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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sne | Jagoi | 19,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Bau, 1st Division, Sadong, Samarahan and Lundu rivers, about 50 villages. | Grogo (Grogoh), Stenggang Jagoi, Krokong, Gumbang, Serambau (Serambu, Serambo), Empawa, Assem, Singge (Singgai, Singgi, Singgie, Singhi, Bisingai), Suti, Tengoh, Dongay, Taup (Tahup). Gumbang may not be a Jagoi dialect, but closer to Tringus. Related to Tringus. Lexical similarity 69% with Bukar Sadong, 53% between Bukar Sadong and Singgai. | Official language. Many Sindhi do not learn their traditional ethnic language. Used mainly by women and older adults. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| snf | Noon | 29,825 (2002). | Surrounding Thiès and in Thiès. Padee is in Fandene, Cangin in Thiès, Saawii north of Thiès. | Padee, Cangin, Saawii. Noon is very different from Serer-Sine. 68% intelligibility of Lehar. Lexical similarity 84% with Lehar, 74% with Safen, 68% with Ndut and Palor, 22% with Serer-Sine. | Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Wolof is used to communicate with Lehar speakers, and others. Some are also bilingual in French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| snh | Shinabo | Extinct. | Surrounding Thiès and in Thiès. Padee is in Fandene, Cangin in Thiès, Saawii north of Thiès. | Padee, Cangin, Saawii. Noon is very different from Serer-Sine. 68% intelligibility of Lehar. Lexical similarity 84% with Lehar, 74% with Safen, 68% with Ndut and Palor, 22% with Serer-Sine. | Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Wolof is used to communicate with Lehar speakers, and others. Some are also bilingual in French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| sni | Sensi | Extinct. | Right bank of the Ucayali River. | Padee, Cangin, Saawii. Noon is very different from Serer-Sine. 68% intelligibility of Lehar. Lexical similarity 84% with Lehar, 74% with Safen, 68% with Ndut and Palor, 22% with Serer-Sine. | Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Wolof is used to communicate with Lehar speakers, and others. Some are also bilingual in French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| snj | Sango, Riverain | 34,500 (1996). | Mobaye Subprefecture, along the Ubangi River. | High intelligibility of Sango. | Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Wolof is used to communicate with Lehar speakers, and others. Some are also bilingual in French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| snk | Soninke | 194,150 in Senegal (2002). | Principally north and south of Bakel along the Senegal River. Bakel, Ouaoundé, Moudéri, and Yaféra are the principal towns. | Azer (Adjer, Aser), Gadyaga. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| snl | Sangil | 15,000 (1996 SIL). | Balut Island, Sarangani Island, Mindanao. | Sarangani, Mindanao. Lexical similarity 90% with Sangir. | Speakers have low proficiency in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Bible portions: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Bible portions: 1989. | |
| snm | Ma'di, Southern | 48,000 (1983 SIL). | Okollo County, on the west bank of the Nile River. Okollo town is the administrative center. | Okollo, Ogoko, Rigbo. Closer to Lugbara than to Madi (Moyo), which they do not understand. Ogoko and Rigbo are closer to Lugbara than Okollo is; intelligibility testing needed. Okollo dialect is considered more 'pure' than the others. | Speakers have low proficiency in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Bible portions: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Bible portions: 1989. | |
| snn | Siona | 250 in Ecuador (2000 Juncosa). | Putumayo River. | Okollo, Ogoko, Rigbo. Closer to Lugbara than to Madi (Moyo), which they do not understand. Ogoko and Rigbo are closer to Lugbara than Okollo is; intelligibility testing needed. Okollo dialect is considered more 'pure' than the others. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 5%, 2 20%, 3 60%, 4 10%, 5 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | |
| sno | Snohomish | 10 (1998 J. Brooke). Ethnic population: 800 (1977 SIL). | Tulalip Reservation, northwestern Washington. | Okollo, Ogoko, Rigbo. Closer to Lugbara than to Madi (Moyo), which they do not understand. Ogoko and Rigbo are closer to Lugbara than Okollo is; intelligibility testing needed. Okollo dialect is considered more 'pure' than the others. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1982. | |
| snp | Siane | 28,978 (2000 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Watabung and Unggai census divisions (16,000), Goroka District. Simbu Province, Nambaiyufa Census Division (11,000). | Kolepa, Yamofowe, Komongu, Komoigaleka, Kemanimowe, Ona, Keto, Laiya, Fowe, Olumba, Lambau, Alango, Yandime, Wando. Separate literature in Komongu and Lambau dialects. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1991–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1991–1996. | |
