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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sti | Stieng, Bulo | 6,059 in Cambodia (2000 WCD). | Eastern, Kratie Province, Snuol District, and southern Mondolkiri. | Budip, Bulo. | Speakers also use Mnong or Khmer. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | |
| stj | Samo, Matya | 105,000 in Burkina Faso (1995 R. Jones SIM). | Sourou Province, concentrations in Mouna and Solenzo areas, and Ouaga, Bobo, Dedougou, and Koudougou cities. Also spoken in Mali. | Budip, Bulo. | Tougan is a large and politically important dialect. Speakers of other dialects tend to use Jula with speakers from Tougan. Jula is used in some churches. Reciprocal bilingualism with Mòoré along the eastern border of the area. | Motivation to read French is high. A literacy center near Tougan teaches Jula. | Motivation to read French is high. A literacy center near Tougan teaches Jula. | |
| stk | Arammba | 967 (2003 SIL). | Western Province, Morehead Subprovince, southwest of Suki. | Budip, Bulo. | Tougan is a large and politically important dialect. Speakers of other dialects tend to use Jula with speakers from Tougan. Jula is used in some churches. Reciprocal bilingualism with Mòoré along the eastern border of the area. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| stl | Stellingwerfs | No estimate available. | Northeastern, Stellingwerven Region, Friesland Province. Centers are Oosterwoolde and Wolvege. | Budip, Bulo. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| stm | Setaman | 200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province. | Budip, Bulo. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| sto | Stoney | 1,000 to 1,500 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,200 (1987 SIL). | Southern Alberta, west and northwest of Calgary, and central Alberta, west of Edmonton. Southern Stoney occupy 3 reserves represented on the Stoney Tribal Council at Morley, Alberta: Eden Valley, west of Longview, Alberta, the southernmost reserve and principally Bearspaw Band members (about 400 speakers); Morley, west of Calgary, the main administrative center of Stoney Country, with about 2,700 people of all three southern bands: the Bearspaw, Chiniki, and Wesley Bands; Big Horn Reserve west of Rocky Mountain House, the most northerly of the 3, with about 100 people, mostly Wesley Band. | Southern Stoney, Northern Stoney. Dialects nearly 100% intelligible with each other. The northern dialect is spoken at Duffield (Paul Band) and Lac St. Anne (Alexis Band). Lexical similarity 89% with Assiniboine, 86% with Dakota of Manitoba, 85% with Dakota of North Dakota, 83% with Lakota. | Speakers are adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1970. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1970. | |
| stp | Tepehuan, Southeastern | 9,937 (2000 WCD). | Southeastern Durango, Mezquital Municipio. Santa María Ocotán is the cultural and religious center. | 78% intelligibility of Southwestern Tepehuán. | Vigorous. Speakers of Durango Nahuatl who marry Tepehuan speakers learn it. Their children usually speak both languages. All domains. Used in the first 2 grades of elementary education. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 30%, 2 15%, 3 4%, 4 1%, 5 0%. Very few speak anything other than Tepehuan and Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. 500 to 1,000 can read and write it. Roman script. Videos. Bible portions: 1991–2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. 500 to 1,000 can read and write it. Roman script. Videos. Bible portions: 1991–2003. | |
| stq | Saterfriesisch | 5,000 (2001 Wolbert Smidt). | Saterland, East Frisia. | Not intelligible with Eastern Frisian. Related to Western Frisian and Northern Frisian. | Speakers are mainly older adults (2001). Saterfriesen or Friesen is the name of the ethnic group. Almost all also speak Eastern Frisian or Standard German for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: High in German. | Literacy rate in second language: High in German. | |
| str | Salish, Straits | 20 in Canada (2002 Poser). Ethnic population: 3,000 (1977 SIL). | Southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia and adjoining portions of Washington, including the islands in between. | Saanich, Lummi, Samish, Sooke, Songish. | The Semiahmoo, Ts'ooke, and Songish dialects are extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Conversational Salish is taught in Nespelem, Washington, but it is not known which Salish dialect. | Conversational Salish is taught in Nespelem, Washington, but it is not known which Salish dialect. | |
| sts | Shumashti | 1,000 (1994). | Chitral frontier, 60 miles up the Kunar River from Gawar-Bati, on the west side, Darrai Mazar Valley. Shumast village has two languages: Shumashti and a Northeast Pashayi dialect. | Lexical similarity 63% with Nangalami (Grangali), 47% with Gawar-Bati. Heavily influenced by Pashayi. | The Semiahmoo, Ts'ooke, and Songish dialects are extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| stt | Stieng, Budeh | No estimate available. | Southern Stieng area, Binh Phuoc and Tay Ninh provinces. | Different enough from Bulo Stieng that intelligibility is not functional. | The Semiahmoo, Ts'ooke, and Songish dialects are extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| stu | Samtao | 100 in China (1993). | Southwest Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Prefecture. | Different enough from Bulo Stieng that intelligibility is not functional. | The Semiahmoo, Ts'ooke, and Songish dialects are extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sua | Sulka | 2,500 (1991 SIL). | East New Britain Province, East Pomio District, Wide Bay coast. | A dialect chain. | The Semiahmoo, Ts'ooke, and Songish dialects are extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1997. | |
| suc | Subanon, Western | 75,000 (1997 SIL). | Mindanao, Zamboanga Peninsula. | Western Kolibugan (Western Kalibugan). Lexical similarity 89% between Siocon and Western Kolibugan. | The Semiahmoo, Ts'ooke, and Songish dialects are extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. NT: 1996. | |
