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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| poe | Popoloca, San Juan Atzingo | 5,000 (1991 SIL). | San Juan Atzingo, Puebla: 1 town. | 76% intelligibility of Metzontla Popoloca (closest), 26% of San Felipe Popoloca. | Vigorous. Some Nahuatl speakers in Chilac speak some Popoloca. Some temporary migration for jobs, but speakers retain the language. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in elementary and secondary school, religious services. All ages. Strong pride in culture and language. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 50%, 2 0%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Most women over 50 are functionally monolingual; perhaps 500 people. Most men also speak elementary Spanish. Many women who cannot speak Spanish speak Nahuatl for trading in San Gabriel Chilac. Onyx and sugarcane workers have team leaders who speak Spanish for them. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. 1,000 read it, 200 write it. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. 1,000 read it, 200 write it. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| pog | Potiguára | Extinct. Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 C. Jensen). | Paraíba, Pôsto Nísia Brasileira on the Baía da Traição, in the municipality of Mamanguape. | 76% intelligibility of Metzontla Popoloca (closest), 26% of San Felipe Popoloca. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. 1,000 read it, 200 write it. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. 1,000 read it, 200 write it. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| poh | Poqomchi', Eastern | 42,164 (2000 WCD). | Atla Verapaz Department. | 76% intelligibility of Metzontla Popoloca (closest), 26% of San Felipe Popoloca. | Speakers also use Spanish or Q'eqchi'. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21%. NT: 1983. | |
| poi | Popoluca, Highland | 30,000 (1991 SIL). | Soteapan, Veracruz. | Closer to Zoque than to Mixe. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 40%, 2 20%, 3 15%, 4 10%, 5 10%. Some speakers also use Nahuatl. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1977–1996. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1977–1996. | |
| pok | Pokangá | 100 (1983 SIL). | Upper Tiquie, tributary of Vaupés, Amazonas. | Closer to Zoque than to Mixe. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 40%, 2 20%, 3 15%, 4 10%, 5 10%. Some speakers also use Nahuatl. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1977–1996. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1977–1996. | |
| pol | Polish | 50,000 in Slovakia. | Also spoken in Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Canada, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia (Europe), Slovakia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, USA. | Upper Silesian. | All speakers also use Hebrew but prefer Polish. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | |
| pom | Pomo, Southeastern | 5 (1994 L. Hinton). | California, eastern shores of Clear Lake. | Upper Silesian. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | |
| poo | Pomo, Central | 2 to 5 (1997 Mithun). Ethnic population: 4,766 (1997 Mithun). | Clear Lake area, northern California. | Point Arena, Hopland, Ukiah. | Intermittent teaching at Hopland. Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | |
| poq | Popoluca, Texistepec | 427 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 15,779 (1990 census). | Southeastern Veracruz, Texistepec, east of Oluta. | Point Arena, Hopland, Ukiah. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. Speakers are older adults. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | Roman script. Bible: 1561–1965. | |
| pos | Popoluca, Sayula | 4,000 (1990 census). 14 monolinguals. | Sayula, Veracruz. | Point Arena, Hopland, Ukiah. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 15%, 4 55%, 5 5%. | Dictionary. NT: 1969. | Dictionary. NT: 1969. | |
| pot | Potawatomi | 50 in the USA (1995 Potawatomi Language Institute). Ethnic population: 25,000 (1997 Laura Buszard-Welcher). | Southern Ontario, Walpole Island Reserve. | Point Arena, Hopland, Ukiah. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1844. | |
| pou | Poqomam, Southern | 27,910 (1991 SIL). | 20 kilometers south of Guatemala City. | Point Arena, Hopland, Ukiah. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. | |
| pov | Crioulo, Upper Guinea | 46,500 in Senegal (1998). | Ziguinchor, Bignona, and Kolda. It overlaps from Guinea-Bissau and the Bijagos Islands. | Cacheu-Ziguinchor Creole. | Trade language. 600,000 or more second-language users (Chataigner ms.). Portuguese not well known. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| pow | Popoloca, San Felipe Otlaltepec | 3,000 (2000 SIL). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,585 (2000 WCD). | State of Puebla, 3 towns: San Felipe Otlaltepec (5,000), Santa María Nativitas (500), Huejonapan (500). | Santa María Nativitas, Huejonapan. | Parents are not passing it on to children. All domains among adults. Oral use 50% of the time in local administration, commerce, 20% of the time in religious services. All ages. Children speak Spanish to each other. Older people want to use Popoloca, but it has low prestige among younger people. The average level of bilingual proficiency is about 2+ (routine topics) in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1955–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1955–1980. | |
