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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pey | Petjo | No estimate available. | Djakarta (Batavia), Java. | Influences from Dutch, Javanese, and Betawi. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. May be extinct. 80-year-old woman in 1998. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Poetry. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1838–1995. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Poetry. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1838–1995. | |
| pez | Penan, Eastern | 2,100 in Malaysia (2004). | East of the Baram River, Apoh River District. | Penan Apoh. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. May be extinct. 80-year-old woman in 1998. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Poetry. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1838–1995. | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Poetry. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1838–1995. | |
| pfl | Pfaelzisch | No estimate available. | Southwest Palatinate, Rheinpfalz. | Various dialects. | Speakers also use Standard German. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pga | Arabic, Sudanese Creole | 20,000 (1987). | Southern Sudan, in the towns and many villages all over Equatoria Region, and up into Bahr al Ghazal and Upper Nile regions. Refugees have gone to other countries. | Difficult intelligibility of Nubi, Sudanese Arabic, or Modern Standard Arabic. | Trade language. 44,000 second-language speakers. Used as the major language of communication among speakers of different languages in Equatoria, south of Wau and Malakal. Used in many religious services as first or second language in Juba and a few other towns. Most people in towns speak at least two languages, and it is common for them to speak Creole Arabic, English, and 1, 2, or 3 vernaculars. | Bible portions: 1983–1985. | Bible portions: 1983–1985. | |
| pgg | Pangwali | 17,000 (1997). | Himachal Pradesh, Lahul-Spiti District, Udaipur down the Chenab (Chandra-Bhaga) River to the Chamba border at Purthi, and possibly from Tandi to the Sanch Pass. Another dialect over the pass; Chamba District, Pangi Tahsil. | Reported to be nearly the same as Bhadrawahi. 64% inherent intelligibility of Mandeali, 52% of Kangri, 44% of Chambeali. Lexical similarity 55% with Hindi, 77% with Kullui Pahari. | Hindi is the language of education and government; it is used as second language by men who have traveled, anyone with 5th grade education or higher, some women who have an educated person in the home. Second-language Hindi speakers can handle marketing in Hindi, and some men can discuss common topics. Those with a college education have learned English, and speak it outside Pangi and in educated circles. | Literacy rate in second language: 9% men, 1% women. In 1981 9% of the men had a 5th grade education, 1% of the women; 3% of the men had an 8th grade education, 0.3% of the women. | Literacy rate in second language: 9% men, 1% women. In 1981 9% of the men had a 5th grade education, 1% of the women; 3% of the men had an 8th grade education, 0.3% of the women. | |
| pgi | Pagi | 2,136 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Vanimo District, Bewani Subdistrict, 5 villages, east and southeast of the Kilmeri. | Western Pagi (Bewani), Eastern Pagi (Imbinis). Related to Kilmeri and Ningera. | Hindi is the language of education and government; it is used as second language by men who have traveled, anyone with 5th grade education or higher, some women who have an educated person in the home. Second-language Hindi speakers can handle marketing in Hindi, and some men can discuss common topics. Those with a college education have learned English, and speak it outside Pangi and in educated circles. | Literacy rate in second language: 9% men, 1% women. In 1981 9% of the men had a 5th grade education, 1% of the women; 3% of the men had an 8th grade education, 0.3% of the women. | Literacy rate in second language: 9% men, 1% women. In 1981 9% of the men had a 5th grade education, 1% of the women; 3% of the men had an 8th grade education, 0.3% of the women. | |
| pgu | Pagu | 3,309 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, interior North Halmahera south of the Modole language area out to the mouth of the Kao River. | Isam, Pagu, Toliwiku (Toliliko). | Hindi is the language of education and government; it is used as second language by men who have traveled, anyone with 5th grade education or higher, some women who have an educated person in the home. Second-language Hindi speakers can handle marketing in Hindi, and some men can discuss common topics. Those with a college education have learned English, and speak it outside Pangi and in educated circles. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| pgy | Pongyong | No estimate available. | Mechi Zone, Ilam District, Kannyam Panchayat, Ambikau. | Closest to Kulung and Sangpang. | Hindi is the language of education and government; it is used as second language by men who have traveled, anyone with 5th grade education or higher, some women who have an educated person in the home. Second-language Hindi speakers can handle marketing in Hindi, and some men can discuss common topics. Those with a college education have learned English, and speak it outside Pangi and in educated circles. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| pha | Pa-Hng | 5,569 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Tuyên Quang and Hà Giang provinces. | Closest to Kulung and Sangpang. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Hmong, Dong, Chinese, Zhuang, or Dai. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| phd | Phudagi | 1,009 (2000 WCD). | Maharashtra, Thane District. | A more divergent dialect of, or closely related language to, Konkani. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Hmong, Dong, Chinese, Zhuang, or Dai. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| phg | Phuong | 15,112 (2000 WCD). | Quang Nam-Da Nang and Gia Lai-Cong Tum provinces, southeast of the Pacoh language. | A more divergent dialect of, or closely related language to, Konkani. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Hmong, Dong, Chinese, Zhuang, or Dai. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| phh | Phula | 4,200 in China (2002). | Lao Cai Province, near Lao Cai City and one village in Xin Mun District of Hà Giang Province, also Lai Chau and Son La provinces. Also spoken in China. | Related to Laghuu. | Part of the Yi nationality. Endangered. Most have shifted to Vietnamese. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| phk | Phake | 5,000 (1990 Diller). | Assam, Dibrugarh District, Bor-phake, Nam-phake, Tipam-phake, Man-long, Man-po-mung, Pha-neng, Ning-gam, Nong-lai, Mung-lang villages along the Dihing River; Arunachal Pradesh. | Close to Aiton. Similar to Shan of Myanmar. | Speakers also use Assamese. Tai language is taught to children in village schools. | Tai script. | Tai script. | |
| phl | Phalura | 8,600 (1990). | 7 villages on the east side of the lower Chitral Valley, possibly 1 village in Dir Kohistan; Purigal, Ghos, the Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Ashret. | Ashreti, Northern Phalura. Ashreti has 92% lexical similarity with Northern Phalura. Lexical similarity 56% to 58% with Savi in Afghanistan, 38% to 42% with Shina. | Speakers also use Khowar. | Tai script. | Tai script. | |
| pho | Phunoi | 35,635 in Laos (1995 census). | Some in Chiangrai. | Black Khoany, White Khoany, Mung, Hwethom, Khaskhong. | Speakers also use Khowar. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| phq | Phana' | 350 (1995 census). | Luang Namtha Province, Luang Namtha District, Bopiet and Namtoung villages; Bokeo Province, Houayxay District, one village. | Black Khoany, White Khoany, Mung, Hwethom, Khaskhong. | Adults speak some Lahu. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| phr | Pahari-Potwari | 49,440 (2000 WCD). | Murree Hills north of Rawalpindi, and east to Azad Kashmir. To the north in the lower half of the Neelum Valley. Poonchi is east of Rawalakot. Potwari is in the plains around Rawalpindi. Punchhi and Chibhali are reported to be in Jammu and Kashmir. | Pahari (Dhundi-Kairali), Pothwari (Potwari), Chibhali, Punchhi (Poonchi), Mirpuri. Pahari means 'hill language' referring to a string of divergent dialects, some of which may be separate languages. A dialect chain with Panjabi and Hindko. Closeness to western Pahari is unknown. Lexical similarity 76% to 83% among varieties called 'Pahari', 'Potwari', and some called 'Hindko' in Mansehra, Muzzaffarabad, and Jammun. | Adults speak some Lahu. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| pht | Phu Thai | 209,000 in Viet Nam (2002). | Northern. | Little dialect differentiation. Close to Tai Dam and Tai Don. | Speakers also use Laotian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| phu | Phuan | 106,099 in Laos (2000 WCD). | Bolikhamxai, Vientiane, Xiangkhoang, and Houaphan. | Close to Northern Tai, Tai Dam, Song, Lao. | Vigorous. Strong sense of identity. A socially prominent group. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| phv | Pahlavani | 2,100 (2000 WCD). | Spoken in village Haji Hamza Khan of Karim Kushta in Chakhansoor Province. | Similar to Dari Persian. | Vigorous. Strong sense of identity. A socially prominent group. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| phw | Phangduwali | No estimate available. | Directly above the headwaters of the Mugakhola, Koshi Zone, Dhankuta District, Pakhribas Panchayat, Phangduwa village (W. Winter 1991:79). | Linguistically between Yakkha and Belhariya. | It may be nearly extinct. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| pia | Pima Bajo | 1,000 (1989 SIL). | Central Sonora-Chihuahua border, scattered. | Chihuahua Pima Bajo (Lower Piman), Sonora Pima Bajo. Sonora, Pima Bajo and Pima of the USA are close. Lexical similarity 85% with Pima (Tohono O'odham) of USA and Northern Tepehuán. | Speakers have some proficiency in Spanish. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| pib | Yine | 4,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000 to 5,000. | Departments of Ucayali and Cusco, east central Urubamba River area; Department of Ucayali and Loreto, along the Ucayali River (Conatmana and Pucallpa); Department of Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios River. | Machinere in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature. | Official language. Vigorous. All domains. Written form and many songs in the language used in religious services. All ages. Positive language attitude. Probably not more than 30% are fluent in Spanish. Nearly all are able to trade in Spanish. Those in the downriver area are more bilingual in Spanish than upriver Yine. Speakers may have some proficiency in Machiguenga (in Senza and Miaria), Asháninka (in Miaria, Bufeo Pozo, and Senza), and Quechua. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 80%. They desire higher education in Yine. Bilingual education. There are secondary schools in Miaria (with a Yine director and 3 Yine teachers), Sepahua (all teaching done in Spanish), Puija, Rimac, Bufeo Pozo. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1960–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 80%. They desire higher education in Yine. Bilingual education. There are secondary schools in Miaria (with a Yine director and 3 Yine teachers), Sepahua (all teaching done in Spanish), Puija, Rimac, Bufeo Pozo. Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1960–2002. | |
| pid | Piaroa | 80 in Colombia (1991 Adelaar). | Near the Sáliba. | Machinere in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature. | Possibly 50% of the men also use Maquiritare, Yabarana, or Spanish. | NT: 1986–2001. | NT: 1986–2001. | |
| pie | Piro | Extinct. | Formerly in Socorro, left bank of Rio Grande, USA, and Senecu, right bank, Mexico. | Machinere in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature. | Possibly 50% of the men also use Maquiritare, Yabarana, or Spanish. | NT: 1986–2001. | NT: 1986–2001. | |
| pig | Pisabo | 513 (2000 WCD). | Between the Tapíche and Blanco rivers. | Machinere in Brazil is different enough to need separate literature. | Official language. | NT: 1986–2001. | NT: 1986–2001. | |
| pih | Pitcairn-Norfolk | 36 on Pitcairn (2002). | Pitcairn Island, Norfolk Island, Fiji, and some second-generation Pitcairn Islanders in Australia and New Zealand. | Pitcairn English. | Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some were removed to Norfolk in 1859. Slightly different variety from that in Norfolk. An in-group language to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak Standard British English as first language. | NT: 1986–2001. | NT: 1986–2001. | |
| pii | Pini | 10. | Three Rivers, Western Australia. | Pitcairn English. | Developed from mutineers settling on Pitcairn in 1790. Some were removed to Norfolk in 1859. Slightly different variety from that in Norfolk. An in-group language to assist in the preservation of identity. People speak Standard British English as first language. | NT: 1986–2001. | NT: 1986–2001. | |
| pij | Pijao | Extinct. | Tolima Region. | M. Durbin said there is not enough data to classify it linguistically. | There have been no speakers since the 1950s. Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | NT: 1986–2001. | NT: 1986–2001. | |
| pim | Powhatan | Extinct. Ethnic population: 3,000 (1977 SIL). | Formerly scattered in eastern Virginia and Powhatan Renape Nation, Rankokus Indian Reservation, Rancocas, New Jersey. | M. Durbin said there is not enough data to classify it linguistically. | There have been no speakers since the 1950s. Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | NT: 1986–2001. | NT: 1986–2001. | |
| pin | Piame | 100 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province, middle Sepik Region, headwaters of the Niksek (April) and Walio (Leonhard Schultz) rivers. | M. Durbin said there is not enough data to classify it linguistically. | About 3 speakers of Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| pio | Piapoco | 99 in Venezuela (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). | Area of San Fernando de Atapapo, Amazonas along the Orinoco. | M. Durbin said there is not enough data to classify it linguistically. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 10%, 3 10%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1966–1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1966–1987. | |
| pip | Pero | 25,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Kaltungo LGA, Gwandum, Gundalf, Kushi, Yapito, Burak and Bangunji. | M. Durbin said there is not enough data to classify it linguistically. | They use Hausa as lingua franca. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1938. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936–1938. | |
