1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ria | Riang | 1,011 in Bangladesh (2000). | Chittagong Hills. | Considered to be a dialect of Kok Borok. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | Literacy rate in second language: Very low. School attendance is low. Roman script. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in second language: Very low. School attendance is low. Roman script. NT: 1990. | |
| rie | Rien | 5,279 (2000 WCD). | Chittagong Hills. | Considered to be a dialect of Kok Borok. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | Literacy rate in second language: Very low. School attendance is low. Roman script. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in second language: Very low. School attendance is low. Roman script. NT: 1990. | |
| rif | Tarifit | 1,500,000 in Morocco (1991). Population total all countries: 1,700,000. | Along the coast, eastern Alteria to Arzeu. | Arzeu, Igzennaian, Iznacen (Beni Iznassen). | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | Bible portions: 1887–2001. | Bible portions: 1887–2001. | |
| ril | Riang | 3,000 in China (1995). | Western Yunnan, vicinities of Zhenkang and Baoshan. | Close to Pale Palaung. May be the same as Shwe Palaung. | Speakers also use Shan. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| rin | Nungu | 50,000 (1999). | Plateau State, Akwanga LGA. | Rindre, Gudi. | Speakers also use Shan. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| rir | Ribun | 45,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwest, south of Kembayan. | Rindre, Gudi. | Speakers also use Shan. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| rit | Ritarungo | 300 (1983 Black). | Eastern Arnhem Land (Rose River, Roper River), Northern Territory. | Rindre, Gudi. | Some also use Kriol or Djinba. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| riu | Riung | 14,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | North central Flores Island, Kecamatan Riung in Kabupaten Ngada, Lesser Sundas. | Close to Manggarai, but marginal intelligibility. | Some also use Kriol or Djinba. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| rjb | Rajbanshi | 129,883 in Nepal (2001 census). Population includes 54 Koche. | Mechi Zone, Jhapa District; Koshi Zone, Morang District. Western dialect spoken from Morang's west border to Bakraha River, Eastern dialect from Kankai River to eastern border with India, Central dialect from Bakraha River to Kankai River. | Western Rajbanshi, Eastern Rajbanshi, Central Rajbanshi. | Vigorous. 3,217 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Rajbansi). Used in the home, village, market, religion, songs. Positive attitude to first language and to language development and literacy. Attitude between dialects and towards Nepali is indifferent. 30% of the population use Nepali as second language, 30% Hindi, 60% Khavas Tharu. Maithili and Bengali also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 37.7% (1991 census). Different scripts in both countries will require separate materials. | Literacy rate in second language: 37.7% (1991 census). Different scripts in both countries will require separate materials. | |
| rjg | Rajong | 4,242 (2000 WCD). | Central Flores, 2 enclaves between Manggarai, Wae Rana, Ngad'a, and Rembong. | Western Rajbanshi, Eastern Rajbanshi, Central Rajbanshi. | Vigorous. 3,217 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Rajbansi). Used in the home, village, market, religion, songs. Positive attitude to first language and to language development and literacy. Attitude between dialects and towards Nepali is indifferent. 30% of the population use Nepali as second language, 30% Hindi, 60% Khavas Tharu. Maithili and Bengali also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 37.7% (1991 census). Different scripts in both countries will require separate materials. | Literacy rate in second language: 37.7% (1991 census). Different scripts in both countries will require separate materials. | |
| rji | Raji | 2,413 (2001 census). | Bheri Zone, Surkhet and Bardiya districts; Seti Zone, Kailali District. | Close to Rawat and Raute. Devidatta Sharma (1990) concludes that Raji in India is a Munda language with borrowing from Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan. | Vigorous in some homes. 1,210 second-language speakers (1991 census). Used in the home. Nepali is used with outsiders. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5% (1991 census). Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5% (1991 census). Grammar. | |
| rka | Kraol | 2,600 (1992 G. Diffloth). | Kratie Province. | Not intelligible to Mnong speakers. | Not bilingual. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5% (1991 census). Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5% (1991 census). Grammar. | |
| rkb | Rikbaktsa | 800 (1994 SIL). | Mato Grosso, confluence of Sangue and Juruena rivers, Japuira on the east bank of the Juruena between the Arinos and Sangue rivers, and Posto Escondido on the west bank of the Juruena 700 km north. 9 villages and 14 settlements. | Not intelligible to Mnong speakers. | Not bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 2000. | |