| pox | Polabian | Extinct. | North of the Wend language area. | Santa María Nativitas, Huejonapan. | Parents are not passing it on to children. All domains among adults. Oral use 50% of the time in local administration, commerce, 20% of the time in religious services. All ages. Children speak Spanish to each other. Older people want to use Popoloca, but it has low prestige among younger people. The average level of bilingual proficiency is about 2+ (routine topics) in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1955–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1955–1980. | |
| ppa | Pao | 7,223 (1981 census). | Madhya Pradesh, Satna, Chhatarpur, Datia, Panna, Rewa, Shahdol, Sidhi, Tikamgarh districts. | May not be Tibeto-Burman. | Speakers also use Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1955–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1955–1980. | |
| ppe | Papi | 70 (2000 Wurm). | Sandaun Province, middle Sepik Region, one village on the Frieda River. | Lexical similarity 29% with Suarmin, closest. | Nearly all speakers have some knowledge of Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 2% to 3%. | Literacy rate in second language: 2% to 3%. | |
| ppi | Paipai | 300 (1990 census). | Santa Catarina (about 300 people), and some near Valle de la Trinidad in Los Pocitos, Estado Valle de la Trinidad (1 or 2 houses), and Rancho Aguascalientes or La Palmita (2 to 3 families), Ensenada, Baja California Norte, south of the Diegueño. | Lexical similarity 29% with Suarmin, closest. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. A Kiliwa speaker sample understood Paipai at 87%, but Paipai speakers understood no Kiliwa. | Literacy rate in second language: 2% to 3%. | Literacy rate in second language: 2% to 3%. | |
| ppk | Uma | 20,000 (1990 SIL). Population includes 15,000 in the region, 5,000 outside (1990 M. Martens SIL), 500 in Benggaulu. | The Uma homeland is Pipikoro, 'banks of the Koro', along the Lariang, 'Koro' River in central Sulawesi, Donggala District, southern half of Kulawi Subdistrict. 32 villages. Bana dialect is in South Sulawesi, enclave within the Seko Padang dialect area, Kabupaten Luwu. Benggaulu is in South Sulawesi, south Pasangkayu District, Mamuju Subdistrict. Other Uma have migrated to Gimpu and Palolo valleys, Palu and Pani'i, about 120 km north of Palu. | Winatu (Northern Uma), Tobaku (Western Uma, Dompa, Ompa), Tolee' (Eastern Uma), Kantewu (Central Uma), Southern Uma (Aria), Benggaulu (Bingkolu), Bana. Literature is in Kantewu dialect, but many would prefer to read their own dialect. | Kantewu is the prestige dialect. Use of Uma is vigorous in the Uma homeland. Among those living outside (e.g., in Palu, Palolo, Gimpu), use of Uma is vigorous among adults. For those who move away as adults, Uma remains language of the home. For those who move away as children, half retain Uma as home language. Used in daily work and local adminstrative activities, and in some religious services in homeland. Oral teaching medium in early primary grades. In Uma homeland children grow up speaking Uma as first language but are bilingual in Indonesian by end of elementary school. Most children living outside the homeland learn Indonesian as first language. Positive language attitude. Most Uma speak Indonesian fluently. In addition approximately 5,000 speak Kaili, 500 Seko Padang, 500 Rampi (2000 SIL). | Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1996. | Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| ppl | Pipil | 20 (1987). Ethnic population: 196,576 (1987). | Municipio of Dolores, Ocotepeque Department, near the El Salvador border. Extinct in Honduras. | Not intelligible with Isthmus Nahuatl of Mexico. | Speakers are older adults. | Has been taught in some schools for several years (D. Stewart 1994). Grammar. | Has been taught in some schools for several years (D. Stewart 1994). Grammar. | |
| ppo | Folopa | 3,000 (1985 SIL). | Gulf Province, Baimuru District, Kerabi Valley; also in Southern Highlands Province. 20 villages. | Ro (Keai, Worugl), Bara (Harahui, Harahu), Sesa (Mamisa, Songu, Ibukairu), Kewah, Tebera, Aurei, Waraga, Pupitau, Boro, Suri, Siligi, Sopese, Keba-Wopasali. Closest to Dadibi. | Speakers are older adults. | Bible portions: 1978–1989. | Bible portions: 1978–1989. | |
| ppq | Pei | 208 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province, middle Sepik Region, Hauna and Walio (Leonhard Schultze) River. | Close to Walio. | Speakers are learning Walio. Very limited comprehension of Tok Pisin. | Bible portions: 1978–1989. | Bible portions: 1978–1989. | |
| pps | Popoloca, San Luís Temalacayuca | 4,729 (1994 SIL). | San Luís Temalacayuca, Puebla. | San Luís has 84% intelligibility of San Marcos, 22% of Atzingo, 8% of Otlaltepec. | Vigorous. All children speak Popoloca. All children know a little Spanish when they enter school. Most speak limited Spanish. | Bible portions: 1978–1989. | Bible portions: 1978–1989. | |
