1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tbh | Thurawal | Extinct. | Port Hacking to Shoalhaven River, New South Wales. | Wadiwadi (Wodiwodi). | Members of the ethnic group now speak English or Aboriginal English. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1979. | |
| tbi | Gaam | 67,166 (2000 WCD). | Northern Sudan. The main center is in and around Jebel Tabi, on Tabi Massif and outlying hills. A small community in Khartoum. Not in Ethiopia. | Soda (Tao), Kukur (Gor), Kulang (Kulelek, Bau), Buwahg (Buek). | Members of the ethnic group now speak English or Aboriginal English. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | |
| tbk | Tagbanwa, Calamian | 8,472 (1990 census). | Coron Island, north of Palawan, northern Palawan and Busuanga. Baras is on eastern coast of Palawan opposite Dumaran Island. | Baras. Baras has 94% intelligibility of Calamian. Lexical similarity 80% between Calamian and Baras. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English or Aboriginal English. | Literacy rate in first language: 40% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 40% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. NT: 2002. | |
| tbl | Tboli | 95,323 (2000 WCD). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 100,000 to 120,000. | South Cotabato Province, Southwestern Mindanao. | Central Tboli, Western Tboli, Southern Tboli. | All ages. They are speaking their language to each other more freely in buses, surrounding towns, etc. Tboli learn Ilongo easily. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | |
| tbn | Tunebo, Barro Negro | 300 (1981 SIL). | Isolated, on the edge of the eastern plains in the Andes foothills above Paz de Ariporo, in Barro Negro, San Lope (Casanare), and Tabías (Casanare), south of Tame Arauca. | 62% intelligibility of Cobaría Tunebo. | Used in the home. Partly bilingual, somewhat acculturated. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | |
| tbp | Taworta | 140 (2000 Wurm). | Lakes Plain area on the south side of the Idenburg River east of Taiyeve, Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Hulu Kecamatan. | 62% intelligibility of Cobaría Tunebo. | Used in the home. Partly bilingual, somewhat acculturated. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | |
| tbr | Tumtum | 7,300. Population includes 6,000 in Karondi, 1,300 in Tumtum. | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills; Kurondi south of Eliri, Talassa in the northern part of Eliri. | Karondi (Kurondi, Korindi), Talassa (Talasa), Tumtum. Lexical similarity 85% with Krongo (closest). | Used in the home. Partly bilingual, somewhat acculturated. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | |
| tbs | Tanguat | 745 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Karondi (Kurondi, Korindi), Talassa (Talasa), Tumtum. Lexical similarity 85% with Krongo (closest). | Used in the home. Partly bilingual, somewhat acculturated. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | |
| tbu | Tubar | Extinct. | Chihuahua, where the Río San Ignacio (Verde) and Río Urique meet in the southwest near the Sinaloa and Sonora borders. | Karondi (Kurondi, Korindi), Talassa (Talasa), Tumtum. Lexical similarity 85% with Krongo (closest). | Used in the home. Partly bilingual, somewhat acculturated. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | |
| tbv | Tobo | 2,230 (1980 census). | Morobe Province, upper Kuat River valley, south of Cromwell Range. | Karondi (Kurondi, Korindi), Talassa (Talasa), Tumtum. Lexical similarity 85% with Krongo (closest). | Used in the home. Partly bilingual, somewhat acculturated. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 50% to 60%. Literacy program in heretofore unreached coastal mountain range. They operate their own government school. Roman script. Poetry. Grammar. NT: 1979–1992. | |
| tbw | Tagbanwa | 10,000 (2002 SIL). 5% monolinguals. | Palawan, in scattered communities ranging from about 120 km south to 60 km north of Puerto Princesa, on both sides of the island. | Intelligibility of Quezon Palawano (Central) 66%, of Cuyonon 77%. Lexical similarity 65% with Quezon Palawano, 71% with Batak, 54% with Cuyonon. | Used exclusively with other Tagbanwa in all situations. All ages. In the presence of non-Tagbanwa Filipinos, Tagbanwas are somewhat ashamed of being Tagbanwa, and speak Tagalog as they are able. Most also speak Tagalog to varying degrees. Very few would be highly bilingual. On the West coast, which is more isolated and less developed than the East coast, Tagalog comprehension and speaking ability are fairly low. | Literacy rate in first language: 36%. Literacy rate in second language: 36%. Syllabary formerly used by Tagbanwa and Palawano. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 36%. Literacy rate in second language: 36%. Syllabary formerly used by Tagbanwa and Palawano. NT: 1992. | |
| tby | Tabaru | 15,000 (1991 SIL). | North Maluku, Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. | Adu, Nyeku. The northern dialect is the main one. The two dialects are inherently intelligible with each other. | Used exclusively with other Tagbanwa in all situations. All ages. In the presence of non-Tagbanwa Filipinos, Tagbanwas are somewhat ashamed of being Tagbanwa, and speak Tagalog as they are able. Most also speak Tagalog to varying degrees. Very few would be highly bilingual. On the West coast, which is more isolated and less developed than the East coast, Tagalog comprehension and speaking ability are fairly low. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1998. | |