| rma | Rama | 24 (1989 J. Holm). Ethnic population: 900 (2000 C. Grinevald). | Rama Cay, 30-mile radius. | Not intelligible to Mnong speakers. | Speakers on Rama Key use Nicaragua Creole English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| rmb | Rembarunga | 150 (1983 Black). | Roper River area, Maningrida and outstations, Katherine area, Northern Territory. | Not intelligible to Mnong speakers. | Few children seem to be learning the language. Speakers also use Kriol, Ngalkbun, or Gunwinggu. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| rmc | Romani, Carpathian | 220,000 in Slovakia (1980 UBS). Population includes Czech Republic. | Ukraine, Transcarpathia. One dialect is in east Hungary, south Poland, and Galicia; another in Transylvania, Romania; others in Czech Republic and Slovakia, USA. | Moravian Romani, East Slovakian Romani, West Slovakian Romani. | Speakers do not interact socially with speakers of Vlax Romani or Angloromani. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1996. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1996. | |
| rmd | Traveller Danish | No estimate available. | Ukraine, Transcarpathia. One dialect is in east Hungary, south Poland, and Galicia; another in Transylvania, Romania; others in Czech Republic and Slovakia, USA. | An independent language based on Danish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Not inherently intelligible with Angloromani. It may be intelligible with Traveller Norwegian and Traveller Swedish. | There are reported to be few speakers. It may be linguistically extinct (D. Kenrick 1986). | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1996. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1996. | |
| rme | Angloromani | 100,000 in North America. | England, Wales, Scotland. Also spoken in Australia, South Africa, USA. | Angloromani not inherently intelligible with Welsh Romani, Traveller Swedish, Traveller Norwegian, or Traveller Danish. The grammar is basically English with heavy Romani lexical borrowing. Many dialects. | It has been spoken in the United Kingdom for 500 years. "The Romanichal population must be considered as being more actively determined to retain the ethnic language than some other British minorities" (I. Hancock). | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1996. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1996. | |
| rmf | Romani, Kalo Finnish | 1,592 in Sweden (2000 WCD). | Western and southern. Also spoken in Sweden. | Not inherently intelligible with Traveller Swedish, Traveller Norwegian, Traveller Danish, or Angloromani. | It has been spoken in the United Kingdom for 500 years. "The Romanichal population must be considered as being more actively determined to retain the ethnic language than some other British minorities" (I. Hancock). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | |
| rmg | Norwegian, Traveller | No estimate available. | Western and southern. Also spoken in Sweden. | An independent language based on Norwegian with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani and German Rotwelsch. Not intelligible with Angloromani. | Still very much alive (1997). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | |
| rmh | Murkim | No estimate available. | Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Kiwirok Kecamatan, border area around the Mot airstrip, near the headwaters of the Sepik River. | An independent language based on Norwegian with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani and German Rotwelsch. Not intelligible with Angloromani. | Still very much alive (1997). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | |
| rmi | Lomavren | 50 in Armenia (2004). | Armenia, southern Caucasus. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Russia (Asia), Syria. | Gramatically restructured to be like Armenian with phonology and lexicon also influenced by Armenian. | Still very much alive (1997). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | |
| rmk | Romkun | 632 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Gramatically restructured to be like Armenian with phonology and lexicon also influenced by Armenian. | Still very much alive (1997). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 100%. Bible portions: 1971. | |
| rml | Romani, Baltic | 8,000 in Latvia (1995 V. Zeps). | Baltic Region, central and southern parts. Also spoken in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia (Asia), Ukraine. | Lithuanian Romani. | Still very much alive (1997). | Bible portions: 1933–1996. | Bible portions: 1933–1996. | |
| rmm | Roma | 1,700 (1991 SIL). | Jerusu village, Roma Island, north of Timor Island, south Maluku. | Lithuanian Romani. | Still very much alive (1997). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| rmn | Romani, Balkan | 25,000 Arlija in Turkey. | Black sea region. | Arlija (Erli). | Speakers also use Greek. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1937. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1937. | |
| rmo | Romani, Sinte | 21,000 in Switzerland (1993 Johnstone). | Kazakhstan (formerly Volga area until 1941). | Manuche (Manouche). | Official language. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1875–2001. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1875–2001. | |
| rmp | Rempi | 1,594 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Manuche (Manouche). | Official language. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1875–2001. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1875–2001. | |
| rmr | Caló | 5,000 in Portugal. | Southern France. | Spanish Calo, Portuguese Calão (Calão, Lusitano-Romani), Catalonian Calo, Basque Calo, Brazilian Calão. | Speakers also use Portuguese. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1837–1872. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1837–1872. | |