| ppt | Pare | 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Western Province. | San Luís has 84% intelligibility of San Marcos, 22% of Atzingo, 8% of Otlaltepec. | Vigorous. All children speak Popoloca. All children know a little Spanish when they enter school. Most speak limited Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | |
| ppu | Papora-Hoanya | Extinct. | North central coast around Lishui, Chingshui, Shalu, and inland to Taichung. | Papora, Hoanya. | Vigorous. All children speak Popoloca. All children know a little Spanish when they enter school. Most speak limited Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | |
| ppv | Papavô | 170 (2000 WCD). | Acre, Taramacá River. | Papora, Hoanya. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1978–1980. | |
| pqa | Pa'a | 8,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Ningi and Bauchi LGAs. | Papora, Hoanya. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. Grammar. | |
| pqm | Malecite-Passamaquoddy | 1,000 in the USA (1997 Teeter). Ethnic population: 2,500 to 3,000 (1997 Teeter). | Maine, New Brunswick border area. Malecite mainly in Canada, Passamaquoddy mainly in Maine. | Malecite (Maliseet), Passamaquoddy. | Most speakers of Passamaquoddy are older adults (1998) with younger speakers in a few areas. English is preferred by most younger ones. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1870. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1870. | |
| prb | Lua' | 6,281 (2000 WCD). | East of Pua District in Nan Province. Also on Laos-Thailand border. | Malecite (Maliseet), Passamaquoddy. | Most speakers of Passamaquoddy are older adults (1998) with younger speakers in a few areas. English is preferred by most younger ones. | Bible portions: 1984. | Bible portions: 1984. | |
| prc | Parachi | 600. Ethnic population: 5,000 to 6,000. | Villages in Nijrau and Tagau (600 families), Pachaghan, Shutul (400 families), Ghujulan (100 families), Hindu Kush Valley near Kabul. | Shutul, Ghujulan, Nijrau. Close affinity to Ormuri. Dialect diversity seems to be slight. | Most speakers of Passamaquoddy are older adults (1998) with younger speakers in a few areas. English is preferred by most younger ones. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| prd | Parsi-Dari | 350,000 in Iran. Population total all countries: 700,000. | Also spoken in Afghanistan. | Parsi-Dari is reported to not be inherently intelligible with Parsi of India, Pakistan, and other countries, but linguistically and ethnically related. They diverged 600 to 700 years ago or more. It is related to Dari. | Many are reported to not speak other languages well. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| pre | Principense | 200 (1999 S. Graham). Ethnic population: 1,558. | On Príncipe Island. | The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages; quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. Principense shares 77% lexical similarity with São Tomense, 67% with Angolar, 62% with Annobonese. | National language. Speakers are older adults. Most speak Portuguese, and some learn Sãotomense. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| prg | Prussian | Extinct. | East Prussia, formerly in Germany, now in Poland and Russia. | Among other extinct Baltic languages are: Selonian, Yotvingian, Semigallian, Curonian. | Became extinct the end of the 17th or beginning of the 18th century. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| prh | Porohanon | 23,000. | Camotes Islands. | Barely intelligible with Cebuano (J. Wolff 1967). Closer to Masbatenyo and Hiligaynon. Lexical similarity 87% with Cebuano (J. Wolff 1967). | Bilingual level estimates for Cebuano: 1–3 25%, 3+ 29%, 4 46%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| prk | Parauk | 180,000 in China (1990 census). | Awa Mountains, southwest Yunnan as far east as the Lancang (Mekong) River. | Related to Lawa and Wa in Thailand and China. | A large and powerful group. The standard form for the Wa official nationality in China. | NT: 1938. | NT: 1938. | |
| prl | Peruvian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Awa Mountains, southwest Yunnan as far east as the Lancang (Mekong) River. | Related to Lawa and Wa in Thailand and China. | There are over 70 deaf schools, but the oralist method is used by most in the classroom. The majority of students use sign language outside the classroom. The sign language used in the schools is different from what adults use outside. | TV. Dictionary. | TV. Dictionary. | |
