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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sia | Saami, Akkala | 8 (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 100 (1995 M. Krauss). | Southwest Kola Peninsula. | Closest to Skolt. | National language. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| sib | Kenyah, Sebob | 1,730 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | On the upper Tinjar River in northern Sarawak, 4th Division, between the Rejang and Baram rivers, several large villages. | Tinjar Sibop, Lirong, Long Pokun, Bah Malei (Ba Mali), Long Atun, Long Ekang (Long Ikang), Long Luyang. Not closely related to other languages. | National language. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| sic | Malinguat | 9,000 (1986 PBT). | East Sepik Province, Maprik District, Sepik Plains south of Maprik. | Koiwat, Burui, Chimbian, Central Sawos, Eastern Sawos. Close to Gaikundi. | National language. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| sid | Sidamo | 1,876,329 (1998 census). 1,632,902 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,842,314 (1998 census). | South central Ethiopia, northeast of Lake Abaya and southeast of Lake Awasa (Sidamo Awraja). Awasa is the capital of the Sidama Region. | Lexical similarity 64% with Allaaba, 62% with Kambaata, 53% with Hadiyya. | 101,340 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 20.3%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 20.3%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | |
| sif | Siamou | 20,000 in Burkina Faso (1999). Population total all countries: 40,000. | Kénédougou Province, 80 km west of Bobo-Dioulasso, centering in Orodara, plus several small villages: Tin, Diossogou, Diéri, Kotoudéni, Diéridéni, Didéri, Lidara, and Bandougou. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali. | Bandougou. Minor dialect differences between villages and within Orodara. The Bandougou dialect is considered different, but intelligibility among dialects seems adequate. No closely related languages. | Vigorous. They are reserved toward people who cannot speak Siamou. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 1%, 1 4%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 50%, 5 5%. Jula is widely used as a second language. A few also speak French. | Literacy rate in second language: A few in Jula, some in French. | Literacy rate in second language: A few in Jula, some in French. | |
| sii | Shom Peng | 223 (1981 census). | Nicobar Islands, interior Great Nicobar Island. | Distinct from other Nicobarese languages. | Speakers are mainly monolingual. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sik | Sikiana | 15 in Suriname (2001 Carlin). Ethnic population: 50. | On the Sipaliwini River in Kwamalasamutu. | Close to Salumá. | All speak Trió as second language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sim | Mende | 5,697 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Nuku District, fifteen villages east of Mehek. | Lexical similarity 49% to nearest Kwanga village. | All speak Trió as second language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sin | Sinhala | 852 in Singapore (1987). Ethnic population: 12,000 (1993). | All parts of Sri Lanka except some districts in the north, east, and center. Also spoken in Canada, Maldives, Singapore, Thailand, United Arab Emirates. | Rodiya. There is a great difference between the literary and the colloquial language. The Rodiya dialect is spoken by low caste Rodiya people. | Official language. 2,000,000 second-language speakers (1997). | Sinhalese script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1823–1982. | Sinhalese script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1823–1982. | |
| sip | Sikkimese | 28,600 (1996). | Sikkim, all districts; West Bengal, Darjeeling. Possibly also in Tibet. | Partially intelligible with Dzongkha of Bhutan. Lexical similarity 65% with Dzongkha of Bhutan, 42% with Tebetan. | Vigorous. Positive language attitude. Nepali used for education and trade. A few can speak Tibetan, which is viewed as appropriate for religion. | Sinhalese script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1823–1982. | Sinhalese script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1823–1982. | |