| rms | Romanian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Southern France. | Spanish Calo, Portuguese Calão (Calão, Lusitano-Romani), Catalonian Calo, Basque Calo, Brazilian Calão. | Speakers also use Portuguese. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1837–1872. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1837–1872. | |
| rmt | Domari | 28,461 in Turkey (2000 WCD). | Mainly in western Turkey, some in eastern Turkey. | Karachi, Beludji, Marashi. | The first language of children in some places. Speakers also use South Levantine Spoken Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| rmu | Romani, Tavringer | 6,000 in Norway (1998 Hallman). | In eastern and northern Norway. | An independent language based on Swedish with heavy lexical borrowing from Northern Romani. Not intelligible with Angloromani. | Used mainly as a secret language by the speakers (D. Kenrick 1985). Speakers are fluent in Swedish or Norwegian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| rmw | Romani, Welsh | No estimate available. | England and Wales. | Not inherently intelligible with Angloromani. | Used mainly as a secret language by the speakers (D. Kenrick 1985). Speakers are fluent in Swedish or Norwegian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| rmx | Romam | 250 (1993 Dang Nghiem Van). | On the Viet Nam-Cambodian border. | Not inherently intelligible with Angloromani. | Used mainly as a secret language by the speakers (D. Kenrick 1985). Speakers are fluent in Swedish or Norwegian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| rmy | Romani, Vlax | 4,100 in United Kingdom (2004). | Eastern and western Ukraine, Odessa, Transcarpathia. | Kalderash, Lovari. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| rna | Runa | Extinct. | Eastern and western Ukraine, Odessa, Transcarpathia. | Kalderash, Lovari. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| rnp | Rongpo | 7,500 (2001 D. Bradley). | Uttaranchal, Chamoli district, Joshimath Tahsel, Niti valley, Niti, Gamshali, Bampa, Malari villages; Mana valley, Mana, Indradhara, Gajkoti, Pathiya-Dhantoli, Hanuman Chatti, Benakuli, Aut; Marchha dialect in Mana and Niti valleys, Tolchha in Niti valley (very few in number). | "Marchha", "Tolchha". A Himalayan language distinct from Tibetan. Differences between Marchha and Tolchha dialects are phonetic only. | Rongpo speakers learn Garhwali simultaneously with Rongpo. Code switching and code mixing are very common. Used in the home and with friends from same group. Not used in any type of written domain. All ages. There is a history of stable bilingualism in Garhwali or Hindi. Some speakers also use Kumauni. | Hindi is used for all written communication. Grammar. | Hindi is used for all written communication. Grammar. | |
| rob | Tae' | 250,000 (1992 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Kabupaten Luwu from the Larompong District through Sabbang, with some other scattered pockets. Rongkong dialect is in southeast Limbong and Sabbang subdistricts of Luwu District. Also an enclave in Wasuponda, Nuha Subdistrict near the town of Soroako. Rongkong Atas is the upper river system in Limbong and in Seko Lemo. Rongkong Bawah is the lower river system in Sabbang. | Rongkong, Northeast Luwu, South Luwu, Bua. Lexical similarity 92% among dialects, over 86% with the northern dialects, 80% with Toraja-Sa'dan. | Vigorous. Lemolang and some Bugis, Torajans speak Tae'. Written use for ancestral stories. All domains. Positive language attitude. Indonesian used in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. About 10% to 20% write it. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. About 10% to 20% write it. | |
| roc | Roglai, Cacgia | 3,000 (2002). | Ninh Thuan Province, on the coast northeast of Phan Rang. | It is considerably different from other Roglai dialects. | Vigorous. Lemolang and some Bugis, Torajans speak Tae'. Written use for ancestral stories. All domains. Positive language attitude. Indonesian used in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. About 10% to 20% write it. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. About 10% to 20% write it. | |
| rod | Rogo | No estimate available. | Niger State, Rafi and Mariga LGAs, around Ucanja town, 30 km northwest of Kagara; Kaduna State, Birnin Gwari LGA. | It is considerably different from other Roglai dialects. | Vigorous. Lemolang and some Bugis, Torajans speak Tae'. Written use for ancestral stories. All domains. Positive language attitude. Indonesian used in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. About 10% to 20% write it. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. About 10% to 20% write it. | |
| rog | Roglai, Northern | 52,931 (2002). | Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa and Lam Dong provinces, in the mountains west and south of Nhatrang, and some near Dalat. | It is considerably different from other Roglai dialects. | Vigorous. Lemolang and some Bugis, Torajans speak Tae'. Written use for ancestral stories. All domains. Positive language attitude. Indonesian used in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1966–1973. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1966–1973. | |
| rol | Romblomanon | 200,000 (1987 SIL). | Romblon and Sibuyan Islands, parts of eastern Tablas Island, north of Panay. | Sibuyan, Romblon, Basiq. Sibuyan Island has 70% intelligibility of Aklanon, 73% of Hiligaynon, 94% of Romblon. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| ron | Romanian | 250,000 in Ukraine (2004). | Historically the regions of Bucovina and southern Basarabia (Chernowitz or Cernauti regions) were incorporated into the USSR from Romania by the Ribentrop-Molotov treaty in 1939. | Moldavan (Moldovian, Moldovean), Muntenian (Walachian, Muntean), Banat, Bayash, Chrishana, Maramuresh, Oltenia-Lesser Wallachia (Oltean). | Official language. Many Gypsies in Moldova and southern Ukraine speak Moldavan as first language. | Roman script in Moldova. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. Bible: 1688–1989. | Roman script in Moldova. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. Bible: 1688–1989. | |