| prm | Kibiri | 1,100 (1977 SIL). | Gulf Province, Kikori District, near Aird Hills, on several tributaries of Kikori River, villages of Tipeowo, Doibo, Paile, Babaguina, Ero, and Wowa. | Aird Hills (Kibiri), Porome. Unrelated to other languages in Gulf Province. | There are over 70 deaf schools, but the oralist method is used by most in the classroom. The majority of students use sign language outside the classroom. The sign language used in the schools is different from what adults use outside. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| prn | Prasuni | 1,000 (2000). | Prasun (Parun) Valley on the upper reaches of Pech River in Nuristan; villages of Shupu (Ishtivi, Shtevgrom), Sech, Ucu, Ushut, Zumu. | Upper Wasi-Weri, Central Prasun, Lower Prasun (Ushut). Very closely related to Bashgali but more archaic. The most aberrant of the Nuristani languages. | There are over 70 deaf schools, but the oralist method is used by most in the classroom. The majority of students use sign language outside the classroom. The sign language used in the schools is different from what adults use outside. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| prp | Parsi | 151,341 in India (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 326,341. | Gujarat; Maharashtra. Also reported to be in Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, southern and western Africa, elsewhere in Europe. Also spoken in China, Pakistan, United Kingdom, USA. | Parsi is reported to not be inherently intelligible with Parsi-Dari, from whom they separated 600 to 700 years ago or more. Other reports say they came to India 1300 years ago. Related to Dari in Iran. | There are over 70 deaf schools, but the oralist method is used by most in the classroom. The majority of students use sign language outside the classroom. The sign language used in the schools is different from what adults use outside. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in English. Most speakers are well educated. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in English. Most speakers are well educated. | |
| prq | Ashéninka Perené | 5,500 (2001 SIL). | Upper Perené River (tributary of the Pachitea River). | Somewhat intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka. | Official language. 30% of speakers have routine proficiency in Spanish. 40% have higher than routine proficiency. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Grammar. | |
| prr | Puri | Extinct. | Espíritu Santo, Minas Gerais, and adjacent areas. | Somewhat intelligible with other varieties of Ashéninka. | Official language. 30% of speakers have routine proficiency in Spanish. 40% have higher than routine proficiency. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Grammar. | |
| prs | Farsi, Eastern | 1,000,000 in Pakistan. 1,400 in Madaglasht, and many refugees (1992 SIL). | Southeast Chitral, Madaglasht village of Shishi Koh Valley, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, other large cities. | Dari (Afghan Farsi, Herati, Tajiki, Kaboli, Kabuli, Khorasani), Parsiwan. Radio Afghanistan broadcasts are promoting a standardized pronunciation of the literary language which is based on the old dictional tradition of the country, with its archaic phonetic characteristics. Formal style is closer to Tehrani Persian (Farsi); informal style in some parts of Afghanistan is closer to Tajiki of Tajikistan. Phonological and lexical differences between Iran and Afghanistan cause little difficulty in comprehension. Most Afghan dialects are closer to literary Persian than Iranian dialects are to literary Persian. Zargari (Morghuli) is a secret language used among goldsmiths and perhaps others, based on a dialect of Persian. See also Balkan Romani in Iran. | National language. | Taught in schools. Arabic script. Radio programs. NT: 1982–1985. | Taught in schools. Arabic script. Radio programs. NT: 1982–1985. | |
| prt | Phai | 15,000 in Laos (1995 census). | Phongsali Province, Boun-Tai, Boun-Nua, Phongsali, Samphan districts; Xaignabouli Province, Hongsa, Xaignabouli, Phiang districts. | More Pray speakers have recently come from Laos to refugee camps, which could represent additional dialects. | National language. | Taught in schools. Arabic script. Radio programs. NT: 1982–1985. | Taught in schools. Arabic script. Radio programs. NT: 1982–1985. | |
| pru | Puragi | 700 (1991 SIL). | Southwest Bird's Head along Maccluer Gulf, inland around Matamani River. | More Pray speakers have recently come from Laos to refugee camps, which could represent additional dialects. | National language. | Taught in schools. Arabic script. Radio programs. NT: 1982–1985. | Taught in schools. Arabic script. Radio programs. NT: 1982–1985. | |
| prv | Provençal | 4,500 in Monaco (1988). | Upper valleys of the Italian Piedmont (Val Mairo, Val Varacho, Val d'Esturo, Entraigas, Limoun, Vinai, Pignerol, Sestriero), Guardia Piemontese in Calabria. | Niçard (Niçois). | All ages. Speakers also use Piemontese or Italian. | Bible portions: 1824–1975. | Bible portions: 1824–1975. | |
| prw | Parawen | 429 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Niçard (Niçois). | All ages. Speakers also use Piemontese or Italian. | Bible portions: 1824–1975. | Bible portions: 1824–1975. | |
| prx | Purik | 132,000 (1991). | North Kashmir, Kargil District. Suru Valley is the main population center. It is the dominant group in Suru, a sizeable minority is in Dras Valley, and a minority is in the western Himalayas. | Close to Balti. | Dominant language in Kargil District. Level of education and bilingual proficiency in Urdu is low. Uneducated men speak little Urdu. Women tend to speak only Purik. | Persian-Arabic script. NT: 1950. | Persian-Arabic script. NT: 1950. | |