| snr | Sihan | 568 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Gumalu, Amele, Isebe, Bau, Panim. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1991–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1991–1996. | |
| snu | Senggi | 100 (2000 Wurm). | Border area south of Jayapura, villages of Senggi and Tomfor. | Related to Gumalu, Amele, Isebe, Bau, Panim. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1991–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1991–1996. | |
| snv | Sa'ban | 848 in Indonesia (2000 WCD). | Northeast on Sarawak border, south of Lundayeh. | Related to Gumalu, Amele, Isebe, Bau, Panim. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| snw | Selee | 11,300 (2003 GILLBT). | Southeast, villages of Benua, Bume, Gbodome. | Related to Gumalu, Amele, Isebe, Bau, Panim. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| snx | Sam | 779 (2000 census). | Madang Province, just inland and south of Bongu, Songum, Buan, and Wongbe villages. | Related to Gumalu, Amele, Isebe, Bau, Panim. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sny | Saniyo-Hiyewe | 644 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, foothills of the Wogamus River basin. Saniyo dialect: Pukapuki, Sio, Hanasi, Salunapi, Malapute'e villages; Hiyowe dialect: Maposi village. | Saniyo (Sanio), Hiyowe (Hiowe). Related to Niksek ("Paka"). | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1983–1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1983–1984. | |
| snz | Sinsauru | 505 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, near Dumpu. | Saipa. Related to Asas, Sausi, Kesawai, Dumpu. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1983–1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1983–1984. | |
| soa | Thai Song | 32,307 (2000 WCD). | Kanchanaburi, Phetburi, Pitsanulok, Nakorn Sawaan, Nakorn Pathom, Suphanburi. | Only slight dialect differences. Close to Tai Dam. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| soh | Aka | 300 (1989 Bender). | Northern Sudan, Sillok (Silak) Hills, west of the main Berta-speaking people. | Only slight dialect differences. Close to Tai Dam. | Speakers also use Arabic or Berta. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| soi | Sonha | 14,700 (2000). | Seti Zone, Kailali District, along Karnali River; Bheri Zone, Surkhet District along the Bheri River; Mahakali Zone, along the Mahakali River; Kanchanpur District, Mahendranagar tahsil. | Close to Dangura Tharu; 80% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 69% with Rana Tharu, 73% with Kathoriya Tharu, 72% with Dangaura Tharu. Sonha and Kathoriya form a lexical bridge between Rana and Dangaura varieties of Tharu. | Speakers also use Arabic or Berta. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| soj | Soi | 7,033 (2000 WCD). | Seti Zone, Kailali District, along Karnali River; Bheri Zone, Surkhet District along the Bheri River; Mahakali Zone, along the Mahakali River; Kanchanpur District, Mahendranagar tahsil. | Close to Dangura Tharu; 80% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 69% with Rana Tharu, 73% with Kathoriya Tharu, 72% with Dangaura Tharu. Sonha and Kathoriya form a lexical bridge between Rana and Dangaura varieties of Tharu. | Speakers also use Arabic or Berta. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| sok | Sokoro | 5,000 (1994 SIL). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Melfi Subprefecture, north and northwest of Melfi, from Gogmi to Badanga. | Sokoro, Bedanga. Related to Mahoua. Lexical similarity 55% with Tamki. | Most men speak Chadian Arabic as second language. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| som | Somali | 420,354 in Kenya (2000 WCD). Population includes 45,098 Somali, 27,244 Hawiyah, 100,400 Degodia,139,597 Ogaden (1989 census). | Northeastern Province around Wajir. | Degodia, Ogaden. | 95,572 second-language speakers. 10% use Amharic or Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Somali: 15% to 25%, Ogaadeen: 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Somali: 15% to 25%, Ogaadeen: 1%. | |