| sue | Suena | 3,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,000 (2000 SIL). | Morobe Province, Lae District, north of Yekora. | Western Kolibugan (Western Kalibugan). Lexical similarity 89% between Siocon and Western Kolibugan. | The Yarawi are apparently a people group who spoke Suena around 1910 to 1978, but today may speak a dialect of Binandere as their first language (2000). Speakers also use Tok Pisin or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1978. | |
| sug | Suganga | 700 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District. | Close to Mianmin. | The Yarawi are apparently a people group who spoke Suena around 1910 to 1978, but today may speak a dialect of Binandere as their first language (2000). Speakers also use Tok Pisin or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Grammar. NT: 1978. | |
| sui | Suki | 3,512 (2003 SIL). | Western Province, Lake Suki. | Close to Mianmin. | English used in schools, which go through 6th grade. Hiri Motu also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | |
| sul | Surigaonon | 344,974 (1990 census). | Surigao, Carrascal, Cantilan, Madrid, Lanusa. | Jaun-Jaun, Cantilan (Kantilan), Naturalis, Surigaonon. Lexical similarity 82% with Dibabawon Manobo, 81% with Agusan Manobo, 69% with Butuanon. | Speakers have high proficiency in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | |
| sum | Sumo-Mayangna | 700 in Honduras (1997 SIL). Ethnic population: 800 to 1,000 in Honduras (1993 Ramon D. Rivas). | Banks of the Patuca River, Gracias a Dios and parts of Olancho departments. | Panamahka, Nicaraguan Tawahka, Ulwa, Bawihka, Kukra. A distinct dialect is spoken in Honduras. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| sun | Sunda | 27,000,000 (1990 Clynes). | Western third of Java Island. | Banten, Bogor (Krawang), Pringan, Cirebon. | 60% use Indonesian and 5% use Dutch as second language. | Bible: 1891–1991. | Bible: 1891–1991. | |
| suq | Suri | 1,000 Tirma in Sudan (1983 SIL). | Southern Sudan, Boma Plateau near the Ethiopian border. | Tirma (Tirima, Terema, Terna, Dirma, Cirma, Tirmaga, Tirmagi, Tid), Chai (Caci, Cai). | 212 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0.6%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0.6%. Dictionary. | |
| sur | Mwaghavul | 295,000 (1993 SIL). | Plateau State, Barakin-Ladi and Mangu LGAs. | Mupun (Mapan, Mapun), Panyam. | Trade language. Several smaller language groups nearby use Mwaghavul as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1991–1995. | |
| sus | Susu | 120,000 in Sierra Leone (1989 J. Kaiser). | Northern Province, interspersed throughout western sections. | Distinct from Yalunka. | Some also use Krio or English. | Literacy materials taught in school. Roman and Arabic scripts. NT: 1884–1988. | Literacy materials taught in school. Roman and Arabic scripts. NT: 1884–1988. | |
| sut | Subtiaba | Extinct. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1981 MARC). | Plains of León, Pacific slope. | Distinct from Yalunka. | Some also use Krio or English. | Literacy materials taught in school. Roman and Arabic scripts. NT: 1884–1988. | Literacy materials taught in school. Roman and Arabic scripts. NT: 1884–1988. | |
| suu | Sungkai | 6,363 (2000 WCD). | South Sumatra, northeast of Krui, west of Abung. | Lexical similarity 76% with Pubian (closest), 74% with Komering. | Some also use Krio or English. | Literacy materials taught in school. Roman and Arabic scripts. NT: 1884–1988. | Literacy materials taught in school. Roman and Arabic scripts. NT: 1884–1988. | |
| suv | Sulung | 5,443 (1991 census). | Arunachal Pradesh, East Kameng and Lower Subansiri districts, along the Par River, 53 villages. | Bugun. A divergent language which some suggest is not Sino-Tibetan but possibly Austro-Asiatic. Chowdhury says intelligible with Bugun. | Speakers also use Nefamese. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari, Assamese, and Roman scripts. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari, Assamese, and Roman scripts. Dictionary. | |
| suy | Suyá | 196 (1995 AMTB). Population includes 31 Tapayuna. | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, headwaters of Rio Culuene. | Beiço de Pau (Tapayúna), Yaruma (Jarumá, Waiku). | Few speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari, Assamese, and Roman scripts. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari, Assamese, and Roman scripts. Dictionary. | |
| suz | Sunwar | 26,611 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 95,254. | Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, eastern hills, and Sagarmatha Zone, northwestern Okhaldhunga District. | Surel. Related to Bahing, and more distantly to Thulung, Wambule, Jerung. Hayu is closest to Sunwar. | Younger people speak Nepali for trade, official purposes with low proficiency. | Literacy rate in first language: Young people 90%. Literacy rate in second language: Males 15% in villages, 20% in Kathmandu. Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: Young people 90%. Literacy rate in second language: Males 15% in villages, 20% in Kathmandu. Poetry. Dictionary. | |
| sva | Svan | 15,000 (2000 A. E. Kibrik). Ethnic population: 15,000 (2000 A. E. Kibrik). | Svantetia Region. | Upper Bal, Lower Bal, Lashx, Lentex. | Not a written language. All domains. A few children speak Svan. Proficiency limited among young people. People are neutral toward Svan. Reports indicate that speakers want to remain separate from Georgian. Georgian and Russian are used as literary languages. | Literacy rate in first language: Young people 90%. Literacy rate in second language: Males 15% in villages, 20% in Kathmandu. Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: Young people 90%. Literacy rate in second language: Males 15% in villages, 20% in Kathmandu. Poetry. Dictionary. | |