| pry | Pray 3 | 38,808 (2000 WCD). | Interspersed in Thung Chang and Pua districts among the Mal. | One dialect is more distinct. Separate from Phai and Lua. | Speakers also use Mal. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| prz | Providencia Sign Language | Known by most people on the Island including 19 born deaf out of 2,500 to 3,000 population (1986 W. Washabaugh). | Providencia Island off the coast of Nicaragua. | They have not been exposed to other sign languages. East differs from west with some variation between villages. | Speakers also use Mal. | Untutored and do not use finger spelling. | Untutored and do not use finger spelling. | |
| psa | Awyu, Asue | 6,500 (2002 SIL). | South coast area, southwest of Wildeman River and east of Kampong River, inland from Pirimapun. | Close to Edera Awyu and South Awyu. A separate language from Central Awyu and Jair Awyu. | All domains. Used in religious services. | Bible portions: 1985. | Bible portions: 1985. | |
| psc | Persian Sign Language | No estimate available. | South coast area, southwest of Wildeman River and east of Kampong River, inland from Pirimapun. | Close to Edera Awyu and South Awyu. A separate language from Central Awyu and Jair Awyu. | All domains. Used in religious services. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| psd | Plains Indian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Great Plains of the USA. Also spoken in Canada. | Some variation by ethnic group and region. | Formerly used between nations in hunting, trade, by deaf people, and at every level of social interaction, and with non-Indians. Today used within nations in storytelling, rituals, legends, prayers, and by deaf people. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pse | Pasemah | 400,000 (1989). | Central Bukit Barisan highlands. | Some variation by ethnic group and region. | Formerly used between nations in hunting, trade, by deaf people, and at every level of social interaction, and with non-Indians. Today used within nations in storytelling, rituals, legends, prayers, and by deaf people. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| psg | Penang Sign Language | No estimate available. | Penang. | Some variation by ethnic group and region. | Users are also able to communicate in Malaysian Sign Language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| psh | Pashayi, Southwest | 108,000 (1982). Population includes all Pashayi languages or dialects. | Tagau (Tagab) Valley, north of Sarobi, northeast of Kabul. | Tagau, Ishpi, Isken. Not intelligible with other Pashayi languages. | Users are also able to communicate in Malaysian Sign Language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| psi | Pashayi, Southeast | 54,412 (2000 WCD). | Upper and Lower Darrai Nur Valley, Damench, Shale (Shari). North of Shewa in Nangarhar Province, and adjacent regions of the Alingar Valley in southern Laghman Province. | Darrai Nur, Wegal, Laghman, Alingar, Kunar. Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. In the upper Darrai Nur there are ten villages (including Bamba Kot, Lamatek, and Sutan) which form a single people group with their own dialect. Residents of the lower Darrai Nur (Nur River) are separate and perhaps not ethnically an organized people. | Users are also able to communicate in Malaysian Sign Language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| psl | Puerto Rican Sign Language | Ethnic population: 8,000 to 40,000 deaf persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Upper and Lower Darrai Nur Valley, Damench, Shale (Shari). North of Shewa in Nangarhar Province, and adjacent regions of the Alingar Valley in southern Laghman Province. | Related to American Sign Language. | Signs were introduced in 1907 by nuns. Some home signs are also used. 4 varieties are used: Signed Spanish as a pidgin with hearing Spanish speakers, Signed English as a pidgin with deaf educated in USA and with hearing English speakers, American Sign Language with those who know only that, and PRSL. Some know only PRSL. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| psm | Pauserna | Extinct. Ethnic population: 46 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Southeast Beni on Guapore River. | Related to American Sign Language. | Signs were introduced in 1907 by nuns. Some home signs are also used. 4 varieties are used: Signed Spanish as a pidgin with hearing Spanish speakers, Signed English as a pidgin with deaf educated in USA and with hearing English speakers, American Sign Language with those who know only that, and PRSL. Some know only PRSL. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| psn | Panasuan | 900 (1988 T. Laskowske). Ethnic population: 900 or more. | South Sulawesi, northeast of Kalumpang-speaking area and west of Seko area merging into Kalumpang area in Mamuju District. 2 villages. | Lexical similarity 67% with Seko Tengah, 63% with Seko Padang, 72% with Tangkou. | Used in the home, church announcements, sermons, village government, school, trade. All ages. Highly positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| pso | Polish Sign Language | 50,000 deaf, 25,000 members of Polish Association of the Deaf; 1986 Gallaudet Univ. | South Sulawesi, northeast of Kalumpang-speaking area and west of Seko area merging into Kalumpang area in Mamuju District. 