| tca | Ticuna | 8,000 in Peru (2000 SIL). | Northeastern Amazon River Region, from Chimbote in Peru to San Antonio do Iça in Brazil. | Adu, Nyeku. The northern dialect is the main one. The two dialects are inherently intelligible with each other. | Official language. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| tcb | Tanacross | 35 (1997 G. Holton). Population includes 3 in the Healy Lake dialect, 32 in Mansfield-Ketchumstuck. Ethnic population: 120 (1997 G. Holton). | Eastern Alaska, near the Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Healy Lake, Dot Lake, Tok. | Healy Lake, Mansfield-Ketchumstuck. Little dialect variation. Mansfield-Ketchumstuck is the most important politically and numerically. Closest to Upper Tanana, but they have different tone systems. | Tanacross spoken only between older adults in the home. Speakers are fluent in English and Upper Tanana. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tcc | Datooga | 87,798 (2000 WCD). | Singida and Mbulu regions. The Barabaig are mainly in the northern volcanic highlands near Mt. Hanang. | Bajuta, Gisamjanga (Kisamajeng, Gisamjang), Barabayiiga (Barabaig, Barabayga, Barabaik, Barbaig), Tsimajeega (Isimijeega), Rootigaanga (Rotigenga, Rotigeenga), Buraadiiga (Buradiga, Bureadiga), Bianjiida (Biyanjiida, Utatu). Sabaot is probably the closest language linguistically. Barabaik and Kisamajeng are very close and are completely inherently intelligible. There are several other dialects or ethnic groups: Darorajega, Gidang'odiga, Bisiyeda, Daragwajega, Salawajega, Ghumbiega, Mangatiga. Lexical similarity 50% with Kalenjin and Omotik of Kenya. | Vigorous. Bilingual level estimates for Swahili: 0 90%, 1 6%, 2 2%, 3 1%, 4 1%, 5 0%. Those who have been to school have routine proficiency in Swahili. A few use Iraqw, Iramba, or Nyaturu as second language for commerce. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | |
| tcd | Tafi | 4,400 (2003). | East central, near the Togo border. None in Togo. | Bajuta, Gisamjanga (Kisamajeng, Gisamjang), Barabayiiga (Barabaig, Barabayga, Barabaik, Barbaig), Tsimajeega (Isimijeega), Rootigaanga (Rotigenga, Rotigeenga), Buraadiiga (Buradiga, Bureadiga), Bianjiida (Biyanjiida, Utatu). Sabaot is probably the closest language linguistically. Barabaik and Kisamajeng are very close and are completely inherently intelligible. There are several other dialects or ethnic groups: Darorajega, Gidang'odiga, Bisiyeda, Daragwajega, Salawajega, Ghumbiega, Mangatiga. Lexical similarity 50% with Kalenjin and Omotik of Kenya. | Speakers also use Éwé. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | |
| tce | Tutchone, Southern | 200 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,400 (1995 M. Krauss). | Southwestern Yukon Territory, Whitehorse, Aishihik-Champagne, and Kluane-Burwash areas. | Bajuta, Gisamjanga (Kisamajeng, Gisamjang), Barabayiiga (Barabaig, Barabayga, Barabaik, Barbaig), Tsimajeega (Isimijeega), Rootigaanga (Rotigenga, Rotigeenga), Buraadiiga (Buradiga, Bureadiga), Bianjiida (Biyanjiida, Utatu). Sabaot is probably the closest language linguistically. Barabaik and Kisamajeng are very close and are completely inherently intelligible. There are several other dialects or ethnic groups: Darorajega, Gidang'odiga, Bisiyeda, Daragwajega, Salawajega, Ghumbiega, Mangatiga. Lexical similarity 50% with Kalenjin and Omotik of Kenya. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| tcf | Tlapanec, Malinaltepec | 33,000 (1994 SIL). 6,000 monolinguals (1994 SIL). | East and a little south of Chilpancingo, Guerrero. | Malinaltepec (Huizapula), Huizapula-Zapotitlán Tablas (Águàá-Xìrágáá), Zilacayotitlán (Tsírà'khàmájíín). Malinaltepec speakers have 50% intelligibility of Tlacoapa. Speakers define 8 varieties of Tlapanec. Linguistically closest to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct). It may be distantly related to Tol of Honduras. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| tcg | Tamagario | 3,500 (1987 SIL). | South coast area between Gondu and Bapai rivers. | Malinaltepec (Huizapula), Huizapula-Zapotitlán Tablas (Águàá-Xìrágáá), Zilacayotitlán (Tsírà'khàmájíín). Malinaltepec speakers have 50% intelligibility of Tlacoapa. Speakers define 8 varieties of Tlapanec. Linguistically closest to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct). It may be distantly related to Tol of Honduras. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| tch | Turks and Caicos Creole English | 10,730 (1995). | South coast area between Gondu and Bapai rivers. | Malinaltepec (Huizapula), Huizapula-Zapotitlán Tablas (Águàá-Xìrágáá), Zilacayotitlán (Tsírà'khàmájíín). Malinaltepec speakers have 50% intelligibility of Tlacoapa. Speakers define 8 varieties of Tlapanec. Linguistically closest to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct). It may be distantly related to Tol of Honduras. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| tci | Wára | 696 (2002 SIL). | Western Province, Morehead District, villages immediately west of Morehead. | Wára, Kómnjo, Anta, Wèré. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tcl | Taman | 10,000. | Western Province, Morehead District, villages immediately west of Morehead. | Wára, Kómnjo, Anta, Wèré. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tcm | Tanahmerah | 500 (1978 SIL). | North Bomberai Peninsula along the Gondu and Bapai rivers. | Wára, Kómnjo, Anta, Wèré. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tcn | Tichurong | 2,417 (2000). | Karnali Zone, Dolpa District, in the basin of the Bheri River. | Close to Dolpa Tibetan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tco | Taungyo | 40,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | East central; vicinity of Taunggyi, Shan State southward to Tavoy, Tenasserim State. | Related to Burmese. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tcp | Chin, Tawr | 700 (1996 D. Van Bik). | Falam, Haka, Chin Hills. | Related to Burmese. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tcq | Kaiy | 220 (2000 Wurm). | Lakes Plain area around airstrip of Kaiy on lower Rouffaer River, villages of Kaiy and Kokou. | Lexical similarity 69% with Biritai. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tcs | Torres Strait Creole | 23,400 (1989 J. Holm). | Torres Strait Islands, towns on upper Cape York and some towns on the east coast of north Queensland. | Ap-Ne-Ap, Modern Langus. Lexical similarity 80% with English. | Trade language between the western and central islanders and the eastern islanders. Second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| tct | T'en | 15,000 (1999 Bo Wenze). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 25,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Guizhou Province, east part of Pingtang county; some villages in Dushan county; a few villages in Huishui, just south of Guiyang. | Hedong, Hexi, Huishui. Close to Sui. | Moderately vigorous. Chinese and Bouyei speakers in the area also speak T'en. Used in religion. All ages. Children and young people do not use it as often as adults. Local Chinese and Bouyei are used as second languages. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tcu | Tarahumara, Southeastern | No estimate available. | Chinatú, Chihuahua. | Chinatú Tarahumara. | Moderately vigorous. Chinese and Bouyei speakers in the area also speak T'en. Used in religion. All ages. Children and young people do not use it as often as adults. Local Chinese and Bouyei are used as second languages. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| tcx | Toda | 600 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,413 (2000 WCD). | Orissa; Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri Hills, Kunda hills. | Chinatú Tarahumara. | Moderately vigorous. Chinese and Bouyei speakers in the area also speak T'en. Used in religion. All ages. Children and young people do not use it as often as adults. Local Chinese and Bouyei are used as second languages. | Tamil script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1897–1910. | Tamil script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1897–1910. | |
| tcy | Tulu | 1,949,000 (1997). 636,123 monolinguals (1981). | Andhra Pradesh; Kerala, Kasargod District; Tamil Nadu; Maharashtra; Karnataka, South Kanara (Dakshina Kannada) and Udipi districts; Meghalaya. | Chinatú Tarahumara. | Speakers also use Kannada, Hindi, English, or Marathi. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Kannada, Malayalam. Kannada script. Magazines. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1847–1892. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Kannada, Malayalam. Kannada script. Magazines. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1847–1892. | |
| tcz | Chin, Thado | 26,200 in Myanmar (1983). | Assam; Manipur, Chandel District; Nagaland, Kohima District; Mizoram, northeast; Tripura. Also spoken in Myanmar. | Baite, Changsen, Jangshen, Kaokeep, Khongzai, Kipgen, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngen, Hawkip. | Speakers also use Meitei or Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1971). Literacy low among older people and in villages. Taught in schools in Manipur. Magazines. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1971–1994. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (1971). Literacy low among older people and in villages. Taught in schools in Manipur. Magazines. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1971–1994. | |
| tda | Tagdal | 26,862 (2000 WCD). | Between Tahoua in central Niger, Agadez in north central Niger, and Ingall in northeast Niger. | Azawagh (Southern Tagdal), Air (Northern Tagdal). Tagdal lexicon is about 75% to 80% Berber. Everyday vocabulary is about 50% Berber and 50% Songhay. | Most women and many men are monolingual in Tagdal. If they speak a second language it is Tamajaq or Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in French, lower in Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in French, lower in Arabic. | |
| tdb | Panchpargania | 274,000 (1997). | Jharkhand, Ranchi, Singhbhum districts; West Bengal; Assam, tea gardens of upper Assam. | Related to Sadri. Possibly the same as Kudmali. | Spoken by the Bedia and Pan Sawasi of Bihar, Pan of Assam (who migrated from Ranchi, Nagpur and Sambalpur), and Chik Barik of West Bengal. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in French, lower in Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in French, lower in Arabic. | |
| tdc | Emberá-Tadó | 1,000 (1991 SIL). | Upper San Juan River Region, Andes, Risaralda Region, near the Chamí. | Related to Sadri. Possibly the same as Kudmali. | Spoken by the Bedia and Pan Sawasi of Bihar, Pan of Assam (who migrated from Ranchi, Nagpur and Sambalpur), and Chik Barik of West Bengal. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| tdd | Tai Nüa | 72,400 in Myanmar (1983). | Also possibly in northern Viet Nam. | Dehong, Tai Pong (La, You, Ya, Ka, Tai Ka, Sai), Yongren. Lexical similarity 65% with Northern Zhuang, 29% with Laqua, 27% with Buyang and Lati, 22% with Gelo. | Spoken by the Bedia and Pan Sawasi of Bihar, Pan of Assam (who migrated from Ranchi, Nagpur and Sambalpur), and Chik Barik of West Bengal. | Liek script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1931–1948. | Liek script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1931–1948. | |