| roo | Rotokas | 4,320 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Bougainville Province, Central Bougainville District, central mountains. 28 villages. | Pipipaia, Aita, Atsilima. | Official language. Many Gypsies in Moldova and southern Ukraine speak Moldavan as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| rop | Kriol | 10,000 (1991 B. Borneman SIL). | Roper River, Katherine areas, Ngukurr, Northern Territory; Kimberley Region Western Australia; Gulf Country, Lower Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. | Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. | 10,000 second-language speakers (1991 SIL). Preschool children may not be bilingual in another language. There are many first-language Kriol speakers who are not fully bilingual in English or in Aboriginal languages. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| ror | Rongga | 2,121 (2000 WCD). | South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngad'a, and south of Wae Rana. | Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. | 10,000 second-language speakers (1991 SIL). Preschool children may not be bilingual in another language. There are many first-language Kriol speakers who are not fully bilingual in English or in Aboriginal languages. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| rou | Runga | 21,500 in Central African Republic (1996). | Bamingui-Bangoran Prefecture, capital city of Bangui. | Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole, Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Daly River Kriol. Kimberley Kriol has many differences with Ngukkur Kriol. Both Kriol and Torres Strait Creole are spreading, and are nearly overlapping in Queensland. | Several villages of ethnic Runga near Ndélé speak Arabic as first language: 3,280 (1988 census). Speakers also use Shua Arabic. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| row | Dela-Oenale | 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. | Rote Island west coast, domains of Dela and Oe Nale. | Dela (Delha), Oenale (Oe Nale). Dela-Oenale seems to be between Dengka and Dhao. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| rpt | Rapting | 332 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related to Murupi, Wamas, Samosa, Mosimo, Saruga, Nake, Matepi, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| rsb | Romano-Serbian | No estimate available. | Serbia. | Related to Serbian with influences from Romani. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| rsi | Rennellese Sign Language | 1 (1986 Gallaudet University). | Rennell Island. | Related to Serbian with influences from Romani. | Developed about 1915 by Kagobai, the first deaf person. Used also by hearing people. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| rsl | Russian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Moscow, Armavir, Gorky, Kazan, Kirov, Kolomna, Kujbyshev, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Rostov on Don, Sverdlovsk have schools for the deaf. Also used in Bulgaria. | Related to Austrian and French sign languages. | There are deaf associations and athletic clubs. Signed interpretation required in court, and used at important public events. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. | Primary schools for deaf children since 1878. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Primary schools for deaf children since 1878. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| rth | Ratahan | 30,000 (1989). | Northeastern section of the northern peninsula of Sulawesi, around Ratahan and to the southeast coast of the northern peninsula. | Related to Austrian and French sign languages. | There are deaf associations and athletic clubs. Signed interpretation required in court, and used at important public events. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| rtw | Rathawi | 308,640 (1981 census). | Gujarat, Baroda and Panchmahals districts. | 76% intelligibility of Bhilali. There is a dialect continuum from Bhilali to Rathawa, but the extremes have limited intelligibility of each other. Lexical similarity 83% with Bhilali. | There are deaf associations and athletic clubs. Signed interpretation required in court, and used at important public events. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is an organization for sign language teachers. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%, 21% males, 3% females. | Literacy rate in second language: 12%, 21% males, 3% females. | |
| rue | Rusyn | 50,000 in Slovakia (1991 census). | Northeast Slovakia, Preshov Region. | Lemko. | Nearly 60% have assimilated culturally and linguistically with the Slovaks. Some ethnic Rusyns in Croatia are reported to speak Eastern Slovak, Sarish dialect, not Rusyn. In 1995 it was declared a normative, codified language in Slovakia, can formally be taught in schools, used for publications, school textbooks. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. | |
| ruh | Ruga | No estimate available. | Meghalaya, near the Garo. | Most closely related to A'tong, Koch, Rabha. Not inherently intelligible with Garo. | Speakers are older adults. Most Ruga are more fluent in Garo than Ruga. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. | |