| siq | Sonia | 300 (1988 Shaw). | Western Province and Southern Highlands Province, 10 to 20 miles west and southwest of Bosavi. | Partially intelligible with Dzongkha of Bhutan. Lexical similarity 65% with Dzongkha of Bhutan, 42% with Tebetan. | Vigorous. Positive language attitude. Nepali used for education and trade. A few can speak Tibetan, which is viewed as appropriate for religion. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| sir | Siri | Ethnic population: 3,234 (2000 WCD). | Bauchi State, Ningi LGA. | Partially intelligible with Dzongkha of Bhutan. Lexical similarity 65% with Dzongkha of Bhutan, 42% with Tebetan. | Spoken by only a few older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| sis | Siuslaw | Extinct. | Formerly on the southern Oregon coast. | Partially intelligible with Dzongkha of Bhutan. Lexical similarity 65% with Dzongkha of Bhutan, 42% with Tebetan. | Spoken by only a few older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| siu | Sinagen | 328 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. | Partially intelligible with Dzongkha of Bhutan. Lexical similarity 65% with Dzongkha of Bhutan, 42% with Tebetan. | Spoken by only a few older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| siv | Sumariup | 80 (1993 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Upper Wagupmeri River. 1 village. | Partially intelligible with Dzongkha of Bhutan. Lexical similarity 65% with Dzongkha of Bhutan, 42% with Tebetan. | Speakers also use Alamblak or Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| siw | Siwai | 6,600. Population includes 600 in Baitsi. | Bougainville Province, southeastern. | Baitsi (Sigisigero). | Speakers also use Alamblak or Tok Pisin. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| six | Sumau | 2,575 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, low mountain ranges between the Ramu and Naru rivers. | Possibly 2 dialects. Related to Sop, Urigina, Danaru. | Speakers also use Alamblak or Tok Pisin. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| siy | Sivandi | 7,033 (2000 WCD). | Sivand, Fars Province (70 km northwest of Shiraz on the Shiraz-Esfahan Road). | Related to Northwestern Fars varieties. | Speakers also use Alamblak or Tok Pisin. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| siz | Siwi | 5,000 (1995). | Northwestern desert, Siwa Oasis, several isolated villages in the western oasis. | Not closely related to other Berber languages. | Speakers also use Arabic. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| sja | Epena | 50 in Ecuador (2000 Wiebe). | Southeastern Panama. | Basurudo. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 50%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 400 read Epena, 50 write it. Movement toward using the language in primary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 400 read Epena, 50 write it. Movement toward using the language in primary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| sjb | Sajau Basap | 6,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, northeast of Muaramalinau. | Punan Sajau, Punan Basap, Punan Batu 2. Related to Basap. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 50%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 400 read Epena, 50 write it. Movement toward using the language in primary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. 400 read Epena, 50 write it. Movement toward using the language in primary schools. Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| sjd | Saami, Kildin | 800 (2000 T. Salminen). 1,900 Saami in Russia (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1995 M. Krauss). | Northeast, northeast of Muaramalinau. | Punan Sajau, Punan Basap, Punan Batu 2. Related to Basap. | Few children speakers. Many also use Russian. | Local literacy effort. Roman script. | Local literacy effort. Roman script. | |
| sje | Saami, Pite | 20 in Sweden (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 2,000 in Sweden (1995 M. Krauss). | Between Saltenfjord and Ranenfjord in Norway. | Punan Sajau, Punan Basap, Punan Batu 2. Related to Basap. | No speakers left in Norway (2000 T. Salminen). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| sjg | Assangori | 15,000 in Sudan. | Northern Sudan, Dar Fur, Melmele in Dar Masalit. Bounded on the west by the Tama, south by the Masalit, east by Arabic-speaking nomadic groups, north by the Gimr and Jebel Mun. | Girga, Walad Dulla, Erenga, Murasi, Sebunkik. | The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language, although at a low proficiency level. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| sjk | Saami, Kemi | Extinct. | Lapland Province, Sodankyla and Kuolajarvi (Salla) counties. Formerly south as far as Kuusamo County. | Girga, Walad Dulla, Erenga, Murasi, Sebunkik. | Extinct since the 19th century. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| sjl | Sajalong | 4,000 (1999 Breton). | Arunachal Pradesh, West Kemang District, Bichom and Pakesa River valley, 25 villages including Debbing, Dichik, Rurang, Nachinghom, Upper Dzang, Naku, Khellong, Dibrick, Nizong, Najang, Zangnaching, Chalang, Nafra, Lower Dzang; East Kameng District including villages of Wakke, Nabolong, Kojo, Rojo, Sekong, Panker, Zarkam, Drackchi, Besai, Naschgzang, Sachung, Gerangzing, Kampaa, Salang, Lada Circle, Pego, Dongko. | Generally considered to be in the Mirish subgroup. | All ages. Speakers also use Aka, Nisi, Moinba, Assamese, English, or Hindi. Educated speak Hindi more fluently than uneducated, but all speakers know some Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. Roman script. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. Roman script. | |
