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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sbn | Sindhi Bhil | 56,502 (2000 WCD). | Sindh Province, Mohrano, Badin-Matli-Thatta, Ghorabari (on west). Sindhi Meghwar are scattered in an area from Badin-Matli to Tando Allahyar. | Sindhi Bhil, Mohrano, Badin, Sindhi Meghwar. Badin is close to Sindhi. Lexical similarity 82% between Mohrani and Sindhi; 89% between Sindhi Bhil and Sindhi Meghwar. | Speakers consider the Mohrano dialect to be different from Sindhi and Dhatki. There is a positive attitude toward its use in traditional ceremonies. The Sindhi Bhil look with favor on the idea of literature in their language. They can converse in Sindhi, those in Mohrano area also in Dhatki. Women use Sindhi Bhil when talking to Sindhi and Dhatki speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| sbo | Sabüm | 889 (2000 WCD). | North central Perak. | Closest to Lanoh and Semnam, but not the same as Lanoh. | Speakers consider the Mohrano dialect to be different from Sindhi and Dhatki. There is a positive attitude toward its use in traditional ceremonies. The Sindhi Bhil look with favor on the idea of literature in their language. They can converse in Sindhi, those in Mohrano area also in Dhatki. Women use Sindhi Bhil when talking to Sindhi and Dhatki speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| sbq | Sileibi | 259 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related to Katiati. | Speakers consider the Mohrano dialect to be different from Sindhi and Dhatki. There is a positive attitude toward its use in traditional ceremonies. The Sindhi Bhil look with favor on the idea of literature in their language. They can converse in Sindhi, those in Mohrano area also in Dhatki. Women use Sindhi Bhil when talking to Sindhi and Dhatki speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| sbr | Sembakung Murut | 3,181 in Indonesia (2000 WCD). | Along the Sembakung River in northern Kalimantan, from the mouth, into Sabah. | Related to Katiati. | Speakers consider the Mohrano dialect to be different from Sindhi and Dhatki. There is a positive attitude toward its use in traditional ceremonies. The Sindhi Bhil look with favor on the idea of literature in their language. They can converse in Sindhi, those in Mohrano area also in Dhatki. Women use Sindhi Bhil when talking to Sindhi and Dhatki speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| sbt | Kimki | 350 (1978 UFM). | Border area where Sepik River enters Papua. | Related to Katiati. | Speakers consider the Mohrano dialect to be different from Sindhi and Dhatki. There is a positive attitude toward its use in traditional ceremonies. The Sindhi Bhil look with favor on the idea of literature in their language. They can converse in Sindhi, those in Mohrano area also in Dhatki. Women use Sindhi Bhil when talking to Sindhi and Dhatki speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| sbu | Stod Bhoti | 2,500 (1996). | Himachal Pradesh, Lahul Region, Stod, Khoksar, and upper Mayar valleys. | Stod (Kolong), Khoksar (Khoksar Bhoti), Mayar (Mayar Bhoti, Mayari). 85% intelligibility of Stod Bhoti by Khoksar, 75% by Mayar, 62% of Khoksar by Mayar, 95% of Khoksar by Stod Bhoti. Lexical similarity 74% with Spiti. | Used in the home, community, and religion. Attitudes good among speakers toward dialects and with Ladakhi. Many speak Hindi, but their comprehension is lower than that of other Lahul communities. Hindi is used for trade and education. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | |
| sbx | Seberuang | 20,000 (1993 UBS). | Kapuas River. | Stod (Kolong), Khoksar (Khoksar Bhoti), Mayar (Mayar Bhoti, Mayari). 85% intelligibility of Stod Bhoti by Khoksar, 75% by Mayar, 62% of Khoksar by Mayar, 95% of Khoksar by Stod Bhoti. Lexical similarity 74% with Spiti. | Used in the home, community, and religion. Attitudes good among speakers toward dialects and with Ladakhi. Many speak Hindi, but their comprehension is lower than that of other Lahul communities. Hindi is used for trade and education. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | |
| sbz | Sara Kaba | 13,600 (1996). | Ndélé and Birao subprefectures. | May be intelligible with Sara Dunjo of Central African Republic or Kaba Na of Chad. | Used in the home, community, and religion. Attitudes good among speakers toward dialects and with Ladakhi. Many speak Hindi, but their comprehension is lower than that of other Lahul communities. Hindi is used for trade and education. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | |
| sca | Sansu | 4,775 (2000 WCD). | Ndélé and Birao subprefectures. | May not be a distinct language. In China, included with the Hani. | Used in the home, community, and religion. Attitudes good among speakers toward dialects and with Ladakhi. Many speak Hindi, but their comprehension is lower than that of other Lahul communities. Hindi is used for trade and education. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | |
| scb | Chut | 450 in Laos (1995 census). | Khammouan Province, Bouarapha District, near the Viet Nam border at about the latitude of the Mu Gia Pass. | May, Ruc. | Used in the home, community, and religion. Attitudes good among speakers toward dialects and with Ladakhi. Many speak Hindi, but their comprehension is lower than that of other Lahul communities. Hindi is used for trade and education. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | Desire for literacy in Stod Bhoti. Devanagari and Tibetan scripts. | |