| soq | Kanasi | 2,200 (1998 SIL). | Milne Bay Province, Rabaraba District, on both sides of the main range river valleys from Mt. Thomson. | Lexical similarity 51% with Ginuman (closest). | 95,572 second-language speakers. 10% use Amharic or Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| sor | Somrai | 7,414 (1993 census). | Southwest, Tandjilé Prefecture, Laï Subprefecture, northeast of Laï, centered at Domogou. | Not intelligible with any other language. Lexical similarity 47% with Ndam, 39% with Sarua, 35% with Gadang, 33% with Tumak, 28% with Miltu. | Speakers are not bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| sos | Seeku | 17,000. Population includes 5,000 in the northern dialect, 4 villages, 12,000 in the southern, 7 villages. | Houet Province, Bobo-Dioulasso Department, west of Bobo-Dioulasso, villages of Karankasso, Bouendé, Torosso, Banzo, Tiara, Bama. | Northern Seeku (Timiku), Southern Seeku (Gbeneku). Dialects have good inherent intelligibility. Close to Dzùùngo. 3 minor dialects. Prost says lexical correspondence to Samogho Gouan and Samogho Ire is 50%. | All domains. All ages. Bilingual proficiency in Jula is uneven across the population; higher in adults. French is used mainly by the young people. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Motivation for literacy is high. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Motivation for literacy is high. | |
| sou | Thai, Southern | 5,000,000 (1990 Diller). Population includes 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 or more Muslim Tai (2001). | Chumphon, Nakorn Srithammarat; 14 provinces total. Muslim Tai in provinces of Chumporn, Nakorn Srithammarat, Phattalung, Songkhla, Ranong, Phanga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang, Satun. | Tak Bai (Tai Tak Bai), Thai Malay (Tai Islam). A group of dialects more distantly related to other Tai languages. The border dialects are quite distinct from others. | 81% use Southern Thai in the home, Muslim Tai ('Thai Malay') speak only Southern Thai. 8.5% use Central Tai. | Speakers read Central Thai. Bible portions: 2000. | Speakers read Central Thai. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| sow | Sowanda | 212 in Indonesia (2002 SIL). | Northeast border area south of Jayapura. | Punda-Umeda (Umada), Waina. May be 2 languages. | Little use of Tok Pisin. | Speakers read Central Thai. Bible portions: 2000. | Speakers read Central Thai. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| spc | Sapé | 5 (1977 E. Migliazza). Ethnic population: 25 or fewer (1977 Migliazza). | 3 small settlements on Paragua and Karuna rivers. | Some lexical correspondences Warao (Language Isolate). Greenberg classified it provisionally as Macro-Tucanoan. | Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| spd | Saep | 550 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Gowar River area, Rai coast, 75 miles east of Madang. | Related to Dumun. | Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | |
| spg | Sian | 50 (2000 Wurm). | Belaga, 7th Division. | May be intelligible with Bukitan, Ukit, Punan Batu 1. | Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | |
| spi | Saponi | 4 to 5 (2000 Wurm). | Botawa village, interior Waropen Bawah District. | May be intelligible with Bukitan, Ukit, Punan Batu 1. | Most have intermarried with Arecuna (Pemon) and a few with Arutani and Ninam. There are conflicting reports on the number of speakers and degree of bilingualism. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | |
| spk | Sengo | 522 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Sengo village, west-northwest of Pagwi. | May be intelligible with Bukitan, Ukit, Punan Batu 1. | Most adults are fluent in Iatmul. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. | |
| spl | Selepet | 7,000 (1988 SIL). | Morobe Province, Kabwum District, valleys of the Pumune and Kiari rivers. | North Selepet, South Selepet. | Most adults are fluent in Iatmul. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| spm | Sepen | 650 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | North Selepet, South Selepet. | Most adults are fluent in Iatmul. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| spo | Spokane | 50 (1990). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL). | Northeastern Washington. | Close to Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille. | Speakers are shifting to English. Some revival efforts. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| spp | Senoufo, Supyire | 364,000 (1991). | At Sikasso. | Close to Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille. | Speakers are shifting to English. Some revival efforts. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1979–1998. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1979–1998. | |
| spt | Spiti Bhoti | 10,000 (2000). | Himachal Pradesh, Lahul-Spiti District, Spiti subdistrict. | Not intelligible with Ladakhi, intelligible only with difficulty with Stod Bhoti. All areas of Spiti understand each other. Lexical similarity 41% with Lhasa Tibetan, 57% with Ladakhi (Leh), 57% with Stod Bhoti from Darcha. | All ages. Positive attitude toward speakers of Ladakhi and Stod Bhoti. Some younger people, educated people, and leaders speak Hindi or English well enough to cover most common topics. Hindi and English seen as avenues to economic advancement. | Most literates read Hindi. Some older people and Buddhist monks and nuns read Tibetan. Literacy effort needed. Radio programs. | Most literates read Hindi. Some older people and Buddhist monks and nuns read Tibetan. Literacy effort needed. Radio programs. | |