| sjm | Mapun | 40,588 in the Philippines (2000 WCD). | East coast of Sabah, concentrated in Sandakan, west coast of Sabah: Banggi, Marudu, Kudat, Kota Kinabalu. | 59% intelligibility of Central Sama. | Speakers have some proficiency in Tausug. | Literacy rate in first language: 65% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 65% to 70%. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | Literacy rate in first language: 65% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 65% to 70%. Bible portions: 1979–1985. | |
| sjo | Xibe | 30,000 (2000 An Jun). Few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 33,082 in Xinjiang Province, 172,847 in the nationality (1990 census). 50,000 ethnic Xibe in northeast China speak Chinese as first language. | Mainly in Ili Region of Xinjiang Province, and some in Ürümqi City and Tacheng Region of Xinjiang Province. | Colloquial Manchu. Reported to be inherently intelligible with Manchu. | Official regional language. Vigorous. Speakers of Chinese, Uyghur, or Kazakh in the area can also speak Xibe. All domains. All ages in rural areas. Positive language attitude. Many prefer Chinese as a literary language. Some can speak or write Uyghur, Kazakh, English, or Russian. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sjp | Surajpuri | 273,000 (1997). | Bihar. | May be a dialect of Maithili. | Official regional language. Vigorous. Speakers of Chinese, Uyghur, or Kazakh in the area can also speak Xibe. All domains. All ages in rural areas. Positive language attitude. Many prefer Chinese as a literary language. Some can speak or write Uyghur, Kazakh, English, or Russian. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sjs | Senhaja de Srair | Extinct. | Northern, west of Tarifit. | Coon (1939) says it was a separate language from Tarifit. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Moroccan Spoken Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sjt | Saami, Ter | 6 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 400 population (2000 Salminen). | Northern, west of Tarifit. | Coon (1939) says it was a separate language from Tarifit. | Many also use Russian. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. About 15,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Manchu script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sju | Saami, Ume | 20 (2000 T. Salminen). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1995 M. Krauss). | Lycksele, Mala, Tärna, and Sorsele, along the Ume River. Probably no speakers in Norway. | Coon (1939) says it was a separate language from Tarifit. | Nearly extinct. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1811. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1811. | |
| sjw | Shawnee | 200 (2002 Pearson). Ethnic population: 2,500. | Central and northeastern Oklahoma. | Coon (1939) says it was a separate language from Tarifit. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| ska | Skagit | 100 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (1977 SIL). | East side of Puget Sound, Washington. | Coon (1939) says it was a separate language from Tarifit. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| skb | Saek | 11,000 in Thailand (1993 Johnstone). | Northeastern, Nakorn Panom. | Na Kadok, Khammouan. Close to Tai Mène. | Speakers also use Lao. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| skc | Sauk | 605 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province. | Na Kadok, Khammouan. Close to Tai Mène. | Speakers also use Lao. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| skd | Miwok, Southern Sierra | 7 Southern Central Sierra Miwok (1994 L. Hinton). | California, along headwaters of the Merced and Chowchilla rivers and on Mariposa Creek. | Na Kadok, Khammouan. Close to Tai Mène. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| skf | Sakirabiá | 70 (2000 SIL). | Rondônia, Municipality of Cerejeira and Colorado do Oeste, on the Mequens River. | Na Kadok, Khammouan. Close to Tai Mène. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| skg | Malagasy, Sakalava | 350,000 (2001). | Northwest Madagascar, Mahajanga Province, Maintirano, Morafenobe, Besalampy, Soalala, Mitsinjo, Ambato Boina, Marovoay, Mahajanga, Analalava districts; Antsiranana Province, Ambanja District. | Northern Sakalava, Vezo. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| skh | Sikule | 20,000. | Central Simeulue Island. | Lekon, Tapah. Close to Nias. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1842–1929. | |