| sce | Dongxiang | 250,000 (1999 Junast). About 80,000 monolinguals. Half in the Suonanba dialect. Ethnic population: 373,872 (1990 census). | Southwest Gansu Province, mainly in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, 7 counties and a city, and in Yining and Huocheng counties in Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. | Suonanba (Xiaonan), Wangjiaji, Sijiaji. Some intelligibility of Bonan. Minor dialect differences in pronunciation and borrowed words. Suonanba is considered to be the standard. | Use in religion, local commerce, oral tradition. Positive language attitude. Written Chinese is in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| scf | San Miguel Creole French | 3 (1999 SIL). | Southwest Gansu Province, mainly in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, 7 counties and a city, and in Yining and Huocheng counties in Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. | Suonanba (Xiaonan), Wangjiaji, Sijiaji. Some intelligibility of Bonan. Minor dialect differences in pronunciation and borrowed words. Suonanba is considered to be the standard. | Use in religion, local commerce, oral tradition. Positive language attitude. Written Chinese is in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| scg | Sanggau | 45,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwestern, around Sanggau, Kapuas River. | Suonanba (Xiaonan), Wangjiaji, Sijiaji. Some intelligibility of Bonan. Minor dialect differences in pronunciation and borrowed words. Suonanba is considered to be the standard. | Use in religion, local commerce, oral tradition. Positive language attitude. Written Chinese is in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sch | Sakechep | 20,000 to 30,000 (2003). | Assam, Karbi Anglong, N. Cachar Hills, Cachar Hills districts; Nagaland, Kohima District, Khelma village; Meghalaya, Jaintia Hills District, Saithsma, Rumphung, Mongor villages; Tripura. | Khelma, Thangkachep, Sakechep. Dialects are intelligible and are maybe just alternate names for Sakechep depending on the region. Closely related to Biete, Hrangkhol. | Sakechep spoken at home. All ages. Bilingualism varies according to which state they live in. Some speak Hindi, Bengali, Khasi, Karbi, Hmar, Chin Thado. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| sci | Sri Lankan Creole Malay | 50,000 (1986 Hussainmiya, Prentice 1994:411). | Especially the cities of Colombo, Kandy, Badulla, Hambantota. | Not intelligible with standard Malay because of phonological and syntactic differences, and strong influence from Tamil. May be close to Malaccan Creole Malay (S. Lim 1981). | There are current efforts to revive the older literature. Widely used. Used at home and among friends. All ages. Most or all may speak Tamil. | Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. | Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. | |
| sck | Sadri | 1,965,000 in India (1997). Population includes 1,381,000 Sadani, 574,000 Nagpuria. Population total all countries: 2,165,000. | Jharkhand, Ranchi, Palamu districts; Assam; Madhya Pradesh; West Bengal; Orissa; Andaman Islands; Nagaland. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Intelligibility of all dialects with each other is high, except for Sadri of Bangladesh, where it is 77%. Speakers name 3 kinds of Sadri: Sadani (finer, respectful, formal), Common Sadri (Nagpuri), and Lower Sadri (rough). Dialects have 77% to 96% lexical similarity, 58% to 71% with Hindi, 47% to 54% with Oriya, 45% to 61% with Bengali. | Spoken by Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes, and other communities. Spoken by the Chero as first language. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Hindi, Oriya, and Bengali. Hindi used in market, with leaders, for prayer and worship, but proficiency is low. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Devanagari script. Magazines. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1931–1986. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Devanagari script. Magazines. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1931–1986. | |
| scl | Shina | 21,000 in India (1997). | Northern Kashmir, Dras Valley and Gurais area in Kishenganga Valley near the cease fire line. | Drasi, Gurezi. | Many in Dras Valley also speak Purik, but there are villages in Dras Valley that are pure Shina speaking. | Bible portions: 1929. | Bible portions: 1929. | |
| scn | Sicilian | 4,832,520 (2000 WCD). | Sicily, an island off the southern mainland. | Western Sicilian (Palermo, Trapani, Central-Western Agrigentino), Central Metafonetica, Southeast Metafonetica, Eastern Nonmetafonetica, Messinese, Isole Eolie, Pantesco, Southern Calabro. Distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language. Pugliese (see Italian) and Southern Calabrese are reported to be dialects of Sicilian. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Italian. | Bible portions: 1860. | Bible portions: 1860. | |
| sco | Scots | 100,000 in Ireland (1999 Billy Kay). Population includes 60,000 in Lallans, 30,000 in Doric, 10,000 in Ulster. | Donegal County. | Insular, Northern Scots, Southern Scots, Ulster. Difficult intelligibility among dialects. Northern Scots on the Scottish Islands is considered by some to be a different language (Shetlandic or Orcadian). Lallans is the main literary dialect. Ulster Scots has its own development group. Scots is closest to English and Frisian. | Used with family and friends. All ages. English is considered to be the language of education and religion. | Literacy rate in second language: 97% English. Poetry. Magazines. Dictionary. NT: 1901–1984. | Literacy rate in second language: 97% English. Poetry. Magazines. Dictionary. NT: 1901–1984. | |
| scp | Helambu Sherpa | 7,565 (2000 WCD). | Bagmati Zone, Nuwakot and Sindhupalchok districts, Helambu area. | Eastern Helambu Sherpa, Western Helambu Sherpa. Melamchi River divides the dialects. Speakers understand other dialects even for abstract and complex subjects, including possibly Tarke Ghyang, Khang-Kharka, Pahndang, but not Kagate. Lexical similarity 66% with Dolpo and Walungge, 65% with Lhasa Tibetan, Jirel, and Kyerung, 63% with Lowa and Sherpa, 61% with Nubri, 60% with Lhomi. | Used in the home. All ages in homeland. In Kathmandu, parents tend to speak Nepali to children. Helambu Sherpa is more prestigious than Kagate, has more of the original culture preserved. Shermathang-Chhimi area in the east is prestigious. Many lamas live there. Not much contact with Kagate; attitudes are indifferent toward it. Nepali is viewed as useful. Most can talk about common topics in Nepali. Men know more than women. In Kathmandu, some people pick up Tibetan quite quickly; also Hindi (through TV). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Literacy motivation not high, except in English. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Literacy motivation not high, except in English. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 2000. | |
