↓na obsah↓

page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

codename_enpopulationregionname_altdialectslanguage_usedevelopmentcomments
pym Fyam 3,000. Plateau State, Jos, Barkin Ladi, and Mangu LGAs. Closest to Horom. Chadic influence. In some villages, young people use Fyam only in special contexts. Shift to Hausa in progress. Fyam is used at home and in the village in some cases. Hausa is used generally, English in education and government. English is restricted to young people, especially men. 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar.
pyn Poyanáwa 310 (1995 AMTB). Acre, upper Rio Môa, tributary of the Jumá. Closest to Horom. Chadic influence. In some villages, young people use Fyam only in special contexts. Shift to Hausa in progress. Fyam is used at home and in the village in some cases. Hausa is used generally, English in education and government. English is restricted to young people, especially men. 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar. 50% of the young read haltingly in Hausa. Radio programs. Grammar.
pyu Puyuma 8,487 (2002 Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan, ROC). Ethnic population: 8,487. Along the east coast south of Taitung and inland. Nanwang, Pinan. All domains. Most speakeres are older adults. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990.
pyy Pyen 800 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). East central, 2 enclaves very near the Laos border, near the Kha River. Close to Phunoi, Bisu, Mpi. All domains. Most speakeres are older adults. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990.
qua Quapaw 34 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1986 SIL). Northeastern corner of Oklahoma. Close to Kansa, Omaha, Osage, and Ponca, all called 'Dhegiha'. Speakers are shifting to English. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990.
qub Quechua, Huallaga Huánuco 40,000 (1993 SIL). 66% monolingual. Northeast Huánuco Department, including the city of Huánuco. Close to Kansa, Omaha, Osage, and Ponca, all called 'Dhegiha'. Official language. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1917–1995. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1917–1995.
quc K'iche', Central 1,900,000 (2000 SIL). Central highlands, Totonicapan, southern El Quiché, eastern Sololá, eastern Quezaltenango departments. Close to Kansa, Omaha, Osage, and Ponca, all called 'Dhegiha'. Vigorous. All domains, interpreters required in courts, some bilingual schools, oral use in religious services. Positive language attitude. 300,000 are monolingual in K'iche', 400,000 have varying proficiency in Spanish, about 100,000 know Kaqchikel or Tzutujil, a few speak Q'eqchi' or Mam. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. 40,000 can read K'iche', 20,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. 40,000 can read K'iche', 20,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995.
qud Quichua, Calderón Highland 25,000 (1987 SIL). Ethnic population: 35,049 (2000 WCD). Calderón and Cayambe areas of Pichincha Province around Quito. Distinct from Chimborazo, Imbabura, Salasaca. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. Used in the home. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. 40,000 can read K'iche', 20,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. 40,000 can read K'iche', 20,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995.
quf Quechua, Lambayeque 20,000 (1998 SIL). Lambayeque Region, Inkawasi, Kañaris, and Miracosta districts, and the communities of Penachí and Santa Lucía, and in adjacent areas of other departments (Cajamarca, Piura). Incahuasi, Cañaris. Lexical similarity 94% with Cajamarca Quechua. Official language. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992.
qug Quichua, Chimborazo Highland 1,000,000 (1990 UBS). Central highlands, Chimborazo and Bolivar provinces. Dialects of Cotopaxi and the rest of Tungurahua, large towns around Ambato not called Salasaca. Incahuasi, Cañaris. Lexical similarity 94% with Cajamarca Quechua. High percentage of monolinguals. Bible: 1989. Bible: 1989.
quh Quechua, South Bolivian 855,000 in Argentina. Population includes 200,000 temporary laborers, about 100,000 looking for work, 500,000 living in Buenos Aires (1971 F. Hicks). Possibly 70,000 in Salta Province. Buenos Aires, some working on docks. Some in Salta Province. Northwest Jujuy (Colla). Official language. Dictionary. Bible: 1986–1993. Dictionary. Bible: 1986–1993.
qui Quileute 10 (1977 SIL). Ethnic population: 300 (1977 SIL). Pacific side of Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Quileute, Hoh. Speakers are shifting to English. Dictionary. Bible: 1986–1993. Dictionary. Bible: 1986–1993.
quj K'iche', Joyabaj 54,298 (1991 SIL). Quiché Department. Quileute, Hoh. Speakers are shifting to English. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 12%. NT: 1984. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 12%. NT: 1984.
quk Quechua, Chachapoyas 7,000 (2003 SIL). 100 to 300 monolinguals (2003). Ethnic population: 7,000. Chachapoyas and Luya provinces, Amazonas Department. Lamud (West Chachapoyas), Grenada-Mendoza (East Chachapoyas), La Jalca (South Chachapoyas), Llakwash Chachapoyas. Closest to San Martín Quechua. Official language. All ages in Conila, elsewhere older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary and secondary schools.
qul Quechua, North Bolivian 116,483 in Bolivia (1978 census). 18,452 monolinguals. Apolo Region La Paz Department. Also spoken in Peru. Apolo, Charazani, Chuma. Official language. Vigorous. All domains. Used in religious services, commerce, and labor. Positive language attitude. Children are increasing their use of Spanish. Some bilingual education. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1985. Some bilingual education. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1985.