| ski | Sika | 175,000 (1990 E.D. Lewis). | Eastern Flores Island, between Li'o and Lamaholot, Lesser Sundas. | Sara Krowe (Central Sikka), Sikka Natar (South Coast Sikka, Kangaé), Tana Ai. Wide variation within language and culture. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| skj | Seke | 500 (2001 census). | Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, Chuksang, Tsaile, Tangbe, Tetang, Gyakar villages. | Tangbe, Tetang, Chuksang. Related to Gurung. Some similarities with Thakali and Manangba. Very different from Lowa. Tangbe people do not understand Chuksang very well, but Chuksang understand Tangbe. They are reported to understand Gurung but Gurung speakers do not understand Seke. | All ages. Use Nepali with the Gurung. A few also speak Lowa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| skk | Sok | 1,600 (1981). | Attopeu Province. | Related to Oy, Sapuan, Jeng. | All ages. Use Nepali with the Gurung. A few also speak Lowa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| skl | Selako | 3,800 in Malaysia (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Saak, Lundu, 1st Division, 22 villages. | Related to Oy, Sapuan, Jeng. | Gradually being adopted by the younger speakers of Lara'. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| skm | Sakam | 510 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province. | Related to Oy, Sapuan, Jeng. | Gradually being adopted by the younger speakers of Lara'. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| skn | Subanon, Kolibugan | 20,000 (1998 SIL). | Mindanao, Zamboanga Peninsula, southern Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur provinces. | Close to Western Subanon, but there are limitations on inherent intelligibility between the two. Lexical and grammatical differences. | Culture and attitudes require Kolibugan to be viewed as separate from Western Subanon. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. | |
| sko | Seko Tengah | 2,500 (1995 SIL). | Northern south Sulawesi, western part of Limbong Subdistrict along the Betue River. | Lexical similarity 71% with Seko Padang, 67% with Panasuan. | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. | |
| skp | Sekapan | 750 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Belaga, 7th Division. | Lexical similarity 71% with Seko Padang, 67% with Panasuan. | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. | Literacy rate in first language: 39%. Literacy rate in second language: 39%. | |
| skr | Seraiki | 20,000 in India (2000). | Punjab; Maharashtra; Andhra Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh; Rajasthan; Delhi; Gujarat. | Jafri, Siraiki Hindki, Thali, Jatki, Bahawalpuri (Bhawalpuri, Riasati, Reasati). | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% Urdu, Marathi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% Urdu, Marathi. | |
| sks | Maia | 4,346 (2000 census). Population includes 3,712 in main dialect, 634 in southern dialect. | Madang Province, Bogia District, on the mainland south of Manam Island. | Jafri, Siraiki Hindki, Thali, Jatki, Bahawalpuri (Bhawalpuri, Riasati, Reasati). | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1988. | |
| skv | Skou | 700 (1999 M. Donohue). | North coast border area east of Jayapura, at the mouth of the Tami River, villages of Sko-Yambe, Sko-Mabu, Sko-Sai. | Related to Vanimo, Wutung, Yako. | Some older Wutung people use Sko as their second or third language. All domains. All ages. They have reservations about Indonesian. Most use Papuan Malay, Indonesian, Wutung of Papua New Guinea, or Vanimo to speakers of those languages. Comprehension is limited. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | |
| skw | Skepi Creole Dutch | Extinct. | Essequibo Region. | Essequibo. Speakers said it was not inherently intelligible with Berbice or Rupununi. Lexical similarity 52% with Berbice. | Became extinct by 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | |
| skx | Seko Padang | 5,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 2,300 in the Seko area. | South Sulawesi, northeast section of Limbong Subdistrict in Luwu District. About half the speakers have resettled in Palolo Valley of Central Sulawesi. | Lodang, Hono' (Wono). | Vigorous. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | |
| skz | Sekar | 450 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Northwest Bomberai Peninsula on coast and one small island. | Arguni has the highest percentage of lexical similarity with Sekar. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% Indonesian. Literacy motivation high, program in progress. Dictionary. | |