| tdf | Talieng | 23,091 (1995 census). | Muong Phine-Bung Sai area, Savannakhet Province. | Related to Trieng or Hre in Viet Nam; may be the same as Trieng. | Spoken by the Bedia and Pan Sawasi of Bihar, Pan of Assam (who migrated from Ranchi, Nagpur and Sambalpur), and Chik Barik of West Bengal. | Liek script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1931–1948. | Liek script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1931–1948. | |
| tdg | Tamang, Western | 322,598 (2000 WCD). | Bagmati Zone, western Nuwakot, Rasuwa, Dhading, and parts of Gorkha District in Gandaki Zone, and other districts to the west and possibly southwest, central mountainous strip. Migrations to the Terai. | Trisuli (Nuwakot), Rasuwa, Northwestern (Dhading), Southwestern. Preliminary results showed 86% intelligibility of Western by Rasuwa, 81% to 88% by Central-Eastern, 78% to 88% by Outer-Eastern, 86% by Southwestern; 80% of Rasuwa by Trisuli, 13% by Outer-Eastern. Trisuli has 94% lexical similarity with Northwestern Tamang, 82% to 83% with Rasuwa Tamang, 80% with Southwestern Tamang, 77% to 79% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang. Rasuwa has 82% to 83% with Northwestern, 78% with Southwestern, 72% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang. All Western varieties have 69% to 81% with Eastern Tamang varieties. | Spoken by the Bedia and Pan Sawasi of Bihar, Pan of Assam (who migrated from Ranchi, Nagpur and Sambalpur), and Chik Barik of West Bengal. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | |
| tdh | Thulung | 3,313 in India (1961 census). | Sikkim; Uttar Pradesh. | Lannachyo, Northern Thulung, Southern Thulung, Central Thulung, Eastern Thulung. Related to Lingkhim. Related to Bahing, Wambule, Jerung. High degree of cognancy with Khaling. All listed dialects are mutually intelligible although the people themselves don't refer to these dialect names. | The degree of language retention high compared to other Rai languages (Winter 1991). All ages. They do not believe each other's dialect is 'pure' Thulung. Women speak less Nepali than men. Most men speak Nepali well. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | |
| tdi | Tomadino | 600 (1991 SIL). | Central Sulawesi, Bungku Tengah Subdistrict, Sakita village on the east coast, outskirts of Bungku town. | Lexical similarity 71% with Bahonsuai, 68% with Mori Atas, Mori Bawah, and Padoe. | Speakers also use Bungku. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | |
| tdj | Tajio | 12,000 (2001 N. Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi; Ampibabo, Tinombo, and Sindue subdistricts; 21 villages, or parts of villages. | Lexical similarity 71% with Bahonsuai, 68% with Mori Atas, Mori Bawah, and Padoe. | Speakers also use Bungku. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | |
| tdk | Tambas | 3,000 (2001 Blench). | Plateau State, Pankshin LGA. | Lexical similarity 71% with Bahonsuai, 68% with Mori Atas, Mori Bawah, and Padoe. | Speakers also use Bungku. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | |
| tdl | Sur | 5,000 (1998 Blench). | Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA; Plateau State, Pankshin LGA. | Lexical similarity 71% with Bahonsuai, 68% with Mori Atas, Mori Bawah, and Padoe. | Speakers also use Ngas. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. NT: 1990. | |
| tdn | Tondano | 80,000 in Indonesia (1991 Noorduyn). | Northeastern Sulawesi around Tondano and to the southeast coast of the northern peninsula, Toulour District. Also spoken in USA. | Tondano, Kakas (Ka'kas), Remboken. Closest to Tombulu and Tonsea. | Speakers also use Ngas. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| tdq | Tita | 3,416 (2000 WCD). | Taraba State, Jalingo LGA, at Hoai Petel. | Tondano, Kakas (Ka'kas), Remboken. Closest to Tombulu and Tonsea. | Speakers also use Ngas. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| tdr | Todrah | 9,142 (2000 WCD). | Kon Tum Province, northeast of Kon Tum City from Kon Hring to Kon Braih. | Tondano, Kakas (Ka'kas), Remboken. Closest to Tombulu and Tonsea. | Speakers also use Ngas. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| tds | Doutai | 70 to 100 (2000 Wurm). Ethnic population: 335 (1993 R. Doriot UFM). | Lakes Plain area at Toli-Dou village, west and south of Taiyeve. | Tondano, Kakas (Ka'kas), Remboken. Closest to Tombulu and Tonsea. | Speakers also use Ngas. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| tdt | Tetun Dili | 50,000 (1995). | First-language speakers concentrated in and around Dili on the north coast of East Timor. Second-language speakers scattered widely throughout the western part of East Timor. | There are important differences with Tetun in parts of the grammar, morphology, functors, and much of the lexicon. There is heavy influence of Portuguese and some Indonesian or Malay loans in Tetun Dili. | Language of wider communication. Growing in its role as a language of wider communication, predominantly in urban areas. There are 3 second-language varieties spoken by different people: (1) fluent Tetun Dili spoken throughout the western part of East Timor, primarily by those who have lived in Dili for one or more years, (2) occasional Dili residents with significant influence from their own first languages, and (3) people originally from East Timor who are overseas residents in Portugal or Australia, with higher portion of inflected Portuguese vocabulary and almost complete lack of Indonesian or Malay loans. There is also 'Tetum Ibadat' or 'liturgical Tetum' which is not spoken by anyone for everyday communication, nor as first language, with a lot of vocabulary and some grammar that is not understood widely. All domains. All ages. Speakers of North and South Tetun have significant difficulty understanding it in many speech domains, and vice versa. Some first-language speakers of Tetun Dili consider themselves to be bilingual in Tetun because of contact, but when pressed, admit there are domains in which communication is completely blocked. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| tdu | Dusun, Tempasuk | 6,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Area around Tempasuk village, Kota Belud. | There are important differences with Tetun in parts of the grammar, morphology, functors, and much of the lexicon. There is heavy influence of Portuguese and some Indonesian or Malay loans in Tetun Dili. | Language of wider communication. Growing in its role as a language of wider communication, predominantly in urban areas. There are 3 second-language varieties spoken by different people: (1) fluent Tetun Dili spoken throughout the western part of East Timor, primarily by those who have lived in Dili for one or more years, (2) occasional Dili residents with significant influence from their own first languages, and (3) people originally from East Timor who are overseas residents in Portugal or Australia, with higher portion of inflected Portuguese vocabulary and almost complete lack of Indonesian or Malay loans. There is also 'Tetum Ibadat' or 'liturgical Tetum' which is not spoken by anyone for everyday communication, nor as first language, with a lot of vocabulary and some grammar that is not understood widely. All domains. All ages. Speakers of North and South Tetun have significant difficulty understanding it in many speech domains, and vice versa. Some first-language speakers of Tetun Dili consider themselves to be bilingual in Tetun because of contact, but when pressed, admit there are domains in which communication is completely blocked. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| tdv | Toro | 3,928 (2000 WCD). | Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA, northeast of Wamba, Turkwam village. | There are important differences with Tetun in parts of the grammar, morphology, functors, and much of the lexicon. There is heavy influence of Portuguese and some Indonesian or Malay loans in Tetun Dili. | Vigorous. They identify culturally with the Kantana. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| tdx | Malagasy, Tandroy-Mahafaly | 650,000 (2001). | Southern Madagascar, Toliara Province, Beloha, Tsihombe, Ambovombe, Bekily districts. | Lexical similarity 62% with Merina. | Vigorous. They identify culturally with the Kantana. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| tdy | Tadyawan | 4,146 (2000 WCD). | East central Mindoro. | Lexical similarity 62% with Merina. | Most Tadyawan understand Tawbuid. A lot of intermarriage with the Tawbuid. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| tea | Temiar | 11,593 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 11,593 (2000 D. Bradley). | Mostly in Perak and Kelantan; also Pahang. | Grik, Kenderong, Kenering, Po-Klo (Sakai Bukit of Temongoh), Sakai of Plus Korbu, Sungai Piah, Tanjong Rambutan, Tembe' (Tembi), Ulu Kinta (Kinta Sakai), Lanoh Kobak. | Most Tadyawan understand Tawbuid. A lot of intermarriage with the Tawbuid. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| teb | Tetete | Extinct. Ethnic population: 3 (1969 SIL). | Near the Colombian border, eastern jungle in Cofán area. | Close to Secoya but intelligible only with difficulty. | Most Tadyawan understand Tawbuid. A lot of intermarriage with the Tawbuid. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ted | Krumen, Tepo | 2,913 in Liberia (2000 WCD). | Glawlo dialect is in southeastern Liberia. Other dialects are in southwestern Côte d'Ivoire. | Tepo, Bapo, Plapo, Wlopo (Ropo), Dapo, Honpo, Yrepo (Kapo), Glawlo. | Speakers also use French or Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1995. | |
| tee | Tepehua, Huehuetla | 3,000 (1982 SIL). | Northeastern Hidalgo, Huehuetla, and half the town of Mecapalapa in Puebla. | 70% intelligibility of Pisa Flores (closest). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 37%, 2 25%, 3 10%, 4 10%, 5 8%. | NT: 1976. | NT: 1976. | |
| tef | Teressa | 2,767 (1999 Hackworth). | Nicobar Islands, Teressa and Bompoka islands. | Bompoka (Bompaka, Pauhut). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 37%, 2 25%, 3 10%, 4 10%, 5 8%. | NT: 1976. | NT: 1976. | |
| teh | Tehuelche | 4 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 200 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Patagonia. | Bompoka (Bompaka, Pauhut). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 37%, 2 25%, 3 10%, 4 10%, 5 8%. | NT: 1976. | NT: 1976. | |
| tei | Torricelli | 517 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Maprik District and partially in Sandaun Province, west of Kombio, 5 villages. | West Torricelli, East Torricelli. 2 dialects. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 37%, 2 25%, 3 10%, 4 10%, 5 8%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| tel | Telugu | 69,634,000 in India (1997). Population total all countries: 69,688,278. | Andhra Pradesh and neighboring states. Also spoken in Bahrain, Fiji, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore, United Arab Emirates. | Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Salewari, Telangana, Telugu, Vadaga, Srikakula, Vishakhapatnam, East Godaveri, Rayalseema, Nellore, Guntur, Vadari, Yanadi (Yenadi). | State language of Andhra Pradesh. Yanadi and Bagata are ethnic groups speaking Telugu as first language. 5,000,000 second language speakers. | Telugu script. Films. Bible: 1854–2002. | Telugu script. Films. Bible: 1854–2002. | |