qum Sipakapense 8,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 12,000 or more (2000 E. Kindberg SIL). San Marcos Department. Apolo, Charazani, Chuma. Vigorous. All ages. In a survey of 80 people in 2000, many children were actively using Sipakapense. People prefer Sipakapense. Some speakers have negative attitudes toward Sipakapense. People want to be bilingual in Spanish. Some also use Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–1998. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–1998.
qun Quinault Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,500 (1977 SIL). Formerly on the Pacific side of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Lower Chehalis. Members of the ethnic group now speak English. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–1998. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–1998.
qup Quechua, Southern Pastaza 1,553 (2000 WCD). 20% monolinguals. Northern jungle, Anatico Lake, Pastaza and Huasaga rivers, along the Ñucuray River and Manchari. Lower Chehalis. Official language. Used in the home, work, play, church. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 10%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997.
quq Quinqui No estimate available. Many live on the edge of towns. Lower Chehalis. A blend language of certain urban ex-nomadic groups. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997.
qur Quechua, Yanahuanca Pasco 20,500 (1972 census). 8,200 monolinguals. Western Pasco Department, sparsely populated high country, and more densely populated valleys, districts of Yanahuanca, Villcabamba, Tapoc, Chacayan, Paucar, San Pedro de Pillao, Goyllarisquizqa, Chinche. Many related Quechua dialects intersect here: Junín, Ambo-Pasco, Santa Ana de Tusi, Cajatambo, Dos de Mayo. Further intelligibility studies may be needed. Official language. Used in the home and community. Most speakers older than 25 years. Rural areas are predominately monolingual or barely functional bilingual. Spanish is not well understood nor well spoken. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 20%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 20%.
qus Quichua, Santiago del Estero 60,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 60,000. Santiago del Estero Province, north central Argentina, Departments of Figueroa, Moreno, Robles, Sarmiento, Brigadier J. F. Ibarra, San Martín, Silipica, Loreto, Atamisqui, Avellaneda, Salavina, Quebrachos, Mitre, Aguirre, some in southeast Salta Province, western Taboada Department along the Salado River, and Buenos Aires. Different from Bolivian (lexical similarity 81%) or other Quechua (P. Landerman SIL 1968). Increased use by media, musical groups. There is a Chair of Quichua in the National University. Vigorous. Positive language attitude. Young men have some proficiency in Spanish because of serving in the armed forces; rural men also use Spanish; children are in Spanish language schools. There is a decree authorizing promotion and teaching in schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. There is a decree authorizing promotion and teaching in schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar.
qut K'iche', West Central 250,000 (1994 SIL). Southwest of Lake Atitlán, Quezaltenango, and Totonicapan departments. Coastal K'iche', Western K'iche'. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997.
quu K'iche', Eastern 100,000 (1991 SIL). Includes Chichicastenango and Chiché. Coastal K'iche', Western K'iche'. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary.
quv Sakapulteko 36,823 (1991 SIL). Quiché Department, and some speakers in Guatemala City. Coastal K'iche', Western K'iche'. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Bible portions: 1980. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Bible portions: 1980.
quw Quichua, Tena Lowland 5,000 (1976 SIL). Eastern jungle, Tena, Arajuno, Shandia area. Napo, Pastaza and Tena Quichua understand each other's spoken language, but not written texts. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. NT: 1972. NT: 1972.
qux Quechua, Yauyos 6,500 (2003 SIL). Lima Department, Yauyos Province; Ica Department, northern section of Chincha Province; Huancavelica Department, northeastern corner of Castrovirreyna Province. San Pedro de Huacarpana, Apurí, Madean-Viñac (Madeán), Azángaro-Huangáscar-Chocos (Huangáscar), Cacra-Hongos, Tana-Lincha (Lincha), Tomás-Alis (Alis), Huancaya-Vitis, Laraos. Not a single language, but a cover term for a highly differentiated linguistic area with many one-village varieties. Official language. There are monolinguals in the Chincha area, primarily older women. High bilingualism with Spanish throughout the area (2000 SIL). There may be 1,200 older adult speakers. Reported to be high proficiency in Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%.
quy Quechua, Ayacucho 900,000 (2000 SIL). 300,000 monolinguals. Southwestern Ayacucho Region and Lima. Andahuaylas, Huancavelica. Lexical similarity 96% with Surcubamba, Puquio, and Cuzco. Official language. Vigorous. Used in the home, family, administration, religion, commerce. Oral and written Quechua used in some schools, more than one university. Written form used in religious services. The language is considered inferior to Spanish. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 31%, 1 20%, 2 20%, 3 20%, 4 8%, 5 1%. Some families are shifting to Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Perhaps 10,000 read it, 2,000 can write it. Some oral and written in primary education. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Perhaps 10,000 read it, 2,000 can write it. Some oral and written in primary education. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987.
quz Quechua, Cusco 1,500,000 (1989 UBS). 300,000 to 500,000 monolinguals. Total Quechua speakers in Peru 3,500,000 to 4,400,000 including Quechua I 750,000, Quechua II 2,675,000 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 1,500,000. Departments of Cusco, half of Puno, and northeast Arequipa. Caylloma Quechua, Eastern Apurímac Quechua, Puno Quechua. Some dialect differences, but not as distinct as elsewhere. Substantial phonological and morphological differences with Ayacucho Quechua. Official language. All ages. People in towns and cities generally want their children to primarily speak Spanish. In rural areas 65% may be bilingual, and in urban areas it might be 90% to 95%. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 62%. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 62%. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988.