2 villages. | Various regional dialects. Not intelligible with American Sign Language. | 5,000 deaf children in deaf schools, plus 1,000 who attend school with hearing children. There is a committee for the unification of Polish Sign Language. Used since 1889. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1817. Signed interpretation required in court, provided for some college students and in important public events. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. There is a manual system for spelling. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| psp | Philippine Sign Language | 100,000 deaf persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ). | South Sulawesi, northeast of Kalumpang-speaking area and west of Seko area merging into Kalumpang area in Mamuju District. 2 villages. | Reported to be very similar to ASL. | Total communication is used in deaf schools, with teachers both speaking and signing. Used by USA Peace Corps. American Sign Language is well known as a second language. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| psq | Pasi | 356 (2000 census). | Southeast corner of Sandaun Province, Wan Wan Division, 3 villages. | Close to Ayi. | Total communication is used in deaf schools, with teachers both speaking and signing. Used by USA Peace Corps. American Sign Language is well known as a second language. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| psr | Portuguese Sign Language | Used by a considerable portion of the 8,000 deaf persons; 1986 Gallaudet Univ. | Southeast corner of Sandaun Province, Wan Wan Division, 3 villages. | Lisbon, Oporto. Not derived from Portuguese. Different dialects in 2 different deaf schools in Lisbon and Oporto. Related to Swedish Sign Language. | Total communication is used in deaf schools, with teachers both speaking and signing. Used by USA Peace Corps. American Sign Language is well known as a second language. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pst | Pashto, Central | 7,922,657. | Wazirstan, Bannu, Karak, southern ethnic group territories and adjacent areas. | Waciri (Waziri), Bannuchi (Bannochi, Bannu). Lexical comparison and interviews indicate this is distinct from Northern and Southern Pashto. | Total communication is used in deaf schools, with teachers both speaking and signing. Used by USA Peace Corps. American Sign Language is well known as a second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| psy | Piscataway | Extinct. | Formerly spoken in Maryland. | Waciri (Waziri), Bannuchi (Bannochi, Bannu). Lexical comparison and interviews indicate this is distinct from Northern and Southern Pashto. | Total communication is used in deaf schools, with teachers both speaking and signing. Used by USA Peace Corps. American Sign Language is well known as a second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pta | Pai Tavytera | 10,000 to 12,000 (1991 SIL). | Eastern, Colonia Juan Carlos. | Lexical similarity 70% with Kaiwá of Brazil. | Speakers are shifting to Guaraní. All ages. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pth | Pataxó-Hãhaãi | Extinct. Ethnic population: 2,950 (1995 AMTB). | Minas Gerais, Bahía, Pôsto Paraguassu in the municipality of Itabuna. | Lexical similarity 70% with Kaiwá of Brazil. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pti | Pintiini | 200 to 300 (1983 Black). | Western Australia, northern margin of Nullabor Plain from north of Hughes. | Lexical similarity 70% with Kaiwá of Brazil. | Speakers also use Pitjantjatjara or Ngaanyatjarra. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ptn | Patani | 10,583 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, the entire narrow tip of the southeastern peninsula of Halmahera, extending west along coast of peninsula. Nine villages: Patani, Peniti, Tepeleu, Gemya, Kipai, Wailegi, Yeisowo, Banemo, Moreala, Sibenpopu (with some Tobelo speakers). | Lexical similarity 70% with Kaiwá of Brazil. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| pto | Zo'é | 136 (1995 SIL). | State of Pará, Municipality of Obidos, on the Cuminapanema River. | Lexical similarity 70% with Kaiwá of Brazil. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ptt | Enrekang | 50,000 (1991 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Enrekang, and Pinrang districts. | Enrekang, Ranga, Pattinjo (Letta-Batulappa-Kassa). | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ptu | Bambam | 22,000 (1988 SIL). | South Sulawesi, watershed of the Maloso and Mapilli rivers in Mambi Subdistrict of western Polmas District, overlapping into Majene and Mamuju districts. | Bambam Hulu, Salu Mokanam, Bumal, Mehalaan, Pattae', Matangnga, Issilita', Pakkau. Complex dialect chain. Bumal has 83% to 94% lexical similarity with all dialects listed. Lexical similarity 85% to 80% with dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei, and Ulumandak. | Vigorous. All ages. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| ptw | Pentlatch | Extinct. Ethnic population: 40 (1977 SIL). | South Vancouver Island, British Columbia. | Bambam Hulu, Salu Mokanam, Bumal, Mehalaan, Pattae', Matangnga, Issilita', Pakkau. Complex dialect chain. Bumal has 83% to 94% lexical similarity with all dialects listed. Lexical similarity 85% to 80% with dialects of Aralle-Tabulahan, Pannei, and Ulumandak. | Extinct since about 1940. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| pua | Purepecha, Western Highland | No estimate available. | Michoacán, western mountains, Zamora on the northern edge, Los Reyes de Salgado on the southwestern corner, Paracho on the eastern edge, including Pamatácuaro. | All Purépecha varieties lack functional intelligibility of some other Purépecha: the western mountain variety has 60% intelligibility of Pátzcuaro. | Extinct since about 1940. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| pub | Purum | 300 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Michoacán, western mountains, Zamora on the northern edge, Los Reyes de Salgado on the southwestern corner, Paracho on the eastern edge, including Pamatácuaro. | Related to Chiru, Aimol, Langrong. | Extinct since about 1940. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| puc | Punan Merap | 200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, east of Longkemuat. | Related to Chiru, Aimol, Langrong. | Extinct since about 1940. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| pud | Punan Aput | 370 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, west, and north of Mt. Menyapa. | Related to Chiru, Aimol, Langrong. | Extinct since about 1940. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| pue | Puelche | 5 or 6. | Pampas. | Related to Chiru, Aimol, Langrong. | Extinct since about 1940. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| puf | Punan Merah | 137 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, Mahakam River, east of Ujohhilang. | Related to Chiru, Aimol, Langrong. | Extinct since about 1940. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| pui | Puinave | 240 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). | Amazonas. | Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macú. | Extinct since about 1940. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| puj | Punan Tubu | 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, Malinau, Mentarang, and Sembakung rivers, 8 locations. | Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macú. | Extinct since about 1940. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| puk | Pu Ko | No estimate available. | 2 villages. | Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macú. | Extinct since about 1940. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| pum | Puma | 4,310 (2001 census). | Sagarmatha Zone, Khotang District, Diplung, Chisapani, Devisthan, Manwabote, Panwasera, Rila; Udayapur District, Beltar, Basaha, Chandandi, Apraha villages; Northwestern slopes of the Rapcha Range from the highest peaks to the Sawa Khola Valley, directly south of the Khotang Bajar. | Ruhlen and others classify it as related to Macú. | The language appears to be still alive among most members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). Still spoken by most young people. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| pun | Pubian | 400,000 (1976 D. Walker). | South Sumatra. | Lexical similarity 76% to 81% with other Pesisir languages. | The language appears to be still alive among most members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). Still spoken by most young people. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| puo | Puoc | 2,164 in Laos (1985 F. Proschan). | Northeast, Houaphan Province, Xiangkho District; Xieng Khouang Province, Het River, along the Viet Nam border. | Related to Khang and Pong 3. | The language appears to be still alive among most members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). Still spoken by most young people. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| pup | Pulabu | 116 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related to Siroi, Arawum, Kolom, Lemio. | The language appears to be still alive among most members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). Still spoken by most young people. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| puq | Puquina | Extinct. | South shore of Lake Titicaca, town of Puquina. | Related to Siroi, Arawum, Kolom, Lemio. | Extinct for at least 200 years. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| pur | Puruborá | 2 (2002 SIL). | Rondônia, headwaters of the Rio São Miguel, tributary of the right bank of the Guaporé. | Related to Siroi, Arawum, Kolom, Lemio. | Extinct for at least 200 years. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| put | Putoh | 6,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast, east of Lundayeh and Sa'ban, Mentarang River, around Longberang, Mensalong, and Bangalan. | Pa Kembaloh, Abai. | Extinct for at least 200 years. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| pux | Puari | 35 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, coast around Puari. | Related to Rawo, Krisa, Warapu. | Extinct for at least 200 years. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| puy | Purisimeño | Extinct. | Formerly in southern California, near Santa Barbara. | Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. | Extinct for at least 200 years. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| puz | Naga, Purum | 503 (2001 census). | Manipur, Senapati District, Purumlikli, Purumkhulen, Purumkhunou, Waicheiphai, Moibunglikli villages; Chandel District, Lamlang Huipi, Chandanpokpi, Khongkhang Chothe, Loirang Talsi, Salemthar, Zat'lang, New Wangparan. | 95% intelligibility of Kharam, a nearby language. Lexical similarity 60% to 65% with Kom, 60% to 66% with Koireng, 57% to 60% with Aimol, 71% to 73% with Kharam. | All ages. Positive towards development of first language. Meitei used in market with Meitei, Thangkul, Kuki, and Kom. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40% (2000). | Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40% (2000). | |