| slb | Saluan, Kahumamahon | 2,142 (2000 WCD). | East central Sulawesi. | Related to Coastal Saluan, Balantak, Andio. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| slc | Sáliba | 250 in Venezuela (1991 Adelaar). | Cedoño Department. | Related to Coastal Saluan, Balantak, Andio. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| sle | Sholaga | 24,000 (1984 GR). | Karnataka, Mysore District, Biligiri Rangana Hills; Tamil Nadu. | Lexical similarity 65% with Kannada. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| slf | Swiss-Italian Sign Language | 200 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Karnataka, Mysore District, Biligiri Rangana Hills; Tamil Nadu. | Lexical similarity 65% with Kannada. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| slg | Selungai Murut | 373 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). | Pensiangan District, 1 village, along the Sapulut River from the confluence with the Pensiangan River south to the Indonesian border. | Lexical similarity 65% with Kannada. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| slh | Salish, Southern Puget Sound | 107 (1990 census). 5 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1977 SIL). | Southern end of Puget Sound, Washington. | Duwamish, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, Puyallup, Snoqualmie, Suquh. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| sli | Silesian, Lower | No estimate available. | Gorlitz, eastern Germany. | Duwamish, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, Puyallup, Snoqualmie, Suquh. | There is literature by Gerhard Hauptmann. Spoken by younger people. Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| slj | Salumá | 239 (2000 WCD). | Northwest Pará, on the upper Anamu, source of the Trombetas, along the Suriname border. | Duwamish, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, Puyallup, Snoqualmie, Suquh. | There is literature by Gerhard Hauptmann. Spoken by younger people. Speakers also use Standard German. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| slk | Slovak | 80,000 in Serbia and Montenegro (1996 W. Brown). | Vojvodine. | Western and central dialects of Slovak are inherently intelligible with Czech. | Official regional status in Vojvodine. | Grammar. Bible: 1832–1999. | Grammar. Bible: 1832–1999. | |
| sll | Salt-Yui | 6,500 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Simbu Province, Gumine District. 10 villages. | Close to Nondiri. | Official regional status in Vojvodine. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| slm | Sama, Pangutaran | 35,171 (2000 WCD). | West central Sulu, Pangutaran Island, west of Jolo, Mindanao. Also southern Palawan, Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi. Reported that there are also 145 in Sabah, Malaysia, Look Banga village of 620, Lahad Datu. | 65% intelligibility of Central Sama. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral use in education for explanations, market. Some written use in communications. Positive language attitude. Moderate bilingualism in Tausug by 80% of speakers, and 20% use Tagalog. Some who have been to Malaysia also speak Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. NT: 1994. | |
| sln | Salinan | Extinct. Ethnic population: Hundreds (1997 K. Turner). | Formerly in California, central coast. | There were two dialects. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral use in education for explanations, market. Some written use in communications. Positive language attitude. Moderate bilingualism in Tausug by 80% of speakers, and 20% use Tagalog. Some who have been to Malaysia also speak Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. NT: 1994. | |
| slp | Lamaholot | 150,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Lesser Sundas. Used as first language on the eastern tip of Flores, east of the Sika language, and on western Solor. Used as language of wider communication on all of Solor. Adonara Lembata (except the Kedang area) and in enclaves on the northern coast of Pantar, northwest Alor, and surrounding islands. | West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), Lamaholot (Taka, Lewolaga, Ile Mandiri, Tanjung Bunda, Larantuka, Ritaebang), West Solor. Wide variation among dialects. Possibly up to 10 languages. Keraf (1978) reports 18 distinct languages. | Language of wider communication. The area around Larantuka is multiethnic and some people have shifted to Malay. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| slq | Salchuq | No estimate available. | Lesser Sundas. Used as first language on the eastern tip of Flores, east of the Sika language, and on western Solor. Used as language of wider communication on all of Solor. Adonara Lembata (except the Kedang area) and in enclaves on the northern coast of Pantar, northwest Alor, and surrounding islands. | Probably a dialect of Azerbaijani. | Language of wider communication. The area around Larantuka is multiethnic and some people have shifted to Malay. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| slr | Salar | 60,000 (2002). Under 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 113,000. | Xunhua Salar Autonomous County and Hualong Hui Autonomous County in Qinghai Province, Jishishan Autonomous County in Gansu Province, and Yining in Xinjiang. | Jiezi, Mengda. Reinhard F. Hahn says Salar is spoken by descendants of an Oghuz-Turkic-speaking subtribe that, in the 15th century area of Samarkand, split off a main tribe and 'returned eastward', eventually settling in Western China. Their language has an Oghuz Turkic base, has taken on a medieval Chaghatay Turkic stratum through Central Asian contacts and finally acquired a stratum of features from local languages. Jiezi is often taken as the standard dialect. | Some speakers of other languages in the area use Salar, especially men. All domains. All ages, but children use Salar less. Negative or indifferent language attitude. Speakers use Chinese as literary language. Reported high proficiency in Mandarin Chinese, Uyghur, and Tibetan. | Literacy rate in second language: 27%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 27%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sls | Singapore Sign Language | No estimate available. | Xunhua Salar Autonomous County and Hualong Hui Autonomous County in Qinghai Province, Jishishan Autonomous County in Gansu Province, and Yining in Xinjiang. | Jiezi, Mengda. Reinhard F. Hahn says Salar is spoken by descendants of an Oghuz-Turkic-speaking subtribe that, in the 15th century area of Samarkand, split off a main tribe and 'returned eastward', eventually settling in Western China. Their language has an Oghuz Turkic base, has taken on a medieval Chaghatay Turkic stratum through Central Asian contacts and finally acquired a stratum of features from local languages. Jiezi is often taken as the standard dialect. | Some speakers of other languages in the area use Salar, especially men. All domains. All ages, but children use Salar less. Negative or indifferent language attitude. Speakers use Chinese as literary language. Reported high proficiency in Mandarin Chinese, Uyghur, and Tibetan. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| slt | Sila | 840 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Lai Chau Province, Cú Dè Xù, Khá Pé. 3 villages: Ban Xeo Hai in Xa Can Ho, Xi Thao Chai of Pa Ha, Nam Xin of Muong Nhe. | Jiezi, Mengda. Reinhard F. Hahn says Salar is spoken by descendants of an Oghuz-Turkic-speaking subtribe that, in the 15th century area of Samarkand, split off a main tribe and 'returned eastward', eventually settling in Western China. Their language has an Oghuz Turkic base, has taken on a medieval Chaghatay Turkic stratum through Central Asian contacts and finally acquired a stratum of features from local languages. Jiezi is often taken as the standard dialect. | Some speakers of other languages in the area use Salar, especially men. All domains. All ages, but children use Salar less. Negative or indifferent language attitude. Speakers use Chinese as literary language. Reported high proficiency in Mandarin Chinese, Uyghur, and Tibetan. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| slu | Selaru | 8,000 (2001 SIL). | Tanimbar, six of seven villages on Selaru Island, half of the village of Latdalam on Yamdena Island, and Lingada village on Nus-Wotar Island off the west coast of Yamdena. 8 villages. South Maluku. Sizeable communities in Saumlake and Ambon. | Kandar. Slight dialect differences. Not closely related to other nearby languages. Lexical similarity 56% with Seluwasan. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1997. | |
| slv | Slovenian | 100,000 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). | The provinces of Trieste and Gorizia in northeast near Slovenia border. | Primorski, Cividale, Resia. | Official language. | The Slovene have their own schools. | The Slovene have their own schools. | |
| slw | Sialum | 642 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province. | Primorski, Cividale, Resia. | Speakers also use Ono. | The Slovene have their own schools. | The Slovene have their own schools. | |
| sly | Selayar | 90,000 (1983 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Selayar Island. | Lexical similarity 69% with Makassar. | Vigorous. Bilingual level estimates for Bugis: 0 28%, 1–2 51%, 3 17%, 4 4%, 5 0%. Speakers also use Indonesian. | The Slovene have their own schools. | The Slovene have their own schools. | |