qva Quechua, Ambo-Pasco 90,000 (1998 SIL). 20% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 90,000. In province of Ambo (department of Huánuco), districts of Huacar, San Francisco de Mosca, and San Rafael. In province of Pasco (department of Pasco), districts of Chaupimarca, Huachón, Huariaca, Ninacaca, Pallanchacra, San Francisco de Asís de Yarusyacán, Simón Bolívar, Ticlacayán, Tinyahuarca, Vicco, and Yanacancha. Caylloma Quechua, Eastern Apurímac Quechua, Puno Quechua. Some dialect differences, but not as distinct as elsewhere. Substantial phonological and morphological differences with Ayacucho Quechua. Official language. Vigorous in isolated communities; used by very few as a second language. Used in the home, fields, community. All ages. Low prestige. Speakers also use Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1993–1997. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1993–1997.
qvc Quechua, Cajamarca 30,000 (2000 D. Coombs). Cajamarca, Chetilla, and Los Baños districts. The western dialect in the district of Chetilla. The eastern variety in Porcon and in several areas around the valley of Cajamarca. Western Cajamarca, Eastern Cajamarca. Dialect differences are relatively minor. Lexical similarity 94% with Lambayeque (closest), 92% with Pacaraos. Official language. Relatively strong Quechua use in 8 to 10 communities. Strong pressure from Spanish in all communities because of secondary schools and gold mining in the area. Many deny the existence of Quechua (D. Coombs 2000). Used in the home. Very young children in some areas are still learning to speak Quechua, but in the majority of Quechua-speaking communities the language is losing ground among the young. Low prestige. Bilingual level estimates for Standard Spanish: 0 30%, 1 10%, 2 15%, 3 25%, 4 15%, 5 5%; Peasant Spanish: 0 15%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 15%, 4 30%, 5 10%. At least 20,000 to 25,000 are able to speak a country dialect of Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. There is a series of basic primers and graded readers in Quechua. Some Quechua reading classes are taught in a few rural schools. A few Quechua reading and grammar classes in rural secondary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2004. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. There is a series of basic primers and graded readers in Quechua. Some Quechua reading classes are taught in a few rural schools. A few Quechua reading and grammar classes in rural secondary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2004.
qve Quechua, Eastern Apurímac 200,000 (2002 SIL). 80,000 monolinguals (30% in towns, 60% to 70% in remote areas, especially at high altitudes). Ethnic population: 200,000. Abancay, Grau, Cotabambas, Aymaraes and Antabamba Ayamaraes, Chuquibambilla, and Anda provinces of the department of Apurímac. The province of La Unión, Arequipa. Abancay, Antabamba, Cotabambas. La Unión Quechua (Arequipa) is very similar to Antabamba. Official language. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50% (According to census: 65%). Census figure: 40,000 nonliterate adults. 35% of adults, or 20% of total population. In rural areas 47.5% of the adults are nonliterate. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1974. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50% (According to census: 65%). Census figure: 40,000 nonliterate adults. 35% of adults, or 20% of total population. In rural areas 47.5% of the adults are nonliterate. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1974.
qvh Quechua, Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco 72,440 (2000 WCD). 20,000 to 30,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 80,000 to 110,000. Northwest Huánuco Department. Monzón, Huamalíes, Northern Dos de Mayo. Lexical similarity 96% with Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua. Official language. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003.
qvi Quichua, Imbabura Highland 300,000 (1977 SIL). Many monolinguals. Northern highlands, Imbabura Province. Monzón, Huamalíes, Northern Dos de Mayo. Lexical similarity 96% with Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua. Vigorous. All ages. Bible: 1994. Bible: 1994.
qvj Quichua, Loja Highland 30,524 (2000 WCD). Northern area of Loja Province in southern highlands. Close to Cañar Highland Quichua. Speakers prefer to use Chimborazo Highland Quichua and are shifting to it. Bible: 1994. Bible: 1994.
qvl Quechua, Cajatambo North Lima 7,000 (2000 SIL). 2,800 monolinguals. Northeast Lima Department: districts of Copa, Cajatambo, Huancapón, northern Manas, and northeastern Gogor and Southeast Ancash Department: districts of Pacllón, La Primavera, and Mangas (south of the Llamac River and east of the Pativilca River). 74% intelligibility of Huamalíes Quechua. Official language. Used in the family, community. Most speakers older than 25 years. Rural areas are predominately monolingual or barely functionally bilingual. A portion of the population seems fluent in Spanish, but most are not. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%.
qvm Quechua, Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha 83,395 (1993 census). 14,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 114,000 (1993 census). Southwest and south central Huánuco Department, districts of Obas, Aparicio Pomares, Cahuac, Chavinillo, Chacabamba, Jacas Chico, Rondos, San Francisco de Asis, Jivia, Baños, Queropalca, Jesús, San Miguel de Cauri, Yarumayo, Margos, and Chaulán. Literature can be adapted from Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo. Lexical similarity 90% with Panao, 85% with Corongo (Ancash), Sihuas, Monzón, Tarma, Ulcumayo Quechua. Official language. Vigorous. Speakers also use Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 62%. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 2003. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 62%. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 2003.
