. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. Bible portions. | |
| tnf | Tangshewi | 10,000 (1994). | East of Darwazi on the Amu Darya, far northeast of Badakhshan. May also be in Turkmenistan. | May be Eastern Iranian. Probably closely related to Darwazi. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tng | Tobanga | 30,000 (1999 SIL). | Southwest, Tandjilé Prefecture, Laï Subprefecture, around Deressia. | Tobanga (Deressia), Moonde. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| tnh | Maiani | 3,036 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Bogia District. | Different from Mala (Banara). | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–1988. | |
| tni | Tandia | 2 (1991 SIL). | Bird's Head neck area just south of Wandamen Peninsula along Wohsimi River. | Different from Mala (Banara). | Most Tandia people speak Wandamen. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–1988. | |
| tnj | Tanjong | 100 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Rejang River above the Kanowit language area, below Song village, Kapit, 7th Division. | Different from Mala (Banara). | Most Tandia people speak Wandamen. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982–1988. |
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