| ruk | Che | 100,000 (2003 Blench). | Plateau State, Bassa LGA. | Most closely related to A'tong, Koch, Rabha. Not inherently intelligible with Garo. | Speakers are older adults. Most Ruga are more fluent in Garo than Ruga. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1924–1931. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1924–1931. | |
| ruo | Romanian, Istro | 555 to 1,500 (1994). | Northeast Istrian Peninsula, Zejane village and a few villages to the south. | Structurally a separate language from Romanian (F. B. Agard). Split from the other 3 Romanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. Not the same as the Istriot language. | Few children speakers. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1924–1931. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1924–1931. | |
| rup | Romanian, Macedo | 15,000 in Serbia and Montenegro (Society of Aromanians). | Belgrade, Vojvodina and Kosovo. | Structurally a distinct language from Romanian (F. Agard). It split from the other 3 Rumanian languages between 500 and 1000 A.D. Many dialects. | The educational structure is being set up to teach in Aromanian. | Roman and Greek scripts. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1881–1889. | Roman and Greek scripts. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1881–1889. | |
| ruq | Romanian, Megleno | 2,000 in Macedonia (2002 Nicholas). | Kilkis prefecture, Meglen Region, north of Salonika. Also spoken in Macedonia. | Structurally a distinct language from Romanian, Macedo Romanian, and Istro Romanian (F. Agard). | The educational structure is being set up to teach in Aromanian. | Roman and Greek scripts. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1881–1889. | Roman and Greek scripts. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1881–1889. | |
| rus | Russian | 334,615 in the USA (1970 census). | North Xinjiang, including Urumqi, and Heilongjiang. | North Russian, South Russian. | The Doukhobors and Molokans are conservative religious groups who speak Standard Russian. Other Russian speakers in the USA have long-standing residence; still others have come more recently. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1680–1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1680–1993. | |
| rut | Rutul | 20,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 20,111. Ethnic population: 19,503 in Russia (1989 census). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan. | Shina, Borch, Ixreko-Muxrek. Dialects are not sharply defined. | 99% speak it as first language. Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Rutul. Positive language attitude. Lezgin is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ruu | Lobu, Lanas | 2,800 (1986 SIL). Population includes 2,000 in Lobu, 800 in Rumanau. | Lobu in Keningau District near Lanas, Rumanau in Masaum, Mangkawagu, Minusu, Kinabatangan District. | Lobu, Rumanau (Rumanau Alab, Romanau, Roomarrows). | 99% speak it as first language. Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Rutul. Positive language attitude. Lezgin is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ruy | Mala | 6,627 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Lobu, Rumanau (Rumanau Alab, Romanau, Roomarrows). | 99% speak it as first language. Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Rutul. Positive language attitude. Lezgin is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ruz | Ruma | 5,090 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Lobu, Rumanau (Rumanau Alab, Romanau, Roomarrows). | 99% speak it as first language. Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Rutul. Positive language attitude. Lezgin is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| rwa | Rawo | 640 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province coast around Rawo and Leitre. | Related to Krisa, Puari, Warapu. | 99% speak it as first language. Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Rutul. Positive language attitude. Lezgin is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| rwo | Rawa | 11,500 (1998 SIL). Population includes 7,000 Rawa and 4,500 Karo. | Madang Province, Upper Ramu District (Rawa dialect), Rai Coast District (Karo dialect). The two dialects are on opposite sides of the Finisterre Range. | Rawa, Karo. | 99% speak it as first language. Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Rutul. Positive language attitude. Lezgin is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% Rawa, below 1% Karo. Literacy rate in second language: 25% Rawa, 50% Karo. Grammar. NT: 1992–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% Rawa, below 1% Karo. Literacy rate in second language: 25% Rawa, 50% Karo. Grammar. NT: 1992–2001. | |
| rwr | Marwari | 22,637 in Nepal (2001 census). Ethnic population: 43,971. | Eastern upper Sindh Province. | Barmeri, Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Standard Marwari (Jodhpuri). The standard form of Rajasthani. May or may not be different from Marwari of Pakistan. 67% intelligibility by Shekhawati, 61% by Godwari, 54% by Mewari, 54% by Dhundari, 45% by Harauti, 45% by Mewati. Lexical similarity 57% to 69% between dialects; 49% to 74% with Merwari, 51% to 68% with Shekhawati, 50% to 72% with Godwari, 56% to 70% with Mewari, 53% to 60% with Dhundari, 50% to 60% with Harauti, 50% to 61% with Mewati; 80% to 85% among some Gujarat and Rajasthan Marwari Bhil dialects; 75% to 80% with Wagdi; 75% to 83% with Patelia; 67% to 87% with Adiwasi Girasia; 67% to 84% with Rajput Girasia. | 933 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Marwadi). | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | |
| rws | Rawas | 150,000 (1989). | South Sumatra Province, Musi Rawas Regency, around Ambacang and along Musi River. | Rupit, Rawas Ulu, Rawas Ilir. | 933 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Marwadi). | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | |
| ryn | Amami-Oshima, Northern | 10,000 (2004). | Northwestern Okinawa; northern Amami-oshima Island. | Naze, Sani. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. | Only adult speakers, but understand and use Standard Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | |
| rys | Yaeyama | Ethnic population: 47,636 (2000 WCD). | Southern Okinawa; Ishigaki, Iriomote, Hatoma, Kohama, Taketomi, Kuroshima, Hateruma, Aregusuku islands. | Ishigaki, Kabira, Shiraho, Taketomi, Kohama, Hatoma, Sonai, Kuroshima, Hateruma. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. | Adult speakers can also understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Yaeyama, but mainly use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | Literacy rate in second language: 88%. | |
| ryu | Okinawan, Central | 984,285 (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: The total ethnic population of Okinawan is 120,000,000 (2000 Yukio Uemura). | Central Okinawa; southern Okinawa Island, Kerama Islands, Kume-jima, Tonaki, Aguna islands, and islands east of Okinawa Island. | Shuri, Naha, Torishima, Kudaka. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. | Adult speakers can also understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand Okinawan, but use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1855–1858. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1855–1858. | |
| saa | Saba | 1,335 (2000). | South central, Guéra Prefecture, Melfi Subprefecture, northeast of Melfi. | Shuri, Naha, Torishima, Kudaka. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. | Chadian Arabic is the second language of speakers, but with low proficiency. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1855–1858. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1855–1858. | |
| sab | Buglere | 2,500 (1986 SIL). | Mountains of western Panama. | Sabanero, Bokotá. | Speakers of Sabanero are few and integrated among the Guaymí. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| sac | Mesquakie | 200 to 300 (2001 Goddard). A handful of Sauk speakers (2000 Ives Goddard). Ethnic population: 1,200. | Mesquakie at Tama, Iowa; Sac and Fox at Sac and Fox Reservation on eastern Kansas-Nebraska border and central Oklahoma. | Fox, Sac, Mesquakie. Kansas and Oklahoma groups are closely related to Kickapoo of Oklahoma and Mexico. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1986–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1986–1996. | |
| sad | Sandawe | 40,000 (2000). | Dodoma Region, Kondoa District, between the Bubu and Mponde rivers. | Bisa, Telha. 2 dialects. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. People think Sandawe is too difficult to read or write. Older people and those in remote areas are monolingual. Most use Swahili as second language. Most have limited comprehension of other languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1986–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1986–1996. | |
| sae | Sabanês | 60 (1995 AMTB). | Mato Grosso. | Bisa, Telha. 2 dialects. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. People think Sandawe is too difficult to read or write. Older people and those in remote areas are monolingual. Most use Swahili as second language. Most have limited comprehension of other languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1986–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1986–1996. | |
| sag | Sango | Few speakers in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | Extreme northern border of Equateur Province (Oubangui River). | A rapidly spreading creole derived from Ngbandi. Lexical similarity 51% with French, 49% from African languages. However, the African-based words are used more frequently. | Trade language. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1966. | Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1966. | |
| sah | Yakut | 363,000 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 382,000. | Yakutia, near the Arctic Ocean, nearly the entire length of the basin of the middle Lena River and the Aldan and Kolyma rivers; 2,000 miles long. Jakutsk (Yakutsk) is the capital. | A rapidly spreading creole derived from Ngbandi. Lexical similarity 51% with French, 49% from African languages. However, the African-based words are used more frequently. | It is used as second language by some Evenki, Even, and Yukaghir people. A town koine has developed in Jakutsk, which older speakers rejected. A higher percentage of teachers and officials come from this group than from nearby languages. Positive language attitude. Russian is used in higher education. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1858–2000. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1858–2000. | |
| saj | Sahu | 7,500 (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Population includes 3,500 in Tala'i, 4,000 in Pa'disua. | North Maluku, southwestern north Halmahera Island. | Pa'disua (Palisua), Tala'i. Close to Waioli and Gamkonora. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| sam | Samaritan Aramaic | Extinct. Ethnic population: 620 (1999 H. Mutzafi). | West Bank near Nablus and in Tel Aviv, Israel. Also spoken in Israel. | Pa'disua (Palisua), Tala'i. Close to Waioli and Gamkonora. | The language ceased to be spoken as first language in the 10th to 12th centuries A.D. They use Samaritan Hebrew mainly and Samaritan Aramaic secondarily as liturgical languages. About 30% live near Nablus and speak Palestinian Arabic as first language. Others live near Tel Aviv and speak Hebrew as first language. Liturgy. | Syriac script. | Syriac script. | |