qvn Quechua, North Junín 60,000 (1998). 7,000 monolinguals (1972 census). Northern Junín Department, districts of Junín, Carhuamayo, Ondores, San Pedro de Cajas, southeast of Pasco. There are two dialects in Tarma Province which differ from the town of Junín. Lexical similarity 97% with Cajatambo, 96% with La Unión Quechua. Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 30%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 10%, 4 25%, 5 5%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997.
qvo Quechua, Napo Lowland 4,000 in Ecuador (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,000 in Ecuador. Eastern jungle along the Napo, Aguarico, and Putomayo rivers, concentrated near schools. Santa Rosa Quechua. Official language. Language use stable in completely Quichua areas, more bilingual where Spanish is needed. Outside landowners and their families, priests, and nuns learn Quichua. Used in religious services. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 21%, 2 50%, 3 10%, 4 3%, 5 1%. Literacy rate in first language: 20%. The orthography differs from that used in Peru. Literacy rate in first language: 20%. The orthography differs from that used in Peru.
qvp Quechua, Pacaraos 250 (1984 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 900. East central Lima Department, Pacaraos village. Divergent lexically, morphologically, and phonologically from other Quechua. By its archaic features it occupies an important position relative to the reconstruction of Proto-Quechua. Lexical similarity 94% with Huarí, Cajatambo, Tarma, and Carás Quechua. Official language. Speakers are older adults. Literacy rate in first language: 20%. The orthography differs from that used in Peru. Literacy rate in first language: 20%. The orthography differs from that used in Peru.
qvs Quechua, San Martín 15,000 (2000 SIL). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 43,982 (2000 WCD). Loreto Department, San Martín Region, Sisa, Lamas, and other districts, and along parts of the Ucayali River. Lamas town is "the cradle of the culture" and 22 km from Tarapota. Several minor dialects. Official language. Few parents pass the language on to children. Bilingual parents want their children to learn Spanish. Shamans use the language in chants. Protestants use it in singing with published hymnbook. Few use printed Scripture; scattered occasional use in religious services apart from singing. Speakers are embarrassed to be heard using the language. Parents want their children to speak Spanish. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 1%, 1 9%, 2 10%, 3 40%, 4 40%, 5 0%. Most parents teach Spanish to their children first. The bilingual education program is designed to teach Quechua to Spanish-speaking ethnic Quechua children who do not speak Quechua. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,500 can read it, 400 can write it. Some oral and a little written Quechua taught in schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,500 can read it, 400 can write it. Some oral and a little written Quechua taught in schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992.
qvw Quechua, Huaylla Wanca 250,000 (2002 SIL). Southern Junín Department, Huancayo and Concepción provinces. Waycha (Huaycha, Central Huancayo), East Waylla, West Waylla. Official language. Waycha dialect is nearly extinct in Concepción. All ages, but first language of those 25 and up in particular. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991–1992. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991–1992.
qvy Queyu 7,000 (1995). Xinlong (Nyagrong), Yajiang (Nyagquka) and Litang counties in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of western Sichuan. Close to Zhaba. Official language. Waycha dialect is nearly extinct in Concepción. All ages, but first language of those 25 and up in particular. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991–1992. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1991–1992.
qvz Quichua, Northern Pastaza 2,000 in Peru. Alamos, Tigre River. Tigre Quechua. Official language. NT: 1992. NT: 1992.
qwa Quechua, Corongo Ancash 4,000 (2000 SIL). 1,700 monolinguals (2000 SIL). Northern Ancash Department, Corongo Province, Aco, Corongo, Cusca, La Pampa, and Yanac districts. Most prevalent in Aco and Cusca. Most closely related to Huaylas and Sihuas Quechua. Some contact with Sihuas, Northern Conchucos, and Huaylas by road. Official language. Used in the family, community. Predominantly those older than 40 years, especially women with little or no formal education. Corongo has separate identity from Sihuas, Northern Conchucos, and Huaylas. Those in their 20s and 30s speak both Quechua and varying levels of Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%.
qwc Quechua, Classical Extinct. Central Peru. Most closely related to Huaylas and Sihuas Quechua. Some contact with Sihuas, Northern Conchucos, and Huaylas by road. Official language. Used in the family, community. Predominantly those older than 40 years, especially women with little or no formal education. Corongo has separate identity from Sihuas, Northern Conchucos, and Huaylas. Those in their 20s and 30s speak both Quechua and varying levels of Spanish. Bible portions: 1880. Bible portions: 1880.
qwh Quechua, Huaylas Ancash 336,332 (2000 WCD). Less than 20,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300,000. Central Ancash Department, provinces of Huaraz, Carhuaz, Caraz; in the Callejón de Huaylas. Huaraz, Yungay, Huailas (Huaylas). Parker says it is not intelligible with Cuzco, Ayacucho, Southern Junín (Huanca), Cajamarca, Amazonas (Chachapoyas), or San Martín Quechua. Official language. Vigorous. Used in the home, work, market, social gatherings. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 1 10%, 2 50%, 3 30%, 4 8%, 5 2%. Bilingualism is more developed in men than in women. Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bilingual education in some Quechua areas. Roman script. Poetry. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bilingual education in some Quechua areas. Roman script. Poetry. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993.