| tem | Themne | 1,200,000 (1989 J. Kaiser). | Northern Province, west of Sewa River to Little Scarcie. | Banta, Konike, Yoni, Bombali, Western Temne (Pil), Sanda, Ribia, Kholifa, Koya, Masingbi, Malal. The people claim to understand all dialects. Lexical similarity 74% between Masingbi and Malal, 70% between Konike and western varieties. | Trade language. The primary language of central Sierra Leone. 240,000 second-language speakers (1981 D. Cranmer). 25% use Krio, 5% use English as second language. A number of monolinguals. | Literacy rate in second language: 6%. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. NT: 1868–1955. | Literacy rate in second language: 6%. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. NT: 1868–1955. | |
| ten | Tama | Extinct. | Vicente, Orteguaza River, Caquetá Region. | Ruhlen says it is a Koreguaje dialect. | Those living on the Orteguaza River have completely integrated with the Coreguaje. | Literacy rate in second language: 6%. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. NT: 1868–1955. | Literacy rate in second language: 6%. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. NT: 1868–1955. | |
| teo | Teso | 279,000 in Kenya (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Busia District, Western Province. | Lokathan (Biri, Ketebo), Orom (Rom). Limited intelligibility of other varieties in the Teso-Turkana group. The dialect in Ngoro is considered standard. Lexical similarity 76% with Turkana, 75% with Karamojong. | Those living on the Orteguaza River have completely integrated with the Coreguaje. | Literacy campaign in progress. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1961. | Literacy campaign in progress. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1961. | |
| tep | Tepecano | Extinct. | Northwestern Jalisco near Bolaños. | Lokathan (Biri, Ketebo), Orom (Rom). Limited intelligibility of other varieties in the Teso-Turkana group. The dialect in Ngoro is considered standard. Lexical similarity 76% with Turkana, 75% with Karamojong. | Extinct before 1972. | Literacy campaign in progress. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1961. | Literacy campaign in progress. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1961. | |
| teq | Temein | 10,000 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills in the Temein hills southwest of Dilling, between Jebels Ghulfan Morung and Julud (Gulud). | Lexical similarity 67% with Tese. | Extinct before 1972. | Literacy campaign in progress. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1961. | Literacy campaign in progress. Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1961. | |
| ter | Terêna | 15,000 (1991 SIL). | Mato Grosso do Sul, in 20 villages and 2 cities. | Lexical similarity 67% with Tese. | Many speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | |
| tes | Tengger | 500,000 (1989). | East Java, on the Tengger-Semeru massif and the slopes of Mt. Bromo. | May be marginally intelligible with Javanese. | Javanese is used as second language. 20% use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| tet | Tetun | 50,000 in East Timor (2004). | Western East Timor on the south coast from Suai to Viqueque. East of Atoni, west of Bunak (in Batagude) around Batibo, and in from the south coast around Viqueque and Soibada. | Eastern Tetun (Soibada, Natarbora, Lakluta, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los), Southern Tetun (Lia Fehan, Plain Tetun, Tasi Mane, Belu Selatan, South Belu, South Tetun), Northern Tetun (Lia Foho, Hill Tetun, Tasi Feto, Belu Utara, North Belu, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik). | Official language. Spoken by some Bunak around Suai as second language. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1983–1997. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1983–1997. | |
| teu | Soo | 5,000 (1972 Ladefoged et al.). | Karamoja District of eastern Uganda on Mt. Moroto on Kenya border. | Eastern Tetun (Soibada, Natarbora, Lakluta, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los), Southern Tetun (Lia Fehan, Plain Tetun, Tasi Mane, Belu Selatan, South Belu, South Tetun), Northern Tetun (Lia Foho, Hill Tetun, Tasi Feto, Belu Utara, North Belu, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik). | In some areas used mainly by those over 40 years old. Younger people speak Karamojong as primary language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tev | Teor | 1,100 (1986 SIL). | Teor and Ut islands, South Maluku. | Gaur Kristen, Ut. Speakers say they understand Kur. Lexical similarity 79% between Gaur Kristen and Ut, 71% to 83% with Kur, 41% with Watubela, 38% with Geser. | In some areas used mainly by those over 40 years old. Younger people speak Karamojong as primary language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tew | Tewa | 1,298 (1980 census). 18 monolinguals (1990 census). Population includes 50 Nambe speakers, 25 Pojoaque, 349 San Ildefonso, 495 San Juan, 207 Santa Clara, 172 Tesuque (1980 census). Ethnic population: 2,383 including 175 Nambe, 37 Pojoaque, 478 San Ildefonso, 1,146 San Juan, 318 Santa Clara, 229 Tesuque (1980 census). | North of Santa Fe, New Mexico and at Hano on the Hopi Reservation, Arizona. | Hano, San Juan, Nambe, Pojoaque, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Tesuque. | Speakers are shifting to English. 49.8% of the population below 18 years are speakers, 70% above 18 (1980 census). Most adults speak the language. Many younger ones prefer English and some do not speak the language. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1969–1984. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1969–1984. | |