| scq | Sa'och | 500 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southwest near Kompong Som on the coast. | Related to Samre, Suoy, Pear. | Used in the home. All ages in homeland. In Kathmandu, parents tend to speak Nepali to children. Helambu Sherpa is more prestigious than Kagate, has more of the original culture preserved. Shermathang-Chhimi area in the east is prestigious. Many lamas live there. Not much contact with Kagate; attitudes are indifferent toward it. Nepali is viewed as useful. Most can talk about common topics in Nepali. Men know more than women. In Kathmandu, some people pick up Tibetan quite quickly; also Hindi (through TV). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Literacy motivation not high, except in English. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Literacy motivation not high, except in English. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 2000. | |
| scs | Slavey, North | 790 (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,600 (1995 Michael Krauss). | Mackenzie District, along the middle Mackenzie River from Fort Norman north, around Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, and in the Mackenzie Mountains In the isolated communities of Deline, Fort Good Hope, Tulita, Colville Lake, Norman Wells, and Yellowknife. | Hare, Bearlake, Mountain. Distinct from South Slavey. | 4 or 5 communities have vigorous language use. All ages in some communities. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| scu | Shumcho | 2,174 (1998). | Himachal Pradesh, Kinnaur District, Kanam, Labrang, Spilo, Shyaso, Taling, and Rushkaling villages of Puh Tahsil. | Lexical similarity 70% with Jangshung, 67% with Sunam, 45% with Lower Kinnauri, 43% with Chitkuli. | 4 or 5 communities have vigorous language use. All ages in some communities. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| scv | Sheni | 200 (1925). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Lexical similarity 70% with Jangshung, 67% with Sunam, 45% with Lower Kinnauri, 43% with Chitkuli. | 4 or 5 communities have vigorous language use. All ages in some communities. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| scw | Sha | 3,000 (1998 SIL). | Plateau State, Bokkos LGA, Sha District. | Lexical similarity 70% with Jangshung, 67% with Sunam, 45% with Lower Kinnauri, 43% with Chitkuli. | 4 or 5 communities have vigorous language use. All ages in some communities. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| scy | Scanian | 80,000 in Sweden (2002). | Bornholm Island. | Hallaendska, Skånska, Blekingska, Bornholm. | Speakers are highly bilingual in Swedish or Danish. | Literacy rate in second language: 100% Swedish. Dictionary. Bible: 1523. | Literacy rate in second language: 100% Swedish. Dictionary. Bible: 1523. | |
| sda | Toraja-Sa'dan | 500,000 (1990 UBS). | South Sulawesi, Tana Toraja District with large enclaves in Luwu District. Several thousand also in Ujung Pandang city. Also on west coast of southeast Sulawesi in Kolaka and Wundulako districts. | Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu'), Toraja Barat (West Toraja, Mappa-Pana). Rantepao is prestige dialect. | Speakers are highly bilingual in Swedish or Danish. | Dictionary. Bible: 1960–1995. | Dictionary. Bible: 1960–1995. | |
| sdb | Shabak | 10,000 to 20,000 (1989 Blau). | In villages of Ali Rach, Yangija, Khazna, Talara, north of Mosul, but since late 1980s, many have become displaced. | In the Gurani (Gorani) and Zaza group. | Speakers are highly bilingual in Swedish or Danish. | Dictionary. Bible: 1960–1995. | Dictionary. Bible: 1960–1995. | |
| sdc | Sardinian, Sassarese | No estimate available. | Northwestern Sardinia. | Lexical similarity 81% with Gallurese, 76% with Standard Italian. | There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | |
| sdd | Semendo | 105,000 (1989). | Interior south Sumatra; two areas: west of Baturaja and south of Pajarbulan. | Lexical similarity 81% with Gallurese, 76% with Standard Italian. | There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | |
| sde | Surubu | 7,173 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Lexical similarity 81% with Gallurese, 76% with Standard Italian. | There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | |
| sdf | Sarli | Fewer than 20,000. | North of Mosul, also in Kirkuk Province, many are displaced. | In the Gurani (Gorani) and Zaza group. | There is a growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | Bible portions: 1863–1866. | |
| sdg | Savi | 3,000 in Afghanistan (1983). | Some might still live in refugee camps near Timargarha in Dir, Pakistan and near Drosh in Chitral, Pakistan. Probably most have returned to Afghanistan. | Lexical similarity 56% to 58% with Phalura. | Speakers also use Pashto. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sdh | Kurdish, Southern | 3,000,000 in Iran (2000 Fattah). | South of Xanaqin, Kirind, and Qorwaq. | Kolyai, Kermanshahi (Kermanshani), Kalhori, Sanjabi, Maleksh ahi (Maleksh ay), Bayray, Kordali, Feyli, Luri. | Official language. Used in the home. Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sdi | Sindang Kelingi | 50,000 (1989). | Southern Sumatra, around Muaraklingi, south, east, and north. | Kolyai, Kermanshahi (Kermanshani), Kalhori, Sanjabi, Maleksh ahi (Maleksh ay), Bayray, Kordali, Feyli, Luri. | Official language. Used in the home. Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sdl | Saudi Arabian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Southern Sumatra, around Muaraklingi, south, east, and north. | Kolyai, Kermanshahi (Kermanshani), Kalhori, Sanjabi, Maleksh ahi (Maleksh ay), Bayray, Kordali, Feyli, Luri. | Official language. Used in the home. Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sdm | Semandang | 30,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | West central, around Balaiberkuwak, north of Sandai. | Semandang, Gerai, Beginci, Bihak. | Official language. Used in the home. Speakers also use Arabic. | Bible portions: 1982. | Bible portions: 1982. | |