| pwa | Pawaia | 4,000 (1991 SIL). | Simbu Province, Karimui District, and Gulf Province, Purari River near Oroi. Some also in Eastern Highlands Province. | Aurama (Turoha, Uri), Hauruha. | All ages. Positive towards development of first language. Meitei used in market with Meitei, Thangkul, Kuki, and Kom. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. NT: 2000. | |
| pwm | Molbog | 6,680 in the Philippines (1990 census). | Banggi Island. | Brooke's Point Palawano has 27% intelligibility; South Palawano 55% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 69% with Quezon Palawano (Central). | Sama Mapun is used as second language, and 20% use Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. Bible portions: 1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. Bible portions: 1977. | |
| pwn | Paiwan | 66,084 (2002 Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan, ROC). Ethnic population: 66,084. | Southern, southeastern mountains. | Brooke's Point Palawano has 27% intelligibility; South Palawano 55% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 69% with Quezon Palawano (Central). | Sama Mapun is used as second language, and 20% use Tagalog. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973–1993. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973–1993. | |
| pwo | Karen, Pwo Western | 210,000. | Irrawaddy Delta. | Bassein, Tuan Tet, Maubin. | Sama Mapun is used as second language, and 20% use Tagalog. | Burmese-based script. Bible: 1883–1885. | Burmese-based script. Bible: 1883–1885. | |
| pwr | Powari | 213,874 (1991 census). Ethnic population: 2,000,000 (1986 All India Powar council). | Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat, Seoni, Chindwara, Betul districts; Maharashtra, Wardha, Bhandara, Gondia districts. | Bhoyar Powari (Bhoyari, Bhomiyari, Bhoyaroo, Bhuiyar, Bhuria, Bohoyeri), Vyneganga Powari, Govari of Seoni, Khalari, Koshti, Kumbhari, Lodhi, Marari. Reported intelligibility between Bhoyar and Vyneganga. Balaghat district dialect is considered central among Bhoyar and Vyneganga varieties. Lexical similarity 60% to 87% among dialects; Koshti, Kumbhari, and Khalari cluster at 80% to 83%; 49% to 65% with Bagheli, 46% to 64% with Bundeli. | Powari use is decreasing in the Bhoyar and Vyneganga dialect areas. Half the children learn Hindi or Marathi first. Used mainly in the home except by a very few older adult women. Neutral or negative language attitude to first language. For education and community development many prefer Hindi or Marathi. About 50% of those in Madhya Pradesh are adequately bilingual in Hindi or Marathi. | Literacy rate in second language: 72% in the Powari-speaking districts (2001 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 72% in the Powari-speaking districts (2001 census). | |
| pww | Karen, Pwo Northern | 60,000 (1983 SIL). | Mae Sarieng town in northwest Thailand, Mae Ngaw along the Salween River, 15 to 25 villages, Hot to Mae Sarieng (Highway 1099 which runs south to Omkoi). | Mae Ping, Omkoi (Hod), Mae Sarieng. Three dialects are intelligible with each other. The Pwo Karen of Phrae, Kanchanaburi, and Hua Hin are not intelligible with these. Lexical similarity 87% with Phrae Province Pwo Karen of Thailand, 68% to 73% with other Pwo Karen. | Little knowledge of Thai in Hot to Mae Sarieng area. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Thai-based script. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Thai-based script. NT: 2002. | |
| pxm | Mixe, Quetzaltepec | 6,700 (2000 census). | Northeastern Oaxaca, several towns in the northeastern part of the Mixe District, including those listed as dialects. | Mae Ping, Omkoi (Hod), Mae Sarieng. Three dialects are intelligible with each other. The Pwo Karen of Phrae, Kanchanaburi, and Hua Hin are not intelligible with these. Lexical similarity 87% with Phrae Province Pwo Karen of Thailand, 68% to 73% with other Pwo Karen. | Little knowledge of Thai in Hot to Mae Sarieng area. | Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| pye | Krumen, Pye | 20,000 (1993 SIL). All Krumen: 48,300 (1993 SIL). | Southwestern Côte d'Ivoire between San Pedro and Tai, subprefectures of Tai, Bereby, and part of San Pedro. | Trepo, Wluwe-Hawlo (Haoulo), Gbowe-Hran, Wlepo, Dugbo, Yrewe (Giriwe), Yapo, Pie (Pye, Pie-Pli-Mahon-Kuse-Gblapo-Henekwe). | Little knowledge of Thai in Hot to Mae Sarieng area. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. |
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