| svc | Vincentian Creole English | 138,000 (1989 J. Holm). | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. | Closest to Guyana, Tobago. | Not a written language. All domains. A few children speak Svan. Proficiency limited among young people. People are neutral toward Svan. Reports indicate that speakers want to remain separate from Georgian. Georgian and Russian are used as literary languages. | Literacy rate in first language: Young people 90%. Literacy rate in second language: Males 15% in villages, 20% in Kathmandu. Poetry. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: Young people 90%. Literacy rate in second language: Males 15% in villages, 20% in Kathmandu. Poetry. Dictionary. | |
| sve | Serili | 328 (1980 de Jonge). | Northeast Marsela Island, south Maluku. | Closest to Guyana, Tobago. | Not a written language. All domains. A few children speak Svan. Proficiency limited among young people. People are neutral toward Svan. Reports indicate that speakers want to remain separate from Georgian. Georgian and Russian are used as literary languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| svk | Slovakian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Northeast Marsela Island, south Maluku. | Closest to Guyana, Tobago. | Not a written language. All domains. A few children speak Svan. Proficiency limited among young people. People are neutral toward Svan. Reports indicate that speakers want to remain separate from Georgian. Georgian and Russian are used as literary languages. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| svr | Savara | 20,179 (2000 WCD). | Andhra Pradesh; Orissa. | Closest to Guyana, Tobago. | Not a written language. All domains. A few children speak Svan. Proficiency limited among young people. People are neutral toward Svan. Reports indicate that speakers want to remain separate from Georgian. Georgian and Russian are used as literary languages. | Savara indigenous, Oriya and Telugu scripts. | Savara indigenous, Oriya and Telugu scripts. | |
| svs | Savosavo | 2,415 (1999 SIL). | Savo Island, north of Guadalcanal, Central Solomons. | Closest to Guyana, Tobago. | Use of Savosavo is declining among the younger generation. Speakers also use Pijin. | Savara indigenous, Oriya and Telugu scripts. | Savara indigenous, Oriya and Telugu scripts. | |
| swe | Swedish | 296,000 in Finland (1997). | Coasts of the provinces of Central Österbotten (Ostrobothnia), Vasa (Vaasa), Southwest Finland, Nyland (Uusimaa) (Helsingfors), Åland Islands, Kymenlaakso. | Standard Swedish, Österbotten (Ostrobothnian), Åland Islands Swedish, Southwest Finland Swedish, Uusimaa Swedish, Nyland Swedish. | Official language. Perhaps 75% of speakers are fluent in Finnish, 25% are totally bilingual. | Bible: 1541–1999. | Bible: 1541–1999. | |
| swg | Swabian | Ethnic population: 820,168 (2000 WCD). | Southwest, Wuerttemberg, the eastern part of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Schwaben, western Bavaria. | A variety of Highest Alemannisch. More distinct than Bavarian from Standard German. 40% inherently intelligible with Standard German (estimate). Swabian of the Black Forest is different from Swabian in the Alb (H. Kloss 1978). | Speakers also use Standard German. | Dictionary. Bible portions. | Dictionary. Bible portions. | |
| swi | Sui | 120 in Viet Nam (2002 Edmondson). | Tuyen Quang, Chiem Hoa. | Sandong (San Tung), Anyang (Yang'an), Pandong. Dialect differences are minor. That spoken in Yunnan is reported to be more different. Sandong is the standard. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. About 200,000 use Chinese as second language. Bilingualism is low in the main areas. Written Chinese is in use. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Films. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Films. | |
| swl | Swedish Sign Language | 8,000 deaf primary users, and the first language of many hearing children of deaf parents (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Tuyen Quang, Chiem Hoa. | No origins from other sign languages, but it has influenced Portuguese and Finnish sign languages. Intelligible with Norwegian and Danish sign languages with only moderate difficulty. Not intelligible with Finnish Sign Language. | Sign language used since 1800. The first deaf school was established in 1809. There are 5 deaf schools, and they use Swedish Sign Language for instruction in all subjects. Also taught at the University of Stockholm. Many sign language classes for hearing people. Government interpreters assist the deaf in contacts with official and private institutions. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Signed Swedish is distinct. Much research. Today the deaf are regarded as a bilingual minority. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swm | Samosa | 90 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province. | Related to Murupi, Wamas, Rapting, Mosimo, Saruga, Nake, Matepi, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Sign language used since 1800. The first deaf school was established in 1809. There are 5 deaf schools, and they use Swedish Sign Language for instruction in all subjects. Also taught at the University of Stockholm. Many sign language classes for hearing people. Government interpreters assist the deaf in contacts with official and private institutions. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Signed Swedish is distinct. Much research. Today the deaf are regarded as a bilingual minority. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swn | Sawknah | 5,448 (2000 WCD). | Tripolitania. | Related to Murupi, Wamas, Rapting, Mosimo, Saruga, Nake, Matepi, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Sign language used since 1800. The first deaf school was established in 1809. There are 5 deaf schools, and they use Swedish Sign Language for instruction in all subjects. Also taught at the University of Stockholm. Many sign language classes for hearing people. Government interpreters assist the deaf in contacts with official and private institutions. There is an organization for sign language teachers. Signed Swedish is distinct. Much research. Today the deaf are regarded as a bilingual minority. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swq | Sharwa | 5,100 (2000 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Southern Bourrah Subdivision; a few in North Province, Mayo-Louti Division. | Related to Murupi, Wamas, Rapting, Mosimo, Saruga, Nake, Matepi, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Signs of language shift to Fulfulde. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swr | Saweru | 300 (1991 SIL). | Central Serui Island, Serui Waropen Kabupaten, Yapen Selatan Kecamatan, on an island south of Yapen Island near Serui. | Related to Murupi, Wamas, Rapting, Mosimo, Saruga, Nake, Matepi, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Signs of language shift to Fulfulde. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sws | Seluwasan | 2,839 (1980 government report). Population includes 739 in Makatian, 2,100 in Seluwasan. | Southwest coast of Yamdena Island, south Maluku. Three villages: Wermatang, Batu Putih, and Marantutul. | Seluwasan, Makatian. Makatian is quite different from other dialects. | Signs of language shift to Fulfulde. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swt | Sawila | 3,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Eastern Alor Island, between Kula and Wersing. Many current village locations are the result of recent migrations from older locations. | Sawila, Lona, Salimana, Lalamana, Sileba. Intelligibility of Kula is marginal, and the historical ethnic identities are distinct. Structurally similar to Kula. | Signs of language shift to Fulfulde. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swu | Suwawa | 10,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeastern Sulawesi, around Suwawa and Pinogu, east of Gorontalo town and Lake Limboto. | Bunda. | Signs of language shift to Fulfulde. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swv | Shekhawati | 3,000,000 (2002 Gusain). | Rajasthan, Sikar, Jhunjhunun, Churu districts. | Jhunjhunu-Churu, Sikar. 67% comprehension of Marwari. Lexical similarity 74% to 77% between dialects; 51% to 68% with Marwari, 58% to 80% with Merwari, 45% to 69% with Godwari, 57% to 66% with Mewari, 66% to 73% with Dhundari, 58% to 66% with Harauti, 57% to 70% with Mewati, 69% to 76% with Bagri, 61% to 73% with Haryanvi. | Speakers also use Hindi. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swx | Suruahá | 130 (1995 AMTB). | Amazonas. | Jhunjhunu-Churu, Sikar. 67% comprehension of Marwari. Lexical similarity 74% to 77% between dialects; 51% to 68% with Marwari, 58% to 80% with Merwari, 45% to 69% with Godwari, 57% to 66% with Mewari, 66% to 73% with Dhundari, 58% to 66% with Harauti, 57% to 70% with Mewati, 69% to 76% with Bagri, 61% to 73% with Haryanvi. | Speakers also use Hindi. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| swy | Sarua | 2,000 (1997 SIL). | Southwest, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, Bousso Subprefecture, between Bousso and Miltou, along the Chari River. | Lexical similarity 42% with Gadang, 27% with Miltu. | The majority use Bagirmi as second language. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sxg | Shixing | 1,800 (2000 D. Bradley). 1,200 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Muli Tibetan Autonomous County in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of southwestern Sichuan. | Lexical similarity 42% with Gadang, 27% with Miltu. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. About 500 also use Chinese, about 100 Naxi, about 100 Tibetan. Tibetan is used in the temples. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sxm | Samre | 50 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 200 (2000 D. Bradley). | Just north of Siemreap. | Related to Sa'och, Suoy, Pear. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. About 500 also use Chinese, about 100 Naxi, about 100 Tibetan. Tibetan is used in the temples. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sxn | Sangir | 55,000 in the Philippines (1981 SIL). | Balut and Sarangani islands off of Mindanao. | Siau, Manganitu, Tamako, North Tabukang (Tabukang, Tabukan), South Tabukang, Central Tabukang, Kandar, Taruna, Tagulandang (Tahulandang). | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. About 500 also use Chinese, about 100 Naxi, about 100 Tibetan. Tibetan is used in the temples. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1883–1994. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1883–1994. | |
| sxr | Saaroa | 5 to 6 (2000 Wurm). Ethnic population: 300 (2000 UNESCO Red Book). | West central mountains, south and southeast of Minchuan, along the Laonung River. | Close to Kanakanabu. | On the verge of extinction in 1990. Speakers are shifting to Bunun. Older people speak Taiwanese. Used in the home. Some older people know Saaroa. No children speak it. The people have a neutral attitude toward Saaroa. There has been a major shift to Bunun since Bunun speakers migrated into the area. Older people speak Taiwanese. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| sxs | Sasaru | 12,456 (2000 WCD). | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Close to Kanakanabu. | On the verge of extinction in 1990. Speakers are shifting to Bunun. Older people speak Taiwanese. Used in the home. Some older people know Saaroa. No children speak it. The people have a neutral attitude toward Saaroa. There has been a major shift to Bunun since Bunun speakers migrated into the area. Older people speak Taiwanese. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| sxu | Saxon, Upper | 2,000,000 (1998 Andreas Thomsen). | Eastern Germany, southeast, Sachsen with Dresden, Leipzig, Chemnitz, Halle in Sachsen-Anhalt. | Erzgebirgisch. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| sxw | Gbe, Saxwe | 6,272 (2000 WCD). | Mono Province. | Saxwe, Daxe, Se. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| sya | Siang | 60,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central, east of Dohoi. | Siang, Murung 2. Related to Dohoi. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| syb | Subanen, Central | 140,011 (2000 WCD). | Eastern Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Sulu Archipelago. | Eastern Kolibugan (Eastern Kalibugan). 71% intelligibility of Lapuyan. Lexical similarity 79% with Siocon. | High comprehension of Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1992. | |