| san | Sanskrit | 6,106 (1981 census). | West Bank near Nablus and in Tel Aviv, Israel. Also spoken in Israel. | Pa'disua (Palisua), Tala'i. Close to Waioli and Gamkonora. | Official language. 194,433 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% literate. Bible: 1822. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% literate. Bible: 1822. | |
| sao | Sause | 250 (2000 Wurm). | Southwest of Sentani, northwest of Lereh, villages of Ures, Mubararon, Sause-Bokoko, Witti-Yadow, Lidya, Puaral. | Pa'disua (Palisua), Tala'i. Close to Waioli and Gamkonora. | Official language. 194,433 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% literate. Bible: 1822. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% literate. Bible: 1822. | |
| sap | Sanapaná | 6,900 (1991 SIL). Population includes 2,900 Sanapana and 4,000 Angaite. | Chaco. Sanapana are north of Angaite and Lengua; Boquerón, Presidente Hayes Department, Galbán River. Large concentrations at Salazar Ranch, La Patria, and Esperanza. Angaite are in the southeast Chaco, Presidente Hayes Department, Boquerón, San Carlos. | Sanapana, Angaite (Angate, Enlit, Covavitis, Covahloc). Lexical similarity 85% with Northern Lengua. | Vigorous. All ages. Some of the older people are monolingual. Very limited comprehension of Lengua and Paraguayan Guaraní. Some older adults are monolingual. Many young people speak only Guaraní, but comprehend Angaite. | Bible portions: 1994–1995. | Bible portions: 1994–1995. | |
| saq | Samburu | 147,000 (1994 I. Larsen BTL). Population includes 128,000 Samburu, 19,000 Chamus. | Samburu District, and south and east shores of Lake Baringo, Baringo District, Rift Valley Province (Chamus). | Chamus (Ilcamus, Njemps). Lexical similarity 94% to 88% with Chamus, 89% to 77% with Maasai, 59% with Ngasa (Ongamo), 82% between Chamus and Maasai. | The El Molo mainly speak Samburu now, a slightly different dialect. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Samburu: 15% to 25%, Chamus: 41%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Samburu: 15% to 25%, Chamus: 41%. | |
| sar | Saraveca | Extinct. | Eastern jungle. | Chamus (Ilcamus, Njemps). Lexical similarity 94% to 88% with Chamus, 89% to 77% with Maasai, 59% with Ngasa (Ongamo), 82% between Chamus and Maasai. | The El Molo mainly speak Samburu now, a slightly different dialect. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Samburu: 15% to 25%, Chamus: 41%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Samburu: 15% to 25%, Chamus: 41%. | |
| sas | Sasak | 2,100,000 (1989). | Lombok Island. | Kuto-Kute (North Sasak), Ngeto-Ngete (Northeast Sasak), Meno-Mene (Central Sasak), Ngeno-Ngene (Central East Sasak, Central West Sasak), Mriak-Mriku (Central South Sasak). Complex dialect network. Some 'dialects' have difficult intelligibility with each other. Related to Sumbawa and Balinese. | The El Molo mainly speak Samburu now, a slightly different dialect. | Bible portions: 1948. | Bible portions: 1948. | |
| sat | Santali | 40,260 in Nepal (2001 census). Ethnic population: 42,698. | Koshi Zone, Morang District; Mechi Zone, Jhapa District. | Karmali (Khole), Kamari-Santali, Lohari-Santali, Paharia, Mahali (Mahle) Manjhi. | 1,339 second-language Satar speakers and 559 second-language Santhal speakers (1991 census). Some bilingualism in Maithili and Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | |
| sau | Saleman | 4,800 (1989 SIL). | 5 villages (Saleman, Pasanea, Sawai, Besi, Wahai), north central Seram, central Maluku. | Lexical similarity 64% with North Nuaulu, 48% with South Nuaulu. | Vigorous except in Wahai. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: Few. | |
| sav | Saafi-Saafi | 117,050 (2002). | Southwest of and near Thiès, and to the ocean; the triangle between Diamniadio, Popenguine, and Thiès. 60 villages: 43 are over 80% Saafi, 8 are under 50%. | Boukhou, Sebikotane, Sindia, Hasab, Diobass. Dialects are named after villages and a zone (Diobass). Lexical similarity 74% with Non, Lehar, and Palor; 68% with Ndut; 22% with Serer-Sine. | Trade language in the southern Cangin region. Vigorous. All domains, use with Saafi people, oral tradition. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Children and very few adults are monolingual. Some speakers are also bilingual in Ndut, French, Serer-Sine, English, Spanish, Pulaar, Palor. Wolof tends to be used in Muslim ceremonies. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% in French. Desire for Saafi-Saafi literature. Roman script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% in French. Desire for Saafi-Saafi literature. Roman script. Radio programs. | |
| saw | Sawi | 3,500 (1993 Doriot). | Merauke, Atsy, near south coastal lowland, between Kronkel and Ayip rivers and upper Fayit River area, villages of Kamur, Esebor, Wiagas, Minahai, Comoro. | Closest to Awyu. | Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 75%, 1 25%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% semiliterate. NT: 1973–1994. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% semiliterate. NT: 1973–1994. | |