| slz | Ma'ya | 4,000 (2001 Remijsen). | Raja Ampat Islands, central Waigeo Island and central Salawati Island. | Ma'ya, Banlol, Batanta Island. | Vigorous. Bilingual level estimates for Bugis: 0 28%, 1–2 51%, 3 17%, 4 4%, 5 0%. Speakers also use Indonesian. | The Slovene have their own schools. | The Slovene have their own schools. | |
| sma | Saami, South | 300 in Norway (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 600 in Norway. | Hatfjelldal and Wefsen, south to Elga. | Ma'ya, Banlol, Batanta Island. | Few children speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| smb | Simbari | 3,036 (1990 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Marawaka District. | Ma'ya, Banlol, Batanta Island. | A government school teaches children in English and Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| smc | Som | 80 (2000 Wurm). | Morobe Province. | Ma'ya, Banlol, Batanta Island. | A government school teaches children in English and Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| sme | Saami, North | 4,000 in Sweden (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 5,000 in Sweden (1994 SIL). | Karesuando and Jukkasjärvi. | Ruija, Torne, Sea Lappish. | Two-thirds of all Saami speak Ruija. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| smf | Auwe | 410 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, Simog and Watape villages. | Ruija, Torne, Sea Lappish. | Two-thirds of all Saami speak Ruija. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| smg | Simbali | 387 (2004 SIL). | East New Britain Province, Gazelle Peninsula. | Ruija, Torne, Sea Lappish. | Many have comprehension in Mali. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| smh | Samei | 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 28,200. | Yunnan, Dabanqiao District, 13 villages. | Ruija, Torne, Sea Lappish. | Children do not speak Samei. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| smj | Saami, Lule | 500 in Norway (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,000 to 2,000 in Norway (1995 M. Krauss). 31,600 to 42,600 ethnic Sámi in Norway (1995). | Tysfjord, Hamaroy, and Folden, Norway. | Lule Saami is quite distinct from other Saami. | Few children speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| smk | Bolinao | 50,000 (1990). 500 monolinguals. | West Pangasinan Province, Luzon. Primarily municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. | Lule Saami is quite distinct from other Saami. | Speakers are shifting to Tagalog. Taught as a course of study in higher education. Speakers of other languages use it in trade and politics. All domains by some ages, administration, commerce, religion. Written form used for administration and personal written communication. Speakers are older adults. Use among young people and children is diminishing. The people hold protective, preserving attitude toward Bolinao. 500 monolinguals. Nearly all also use Tagalog or Ilocano, some Pangasinan. | Literacy rate in first language: 86.8%. Literacy rate in second language: 86.8%. High literacy rate in Ilocano and Tagalog. Taught as a course. Roman script. Bible portions: 1963–1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 86.8%. Literacy rate in second language: 86.8%. High literacy rate in Ilocano and Tagalog. Taught as a course. Roman script. Bible portions: 1963–1984. | |
| sml | Sama, Central | 90,027 in the Philippines (2000 WCD). | Southeastern Sabah, especially Semporna District. | Dilaut-Badjao. 59% intelligibility of Tausug; 79% of Balangingi. | Speakers are shifting to Tagalog. Taught as a course of study in higher education. Speakers of other languages use it in trade and politics. All domains by some ages, administration, commerce, religion. Written form used for administration and personal written communication. Speakers are older adults. Use among young people and children is diminishing. The people hold protective, preserving attitude toward Bolinao. 500 monolinguals. Nearly all also use Tagalog or Ilocano, some Pangasinan. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. NT: 1987. | |
| smm | Musasa | 50,000 (2003). Population includes 20,000 Musasa and 30,000 Musasa Bantar. Ethnic population: 172,434 in Nepal. | Koshi Zone, Morang District; Janakpur Zone, Sindhuli, Dolakha districts, Sagarmatha Zone, Siraha District. | Bantar. Close to Tharu, Saptari. | Speakers have high proficiency in Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. NT: 1987. | |