| sdn | Sardinian, Gallurese | No estimate available. | Gallurese is in northeastern Sardinia. | Lexical similarity 83% with Standard Italian, 81% with Sassarese, 70% with Logudorese, 66% with Cagliare. | A growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. | Bible portions: 1861–1862. | Bible portions: 1861–1862. | |
| sdo | Bukar Sadong | 34,600 in Malaysia (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Serian 1st Division, Sarawak, 30 or more villages. Also spoken in Indonesia (Kalimantan). | Bukar Sadong, Bukar Bidayuh (Bidayuh, Bidayah). | A growing movement to recognize Sard as an important part of their cultural and linguistic heritage. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| sdp | Sherdukpen | 3,100 (2001). | Assam; Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng District, south of the Bomdi La Range, in the valleys of the Tengapani River, mainly Rupa (Kupa), Shargang (Shergaon), Jigang (Jigaon), and Thungrao villages. | Bugun (Khoa), Lishpa, and Butpa might be related, but are little-known languages (Sun Tianshin Jackson 1993). Sulung may also be related. | Speakers also use Assamese, Hindi, or Tshangla. | Literacy rate in second language: 14.6% (20.4% male, 7.2% female) (1997 Muanthanga). | Literacy rate in second language: 14.6% (20.4% male, 7.2% female) (1997 Muanthanga). | |
| sdr | Sadri, Oraon | 165,683 (2000 WCD). | Throughout Rajshahi Division; in Chittagong Division, Moulvibazar and Hobigani districts; and Khulna Division, Jhenaidah District (Jhenaidah Thana, Moheshpur Thana), Kushtia District (Mirpur Thana), Magura District (Magura Thana). | Borail Sadri, Nurpur Sadri, Uchai Sadri, Mokkan Tila Sadri. The dialects listed may need separate literature. Inherent intelligibility of 7 Sadri varieties on Borail ranges from 70% to 93%; of 8 varieties on Nurpur from 78% to 94%. Lexical similarity of 14 Sadri varieties with Borail Sadri ranges from 88% to 97%. | Vigorous but some educated people do not use Oraon with their children. Bangladesh Oraon Foundation was set up to make a commitment to language revitalization. Speakers have low proficiency in Bengali. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | |
| sds | Sened | Extinct. | Sened and Tmagourt villages, northwest of Gabès. Southern Tunisia. | Tmagourt (Tmagurt), Sened. | A few older adults still remember a few words (1999). | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | |
| sdt | Shuadit | Extinct. | Department of Vaucluse in southern France, and city of Avignon. | Tmagourt (Tmagurt), Sened. | It became extinct in 1977. May still be used in Passover song. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | |
| sdu | Sarudu | 4,000 (1990 SIL). | South Sulawesi, south Pasangkayu District, Mamuju Subdistrict. | Nunu', Kulu (Lariang). Lexical similarity 75% with Uma, 80% with Benggaulu. | It became extinct in 1977. May still be used in Passover song. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | |
| sdx | Sibu | 420 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sibu, 3rd Division, Rejang River. | Seduan, Banyok. May be intelligible with Melanau. | It became extinct in 1977. May still be used in Passover song. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | |
| sdz | Sallands | No estimate available. | Northeastern, Overijssels Province. Sallands in the Center. | Seduan, Banyok. May be intelligible with Melanau. | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 2003. | |
| sea | Semai | 18,327 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 18,327 (2000 D. Bradley). | Northwest Pahang and southern Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, central mountain area. | Jelai, Orang Tanjong of Ulu Langat, Sungkai, Perak I, Perak II, Cameron, Telom, Bidor, Betau, Lipis, Bil, Ulu Kampar (Kampar). | Speakers also use Malay. | Bible portions: 1951–1962. | Bible portions: 1951–1962. | |
| seb | Senoufo, Shempire | 100,000 (1996). | North of Tingréla. | 3 or 4 dialects. Relationship to Supyire Senoufo in Mali is undetermined. | Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| sec | Sechelt | 40 (1990 M.D. Kinkade). Ethnic population: 550 (1977 SIL). | British Columbia coast north of Vancouver. | 3 or 4 dialects. Relationship to Supyire Senoufo in Mali is undetermined. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sed | Sedang | 100,648 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Population total all countries: 101,434. | Kon Tum, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai provinces. Also spoken in Laos. | Central Sedang, Greater Sedang, Dak Sut Sedang, Kotua Sedang, Kon Hring Sedang. Closest to Hre. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| see | Seneca | 25 in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). | Six Nations Reserve, Ontario. | Central Sedang, Greater Sedang, Dak Sut Sedang, Kotua Sedang, Kon Hring Sedang. Closest to Hre. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1829–1874. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1829–1874. | |
| sef | Senoufo, Cebaara | 862,000 (1993 SIL). | Northern, around Korhogo. | Kafire, Kasara, Kufuru, Tagbari (Mbengui-Niellé), Patara, Pogara, Tyebara, Tagara, Tenere, Takpasyeeri (Messeni), Southwest Senari, Kandere (Tengrela), Papara, Fodara, Kulere, Nafara. Korhogo dialect is central. The Kulele speak the Kulere dialect scattered throughout the Senoufo area. | The Tyelibele (Tyeliri) are leather workers scattered throughout the Senoufo area, speaking, as first language, the various Senoufo languages where they live. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1982–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1982–1995. | |