qws Quechua, Sihuas Ancash 6,500 (2002 SIL). 3,000 monolinguals. Ancash Department, Sihuas Province, districts west of Sihuas River and north of Rupac River: southern Quiches, Alfonso Ugarte, Huayllabamba, Sihuas, and western Ragash. Most closely related to Northern Conchucos and Corongo Quechuas. Intelligibility testing has been conducted with these two language groups and initial results show intelligibility of Corongo Quechua to be on the high end of marginal. Intelligibility of Northern Conchucos appears to be lower. Official language. Used in rural daily life primarily among women over 40 years old. Predominantly those over 40 years of age, especially women with little or no formal education. Those in their 20s and 30s speak both Quechua and varying levels of Spanish. Fluency among those who speak Spanish is limited. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 28%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 28%.
qxa Quechua, Chiquián Ancash 10,000 (2000 SIL). 4,000 monolinguals. Southeast Ancash Department, Bolognesi Province, Chiquián District, Western Bolognesi west of the Pativilca River and north of the Llamac River, and eastern Ocros, those areas that border the Corpanqui Valley. Western Ocros may be included, but the dialect is somewhat different. Possibly intelligible with Cajatambo Quechua. Some contact with Cajatambo and very little with Huamalíes. 73% intelligibility of Huamalíes. Official language. Used in the home, work, community. Most speakers older than 25 years. They have a different identity from Huamalíes and Huaraz. Rural areas are predominately monolingual or barely functional bilingual. Spanish is not well understood nor well spoken. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%.
qxc Quechua, Chincha 6,000 (2000 SIL). Northeastern Chincha Province, Ica; northwestern Castrovirreyna Province, Huancavelica; southeastern Yauyos Province, Lima. Possibly intelligible with Cajatambo Quechua. Some contact with Cajatambo and very little with Huamalíes. 73% intelligibility of Huamalíes. Official language. Many of those in their 20s and 30s speak Quechua and varying levels of Spanish. Separate identity from Wanka, Junin, and Ayacucho Quechua. A segment of the population are predominantly Quechua speakers, especially women over 40 with little or no formal education. Little or no contact with other varieties of Quechua in surrounding areas. Some contact with Jaqaru. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%.
qxh Quechua, Panao Huánuco 50,000 (2002 SIL). 10,000 monolinguals. East central Huánuco Department. Lexical similarity 98% with La Unión, 96% with Cajatambo Quechua. Official language. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1995. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1995.
qxi K'iche', San Andre's 19,728 (1991 SIL). Quiché Department. Lexical similarity 98% with La Unión, 96% with Cajatambo Quechua. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1997.
qxl Quichua, Salasaca Highland 14,331 (2000 WCD). South and east of Ambato in Tungurahua Province. At least 15 towns in the Salasaca area, not counting other varieties of Quichua. Lexical similarity 98% with La Unión, 96% with Cajatambo Quechua. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Taught in primary schools. Bible portions: 1997.
qxn Quechua, Northern Conchucos Ancash 250,000 (2002 SIL). 65,000 monolinguals (1994 census). East Ancash Department, Pomabamba to San Luis, and Huacrachuco in northwest Huánuco Department. May include a small part of the northern Marañon area. Related to Southern Conchucos, Huamalíes, Sihuas. Official language. Vigorous. Used in the home, work, play. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: below 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Roman script. Radio programs. NT: 2002. Literacy rate in first language: below 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Roman script. Radio programs. NT: 2002.
qxo Quechua, Southern Conchucos Ancash 250,000 (1994 census). 80,000 monolinguals. East Ancash Department, Chavín to San Luis to Llamellín in East Ancash Department, and Huacaybamba, Huacrachuco, San Buenaventura, and Pinra in northwest Huánuco Department. Includes much of southern Marañon. Related to Northern Conchucos, Huamalíes, Huaylas. Official language. Vigorous in most but not all communities. Spanish-speaking health workers and teachers learn Quechua in order to communicate. All domains, local administration, written and oral interpretation of Spanish used in church, oral use in commerce and labor relations, used at health centers. Positive language attitude. Rural areas are predominantly monolingual. 170,000 speak some Spanish, possibly 20 speak some English. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. NT: 2002. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. NT: 2002.
qxp Quechua, Puno 500,000. 100,000 monolinguals (2002). Puno Department and adjacent areas: northeast Arequipa, highland area of Moquegua. North Bolivian Quechua, Cailloma Quechua. Mutually intelligible with Cusco Quechua and North Bolivian Quechua: possibly sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Official language. All ages. People in towns and cities mostly want their children to speak Spanish. Literacy rate in first language: below 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 71% (official figure for rural areas). Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988. Literacy rate in first language: below 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 71% (official figure for rural areas). Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988.
qxq Qashqa'i 1,500,000 (1997). Southwestern Iran, Fars Province and Southern Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad Province. Shiraz, Gachsaran, and Firuzabad are centers. Very close to Azerbaijani. Vigorous. Used in the home, commerce. All ages. Many also use Western Farsi. Many can read Farsi well. Many can read Farsi well.