| say | Saya | 50,000 (1973 SIL). Population includes 7,000 Sigdi (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA. | Sigidi (Sugudi, Sigdi, Segiddi), Zaar (Vikzar, Vigzar, Kal, Gambar Leere, Lusa). Saya dialect cluster in Barawa language cluster. | Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 75%, 1 25%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% semiliterate. NT: 1973–1994. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% semiliterate. NT: 1973–1994. | |
| saz | Saurashtra | 310,000 (1997). The districts mentioned each have communities of at least 5,000 speakers. | Tamil Nadu, Madurai, Thanjavur, Dindugul Quaid-E. Milleth, Ramanathapuram, Chengai-Annai, Salem, Tiruchchirappalli, Tirunelveli, North Arcot districts, Madras, Deccan, Madurai, Thanjavur, Salem cities; Karnataka; Andhra Pradesh. | Southern Saurashtra, Northern Saurashtra. Indo-Aryan elements in its deep structure reveal Gujarati relationship. Has borrowed some structure from Dravidian, lexicon from Telugu and Tamil. An Indo-European island surrounded by Dravidian languages. The 3 main populations in Salem, Thanjavur, and Madurai cities had between 67% and 97% inherent intelligibility. All varieties sampled had 77% to 96% lexical similarity. The 3 main populations in Salem, Thanjavur, and Madurai cities had 84% to 96%. Southern dialects have 83% or higher lexical similarity with Thanjavur dialect. | Vigorous. Used at home and in prayer. Most adults speak Saurashtra in private. Most adults speak Tamil in public. | Dictionary. NT: 2001. | Dictionary. NT: 2001. | |
| sba | Ngambay | 750,000 in Chad (1999 SIL). | North Province, along the route to Garoua, Mayo-Rey Division, Rey-Bouba Subdivision, near the Chad border east of Tchollire; Benoue Division, in Garoua. Primarily in Chad, some in Nigeria. | Lara, Benoye, Murum (Mouroum), Kere, Bemar (Daba de Goré). The dialects are reported to be completely intelligible with each other. The Laka language is considered by some to be a dialect of Ngambay. | Trade language. Largest language of the Sara-Bagirmi group. | Bible: 1993. | Bible: 1993. | |
| sbd | Samo, Southern | 85,000 (1998). | Nayala Province, concentrations in Nouna and Solenzo areas, and Ouaga, Bobo, Dedougou, and Koudougou cities. Toma dialect is in Toma, Yaba, Gossina, Ye, Kougny, and Gassan departments. | Toma (Nyaana, Makaa). Some serious difficulty in intelligibility among Samo varieties. Northern Samo speakers have below 10% inherent intelligibility of Southern Samo. | Used in the home, religion, commerce. All ages. Toma is the larger and more politically important dialect. Toma speakers are more bilingual in French; others in Jula. Older men who have traveled a lot also use Jula; otherwise it is mainly youth who use Jula. Reciprocal bilingualism with Mòoré along the eastern border of the area. | Literacy rate in second language: Higher among Toma. Motivation to read French and Toma Samo is high. A literacy center in Toma teaches Toma. Grammar. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in second language: Higher among Toma. Motivation to read French and Toma Samo is high. A literacy center in Toma teaches Toma. Grammar. NT: 1995. | |
| sbf | Shabo | 400 to 500 (2000 M. Brenzinger). Ethnic population: 600 or more (2000). | Kafa Region, between Godere and Mashi, among the Majang and Shekkacho. | Apparently a hybrid. Distinct from Sheko. Lexical similarity 30% with Majang, 12% with other West Cushitic (Omotic) languages. | Most domains. About half the children learn Shabo. Speakers also use Majang or Shekkacho. | Literacy rate in second language: Higher among Toma. Motivation to read French and Toma Samo is high. A literacy center in Toma teaches Toma. Grammar. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in second language: Higher among Toma. Motivation to read French and Toma Samo is high. A literacy center in Toma teaches Toma. Grammar. NT: 1995. | |
| sbg | Seget | 1,200 (1988 SIL). | West Bird's Head southwest of Sorong, west and southwest of Moi language, villages of Walian, Sailolof, Segum, Seget. | Apparently a hybrid. Distinct from Sheko. Lexical similarity 30% with Majang, 12% with other West Cushitic (Omotic) languages. | Most domains. About half the children learn Shabo. Speakers also use Majang or Shekkacho. | Literacy rate in second language: Higher among Toma. Motivation to read French and Toma Samo is high. A literacy center in Toma teaches Toma. Grammar. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in second language: Higher among Toma. Motivation to read French and Toma Samo is high. A literacy center in Toma teaches Toma. Grammar. NT: 1995. | |
| sbi | Seti | 164 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. | Apparently a hybrid. Distinct from Sheko. Lexical similarity 30% with Majang, 12% with other West Cushitic (Omotic) languages. | Most domains. About half the children learn Shabo. Speakers also use Majang or Shekkacho. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| sbj | Surbakhal | 7,885 (2000 WCD). | East, Ouaddaï Prefecture, Adré Subprefecture, between Hadjer Hadid and Alacha. | Lexical similarity 74% with Masalit. | The majority use Maba or Masalit as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| sbl | Sambal, Botolan | 32,867 (2000 SIL). | Central Luzon, Zambales Province, Botolan and Cabangan municipalities. People were affected by Mt. Pinatubo eruption. | Ayta Hambali (Hambali Botolan), Sambali Botolan. The Ayta Hambali use some words like Ayta Mag-anchi among themselves. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce, religion, letters. All ages. Small children are monolingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 100%. All can read and write it. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1982. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60