| spu | Sapuan | 2,400 (1981). | Southern Laos, Attopeu Province, banks of the Se Kong and Se Kamane rivers. | Related to Oy, Sok, Jeng. | All ages. Positive attitude toward speakers of Ladakhi and Stod Bhoti. Some younger people, educated people, and leaders speak Hindi or English well enough to cover most common topics. Hindi and English seen as avenues to economic advancement. | Most literates read Hindi. Some older people and Buddhist monks and nuns read Tibetan. Literacy effort needed. Radio programs. | Most literates read Hindi. Some older people and Buddhist monks and nuns read Tibetan. Literacy effort needed. Radio programs. | |
| spy | Sabaot | 143,000 (1994 I. Larsen BTL). | Mt. Elgon District, Western Province. Also Trans-Nzoia District in Rift Valley Province. | Bong'omeek (Bong'om, Pong'om), Koony (Kony), Book (Bok, Pok). Related to Sebei of Uganda. | Bung'omek is being absorbed by Bukusu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | |
| sqa | Shama-Sambuga | 5,000 (1995 S. and S. Dettweiler). | Niger State, Rafi and Mariga LGAs; Kaduna State, Birnin Gwari LGA. | Shama, Sambuga. Lexical similarity 64% to 66% with the three Kamuku dialects, 69% with Hungworo, 52% with Eastern Acipa, 16% to 17% with Western Acipa. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | |
| sqh | Shau | No estimate available. | Bauchi State, Toro LGA, Shau and Mana villages. | Shama, Sambuga. Lexical similarity 64% to 66% with the three Kamuku dialects, 69% with Hungworo, 52% with Eastern Acipa, 16% to 17% with Western Acipa. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | |
| sqm | Suma | 50,000 (1996). | Bossangoa, Markounda, and Paoua subprefectures. | May be intelligible with Gbaya-Bossangoa. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | |
| sqn | Susquehannock | Extinct. | Formerly along the Susquehanna River. | May be intelligible with Gbaya-Bossangoa. | Became extinct about 1763. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. NT: 1998. | |
| sqo | Sorkhei | No estimate available. | Semnan Province: Sorkheh, 19 km southwest of Semnan. | Related to Lasgerdi. | Became extinct about 1763. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sqq | Sou | 2,360 (2000). | Southern Laos, Attopeu Province, Phouvong and Sanamxai districts. | Related to Lasgerdi. | Became extinct about 1763. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sqs | Sri Lankan Sign Language | 12,800 deaf persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ). | Southern Laos, Attopeu Province, Phouvong and Sanamxai districts. | Related to Lasgerdi. | 14 deaf schools. Several sign languages used by different schools. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sqt | Soqotri | 57,000 in Yemen (1990 census). Population total all countries: 64,000. | Mainly in Soqotra Island, hundreds in `Abd al-Kuri island, and about a dozen in Samha Island in the Gulf of Aden. Also spoken in United Arab Emirates. | `Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, Western Soqotri. | 14 deaf schools. Several sign languages used by different schools. | Bible portions: 1902. | Bible portions: 1902. | |
| squ | Squamish | 15 (2002 Poser). Ethnic population: 2,300. | Southwestern British Columbia, north of Vancouver. | `Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, Western Soqotri. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sra | Saruga | 129 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | `Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, Western Soqotri. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| srb | Sora | 288,000 (1997). | South Orissa, mainly in the Ganjam District, also in the Koraput and Phulbani districts; Andhra Pradesh, Srikakulam District; Madhya Pradesh; Bihar; Tamil Nadu; West Bengal; the Plains Division of Assam. | `Abd Al-Kuri, Southern Soqotri, Northern Soqotri, Central Soqotri, Western Soqotri. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Roman and Telugu scripts. Bible: 1992–2000. | Roman and Telugu scripts. Bible: 1992–2000. | |