qxr Quichua, Cañar Highland 100,000 (1991 UBS). Southern highlands, Cañar Province. Lexical differences and a strong sense of linguistic and cultural identity make separate literature necessary. Strong use of Quichua away from the road. They consider Chimborazo to be a separate language. NT: 1996. NT: 1996.
qxs Qiang, Southern 81,300 (1999 Jonathan Evans). No monolinguals. North central Sichuan Province, along the Minjiang River basin between Zhenjiangguan in Songpan County to the north and Wenchuan and Li counties to the south, as far east as Beichuan County. Dajishan (Daqishan), Taoping, Longxi, Mianchi, Heihu, Sanlong, Jiaochang. Related to Manyak, Menia, Muli. Language in decline. Used in the home. Speakers are older adults. Negative language attitude. Many also speak Chinese or Tibetan. Written Chinese is in use in the education system. Those under 35 are functionally literate in Chinese. Those under 35 are functionally literate in Chinese.
qxt Quechua, Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco 10,000 (1993 SIL). Pasco Department, southeastern part of District Daniel Carrion. Probably a dialect of Chaupihuaranga Quecha. Official language. Those under 35 are functionally literate in Chinese. Those under 35 are functionally literate in Chinese.
qxu Quechua, Arequipa-La Unión 18,628 (2000 WCD). 10,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 32,000. Arequipa Department, La Unión Province, Cotahuasi District; Apurímac Department, Antabamba Province. Cotahuasi, Northern Arequipa, Highland Arequipa, Antabamba (Apurimac). Closer linguistically to Cuzco than to Ayacucho. Very close to eastern Apurímac. Official language. Vigorous. It is used in some schools. Some families are switching to Spanish. Speakers of other languages use Quechua in order to talk to monolinguals. Spoken form is used for administration, commerce, and labor relations, and occasionally in religious services. All ages. The language is considered inferior to Spanish. Fluent speakers of Spanish usually leave the area. Those who return do not like Quechua speakers to use Spanish loans. Spanish is the second language. Many monolinguals. Cusco Quechua used in schools. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. 600 can read Quechua, 200 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1993. Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. 600 can read Quechua, 200 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1993.
qxw Quechua, Jauja Wanca 14,550 to 31,500 (1962 census). Ethnic population: 77,727 (2000 WCD). Central Junín Department, Jauja Province. Considerable phonological differences with Tarma. Official language. Speakers also use Spanish. Grammar. Grammar.
raa Dungmali 4,609 (2000 SIL). East of central Bhojpur District, northeast of the Singtang Lekh, bend of the Arun River between its confluence with the Piukhuwa and the first confluence with the Piluwa River. Khesang (Khesange). The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 dialects, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible. Official language. Speakers also use Spanish. Grammar. Grammar.
rab Camling 10,000 (1995 Karen Ebert). Sagarmatha Zone, Khotang District, from Durchhim in W. Khotang all the way east across Diktel to the border of Bhojpur District. From there, south to the Sawa Khola, scattered in Udayapur District. Also spread throughout more districts of eastern Nepal. Sikkim and Darjeeling and Bhutan. Closest to Bantawa and Puma linguistically. Many people speak a variety mixed with Nepali. Many ethnic Camling are not fluent in Camling. Learned by children only in a remote area of Udayapur. Grammar. Grammar.
rac Rasawa 200 (1987 SIL). Two villages near the southern coast of Waropen Bawah District. Closest to Bantawa and Puma linguistically. Many people speak a variety mixed with Nepali. Used in the home. Grammar. Grammar.
rad Rade 270,348 in Viet Nam (1999 census). Dac Lac and part of Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa provinces, centered around Banmethuot. Possibly also Cambodia. Also spoken in USA. Bih, Ndhur (Mdhur), Adham (A-Dham), Blo, Kodrao (Kdrao), Krung 1, Rde Kpa (Kpa). Bih (1,000) may be a separate language. The Krung 1 dialect is different from the Bahnaric language Krung 2, in Cambodia. Other names of dialects or ethnic groups: Ktul, Dlie, Rue, E-pan, Dong Kay, Arul, Kah. Used in the home. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1964. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1964.
rae Ranau 60,000 (1989). Southern Sumatra, south of Muaradua, near headwaters of Kanan River. Lexical similarity 84% with Krui. Used in the home. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1964. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1964.
raf Meohang, Western 2,000 to 5,000 (1991 W. Winter). Koshi Zone, Sankhuwasawa District, upper Arun Valley west of the river, eastern Nepal. Bala is in Bala village, Sankhuwasawa Panchayat; Bumdemba in Sishuwakhola Panchayat. 2 villages. Bala (Balali), Bumdemba. Structurally different from Eastern Meohang. Many speakers use Kulung as a second language. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1964. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1964.