| syc | Syriac | Extinct. | Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Also spoken in Iraq. | Western Syriac, Eastern Syriac. The Syrian churches: Eastern (Nestorian), Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Syrian Catholic (Melkite, Maronite) developed a vast literature based on the Edessa (currently Sanliurfa, southeastern Turkey) variety of the Syrian dialect. The Assyrian group (see Assyrian Neo-Aramaic in Iraq and elsewhere) separated denominationally from the Chaldean (see Chaldean Neo-Aramaic in Iraq) and Jacobite (see Turoyo in Turkey and Syria) in the Middle Ages. Neo-Eastern Aramaic languages spoken by Christians are often dubbed 'Neo-Syriac', although not directly descended from Syriac. | Became extinct in the 10th to 12th centuries. Still used as a literary secular language among followers of the churches listed, although rarely. | Syriac script. Bible: 1645–1891. | Syriac script. Bible: 1645–1891. | |
| syk | Sukur | 14,779 (1992). | Northern tip of Adamawa State, Michika LGA, Mandara Mountains. | Western Syriac, Eastern Syriac. The Syrian churches: Eastern (Nestorian), Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Syrian Catholic (Melkite, Maronite) developed a vast literature based on the Edessa (currently Sanliurfa, southeastern Turkey) variety of the Syrian dialect. The Assyrian group (see Assyrian Neo-Aramaic in Iraq and elsewhere) separated denominationally from the Chaldean (see Chaldean Neo-Aramaic in Iraq) and Jacobite (see Turoyo in Turkey and Syria) in the Middle Ages. Neo-Eastern Aramaic languages spoken by Christians are often dubbed 'Neo-Syriac', although not directly descended from Syriac. | Speakers use Fulfulde, Hausa, Wula (Psikye), Kamwe, or some English as second languages. Hausa used in most churches. | Syriac script. Bible: 1645–1891. | Syriac script. Bible: 1645–1891. | |
| syl | Sylheti | 3,000,000 in India (2003). | South Assam: Surma Valley Region; Karimgani, Karimganj, Cachar, Hailakandi districts; Meghalaya, (Shillong, Jawai); Tripura, (Agartala); Nagaland, (Dimapur); Delhi, Calcutta, Hyderabad, Bombay, other cities. | Close to Bengali, Assamese. Lexical similarity 70% with Bengali. | 1,500,000 second-language speakers. All ages. Speakers also use Bengali, primarily men. Bengali is used for education and the media. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Educated speakers can read Bengali. Few women are educated. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Educated speakers can read Bengali. Few women are educated. | |
| sym | Samo, Maya | 38,000 (1999). | North central Burkina Faso, Sourou Province. | Bounou, Kiembara (Northeastern Goe), Bangassogo, Gomboro. Intelligibility of Matya Samo varies between 28% and 50%, depending on the village and text tested; of Southern Samo it is less than 10%. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Less than 10% are monolingual. In the east, young people learn Mòoré well and it is the trade language; in the west Jula is the more important trade language. French is used in elementary and secondary schools. | Literacy rate in first language: below 2%. Literacy rate in second language: below 20% French, below 10% Mòoré. | Literacy rate in first language: below 2%. Literacy rate in second language: below 20% French, below 10% Mòoré. | |
| syn | Senaya | 60 in Iran (1997 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 460. | Tehran and Qazvin. Originally in Sanandaj, Kordestan Province. Some in western Europe. Also spoken in Australia, USA. | The variety in Qazvin is slightly different from that spoken by Sanandaj-born people. | Speakers are shifting to Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. | Syriac script. | Syriac script. | |
| syo | Suoy | 200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central, northwest of Phnom Penh. | Related to Sa'och, Samre, Pear. | Speakers are shifting to Assyrian Neo-Aramaic. | Syriac script. | Syriac script. | |
| sys | Sinyar | 12,321 in Chad (2000 WCD). | The main center is at Foro Boranga. | Related to Sa'och, Samre, Pear. | Vigorous. Most are trilingual in Sinyar, Fur, and Chadian Arabic. Many speak Daju or Masalit. | Syriac script. | Syriac script. | |
| syw | Kagate | 1,273 (2000). | Janakpur Zone, Ramechhap District, on one of the ridges of Likhu Khola. | Differs from Helambu Sherpa by using less the honorific system in verbs. | All domains. All ages. Attitude toward Helambu Sherpa is indifferent—not much contact because of distance. Reserved attitude toward Nepali people, but positive toward Nepali language. Some also use Nepali. More Nepali used in Kathmandu. | Literacy rate in second language: Few. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1977. | Literacy rate in second language: Few. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1977. | |
| sza | Semelai | 2,932 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 2,932 (2000 D. Bradley). | Between Segamat (Johore) and the Pahang River. | Differs from Helambu Sherpa by using less the honorific system in verbs. | Two dialects became extinct in the early 20th century. | Literacy rate in second language: Few. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1977. | Literacy rate in second language: Few. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1977. | |
| szb | Ngalum | 8,000 in Papua New Guinea (1981). | Sandaun Province. | Ngalum, Apmisibil, Sibil. | Two dialects became extinct in the early 20th century. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| szc | Semaq Beri | 2,078 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 2,078. | Pahang, Trengganu, Kelantan. | 2 dialects. | Two dialects became extinct in the early 20th century. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| szd | Seru | Extinct. | Kabong, 2nd Division. | 2 dialects. | Two dialects became extinct in the early 20th century. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| sze | Seze | 3,000 (1995 SIL). | Western Oromo Region, near Begi, north of the Hozo. | Related to Bambassi (Bender 1975). | Oromo-Wellega is the lingua franca of the area, but there are some negative attitudes toward it. Bilingual proficiency in Amharic and Arabic is low. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| szn | Sula | 20,000 (1983 SIL). | North Maluku, Sula Islands, Sulabesi Island, and scattered communities on the eastern and western ends and north coast of Mangole Island, and northeast coast of Buru Island. | Fagudu, Falahu, Facei (Facé). Close to Mangole. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| szp | Suabo | 1,100 (1987 SIL). | South Bird's Head along Maccluer Gulf, 15 villages. | Closest to Duriankere. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| szw | Sawai | 12,000 (2000 R. Whisler). Few monolinguals. | North Maluku, Gane Timur and Weda districts, coastal area between southern and southeastern peninsulas of Halmahera. 13 villages (Mafa, Foya, Weda, Kobe Tanjung, Kobe Gunung, Kobi Peplis, Lelilef Sawai, Lelilef Woebulan, Gemaf, Sagea, Wale, Messa, Dote). A few families dispersed in 4 or 5 cities in Indonesia. | Weda, Sawai, Kobe, Faya-Mafa, Messa-Dote. Lexical similarity 64% with North Nuaulu. | In some domains North Moluccan Malay is replacing it. Used in local commerce. The younger generation is taught Indonesian first and learns to understand Sawai. Positive language attitude. Nearly all speak North Moluccan Malay. Maybe 35% also speak some Tidore, Ternate, Tobelo, Patani, Buli, Maba, Gane Timor. A few speak Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 5,000 can read it, 1,000 can write it. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 5,000 can read it, 1,000 can write it. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| taa | Tanana, Lower | 30 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 380 (1995 M. Krauss). | Tanana River below Fairbanks, Nenana, and Minto, central Alaska. | Chena, Salcha-Goodpaster. | Speakers are shifting to English. Chena River dialect became extinct in 1976 and Salcha-Goodpaster Rivers in 1993. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 5,000 can read it, 1,000 can write it. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 5,000 can read it, 1,000 can write it. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| tab | Tabassaran | 95,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 95,905. Ethnic population: 98,000 in Russia. | Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. | South Tabasaran, North Tabasaran (Khanag). | Speakers are shifting to English. Chena River dialect became extinct in 1976 and Salcha-Goodpaster Rivers in 1993. Speakers are older adults. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1996. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| tac | Tarahumara, Lowland | 15,000 (1990 census). | Chihuahua. | Closest to Tai Dam. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 15%, 2 30%, 3 30%, 4 15%, 5 5%. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | |
| tad | Tause | 300 (2000 Wurm). | Around Deraposi, southwest of Danau Bira, northeast of Fayu language, northwest of Edopi language, western Lakes Plain (Paniai). | Tause, Weirate, Deirate. Related to Fayu and Kirikiri. | Bilingual level estimates for Fayu: 0 75%, 1 15%, 2 7%, 3 2%, 4 0%, 5 1%. No Indonesian spoken. Fayu is spoken with nearby language speakers. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | |
| tae | Tariano | Ethnic population: 332 in Colombia (1998 Arango and Sánchez). | Lower Papurí, Vaupés Region. | Tause, Weirate, Deirate. Related to Fayu and Kirikiri. | No one has been located who speaks Tariano in Colombia, but the group identity is still maintained. All speak Tucano. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | |
| taf | Tapirapé | 350 (2000 SIL). | Mouth of the Tapirapé and Araguaia rivers, northeastern Mato Grosso. | Tause, Weirate, Deirate. Related to Fayu and Kirikiri. | No one has been located who speaks Tariano in Colombia, but the group identity is still maintained. All speak Tucano. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | |
| tag | Tagoi | 13,000 (1982 SIL). Population includes 2,000 Tagoi, 552 Moreb, 1,100 Tumale (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, at Moreb, Tagoi, Turjok, Tumale Hill, possibly Tuling village. Tukum and Turum are places where Tagoi dialects are spoken (1956 Tucker and Bryan). | Moreb, Tumale, Tagoi. | No one has been located who speaks Tariano in Colombia, but the group identity is still maintained. All speak Tucano. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | Bible portions: 1975–1985. | |
| taj | Tamang, Eastern | 14,000 in India (1997). | West Bengal, Darjeeling; Sikkim, concentrated in lower Teesta valley and Rangit valley; Arunachal Pradesh. | Outer-Eastern Tamang, Central-Eastern Tamang, Southwestern Tamang. Central-Eastern Tamang is the most widely understood variety among all those tested to date: 85% by both Trisuli and Rasuwa Western Tamang, 93% to 98% by Outer-Eastern, 87% by Southwestern Tamang. Comprehension of Outer-Eastern Tamang was 58% by Western Rasuwa Tamang, 64% to 75% by Western Trisuli Tamang, 67% to 54% by Southwestern Tamang, 88% to 93% by Central-Eastern Tamang, and 90% to 98% among its own varieties. Southwestern Tamang may be a bridge between Eastern and Western Tamang. Outer-Eastern Tamang varieties have 88% to 99% lexical similarity with each other; Central-Eastern varieties have 89% to 100% with each other. Outer-Eastern varieties have 79% to 93% with Central-Eastern varieties, and 77% to 82% with Southwestern Tamang. Southwestern has 86% to 93% with Central-Eastern. All Eastern varieties have 74% to 80% with Western Trisuli Tamang, 69% to 81% with Western Rasuwa Tamang, 72% to 80% with Northwestern Dhading Tamang, 63% to 77% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang. | Vigorous. There is a Tamang Language and Literature Council, and a Nepal Tamang Student Group. 23,645 second-language speakers of all Tamang (1991 census). Used in the home, indigenous religion, social gatherings, market, officials who understand, local literature. All ages. Attitudes correlate with understanding, but none are negative toward other Tamang varieties. Those who have been to school or traveled often speak routine to good Nepali, others have limited proficiency, especially women, older adults, children. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Some literacy materials and classes conducted. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Films. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Some literacy materials and classes conducted. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Films. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tak | Tala | 1,000 (1993). | Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Kuka and Talan Kasa villages. | Outer-Eastern Tamang, Central-Eastern Tamang, Southwestern Tamang. Central-Eastern Tamang is the most widely understood variety among all those tested to date: 85% by both Trisuli and Rasuwa Western Tamang, 93% to 98% by Outer-Eastern, 87% by Southwestern Tamang. Comprehension of Outer-Eastern Tamang was 58% by Western Rasuwa Tamang, 64% to 75% by Western Trisuli Tamang, 67% to 54% by Southwestern Tamang, 88% to 93% by Central-Eastern Tamang, and 90% to 98% among its own varieties. Southwestern Tamang may be a bridge between Eastern and Western Tamang. Outer-Eastern Tamang varieties have 88% to 99% lexical similarity with each other; Central-Eastern varieties have 89% to 100% with each other. Outer-Eastern varieties have 79% to 93% with Central-Eastern varieties, and 77% to 82% with Southwestern Tamang. Southwestern has 86% to 93% with Central-Eastern. All Eastern varieties have 74% to 80% with Western Trisuli Tamang, 69% to 81% with Western Rasuwa Tamang, 72% to 80% with Northwestern Dhading Tamang, 63% to 77% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang. | Vigorous. There is a Tamang Language and Literature Council, and a Nepal Tamang Student Group. 23,645 second-language speakers of all Tamang (1991 census). Used in the home, indigenous religion, social gatherings, market, officials who understand, local literature. All ages. Attitudes correlate with understanding, but none are negative toward other Tamang varieties. Those who have been to school or traveled often speak routine to good Nepali, others have limited proficiency, especially women, older adults, children. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Some literacy materials and classes conducted. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Films. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Some literacy materials and classes conducted. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Films. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tal | Tal | 10,000 (1973 SIL). | Plateau State, Pankshin LGA. | Related to Montol, Goemai, Pyapun, Koenoem. | Vigorous. There is a Tamang Language and Literature Council, and a Nepal Tamang Student Group. 23,645 second-language speakers of all Tamang (1991 census). Used in the home, indigenous religion, social gatherings, market, officials who understand, local literature. All ages. Attitudes correlate with understanding, but none are negative toward other Tamang varieties. Those who have been to school or traveled often speak routine to good Nepali, others have limited proficiency, especially women, older adults, children. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Some literacy materials and classes conducted. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Films. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Some literacy materials and classes conducted. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Films. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| tam | Tamil | 3,000,000 in Sri Lanka (1993). | North and northeast coasts, a few pockets in the south. | Adi Dravida, Aiyar, Aiyangar, Arava, Burgandi, Kongar, Madrasi, Pattapu Bhasha, Tamil, Sri Lanka Tamil, Malaya Tamil, Burma Tamil, South Africa Tamil, Tigalu, Harijan, Sanketi, Hebbar, Mandyam Brahmin, Secunderabad Brahmin. Kasuva is a jungle group dialect and may not be intelligible with Tamil. Burgandi speakers are nomadic. Aiyar and Aiyangar are Brahmin dialects. | National language. | Tamil script. Films. Bible: 1727–2002. | Tamil script. Films. Bible: 1727–2002. | |
| tan | Tangale | 130,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Gombe State, Billiri, Kaltungo, Akko, and Balanga LGAs. | Kaltungo, Biliri, Shongom, Ture. | National language. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1932–1963. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1932–1963. | |
| tao | Yami | 3,384 (2002 Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan, ROC). Ethnic population: 3,384. | Orchid Island, Botel Tobago (Lanyu) Island, southeast coast. | Close to Ivatan of northern Philippines. | Speakers also use Mandarin. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | |
| taq | Tamasheq | 31,169 in Burkina Faso (2000 WCD). | Oudalan Province. | Timbuktu (Tombouctou, Tanaslamt), Tadghaq (Kidal). | National language. Language of instruction at primary level in some experimental schools. | The government is actively promoting the language through adult literacy classes. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2003. | The government is actively promoting the language through adult literacy classes. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2003. | |
| tar | Tarahumara, Central | 55,000 (2000 SIL). 10,000 are monolingual. | Southwestern Chihuahua. Most live west and south of Chihuahua, from Cuautemoc, southwest to Creel, down the River Urique, east up the Sinforosa Canyon, southeast to Chinantu, north to Balleza. Many have migrated to Chihuahua City for jobs. | Timbuktu (Tombouctou, Tanaslamt), Tadghaq (Kidal). | Parents pass it on to children in the rural areas. Some older Spanish speakers who live there speak Tarahumara for work or trade. All domains. Use in schools in rural areas, local use in administration, oral use in traditional religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 45,000 also use some Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 5,000 can read, 1,000 can write it. Radio programs. NT: 1972. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 5,000 can read, 1,000 can write it. Radio programs. NT: 1972. | |