| smn | Saami, Inari | 250 (1995 M. Krauss). 4,700 all Saami in Finland (1995). Ethnic population: 700 (1995 M. Krauss). | Lapland, above 68.00N Lat., in an area about 15,400 square miles between Lake Inari and the Norway border. They are in the majority around the border town of Utsjoki. | Bantar. Close to Tharu, Saptari. | Few children speakers. Finnish Saami all know Finnish and speak it for all purposes outside their work as reindeer herdsmen. Instruction in schools is in Finnish. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1903–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1903–1980. | |
| smp | Samaritan | Extinct. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). | West bank near Nablus and in Tel Aviv, Israel. Also spoken in Israel. | Bantar. Close to Tharu, Saptari. | They use Samaritan Hebrew mainly and Samaritan Aramaic secondarily as liturgical languages. About 30% live near Nablus and speak Palestinian Arabic as first language. Others live near Tel Aviv and speak Hebrew as first language. Liturgy. | Samaritan-Hebrew script. Bible: 1853. | Samaritan-Hebrew script. Bible: 1853. | |
| smq | Samo | 900 (2001 SIL). | Western Province, Lake Murray District, southern Upper Strickland Census District, east of the Strickland River, north of Nomad. | Bantar. Close to Tharu, Saptari. | Speakers also use Hiri Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. One primary school to start 2001. Bible portions: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. One primary school to start 2001. Bible portions: 1980. | |
| smr | Simeulue | 100,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | West and east ends of Simeulue Island, Babi and Banjak islands. | Related to Sikule and Nias. | Speakers also use Hiri Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. One primary school to start 2001. Bible portions: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. One primary school to start 2001. Bible portions: 1980. | |
| sms | Saami, Skolt | 20 to 30 in Russia. Ethnic population: 400 in Russia (1995 M. Krauss). | Northern and western Kola Peninsula around Petsamo. | Notozer, Yokan. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1878–1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1878–1988. | |
| smt | Simte | 7,150 (2001 census). | Southwest Manipur, Churachandpur District, Mingjang, Tubuong, Simveng, New Bazar, Thanlon, Leikangpai, Zouthang, Shumtuk, Monjon, Pamjal, Sasinoujang, Tallian, Dumsao, Khungung, Lungthul, Singhat, Moijin, Maokot, Suangdai, Suangpuhmun. | Related to Thado and Zome. Singh (1994) says this is an alternate name for Paite. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Bible: 1992. | Bible: 1992. | |
| smu | Somray | 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | West; north, east, and west of Phum Tasanh, and Tanyong River around Phum Pra Moi; 2 areas. | Related to Chong. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Bible: 1992. | Bible: 1992. | |
| smv | Samvedi | No estimate available. | Maharashtra. | A more divergent dialect of, or closely related language to Konkani. Shares many features with Gujarati. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Bible: 1992. | Bible: 1992. | |
| smw | Sumbawa | 300,000 (1989). | Western end of Sumbawa Island, west of the isthmus. | A more divergent dialect of, or closely related language to Konkani. Shares many features with Gujarati. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Bible: 1992. | Bible: 1992. | |
| smy | Semnani | 21,099 (2000 WCD). | Semnan Province. | A more divergent dialect of, or closely related language to Konkani. Shares many features with Gujarati. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| smz | Simeku | 1,898 (1980 SIL). Population includes 1,183 Koopei and 715 Mainoki. | Bougainville Province, Kieta District, central mountains. Mainoki is on the west slope and Koopei on the east slope. | Mainoki (Mainoke), Koopei (Kopei). Not functionally intelligible with Nasioi. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| snb | Sebuyau | 9,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Lundu, 1st Division, mouth of the Lupa River, west bank around Sebuyau. | Mainoki (Mainoke), Koopei (Kopei). Not functionally intelligible with Nasioi. | Few children speakers. Many in Russia also use Russian. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| snd | Sindhi | 2,812,000 in India (1997). | Gujarat; Maharashtra; Rajasthan; Andhra Pradesh; Bihar; Delhi; Madhya Pradesh; Orissa; Tamil Nadu; Uttar Pradesh. | Bhatia, Jadeji, Kayasthi, Lari, Lasi, Thareli, Thari, Viccholi, Visholi. | Official language. Many Sindhi do not learn their traditional ethnic language. Used mainly by women and older adults. | Arabic script; Arabic and Gurumukhi scripts in India. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1954. | Arabic script; Arabic and Gurumukhi scripts in India. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1954. |
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