| sei | Seri | 800 (2000 SIL). The population was 215 in 1951. | Sonora coast, 2 villages. | Kafire, Kasara, Kufuru, Tagbari (Mbengui-Niellé), Patara, Pogara, Tyebara, Tagara, Tenere, Takpasyeeri (Messeni), Southwest Senari, Kandere (Tengrela), Papara, Fodara, Kulere, Nafara. Korhogo dialect is central. The Kulele speak the Kulere dialect scattered throughout the Senoufo area. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 6%, 1 70%, 2 10%, 3 10%, 4 3%, 5 1%. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| sej | Sene | 10 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province. | Kafire, Kasara, Kufuru, Tagbari (Mbengui-Niellé), Patara, Pogara, Tyebara, Tagara, Tenere, Takpasyeeri (Messeni), Southwest Senari, Kandere (Tengrela), Papara, Fodara, Kulere, Nafara. Korhogo dialect is central. The Kulele speak the Kulere dialect scattered throughout the Senoufo area. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 6%, 1 70%, 2 10%, 3 10%, 4 3%, 5 1%. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| sek | Sekani | 30 to 40 (1997 Sharon Hargus). Ethnic population: 600 (1982 SIL and 1997 S. Hargus). | North central British Columbia, McLeod Lake, Ware (Finlay River), Ingenika. | Kafire, Kasara, Kufuru, Tagbari (Mbengui-Niellé), Patara, Pogara, Tyebara, Tagara, Tenere, Takpasyeeri (Messeni), Southwest Senari, Kandere (Tengrela), Papara, Fodara, Kulere, Nafara. Korhogo dialect is central. The Kulele speak the Kulere dialect scattered throughout the Senoufo area. | Speakers are older adults. The majority also use English. | Bible portions: 1969. | Bible portions: 1969. | |
| sel | Selkup | 1,570 (1994 Salminen, 1994 Janhunen). Northern Sel'kup has 1,400 speakers out of 1,700, Central Sel'kup has 150 speakers out of 1,700, Southern Sel'kup has 20 speakers out of 200. Ethnic population: 3,600. | Tom Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, Krasnoyarski Krai and Tomskaya Oblast. The northern dialect is spoken in Krasnoselkup Region, Krasnoselkup, Sidorovsk, Tolka, Ratta, and Kikiyakki villages; part of the Purovsk Region, Tolka Purovskaya village; adjacent regions of the Krasnoyarski Krai; Kureika village, Kellog, and Turukhan River basin and Baikha. The southern dialect (Tym) is spoken in a range of villages in the northern part of the Tomskaya Oblast. | Taz (Northern Sel'kup, Tazov-Baishyan), Tym (Central Selk'up, Kety), Narym (Central Sel'kup), Srednyaya Ob-Ket (Southern Sel'kup). A dialect continuum with difficult or impossible intelligibility between the extremes. Speakers in the south are separated from others. | 20% to 50% of the ethnic group speaks Selkup. Selkup was formerly used as lingua franca by the Ket, Evenki, Nenets, and Khanty. Northern dialect: spoken by 90% of the Selkup, with young adults and younger not having mastered it. Southern dialect: spoken by 30% of the Selkup, with 10% speaking it fluently. Up to half the children speak Selkup. Positive language attitude. Russian used for most key domains except perhaps family. | The northern dialect is taught in the schools through fourth grade. Grammar. | The northern dialect is taught in the schools through fourth grade. Grammar. | |
| sen | Sénoufo, Nanerigé | 50,000 (1985 census). | Northern part of Kénédougou Province, from Djigouéra and north. | Some intelligibility of Tagba. No significant dialects or subgroups. | All ages. Most men speak Jula for trade and contact with non-Senoufo, though not all speak it in the home or village. Most women speak minimal Jula and seldom use it. French is spoken only by those who have been to school, but is not used in the home or village. | Literacy rate in second language: Some in Jula or French. | Literacy rate in second language: Some in Jula or French. | |
| seo | Suarmin | 140 (2000 Wurm). | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District, a few hamlets on the Kenu River, a tributary of the Om River. Near Duranmin airstrip. | Lexical similarity 29% with Papi. | Young people are bilingual in Telefol. Speakers middle aged and older are not bilingual. | Literacy rate in second language: Some in Jula or French. | Literacy rate in second language: Some in Jula or French. | |
| sep | Sénoufo, Sìcìté | 35,000 in Burkina Faso (1999 SIL). | Villages of Bakoronidougou, Gouaniéresso, Finkolo-Zanso, and Missidougou, east of Sikasso near the Burkina Faso border. | Difficult intelligibility of Nanerige. | All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 5%, 1 13%, 2 55%, 3 12%, 4 9%, 5 6%. Some bilingualism in Jula, but it is used only with outsiders, as in the market. The educated use French only if an outsider does not know Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| seq | Sénoufo, Senara | 50,000 (1995 SIL). | Southwest Burkina Faso, Leraba Province. | Intelligibility testing of Cebaara varies from 51% in Konadougou to 71% in Niankorodougou; of Pomoro of Mali varies from 42% in Konadougou to 74% in Niankorodougou. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| ser | Serrano | 1 (1994 Coker). | Southern California, San Bernardino and San Gorgonio Pass area. | Intelligibility testing of Cebaara varies from 51% in Konadougou to 71% in Niankorodougou; of Pomoro of Mali varies from 42% in Konadougou to 74% in Niankorodougou. | The speaker is an older adult (1994). Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: A few. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Jula or French. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| ses | Songhay, Koyraboro Senni | 400,000 (1999 Dan Stauffer). | Southeast, along the Niger River from Gourma Rharous, just east of Timbuktu, through Bourem, Goa, and Ansongo on to the Mali-Niger border. Borders Kaado (Zarma) in Niger, but boundary zone not well studied. | Intelligibility is good of all dialects on the Niger River. Fulan Kirya variety has more limited intelligibility because of heavy lexical borrowing from Fulfulde and Humburi Senni Songhay. Closely related languages: Koyra Chiini Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay, Zarma, Dendi. Lexical similarity 77% between Gao and Timbuktu dialects, lexical similarity 50% with Tadaksahak. | National language. Trade language. Language of instruction at primary level in some experimental schools. All ages. Gao variety is dominant in all respects. Many are monolingual. Some know Bambara, French, or Tamasheq, but there is no extensive bilingualism (J. Heath 1999). | Actively promoted by the government through adult literacy classes and as the language of instruction at the primary level in some experimental schools. Some French literacy. Dictionary. Grammar. | Actively promoted by the government through adult literacy classes and as the language of instruction at the primary level in some experimental schools. Some French literacy. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| set | Sentani | 30,000 (1996 SIL). Few monolinguals. | Around Lake Sentani, about 30 villages. Also scattered in the rest of Papua and a few other parts of Indonesia. | East Sentani, West Sentani, Central Sentani. Lexical similarity 30% with Tabla. | Vigorous in most families. All domains. Sometimes used in church. Oral use in commerce, oral literature. Schools are beginning to use Sentani in grades 1 to 6. Positive language attitude. Most speak some degree of Indonesian. Parents want their children to be prepared for school in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 16%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. About 5,000 can read and write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 16%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. About 5,000 can read and write it. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| sev | Senoufo, Nyarafolo | 48,000 (2003 SIL). | Northeast around Ferkessédougou. | East Sentani, West Sentani, Central Sentani. Lexical similarity 30% with Tabla. | Vigorous in most families. All domains. Sometimes used in church. Oral use in commerce, oral literature. Schools are beginning to use Sentani in grades 1 to 6. Positive language attitude. Most speak some degree of Indonesian. Parents want their children to be prepared for school in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sey | Secoya | 144 in Peru. | Northern Peru, Boca de Angusilla and Santa Marta, a small river off the Napo River near the Ecuador border. | Angotero, Piojé. | Official language. All ages. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| sez | Chin, Senthang | 18,200 (1983). | Haka, Chin Hills. | Very different from other Chin languages. | Official language. All ages. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| sfs | South African Sign Language | 12,100 deaf persons including 6,000 Black, 2,000 English white, 2,000 Afrikaans white, 1,200 Coloured, 900 Indian; 1986 Gallaudet Univ. | Haka, Chin Hills. | The North British sign system was used for the deaf in white English-speaking families. In 1881 a school for Afrikaans-speaking families was begun using British Sign Language. Several dialects are used unofficially in different schools. There are 9 sign language systems, 60% related to British or Australian sign languages, few to American Sign Language. | Sign language is understood to some degree by most deaf people. Some interpreters are provided in courts. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| sgb | Ayta, Mag-Anchi | 8,200 (1992 SIL). | East side of mountain, Botolan Sambal area, close to Tarlac-Pampanga border, several barrios of Capas, Tarlac, several of Bamban, Tarlac, several of San Marcelino, Zambales, 2 of Castillejos, Zambales, 2 of Mabalacat, Pampanga, several of Sapang Bato, Angeles City, central Luzon. People affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption. | 77% intelligibility of Ayta Indi Sambal, 65% of Ayta Ambala Sambal, 46% of Pampangan. Lexical similarity 76% with Botolan Sambal, 50% with Tagalog, 46% with Pampangan. | Sign language is understood to some degree by most deaf people. Some interpreters are provided in courts. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | |
| sge | Segai | 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, Kelai River and around Longlaai. | Kelai, Segah. Bolongan may be a dialect. | Sign language is understood to some degree by most deaf people. Some interpreters are provided in courts. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | |
| sgg | Swiss-German Sign Language | 6,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Northeast, Kelai River and around Longlaai. | Kelai, Segah. Bolongan may be a dialect. | Sign language is understood to some degree by most deaf people. Some interpreters are provided in courts. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1995–2000. | |
| sgh | Shughni | 20,000 in Afghanistan (1994). | Both sides of Afghan-Tajikistan border, some 30 miles north of Ishkashim, Pamir Mountains. | Roshani (Rushani, Rushan, Oroshani), Shughni (Shugni, Shighni, Shughnani, Shugan, Khugni, Kushani, Saighani, Ghorani), Bartangi (Bartang), Oroshor (Oroshori). | 70% of the ethnic group speaks Shughni including dialects. Used in the home. 60% of children speak Shughni. Positive language attitude. Tajiki is used as a literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| sgl | Sanglechi-Ishkashimi | 500 in Tajikistan. Ethnic population: 1,000 in Tajikistan (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Tajikistan. | Ishkashimi (Ishkashim, Eshkashmi), Zebak (Zebaki), Sanglich. | 70% of the ethnic group are speakers. Some key domains. 60% of children are speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Tajiki, which is used as literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| sgo | Songa | No estimate available. | Southern Kivu Province. | Ishkashimi (Ishkashim, Eshkashmi), Zebak (Zebaki), Sanglich. | 70% of the ethnic group are speakers. Some key domains. 60% of children are speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Tajiki, which is used as literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| sgp | Singpho | 3,000 (1997 R. Breton). | Assam, Tinsukia District, Margherita Subdivision; Arunachal Pradesh, Lohit, and Changlang districts. | Lexical similarity 50% with Jingpho of Myanmar. | Speakers also use Hindi or Assamese. | Roman script. Bible portions: 1907. | Roman script. Bible portions: 1907. | |