| src | Sardinian, Logudorese | 1,500,000 (1977 M. Ibba, Rutgers University). Population includes all Sardinian languages. | Central Sardinia. | Nuorese, Northern Logudorese, Barbaricino, Southwestern Logudorese. No one form of Sardinian is selected as standard for literary purposes. Logudorese is quite different from other Sardinian varieties. Lexical similarity 68% with Standard Italian, 73% with Sassarese and Cagliare, 70% with Gallurese. 'Sardinian' has 85% lexical similarity with Italian, 80% with French, 78% with Portuguese, 76% with Spanish, 74% with Rumanian and Rheto-Romance. | Sardinian is in general use in central and southern areas. It has prestige equal to Italian in some contexts including writing. There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. Italian is used for literary and teaching purposes. Farmers and housewives over 35 use almost no Italian. | Bible portions: 1858–1861. | Bible portions: 1858–1861. | |
| sre | Sara | 200. | Near Sanggau-Ledo northeast of Ledo. | Some dialect differences, but one written form can serve. | Sardinian is in general use in central and southern areas. It has prestige equal to Italian in some contexts including writing. There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. Italian is used for literary and teaching purposes. Farmers and housewives over 35 use almost no Italian. | Bible portions: 1986. | Bible portions: 1986. | |
| srg | Sulod | 14,000 (1980 SIL). | Tapaz, Capiz Province; Lambunao, Iloilo Province; Valderrama, Antique Province, Panay. | Some dialect differences, but one written form can serve. | Sardinian is in general use in central and southern areas. It has prestige equal to Italian in some contexts including writing. There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. Italian is used for literary and teaching purposes. Farmers and housewives over 35 use almost no Italian. | Bible portions: 1986. | Bible portions: 1986. | |
| srh | Sarikoli | 16,000 (2000 Gao Erqing). Monolinguals include preschool children, and those who have not been to school. Ethnic population: 20,412 (2000 Gao Erqing). | Southwest Xinjiang, in and around Taxkorgan (Tashkurghan), Sarikol Valley. | Not intelligible with Shughni of Russia and Afghanistan. | Vigorous. The majority of Tajiks in China speak Sarikoli, the remainder speak Wakhi. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 10,000 also speak Uyghur. Written Uyghur is used. Chinese is also used, Kirghiz, and some varieties of Persian. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 52%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 52%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sri | Siriano | 10 in Brazil (1995 AMTB). | São Gabriel, Amazonas. | Different from Desano. | Second languages are Tucano and Nhengatu, but they are ethnically distinct. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1998. | |
| srj | Serawai | 225,000 (1989). | South Bengkulu coast. | The two dialects may not be very different. Related to Pasemah. | Second languages are Tucano and Nhengatu, but they are ethnically distinct. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| srk | Serudung Murut | 1,000 (1989 SIL). | Tawau District along the Serudung River and one village 12 miles from Tawau town. | The two dialects may not be very different. Related to Pasemah. | Second languages are Tucano and Nhengatu, but they are ethnically distinct. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| srl | Isirawa | 1,800 (2000 Wurm). | Jayapura, north coast, around Sarmi and to the west, the villages of Mararena, Kamenawari, Amsira, Siaratesa, Perkami, Martewar, Arsania, Nisero, Arabais, Webro, Wari, Nuerawar, and Waim. | Western Isirawa, Eastern Isirawa. Close to Kwerba. The dialects are very close. | Trade language. Vigorous. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1 30%, 2 40%, 3 30%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. NT: 2002. | |
| srm | Saramaccan | 23,000 in Suriname (1995 SIL). Population includes 1,000 Matawari. Population total all countries: 26,000. | Central, along Saramacca and upper Suriname rivers. Refugees are in Paramaribo. Also spoken in French Guiana. | Matawari (Matawai, Matuari, Matoewari). Ian Hancock classifies it as Portuguese based rather than English based. Linguistic influences from Kongo (Hancock 1988). 20% or more of the lexicon has an African component. | Trade language. Vigorous. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1 30%, 2 40%, 3 30%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1991–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1991–1999. | |
| srn | Sranan | 120,000 in Suriname (1993). Population total all countries: 126,400. | Mainly in Paramaribo and along the coast. Also spoken in Aruba, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles. | Similar to Ndyuka, but there are cultural differences. Also has many similarities to Krio of Sierra Leone. | Language of wider communication. 300,000 second-language speakers. Some literature. The lingua franca of 80% of the population of the country, including the Hindustanis, Javanese, Chinese, American Indians, and Bush Negroes. Speakers also use Dutch. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1997. | |