rah Rabha 139,365 (2004). Ethnic population: 200,000 (2002). West Assam, Darrang, Goalpara, Kamrup districts; Nagaland; West Bengal, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar Subdivision, Cooch Behar District, Tafangunj Subdivision; Meghalaya, East Garo Hills District. Maitaria (Maituri, Maitoria), Rangdania (Rongdani). Maituri and Rongdania have inherent intelligibility to each other's speakers. There is a third dialect called Koch Rabha, spoken in Assam close to West Bengal border. It is not intelligible with Rongdania (Fr. Jose 2002). Possibly as many as 7 dialects. The majority of the ethnic group speak Assamese as first language; the rest speak Rabha as first language. Rongdani is the standard dialect but is almost dying out. Assamese and Bengali spoken by many. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Assamese script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2000. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Assamese script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2000.
ral Ralte 303 in India (2000 WCD). Mizoram, mainly Aizawl District, scattered in Lunglei and Chhimtuipui districts; Manipur; Tripura, a few villages in the Jampui Hills. Related to Tiddim, Paite, Thado, Zo. Speakers also use Mizo. Though literacy is high, formal education level is low (in Tripura). Though literacy is high, formal education level is low (in Tripura).
ram Canela 1,420 (1995 SIL). Population includes 950 Ramkokamekra, 470 Apanjekra (1995 SIL). Maranhão, southeastern Pará. Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra. Speakers also use Mizo. Grammar. NT: 1990. Grammar. NT: 1990.
ran Riantana 1,100 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Frederik Hendrik Island. Apanjekra (Apanhecra, Apaniekra), Ramkokamekra. Used in the home. Grammar. NT: 1990. Grammar. NT: 1990.
rao Rao 6,000 (1992 UBS). Madang Province, Keram River area, lower Ramu Valley, 80 miles west of Madang city. Li'o, Ndramini'o. Used in the home. NT: 2000. NT: 2000.
raq Saam 23 (2001 census). Mechi Zone, Southern Ilam District. Bungla, Sambya. Speakers are shifting to Nepali or Bantawa. A few older adult speakers. Speakers also use Nepali or Bantawa. NT: 2000. NT: 2000.
ras Tegali 35,738 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, Tegali Range, Rashad hills and town of Rashad. Rashad (Kom, Ngakom, Kome), Tegali. Speakers are shifting to Nepali or Bantawa. A few older adult speakers. Speakers also use Nepali or Bantawa. NT: 2000. NT: 2000.
rat Razajerdi No estimate available. Qazvin and Kuhpayeh area, Razajerd. Various dialects. Related to Takestani. Speakers are shifting to Nepali or Bantawa. A few older adult speakers. Speakers also use Nepali or Bantawa. NT: 2000. NT: 2000.
rau Raute 518 (2001 census). Population includes 130 nomadic Raute. Ethnic population: 658. Mainly in western Nepal, Seti Zone, Achham, Doti districts; Bheri Zone, Surkhet, Jajarkot, Banke districts; Rapti Zone, Pyuthan District; Karnali Zone, Jumla, Dolpa. May be a dialect of Rawat. All ages. The nomadic Raute are secretive about their language; the settled Raute are not. Some youth in Nepal speak Nepali or Hindi among themselves in front of outsiders. The Raute are viewed as low caste by others. The settled Raute also use Nepali. Among the nomadic Raute, only the leaders have contact with outsiders. Literacy rate in second language: 25.5% (1991 census). Literacy rate in second language: 25.5% (1991 census).
rav Sampang 10,810 (2001 census). Sagarmatha Zone, Khotang District, Khartamchha, Baspani, Patekha, Phedi Village District Councils; Koshi Zone, Bhojpur District; from Dingla in the northeast to Kharpa in the southwest. The upper ridges south and east of the Rawakhola Valley and adjoining ridges in the northeast at the headwaters of the main tributaries of the lower and middle Arun River. Also scattered throughout Dharan, Ilam, Kathmandu and the Terai. Tana, Halumbung (Wakchali), Samarung, Bhalu, Tongeccha, Phali, Khartamche, Khotang. Used in the home and village. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most speak some Nepali but men, educated and younger people have higher proficiency. Some younger educated people know Nepali well enough to understand complex discourse. Some older people know hardly any Nepali. Nepali valued as language of education. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%.
raw Rawang 60,536 in India (2000 WCD). Kachin State, highlands. Serwang is close to the Tibet border. Wadamkong is in Myanmar. Also spoken in India. Kunlang. All domains. Oral and written use in religion. Their second language is Burmese, third is English. Some also speak Lisu and Kachin. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986.
raz Rahambuu 5,000 (1991 SIL). Southeast Sulawesi, Kolaka District, Pakue Subdistrict, west coast north of the Kodeoha. Lexical similarity 87% between dialects, 75% with Kodeoha, 70% with Tolaki, Mekongga, and Waru; 54% with the Mori and Bungku groups. All domains. Oral and written use in religion. Their second language is Burmese, third is English. Some also speak Lisu and Kachin. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986.
rbb Palaung, Rumai 2,000 in China (1995). Far western Yunnan, Longchuan, and Ruili counties. Close to Shwe Palaung and Pale Palaung. Officially included De'ang nationality in China. 20% of the De'ang speak Rumai. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986. Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1986.
rcf Réunion Creole French 554,500 in Réunion (1987). Population total all countries: 600,000. Also spoken in Comoros, Madagascar. Two dialects: urban and popular; the former is closer to French, the latter more similar to Bantu and West African languages. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Dictionary. Dictionary.