| sgr | Sangisari | No estimate available. | Semnân Province. | Lexical similarity 50% with Jingpho of Myanmar. | Speakers also use Hindi or Assamese. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sgt | Brokpake | 5,000 (1993 Van Driem). Population includes 2,000 in and around Mera, 3,000 in and around Sagteng. | Sakteng Valley east of Trashigang District, mainly in Merak and Sakteng villages. | Related to Monpa of Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, India. | Speakers also use Hindi or Assamese. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sgu | Salas | 50 (1989 SIL). | Salas Gunung village, Seram Island, Waru Bay, central Maluku. | Lexical similarity 48% to 58% with Liana, 46% to 50% with Benggoi, 35% to 46% with Manusela. | Most use Masiwang as second language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| sgw | Sebat Bet Gurage | 440,000. Population includes Chaha 130,000, Gura 20,000, Muher 90,000, Gyeto 80,000, Ezha 120,000. | West Gurage Region, Chaha is spoken in and around Emdibir, Gura is spoken in and around Gura Megenase and Wirir, Muher is spoken in and around Ch'eza and in the mountains north of Chaha and Ezha, Gyeto is spoken south of Ark'it' in K'abul and K'want'e, Ezha is spoken in Agenna. | Chaha (Cheha), Ezha (Eza, Izha), Gumer (Gwemarra), Gura, Gyeto, Muher. A member of the Gurage cluster of languages. | Most use Masiwang as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25.3%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25.3%. NT: 1983. | |
| sgx | Sierra Leone Sign Language | No estimate available. | Freetown. | Chaha (Cheha), Ezha (Eza, Izha), Gumer (Gwemarra), Gura, Gyeto, Muher. A member of the Gurage cluster of languages. | Most use Masiwang as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25.3%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25.3%. NT: 1983. | |
| sha | Shall-Zwall | 8,900 (2004). | Bauchi State, Dass LGA. | Shall (Shal), Zwall. Dialect cluster. | Most use Masiwang as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25.3%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25.3%. NT: 1983. | |
| shb | Ninam | 100 in Venezuela. | Karun and Paragua rivers, Bolivar State. | Northern Ninam, Southern Ninam. | In Venezuela all speakers also use Spanish or Arecuna or both. | Bible portions: 1970. | Bible portions: 1970. | |
| she | Sheko | 23,785. 13,611 monolinguals (1998 census). Ethnic population: 23,785 (1998 census). | Kafa Region, Shako District. Gaizek'a is a monolingual community. Bajek'a, Selale, and Shimi are multilingual. | Dorsha, Bulla (Daan, Dan, Daanyir). | 4,920 second-language speakers. Used in the home, religion, and community. Some bilingualism in Amharic and Bench. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16.3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16.3%. | |
| shg | Shua | 6,000 (2004 Cook). Population includes 100 Danisi (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Central District, Tutume Subdistrict: Nata, Gweta; Boteti Subdistrict: Motopi, Popipi, Mokoboxane, Mmatshumu, Letlhakane. | Shua-Khwe (Mashuakwe), N|oo-Khwe (N|oo, N||ookhwe), |Oree-Khwe (|Oree, |Koree-Khoe), ||'Aiye (|Aaye), |Xaise (|Haise, |Taise, |Hais, |Ais), Tshidi-Khwe (Tsh'iti, Tcaiti, Sili, Shete Tsere), Danisi (Danisis, Danisa, Demisa, Madenasse, Madenassa, Madinnisane), Cara, Deti, Ganádi. | 4,920 second-language speakers. Used in the home, religion, and community. Some bilingualism in Amharic and Bench. | Bible portions: 1978. | Bible portions: 1978. | |
| shh | Shoshoni | 2,284 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 7,000 (1977 SIL). | The Western Shoshoni are in central to northeastern Nevada and Fort Hall Reservation in Idaho; Northern Shoshoni in Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, Goshute in western Utah. | Gosiute (Goshute), Western Shoshoni, Northern Shoshoni. Wind River Shoshoni is a subdialect of Northern Shoshoni, spoken at Wind River Reservation. Close to Comanche and Panamint, which are not inherently intelligible with Shoshoni. | Vigorous in a few families. In most locations only the older ones speak the language. Speakers also use English. | Bible portions: 1986. | Bible portions: 1986. | |
| shi | Tachelhit | 3,000,000 in Morocco (1998). | Southern Algeria near the Moroccan border around Tabelbala. | Susiua (Sus, Sousse). | One of the more widely used Berber languages. Many men also use Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. | Bible portions: 1906–1925. | Bible portions: 1906–1925. | |
| shj | Shatt | 15,000 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Shatt Hills southwest of Kadugli (Shatt Daman, Shatt Safia, Shatt Tebeldia), and parts of Abu Hashim and Abu Sinam. | Lexical similarity 64% with Liguri, 62% with Daju of Dar Fur (Nyala and Lagowa), 60% with Sila. | One of the more widely used Berber languages. Many men also use Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. | Bible portions: 1906–1925. | Bible portions: 1906–1925. | |
| shk | Shilluk | 175,000 (1982 SIL). | Southern Sudan, Upper Nile Province, between Nile and Kordofan Province boundary, from Latitude 11 in the north to about 80 miles west of Tonga; also on the east bank of the Nile around the junction of the Nile and Sobat rivers, and for about 20 miles up the Sobat River. | Lexical similarity 60% with Anuak, Pari, Luwo. | One of the more widely used Berber languages. Many men also use Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1977. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1977. | |