| sro | Sardinian, Campidanese | 345,180 (2000 WCD). | Southern Sardinia. | Cagliare (Cagliari, Cagliaritan), Arborense, Sub-Barbaricino, Western Campidenese, Central Campidanese, Ogliastrino, Sulcitano, Meridionale, Sarrabense. Cagliaritan is the dialect of Cagliari, the capital of Sardinia. Campidanese is quite distinct from the other Sardinian languages. Lexical similarity 62% between Cagliare and Standard Italian, 73% with Logudorese, 66% with Gallurese. | It is in general use in the south. A movement is growing to recognize Sard as an important part of their linguistic and cultural heritage. | Bible portions: 1860–1900. | Bible portions: 1860–1900. | |
| srp | Serbian | 20,000 in Turkey (1980). 2,345 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 61,000. | Scattered in western Turkey. | Serbian. | 95% bilingual in Turkish. | Roman and Cyrillic scripts; Roman script in Macedonia. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1804–1968. | Roman and Cyrillic scripts; Roman script in Macedonia. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1804–1968. | |
| srq | Sirionó | 399 (2000 W. Adelaar). 50 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 419 (2000 W. Adelaar) to over 600 (2000 P. Priest SIL). | Eastern Beni and northwestern Santa Cruz Departments, village of Ibiato (Eviato) and along the Río Blanco in farms and ranches. | Close to Yuqui. | Parents pass Sirionó on to children, but want them to learn Spanish. Used in religious services. All ages. Positive language attitude. 5% to 10% are monolingual, others use Spanish as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. 250 can read, 50 can write Sirionó. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. 250 can read, 50 can write Sirionó. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1977. | |
| srr | Serer-Sine | 28,360 in Gambia (2002). | Northwestern Gambia. | Segum, Fadyut-Palmerin, Sine, Dyegueme (Gyegem). | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. NT: 1987. | |
| srs | Sarsi | 50 (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Ethnic population: 600 (1977 SIL). | Alberta, near Calgary. | Segum, Fadyut-Palmerin, Sine, Dyegueme (Gyegem). | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| srt | Sauri | 100 (1987 SIL). | East side of Cenderawasih Bay near Waropen language, in Sauri-Sirami village, near Sirami River. | Lexical similarity 71% with Barapasi, 60% with Demisa, 76% with Kofei, 63% with Tefaro. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| sru | Suruí | 800 (1994 SIL). | A series of villages and scattered locations along the Rondônia-Mato Grosso border. 10 villages. | Related to Cinta Larga and Gavião do Jiparaná. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| srv | Sorsogon, Waray | 185,000 (1975 census). | Southern Sorsogon Province. | Comprehension of Masbaten: 63% to 91%; Central Bicolano (Naga): 71% to 82%; Tagalog 85% to 91%. Close to Waray-Waray. | Bilingual in Tagalog, Central Bicolano, or Masbatenyo. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| srw | Serua | 2,000 (1990 SIL). | Transmigration area in south central Seram Island, central Maluku. 4 villages. Originally Serua Island in south central Maluku. | Close to Nila. Not intelligible with Teun. | Bilingual in Tagalog, Central Bicolano, or Masbatenyo. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| srx | Sirmauri | 25,000 (1997). | Himachal Pradesh, Shimla (Simla) and Solan districts. | Giripari, Dharthi. May be a dialect of Mahasu Pahari. Dharthi dialect more influenced by Hindi. | Bilingual in Tagalog, Central Bicolano, or Masbatenyo. | Takri script. Grammar. | Takri script. Grammar. | |
| srz | Shahmirzadi | No estimate available. | Shahmirzad, Semnan Province. | Close to Mazanderani and Gilaki. | Bilingual in Tagalog, Central Bicolano, or Masbatenyo. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ssb | Sama, Southern | 20,000 in Malaysia. | East, north, and west coasts: Banggi, Kota Belud, Gaya Island, Kuala Penyu. | Bajau Banaran, Bajau Darat, Bajau Laut (Mandelaut, Pala'au, Sama Laut, Sama Mandelaut, Sama Pala'au, Sea Bajau, Sea Gypsies), Bajau Semporna (Bajau Asli, Kubang, Sama Kubang), Laminusa (Laminusa Sinama), Sibutu (Sibutuq, Sama Sibutu, Samah-Samah, Samah Lumbuh), Simunul (Sama Simunul), Sikubung (Kubung, Sama Kubung), Sama (A'a Sama, Sama', Samah, Samal, Samar), Ubian (Obian, Sama Ubian, Tau Ubian). | Speakers also use Malay, Tausug, or other Sama languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 65% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 65% to 70%. 65,000 can read it, 50,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1979–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 65% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 65% to 70%. 65,000 can read it, 50,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1979–2000. | |