rdb Rudbari No estimate available. Sefid Rud Valley. Various dialects. Transitional to Caspian languages and related to Vafsi. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Dictionary. Dictionary.
rea Rerau 588 (2000 census). Madang Province. Related to Kwato, Ogea, Uya, Duduela, Jilim, Yangulam. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Dictionary. Dictionary.
reb Rembong 2,121 (2000 WCD). North central Flores, between Eastern Manggarai and Riung. Rembong, Wangka, Namu. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Dictionary. Dictionary.
ree Kayan, Rejang 3,030 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Rejang, Balui river areas. Ma'aging, Long Badan, Uma Daro, Long Kehobo (Uma Poh), Uma Juman, Long Murun, Long Geng, Lemena, Lisum. Limited comprehension of Baram Kayan. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Dictionary. Dictionary.
rei Reli 19,000 (1997). Andhra Pradesh, near Adiwasi Oriya; Orissa, Koraput District. Possibly a dialect of Oriya. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Dictionary. Dictionary.
rej Rejang 1,000,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Southwest highlands, north Bengkulu Province, around Argamakmur, Muaraaman, Curuo, and Kapahiang. Lebong (Djang Lebong), Kebanagung, Pasisir, Musi, Rawas. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Traditional script. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Traditional script. Grammar.
rel Rendille 32,000 (1994 I. Larsen BTL). Marsabit District, between Lake Turkana and Marsabit Mt., Eastern Province. Lebong (Djang Lebong), Kebanagung, Pasisir, Musi, Rawas. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000.
rem Remo Extinct. Between the Tapiche and Calleria rivers. If they exist, they are in Brazil at the headwaters of the Moa River; but there is no evidence of their existence in Brazil. Lebong (Djang Lebong), Kebanagung, Pasisir, Musi, Rawas. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1993–2000.
ren Rengao 16,000 (2002). Kon Tum Province, from northwest of Dak To to southeast of Kontum city between Sedang and Bahnar. Western Rengao, Sedang-Rengao, Bahnar-Rengao. 25% of the speakers are white, poor, living in the mountainous interior, and speak archaic highland varieties. 25% are Indian, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect or deep creole. 45% are African and mixed, live in the coastal lowlands, and speak the basilect. The creole is gaining status on Réunion. Education is in French. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977.
rer Rer Bare Extinct. Wabi Shebelle River around Gode, eastern Ogaden, near Somali border, and along the Ganale and Dawa rivers. Western Rengao, Sedang-Rengao, Bahnar-Rengao. Members of the ethnic group now speak Somali. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977.
res Reshe 44,000 (1993 SIL). Kebbi State, Yauri LGA; Niger State, Borgu LGA; southern Kebbi State, western Niger State, banks of the Niger River, north of Busa. Blench says it is the most divergent of the Western Kainji languages. Lexical similarity 43% with Lopa, 33% with Laru, 20% with Duka, 11% with Kamabari (Salka). Speakers are shifting to Hausa (Blench 2000). There is a strong association between wrestling, the traditional religion, and ethnic identity. Bible portions: 1970. Bible portions: 1970.
ret Retta No estimate available. Southern Pura Island at mouth of Kalabahi Bay, and southern part of Ternate Island. Not intelligible with languages on north Pura. Speakers are shifting to Hausa (Blench 2000). There is a strong association between wrestling, the traditional religion, and ethnic identity. Bible portions: 1970. Bible portions: 1970.
rey Reyesano Possibly a few speakers (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 4,118 (2000 W. Adelaar). Beni Department, west central around San Borja, near Reyes. Not intelligible with languages on north Pura. There were a few speakers in 1961, including some children. Speakers are older adults. Bible portions: 1970. Bible portions: 1970.
rge Romano-Greek 30 (2000). Beni Department, west central around San Borja, near Reyes. Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon. Used only as a secrecy language in public. Bible portions: 1970. Bible portions: 1970.
rgk Rangkas Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,014 in India, 1,421 all countries (2000). Uttaranchal, Pithoragarh District, Johar Valley, Darchula and Munsyari tahsils, facing the Nepal border along the Mahakali Valley. Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon. Used only as a secrecy language in public. Bible portions: 1970. Bible portions: 1970.
rgr Resígaro 14 (1976 SIL). Northeastern Peru, Loreto Department, in Bora and Ocaina villages. Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon. Official language. Speakers also use Ocaina, Bora, Murui Huitoto, or Spanish. Dictionary. Dictionary.
rgs Roglai, Southern 41,000 (1999 census). Binh Thuan and Ninh Thuan provinces, southern Viet Nam. Rai. Close to Chru and Northern Roglai. Official language. Speakers also use Ocaina, Bora, Murui Huitoto, or Spanish. Dictionary. Dictionary.
rgu Ringgou 10,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 10,000. Rote Island eastern tip, domains of Ringgou, Landu and Oepao. Ringgou, Landu, Oe Pao (Oepao). Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. Dictionary. Dictionary.
rhp Yahang 1,429 (2003 SIL). Population includes 1,116 in area and 66 outside. Sandaun Province, west of Mehek. Lexical similarity 60% with Heyo (Arinua). Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang, Indonesian. Dictionary. Dictionary.

page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60