| shl | Shendu | 1,000 in Bangladesh (1980 UBS). | Mizoram. | Close to Asho, Khyang, Thayetmo, Minbu, Chinbon, Lemyo, Mara Chin (Lakher). | One of the more widely used Berber languages. Many men also use Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1977. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1977. | |
| shm | Shahrudi | No estimate available. | Khalkhal District in Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Shahrud District, Shal, Kolur, Lerd. | Close to Kajali and Koresh-e Rostam. Different from Sharudi, a Western Farsi dialect. | One of the more widely used Berber languages. Many men also use Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1977. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1977. | |
| shn | Shan | 60,000 in Thailand (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Maehongson, Myuang Haeng, Chiangrai, Chiangmai, Maesai, Tak, on northwestern border. | Kokant Shan, Tai Mao (Mao, Maw, Mau, Tai Long, Northern Shan). Burmese Shan is spoken with regional dialect differences, but dialects are close linguistically. Tai-Khae (Khe) may be a dialect. Low intelligibility of Lü. | One of the more widely used Berber languages. Many men also use Arabic, but many women do not learn Arabic. | Bible: 1892. | Bible: 1892. | |
| sho | Shanga | 5,000 (1995). | Kebbi State between Kaoje and Yauri, on both sides of the Niger River, but especially on the north bank; Gante, Lafugu, Zaria, Besse, Shanga, Dugu Raha, Dugu Tsofo, Bakin Turu villages. | Not inherently intelligible with the Busa group. Lexical similarity 70% with Tyenga, 38% to 40% lexical similarity with the Busa group. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Bible: 1892. | Bible: 1892. | |
| shp | Shipibo-Conibo | 26,000 (2003 SIL). | Northeastern middle Ucayali River area, Painaco, Requena, Sur Bolognesi, Pisqui (on the other side of Contamana). | Shipibo (Alto Ucayali), Conibo (Coniba), Pisquibo, Shetebo (Setebo, Setibo, Xitibo, Manoita), Shipibo del Madre de Dios. | Official language. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 20%, 2 23%, 3 30%, 4 15%, 5 2%. Eager to learn and use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| shs | Shuswap | 500 (2002 Poser). Ethnic population: 6,500 (1990 M.D. Kinkade). | British Columbia, east central. | Eastern Shuswap, Western Shuswap. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sht | Shasta | Extinct. Ethnic population: 12 (1990 census). | Formerly in northern California. | Formerly there were four dialects. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| shu | Arabic, Chadian Spoken | 100,000 in Nigeria (1973 SIL). | Borno State, Dikwa, Konduga, Ngala, and Bama LGAs, and ranging widely across Borno and Yobe states on transhumance. | Batha (Biltine), Chari-Baguirmi (Salamat). A pidginized variety of this, commonly called 'Bongor Arabic', is spoken as a second language by many people in the Mayo-Kebbi and other parts of south Chad. | Trade language. No diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967–1991. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967–1991. | |
| shv | Shehri | 25,000 (1993 census). | Dofar, in the mountains north of Al-Salala. | Central Jibbali, Eastern Jibbali, Western Jibbali. Eastern Jibbali includes Kuria Muria ('Baby' Jibbali). Speakers are reported to be increasingly bilingual in Dhofari Arabic. | Trade language. No diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967–1991. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967–1991. | |
| shw | Shwai | 3,500 (1989). | Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, in villages in the Shwai Hills, northwest of Otoro near Heiban-Kadugli road. | Shabun, Cerumba (Shirumba), Ndano. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967–1991. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967–1991. | |
| shx | She | 911 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 197 monolinguals. Population includes 579 Luofu, 386 Lianhua (1995 McConnell). Ethnic population: 630,378 (1990 census) in the official nationality, including 270,000 in Fujian and a smaller group in Guangdong. | Southeastern Guangdong Province, (Lianhua dialect in Haifeng and Huidong counties; Luofu dialect in Boluo and Zengcheng counties), more than 10 villages. | Luofu (Eastern She), Lianhua (Western She). Major linguistic differences with Mien. Closest to Jiongnai Bunu. Dialects are inherently intelligible. Classification within Hmong-Mien is in dispute (McConnell 1995:1320). | Used mainly by adults. All domains by some speakers. Children were predominantly monolingual in She, but now they speak Chinese. Indifferent language attitude. Bilinguals use Hakka or Min or Mandarin Chinese as first or second language. Written Chinese is in common use. 'Shehua' refers to the variety of Hakka spoken by the She. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| shy | Tachawit | 1,400,000 (1993). | South and southeast of Grand Kabylie in the Aurès Mountains. | Luofu (Eastern She), Lianhua (Western She). Major linguistic differences with Mien. Closest to Jiongnai Bunu. Dialects are inherently intelligible. Classification within Hmong-Mien is in dispute (McConnell 1995:1320). | One of the more widely used Berber languages. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| shz | Senoufo, Syenara | 136,500 (1991 Vanderaa). | South of the Duun language area around Kadiolo. | Luofu (Eastern She), Lianhua (Western She). Major linguistic differences with Mien. Closest to Jiongnai Bunu. Dialects are inherently intelligible. Classification within Hmong-Mien is in dispute (McConnell 1995:1320). | National language. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. |
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