| ssd | Siroi | 1,309 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Saidor District. Kumisanger is one village; not a separate language. 5 villages. | Related to Arawum, Pulabu, Kolom, Lemio. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in local commerce. All ages. Young children are monolingual. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Tok Pisin, and other neighboring languages. Some know Bel, the former church language. Tok Pisin and English used in schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Grammar. NT: 1975–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Grammar. NT: 1975–2000. | |
| sse | Balangingi | 30,000 in Malaysia (1977 SIL). Population includes all East Coast Bajau (Sama), including Kagayan (Sama Mapun) and Southern Sama. | East coast of Sabah. | Lutangan (Lutango), Sibuco-Vitali (Sibuku), Sibuguey (Batuan), Balangingi, Daongdung, Kabinga'an. Most Lutangan speakers (2,000 to 3,000, Olutangga Island, western Mindanao) understand Balangingi, the prestige dialect. Intelligibility of Central Sama is 71%, of Lutangan is 83%, of Sibuco-Vitali is 85%. Lexical similarity 77% of Lutangan, 75% of Sibuco-Vitali. | Vigorous. Used in the home, community. All ages. Positive language attitude. People have good comprehension of Tausug. Some also use Chavacano, English, or Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 40% to 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 45%. Most urban men are literate. Grammar. Bible portions: 1979–1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 40% to 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 45%. Most urban men are literate. Grammar. Bible portions: 1979–1988. | |
| ssf | Thao | 5 to 6 (2000 Wurm). Ethnic population: 248 (1989). | Central, southeastern shore of Sun Moon Lake, Te-hua village, and Ta-p'ing-lin 14 km away. | Brawbaw, Shtafari. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Mandarin. Used in the home. Negative language attitude. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| ssg | Seimat | 1,000 (1992 SIL). | Western Manus Province, on the Ninigo Islands and Anchorite Islands. | Brawbaw, Shtafari. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Mandarin. Used in the home. Negative language attitude. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| ssh | Arabic, Shihhi Spoken | 5,000 in United Arab Emirates (1995). Population total all countries: 27,000. | In the Musandam Peninsula in United Arab Emirates. Also spoken in Oman. | Brawbaw, Shtafari. | Not a written language. Most Shihuh speak Shihhi, but the Kumazirah subdivision of Shihuh, like the Dhahuriyin tribe, speak Kumzari. | Some may be literate in Arabic. | Some may be literate in Arabic. | |
| ssi | Sansi | 16,200 in Pakistan (2000). | Northern Sindh Province, main town, and some in Karachi. The Sochi live throughout Sindh. | Sochi. | Second language is Sindhi, followed by Urdu, Panjabi, and Saraiki. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| ssj | Sausi | 1,452 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Sinsauru, Asas, Kesawai, Dumpu. | Second language is Sindhi, followed by Urdu, Panjabi, and Saraiki. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| ssk | Sunam | 558 (1998). | Himachal pradesh, Kinnaur District, Sunam village in Puh Tahsil. | Lexical similarity 67% with Shumcho, 65% with Jangshung, 38% with Lower Kinnauri and Chitkuli Kinnauri. | Second language is Sindhi, followed by Urdu, Panjabi, and Saraiki. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| ssm | Semnam | 667 (2000 WCD). | North central Perak. | Close to Lanoh and Sabüm. | Second language is Sindhi, followed by Urdu, Panjabi, and Saraiki. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| ssn | Sanye | 5,000 (1980 SIL). | Lower parts of Tana River, Lamu District, Coast Province. | Close to Lanoh and Sabüm. | Second language is Sindhi, followed by Urdu, Panjabi, and Saraiki. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| ssp | Spanish Sign Language | 102,000 (1994). 20,000 members of deaf associations (1986 Gallaudet University). | Lower parts of Tana River, Lamu District, Coast Province. | Small differences throughout Spain with no difficulties in intercommunication, except in Catalonia. Origin unknown, but it is reported that there are influences from American, French, and Mexican sign languages. | Some signed interpretation used in court, at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| ssq | So'a | 10,000 (1994). | Central Flores, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad'a and Riung. | Close to Ngad'a. | Some signed interpretation used in court, at important public events. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| ssr | Swiss-French Sign Language | 1,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Central Flores, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad'a and Riung. | Some regional lexical variations in the French area are tied to specific schools. There are local Swiss signs and imported French signs. | Sign language is now taught in a bilingual program in Geneva. The status of signing has been low, but is now improving. | TV. | TV. | |