| tas | Tay Boi | Extinct. | Was used in the major ports of French Indo-China. | Timbuktu (Tombouctou, Tanaslamt), Tadghaq (Kidal). | Developed beginning in 1862. Influences from Vietnamese, French, English, Javanese, and Portuguese. It was used between French and Vietnamese until 1954, and in lower levels of administration, in the military, and by police. No longer spoken (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 5,000 can read, 1,000 can write it. Radio programs. NT: 1972. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 5,000 can read, 1,000 can write it. Radio programs. NT: 1972. | |
| tat | Tatar | 800 in China (1999 Chen Zongzhen). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 4,873 in the official nationality in China (1990 census). | Istanbul and perhaps other places. | Middle Tatar (Kazan), Western Tatar (Misher), Eastern Tatar (Siberian Tatar). Eastern Tatar is divided into 3: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tom. Tobol-Irtysh is divided into 5: Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotny, Tevriz, and Tara (Tumasheva). Mixed dialects are: Astrakhan, Kasimov, Tepter, and Ural (Poppe). 43,000 Astrakhan have assimilated to the Middle dialect. Kasim (5,000) is between Middle and Western Tatar. Tepter (300,000) is reported to be between the Tatar and Bashkir languages. Uralic Tatar (110,000) is spoken by the Kerashen Tatar. | Used for oral tradition, songs. Speakers are older adults. Written Uyghur and Kazakh are used as literary languages; nearly all use them. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1864–2000. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1864–2000. | |
| tau | Tanana, Upper | 10 in Canada (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 40 (1995 M. Krauss). | Southwestern Yukon Territory, Beaver Creek. | Middle Tatar (Kazan), Western Tatar (Misher), Eastern Tatar (Siberian Tatar). Eastern Tatar is divided into 3: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tom. Tobol-Irtysh is divided into 5: Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotny, Tevriz, and Tara (Tumasheva). Mixed dialects are: Astrakhan, Kasimov, Tepter, and Ural (Poppe). 43,000 Astrakhan have assimilated to the Middle dialect. Kasim (5,000) is between Middle and Western Tatar. Tepter (300,000) is reported to be between the Tatar and Bashkir languages. Uralic Tatar (110,000) is spoken by the Kerashen Tatar. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Bible portions: 1970–1982. | Bible portions: 1970–1982. | |
| tav | Tatuyo | 350 (1983 SIL). | Pira-Paraná headwaters and Upper Papurí, Vaupés Region. | Middle Tatar (Kazan), Western Tatar (Misher), Eastern Tatar (Siberian Tatar). Eastern Tatar is divided into 3: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tom. Tobol-Irtysh is divided into 5: Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotny, Tevriz, and Tara (Tumasheva). Mixed dialects are: Astrakhan, Kasimov, Tepter, and Ural (Poppe). 43,000 Astrakhan have assimilated to the Middle dialect. Kasim (5,000) is between Middle and Western Tatar. Tepter (300,000) is reported to be between the Tatar and Bashkir languages. Uralic Tatar (110,000) is spoken by the Kerashen Tatar. | All speak at least one other Tucanoan language. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 1987. | |
| taw | Tai | 900 (1990 UBS). | Madang Province, southwest, Dundrom village. | Middle Tatar (Kazan), Western Tatar (Misher), Eastern Tatar (Siberian Tatar). Eastern Tatar is divided into 3: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tom. Tobol-Irtysh is divided into 5: Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotny, Tevriz, and Tara (Tumasheva). Mixed dialects are: Astrakhan, Kasimov, Tepter, and Ural (Poppe). 43,000 Astrakhan have assimilated to the Middle dialect. Kasim (5,000) is between Middle and Western Tatar. Tepter (300,000) is reported to be between the Tatar and Bashkir languages. Uralic Tatar (110,000) is spoken by the Kerashen Tatar. | All speak at least one other Tucanoan language. | Bible portions: 1995. | Bible portions: 1995. | |
| tax | Tamki | 500 (1999 SIL). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Melfi Subprefecture, about 60 km northeast of Melfi, Tamki village. | Not inherently intelligible with Sokoro. Lexical similarity 62% with Saba, 55% with Sokoro, 32% with Mawa. | Speakers are positive toward Tamki. They consider themselves to be ethnically Sokoro, but their attitudes are not more positive toward Sokoro than toward other neighboring languages. Most speak Chadian Arabic, Kenga, or Saba as second languages. | Bible portions: 1995. | Bible portions: 1995. | |
| tay | Atayal | 84,330 (2002 Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan, ROC). Ethnic population: 78,957 (1989 govt. figure), including 50 Mayrinax speakers left (2000 L.M. Huang). | Mountains in the northeast, south of the Ketagalan area. | Sqoleq (Squliq), Ts'ole' (Ci'uli'). Mayrinax is a Ci'uli' subdialect. | In some areas Atayal is in active use. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | |
| taz | Tocho | 3,800 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Northern Sudan, Talodi, Moro Hills. | Lexical similarity 70% with closest Talodi languages. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | |
| tba | Tubarão | 90 (1986 SIL). | Rondônia, west of Vilhena, near the Cuiabá-Porto Velho highway. | Masaká (Massaca). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | |
| tbb | Tapeba | Extinct. Ethnic population: 984 (1995 AMTB). | On the Ceará River, in Caucaia, Ceará. | Masaká (Massaca). | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | |
| tbd | Kaki Ae | 512 (2000 census). | Gulf Province, southeast of Kerema. | Different from Torricelli (Lou) in East Sepik Province or Lou in Manus Province. | 40% of the ethnic group speaks Kaki Ae. Speakers also use Toaripi. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2002. | |
| tbg | Tairora, North | 6,000 (2003 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu and Obura districts, south of Kainantu. | Aantantara (Andandara), Arau-Varosia (Arau-Barosia), Arokaara (Arokara), Saiqora (Sai'ora), Tairora. Most closely related to South Tairora and Binumarien. | 40% of the ethnic group speaks Kaki Ae. Speakers also use Toaripi. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1979. |
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