| tex | Tennet | 4,000 (1994 SIL). | Southern Sudan, Equatoria Province, Lopit Hills, northeast of Torit, 5 villages. | Some intelligibility of Murle, Narim, and Didinga (in descending order). | All ages. A strong sense of Tenet ethnic identity. Most Tennet are fluent in Lopit, from which they borrow most of their songs. Many over 20 years old know Toposa, which is used for ox names and a few songs. Many can also understand some Otuho, which is closely related to Lopit. Those with schooling know a little Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Arabic. Motivation for literacy is high. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Arabic. Motivation for literacy is high. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–2001. | |
| tey | Tulishi | 8,628 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes 3,000 Kamda, 2,500 Tulishi. | Northern Sudan, hills on the western edge of the Nuba Hills on Jebel Tulishi south of Katla, on Jebel Kamdang north of Lagowa, south of Tulishi. Lagawa is the largest village, Kam'da is the administrative center, and other villages are Laati, Lawwa, Ntukungnge, Aabiisa, Nattilongke, Aliyooro Manadaha, Thudhi, Kirakaati. | Tulishi, Kamda (Kamdang), Dar El Kabira (Turuj, Truj, Logoke, Minjimmina). Dar el Kabira and Kamdang dialects are similar. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Arabic. Motivation for literacy is high. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Arabic. Motivation for literacy is high. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–2001. | |
| tfi | Gbe, Tofin | 90,000 (2002 SIL). | Atlantique Province, So-Ava Subprefecture. | A member of the Gbe language cluster. Lexical similarity 88% with Gun, 87% with Fon, 82% with Eastern Xwla, 75% with Ayizo, 66% with Gen. | All domains. French is used in schools and some government offices. Gun, Fon, and some French used in churches besides some Tofin. Good comprehension of Fon and of Gun. | Literacy efforts are underway using Fon, Gun, and Tofin. | Literacy efforts are underway using Fon, Gun, and Tofin. | |
| tfn | Tanaina | 75 (1997 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 900 (1997 M. Krauss). | Around Cook Inlet and adjacent area of southern Alaska. | Kenai Peninsula, Upper Inlet, Coastal-Inland, Stoney River. | Speakers are shifting to English. Kenai dialect is nearly extinct. Youngest speakers in their 20s at Lime Village, but elsewhere in their 50s and older. | Literacy efforts are underway using Fon, Gun, and Tofin. | Literacy efforts are underway using Fon, Gun, and Tofin. | |
| tfo | Tefaro | 100 (1987 SIL). | East side of Cenderawasih Bay, in villages of Tefaro and Demba. | Lexical similarity 61% with Barapasi, 63% with Sauri, 70% with Tunggare. | Used in the home. | Literacy efforts are underway using Fon, Gun, and Tofin. | Literacy efforts are underway using Fon, Gun, and Tofin. | |
| tfr | Teribe | 5 in Costa Rica (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 35 to 300 in Costa Rica (1991 SIL). | Southeastern, north coast. | Lexical similarity 61% with Barapasi, 63% with Sauri, 70% with Tunggare. | Terraba in Costa Rica who know only a little Teribe want to relearn the language and culture (1991). | Bible portions: 1979–1984. | Bible portions: 1979–1984. | |
| tft | Ternate | 42,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | North Maluku, islands of Ternate, Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, and coastal communities on western north Halmahera. Lingua franca in northern and northeastern Halmahera. | Close to Tidore. | Trade language. Vigorous. 20,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| tgb | Tebilung | 2,000 (1984 SIL). | Kota Marudu District, on the road from Kota Belud to Kudat, and in Kota Belud. | Low intelligibility of Central Kadazan, Kimaragang. | Trade language. Vigorous. 20,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| tgd | Ciwogai | 2,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Ganjuwa LGA, Tsagu village and farms in the vicinity. Near the Diri. | Related to Diri. | Trade language. Vigorous. 20,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| tge | Tamang, Eastern Gorkha | 3,977 (2000 WCD). | Gandaki Zone, North Gorkha District, south and east of Jagat. | Kasigaon, Kerounja. Dialects have 89% lexical similarity with each other, 76% to 77% with Northwestern (Dhading) Tamang, 77% to 79% with Western (Trisuli) Tamang, 72% to 73% with Western (Rasuwa) Tamang, 70% to 73% with Southwestern Tamang, 63% to 73% with Eastern Tamang dialects, (Varenkamp 96), 50% with Banspur Gurung, 31% to 37% with Northern and Southern Ghale, 18% to 23% with Kutang Ghale, 14% to 16% with Nubri, Tsum, and Kyerung, 12% to 14% with Tibetan (Webster 92). | Trade language. Vigorous. 20,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| tgf | Chalikha | 1,000 (1993 Van Driem). | In and around Chali area, Mongar District, east Bhutan, north of Monggar. | Related to Bumthangkha and Kurtopakha. | Trade language. Vigorous. 20,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| tgh | Tobagonian Creole English | 36,000 (1990). | Tobago. | Closest to Guyana and Saint Vincent. | Trade language. Vigorous. 20,000 second-language speakers. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| tgk | Tajiki | 3,344,720 in Tajikistan (1991). Population total all countries: 4,380,212. | Also spoken in Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. | Four groups of small dialects; no distinct boundaries. Dialect blending into Dari Persian in Afghanistan. | Official language. Most Tajiki are trilingual in Northern Uzbek, Russian, and Tajiki. | Cyrillic script. Bible: 1992. | Cyrillic script. Bible: 1992. | |
| tgl | Tagalog | 14,486,888 in the Philippines (1995 census). Population total all countries: 15,900,098. | Manila, most of Luzon, and Mindoro. Also spoken in Canada, Guam, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, USA. | Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, Tayabas. | Official language. Most Tajiki are trilingual in Northern Uzbek, Russian, and Tajiki. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | |
| tgq | Tring | 551 (2000 WCD). | Long Terawan village, lower Tutoh River. | Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, Tayabas. | Official language. Most Tajiki are trilingual in Northern Uzbek, Russian, and Tajiki. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | |
| tgr | Tareng | 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Just west of Viet Nam border, east of Kayong, north of Chavane and Thia. | Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, Tayabas. | Official language. Most Tajiki are trilingual in Northern Uzbek, Russian, and Tajiki. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | |
| tgt | Tagbanwa, Central | 2,000 (1985 SIL). | Northern Palawan. | Intelligibility of Tagbanwa (Lamane) 29%, 56% of Calamian Tagbanwa, 61% of Cuyonon. Lexical similarity 56% with Tagbanwa (Lamane), 57% with Calamian Tagbanwa, 48% with Cuyonon, 40% with Tagalog. | Low comprehension of Tagalog. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1905. | |
| tgu | Tanggu | 3,000 (1991 SIL). | Madang Province, Bogia District. | Intelligibility of Tagbanwa (Lamane) 29%, 56% of Calamian Tagbanwa, 61% of Cuyonon. Lexical similarity 56% with Tagbanwa (Lamane), 57% with Calamian Tagbanwa, 48% with Cuyonon, 40% with Tagalog. | Low comprehension of Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1993. | Bible portions: 1993. | |
| tgv | Tingui-Boto | Extinct. Ethnic population: 800 (1986 SIL). | Alagoas. | Intelligibility of Tagbanwa (Lamane) 29%, 56% of Calamian Tagbanwa, 61% of Cuyonon. Lexical similarity 56% with Tagbanwa (Lamane), 57% with Calamian Tagbanwa, 48% with Cuyonon, 40% with Tagalog. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1993. | Bible portions: 1993. | |
| tgw | Senoufo, Tagwana | 138,100 (1993 SIL). | Central Department, north central area, west of Djimini. | Gbo (Zoro), Tafire, Niediekaha, Niangbo, Niakaramadougou, Fondebougou, Djidanan, Fourgoula, Katiara, Katiola. Lexical similarity 76% to 81% with Djimini dialects. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1987. | |
| tgx | Tagish | 2 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 400 possibly (1995 M. Krauss). | Southern Yukon, west or west-northwest of the Tlingit, with some at Carcross. | Gbo (Zoro), Tafire, Niediekaha, Niangbo, Niakaramadougou, Fondebougou, Djidanan, Fourgoula, Katiara, Katiola. Lexical similarity 76% to 81% with Djimini dialects. | Speakers are also fluent in Tlingit and speak English as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1987. | |
| tha | Thai | 20,182,571 in Thailand (2000 WCD). Population includes 400,000 Khorat (1984). 4,704,000 mother-tongue Thai speakers who are ethnic Chinese, or 80% of the Chinese (1984). Population total all countries: 20,229,987. | Central Thailand, centered in Bangkok. Khorat dialect in Ratchasima. Also spoken in Singapore, United Arab Emirates, USA. | Khorat Thai (Korat, Thaikorat). | Official language of the country and medium of education and most mass communication. 40,000,000 second-language speakers in Thailand (2001 A. Diller). | Thai script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1883–2000. | Thai script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1883–2000. | |
| thc | Tai Hang Tong | 10,000 (2002). | Northern Viet Nam. | Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Pu Thay, Tay Thanh, and Tho Da Bac. | Official language of the country and medium of education and most mass communication. 40,000,000 second-language speakers in Thailand (2001 A. Diller). | Thai script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1883–2000. | Thai script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1883–2000. | |
| thd | Thayore | 150 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (1982 A. Hall). | Between Edward and Coleman rivers, Western Cape York, Queensland. | Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Pu Thay, Tay Thanh, and Tho Da Bac. | Official language of the country and medium of education and most mass communication. 40,000,000 second-language speakers in Thailand (2001 A. Diller). | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1981. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1981. | |
| the | Tharu, Chitwania | 80,000 in Nepal (based on 1991 census). 993,388 all Tharu. | Narayani Zone, Chitawan District; Lumbini Zone, Nawalparasi District. Also spoken in India. | Part of the Thái official ethnic community, related to White Thai, Tai Dam, Pu Thay, Tay Thanh, and Tho Da Bac. | Speakers also use Nepali, Hindi, or Bhojpuri Tharu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). Bible portions: 1977. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27.7% (1991 census). Bible portions: 1977. | |
| thf | Thangmi | 300 in China (2002). | Tibet. | Eastern Thami, Western Thami, Sindhupalcok. Related to Baraamu (Grierson-Konow). | Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | |
| thh | Tarahumara, Northern | 300 (1993 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500 (1993 SIL). | Chihuahua, towns of Santa Rosa Ariseachi, Agua Caliente Ariseachi, Bilaguchi, Tomochi, La Nopalera. | 45% intelligibility of Central Tarahumara, 25% of Tarahumara Baja. | May be extinct. Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | |
| thi | Tai Long | 4,800 (2004). | Chihuahua, towns of Santa Rosa Ariseachi, Agua Caliente Ariseachi, Bilaguchi, Tomochi, La Nopalera. | 45% intelligibility of Central Tarahumara, 25% of Tarahumara Baja. | May be extinct. Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 22.3% (1991 census). Poetry. Dictionary. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60