| sss | Sô | 58,000 in Thailand (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Nakorn Panom, Sakorn Nakorn, Nong Kai, Kalasin. Both sides of Mekong River in northeastern Thailand. 53 villages in Thailand. | So Trong, So Slouy, So Phong, So Makon. | Used in the home. All ages. They also speak Lao. They are adjusting to Thai culture and gradually becoming bilingual in Thai. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| sst | Sinasina | 50,079 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Simbu Province. | Tabare, Guna. Close to Dom and Golin. | Used in the home. All ages. They also speak Lao. They are adjusting to Thai culture and gradually becoming bilingual in Thai. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| ssu | Susuami | 10 (2000 Wurm). | Morobe Province, Upper Watut Valley outside Bulolo. | Most closely related to Kamasa. | Used in the home. Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Angaatiha. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| ssx | Samberigi | 3,125 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southern Highlands Province, Lake Kutubu District, east of Erave. | Most closely related to Kamasa. | Used in the home. Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Angaatiha. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| ssy | Saho | 22,759 in Ethiopia (1998 census). | Tigray. | Irob. | 3,378 second-language speakers. They do not accept outsiders. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | |
| sta | Settla | No estimate available. | May also be in Kenya. | Irob. | A 'despised' pidgin (M. Adler 1977:50). | Literacy rate in second language: High. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | |
| stb | Subanen, Northern | 10,000 (1985 SIL). | Tuboy: Sergio Osmeña, Mutia; Zamboanga del Norte; Salog: Misamis Occidental, Mindanao. | Dapitan, Salog (Salug), Dikayu. 63% intelligibility of Sindanga, 40% of Lapuyan. Lexical similarity 87% of Sindanga. | Limited comprehension of Cebuano. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | |
| stc | Santa Cruz | 5,899 (1999 SIL). Population includes 4,276 Londai and 1,623 Nea. | Santa Cruz Islands, Eastern Solomons. | Ndeni (Deni), Te Motu, Londai, Nea, Nooli, Lvova (Lwowa), Mbanua. Speakers of most dialects understand Lwowa and Mbanua well. Nea and Nooli dialects may be sufficiently diverse to require adapted literature. | Limited comprehension of Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1985–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1985–1991. | |
| std | Sentinel | 101 (2000 WCD). | Southeastern Andaman Islands, Sentinel Island. | Similar to Önge. | Limited comprehension of Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1985–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1985–1991. | |
| ste | Liana-Seti | 3,000 (1989 SIL). | Eastern Teluti Bay to the north coast, districts of Seram, Bula, Werinama, and Tehoru, central Maluku, 8 villages. | "Seti", Wahakaim, Kobi. Lexical similarity 66% to 74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast), 69% to 78% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42% to 61% between Kobi and Manusela, 54% to 66% between Kobi and Benggoi, 48% to 58% between Kobi and Salas Gunung. | Vigorous. Seti use Teluti as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| stf | Seta | 155 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province. | "Seti", Wahakaim, Kobi. Lexical similarity 66% to 74% between Seti (westernmost and interior) and Wahakaim (near coast), 69% to 78% between Kobi and Seti, 70% between Kobi and Wahakaim, 42% to 61% between Kobi and Manusela, 54% to 66% between Kobi and Benggoi, 48% to 58% between Kobi and Salas Gunung. | Vigorous. Seti use Teluti as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| stg | Trieng | 15,000 (2002). | Mainly in Kon Tum and Quang Nam provinces. | May be related to Jeh or Talieng in Laos. | Vigorous. Seti use Teluti as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| sth | Shelta | 6,000 in Ireland. Population total all countries: 86,000. | Also spoken in United Kingdom, USA. | Based largely on Irish with influence from an undocumented source. | Vigorous. Seti use Teluti as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. |
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