| pir | Piratapuyo | 450 in Colombia. | Papurí River and lower Vaupés, Amazonas. Most near RC mission at Teresita. Others in small groups. | Close to Guanano linguistically; ethnically distinct, but the two groups do not intermarry. Lexical similarity 99% with Guanano (N. Waltz). | Distinct ethnically from the Guanano, but the exogamy system does not permit the two groups to intermarry. All also use at least one other Tucanoan language, especially Desano or Tucano. Spanish also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 60%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 60%. | |
| pis | Pijin | 24,390 (1999 SIL). | Papurí River and lower Vaupés, Amazonas. Most near RC mission at Teresita. Others in small groups. | Basic vocabulary is closer to standard English than is Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea. Grammar shows Melanesian features. Pronunciation varies according to local languages. Historically related to Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea and Bislama of Vanuatu. Intelligibility of Bislama is quite high. | Language of wider communication. Creolization in progress. 306,984 second- or third-language speakers (1999 SIL). | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1993. | |
| pit | Pitta Pitta | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Boulia, Queensland. | Related to Gangalanya, Garanya, Lhanima, Ngurlubulu, Ragaya, Rangwa, Yurlayurlanya, which may be extinct, and Wanggamala. | Language of wider communication. Creolization in progress. 306,984 second- or third-language speakers (1999 SIL). | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1993. | |
| piu | Pintupi-Luritja | 800 (1983 Black). 90% monolingual. | Papunya settlement, Yuendumu and Kintore, Northern Territory, and Balgo Hills, Western Australia. | Related to Gangalanya, Garanya, Lhanima, Ngurlubulu, Ragaya, Rangwa, Yurlayurlanya, which may be extinct, and Wanggamala. | About 10% also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1981. | |
| piy | Piya-Kwonci | 5,000 (1992). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA; and some in Bauchi State. 21 villages or more. | Piya, Kwonci. | Speakers use Hausa, Kulung, Pelang, Tangale or some English as second language. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| pjt | Pitjantjatjara | 2,500 (1995 Paul Eckert). 80% monolingual. | Pitjantjatjara Freehold lands, northwest South Australia, surrounding areas, and Yalata. | Yankunytjatjara, Pitjantjatjara (Pithantjatjarra). | 500 second-language speakers. About 20% also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| pkg | Pak-Tong | 970 (1977 Lincoln). | Manus Province, Pak and Tong islands. | Pak, Tong. 2 nearly identical dialects; Pak is larger. | 500 second-language speakers. About 20% also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 70%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| pkh | Pankhu | 234 in India (1971). | Falam area, Chin Hills. | Pak, Tong. 2 nearly identical dialects; Pak is larger. | Speakers also use Mizo, Chin Bawm, or English. | Roman and Devanagari scripts in India. | Roman and Devanagari scripts in India. | |
| pkn | Pakanha | 10 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, central Cape York Peninsula, south of Coleman River. | Pak, Tong. 2 nearly identical dialects; Pak is larger. | Speakers also use Mizo, Chin Bawm, or English. | Roman and Devanagari scripts in India. | Roman and Devanagari scripts in India. | |
| pko | Pökoot | 264,000 in Kenya (1994 I. Larsen BTL). | East central, near Kupsabiny. | East Pokot, West Pokot. | Speakers also use Mizo, Chin Bawm, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1967–1987. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1967–1987. | |
| pks | Pakistan Sign Language | No estimate available. | East central, near Kupsabiny. | Related to Nepalese Sign Language; may be the same language as Indian Sign Language. | Used in urban centers with some regional variation in vocabulary. The National Institute of Special Education encourages a total communication approach, including the teaching of PSL. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pkt | Maleng | 200 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). | Malieng in Thanh Hoa and Lam Hoa communes, Tuyen Hoa District, dan Hoa in Minh Hoa District, northern Quang Binh Province; Huong Lien commune in Huong Khe District, Ha Tinh Province, 2 or 3 villages bordering Laos, and another to the southeast. | Malieng (Pa Leng), Kha Phong (Maleng Kari, Maleng Bro, Kha Nam Om). | Used in urban centers with some regional variation in vocabulary. The National Institute of Special Education encourages a total communication approach, including the teaching of PSL. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pku | Paku | 3,500 (2003). | Southeast, south of Ampah. | Closest to Ma'anyan, Malagasy, Dusun Malang, Dusun Witu. Lexical similarity 77% with Ma'anyan, 73% with Dusun Witu. | Used in urban centers with some regional variation in vocabulary. The National Institute of Special Education encourages a total communication approach, including the teaching of PSL. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pla | Miani | 1,500 (1987 SIL). | Madang Province, Bogia District, inland. | Closest to Ma'anyan, Malagasy, Dusun Malang, Dusun Witu. Lexical similarity 77% with Ma'anyan, 73% with Dusun Witu. | Used in urban centers with some regional variation in vocabulary. The National Institute of Special Education encourages a total communication approach, including the teaching of PSL. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1982. | |
| plc | Palawano, Central | 12,000 (1981 UBS). 40,549 all Palawano (1990 census). | Central Palawan. | Of Brooke's Point Palawano 95% intelligibility, of Southwest Palawano 46% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 82% with Brooke's Point Palawano, 78% of Southwest Palawano. | Comprehension of Tagalog low. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| pld | Polari | No estimate available. | Central Palawan. | Of Brooke's Point Palawano 95% intelligibility, of Southwest Palawano 46% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 82% with Brooke's Point Palawano, 78% of Southwest Palawano. | Comprehension of Tagalog low. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| ple | Palu'e | 10,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Palu Island, north of central Flores. Also the village of Nangahure on the north coast of the Flores mainland northwest of Maumere. | Dialect cluster with Ende-Lio; marginal intelligibility of Li'o. | Comprehension of Tagalog low. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| plg | Pilagá | 2,000 (1991 UBS). | Along the valleys of the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers in central and western Formosa Province, also Chaco and Salta provinces. | Toba-Pilagá (Toba del Oeste, Sombrero Negro), Chaco Pilagá (Toba Sur). Intelligibility between the dialects needs investigation. | Comprehension of Tagalog low. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| pli | Pali | Extinct. | Also spoken in Myanmar, Sri Lanka. | Toba-Pilagá (Toba del Oeste, Sombrero Negro), Chaco Pilagá (Toba Sur). Intelligibility between the dialects needs investigation. | The literary language of the Buddhist scriptures. Monks from different countries may speak Pali to each other. Sri Lankan history has been recorded in Pali. | NT: 1835. | NT: 1835. | |
| plj | Polci | 22,000 (1995 CAPRO). Population includes 2,000 Zul (1995), 4,000 Buli (1993), 400 Langas (1993), 15,000 Polci, 250 Baram (1993), 800 Dir (1993). | Bauchi State, Dass, Toro, and Bauchi LGAs. | Zul (Mbarmi, Barma), Baram (Mbaram, Barang), Dir (Diir, Dra, Baram Dutse), Buli, Langas (Nyamzax, Lundur), Polci (Posa, Polshi, Palci). Polci dialect cluster in Barawa language cluster. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa (2000 Blench). | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| plk | Shina, Kohistani | 200,000 (1981 census). | East bank of the Indus in Kohistan District, NWFP, in the Jalkot, Palas, and Kolai valleys and surrounding areas. | Palasi, Jalkoti, Kolai. A somewhat divergent variety of Shina linguistically and socially. Closer to Shina of Chilas, but more distant from Gilgit. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa (2000 Blench). | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| pll | Palaung, Shwe | 2,000 in China (1995 SIL). Total De'ang in China 15,462 (1990 census). | Yunnan. | 15 Palaung dialects in Myanmar. Pale Palaung and Rumai are closely related, but distinct languages. | Shan is the lingua franca for intercommunication among Palaung groups with marked dialect differences and between Palaung and Shan, Kachin, and smaller groups such as Lisu. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| plm | Palembang | 500,000 (1989). | Southeast Sumatra, Palembang area, Musi River. | 15 Palaung dialects in Myanmar. Pale Palaung and Rumai are closely related, but distinct languages. | Shan is the lingua franca for intercommunication among Palaung groups with marked dialect differences and between Palaung and Shan, Kachin, and smaller groups such as Lisu. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| pln | Palenquero | 500 (1989 J. Holm). Ethnic population: 2,500 (1989 J. Holm). | Village of San Basilio de Palenque southeast of Cartagena, and 2 neighborhoods in Barranquilla. | Entirely unintelligible to Spanish speakers. Linguistic influences from Kongo in Democratic Republic of the Congo (I. Hancock 1987). | 10% of those under 25 speak it (1998 Armin Schwegler). Most speakers are older. Positive language attitude. Most members of the ethnic group speak Spanish as first language, but some older adults have low proficiency in Spanish. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| plo | Popoluca, Oluta | 102 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1990 census). | Southeastern Veracruz, Oluta, inland, west of Texistepec. | Entirely unintelligible to Spanish speakers. Linguistic influences from Kongo in Democratic Republic of the Congo (I. Hancock 1987). | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| plp | Palpa | 7,562 (2000). | Lumbini Zone, town of Palpa. | This language stands midway between Nepali (Eastern Pahari) and Kumauni (Central Pahari). Sometimes considered a Kumauni or Nepali dialect. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | NT: 1827. | NT: 1827. | |
| plr | Senoufo, Palaka | 8,000 (1995 SIL). | Central Department, area around Sikolo, north of Djimini. | Lexical similarity 65% to 70% with other Senufo languages and dialects. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| pls | Popoloca, San Marcos Tlalcoyalco | 5,000 (1993 SIL). | San Marcos Tlacoyalco, Puebla. | San Luis has 90% intelligibility of San Marcos. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 30%, 2 60%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1983. | NT: 1983. | |
| plt | Malagasy, Plateau | 700 in Comoros (1993 Johnstone). | The central part of the Island. Also spoken in Comoros, Réunion. | Merina, Betsileo, Sihanaka, Bezanozano, Tanala. The closest language outside of Madagascar is Ma'anyan in south Borneo (Kalimantan, Indonesia). | It is spoken by a substantial number of residents of Madagascar origin. Most also use Comorian. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1835–1938. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1835–1938. | |
| plu | Palikúr | 500 in French Guiana. | Eastern border area. | Merina, Betsileo, Sihanaka, Bezanozano, Tanala. The closest language outside of Madagascar is Ma'anyan in south Borneo (Kalimantan, Indonesia). | Speakers have some proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| plv | Palawano, Southwest | 3,000 (1985 UBS). | Southwest Palawan from Rizal to the north to the southern tip of Palawan, from Canipaan to Canduaga. | Intelligibility of Quezon Palawano (Central) 75%, Brooke's Point 76% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 85% with Brooke's Point Palawano, 78% with Quezon Palawano (Central). | Low comprehension of Tagalog. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| plw | Palawano, Brooke's Point | 14,367 (2000 WCD). | Southeastern Palawan. | South Palawano (Bugsuk Palawano). Of Quezon Palawano (Central) 76% intelligibility, of Southwest Palawano 68%, of South Palawano 87% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 82% with Quezon Palawano (Central), 85% with Southwest Palawano, 83% with South Palawano. | Comprehension of Tagalog is low. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| ply | Bolyu | 10,000 (1993). | Far western Guangxi on the Guizhou border, Xilin and Longlin counties, in 2 groups. There may be some in Yunnan. | South Palawano (Bugsuk Palawano). Of Quezon Palawano (Central) 76% intelligibility, of Southwest Palawano 68%, of South Palawano 87% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 82% with Quezon Palawano (Central), 85% with Southwest Palawano, 83% with South Palawano. | Comprehension of Tagalog is low. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| plz | Paluan | 3,677 (2000 WCD). Population includes 3,000 Paluan, 1,000 to 2,000 Pandewan. | Sabah, Tenom, Keningau, and Pensiangan districts along some tributaries of the Padas River, and along the Dalit, Keramatoi, Nabawan, Pamentarian, and Mesopo rivers, and the lower Sook River valley, and the headwaters of the Talankai and Sapulut rivers. | Paluan (Peluan), Dalit Murut, Sook Murut, Takapan, Makaheeliga (Makialiga), Pandewan (Pandewan Murut). Closest to Tagal Murut. | Speakers are also fluent in Tagal. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| pmb | Pambia | 21,000 (1982 SIL). | Northern Orientale Province. | Paluan (Peluan), Dalit Murut, Sook Murut, Takapan, Makaheeliga (Makialiga), Pandewan (Pandewan Murut). Closest to Tagal Murut. | Speakers are also fluent in Tagal. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| pmc | Palumata | Extinct. | Central Maluku, northwest Buru Island. | Paluan (Peluan), Dalit Murut, Sook Murut, Takapan, Makaheeliga (Makialiga), Pandewan (Pandewan Murut). Closest to Tagal Murut. | Speakers are also fluent in Tagal. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| pmi | Pumi, Northern | 35,000 (1999). Perhaps 1|3 are monolingual. 24,000 in the Pumi nationality, 30,000 in the Tibetan nationality (1994). | Southwestern Sichuan, Muli, Yanyuan, and Kiulong counties; and northwestern Yunnan, Yongning District of Ninglang County. | Taoba. Northern Pumi has 5 subdialects. Intelligibility of Southern Pumi is difficult. Lexical similarity between Northern and Southern is 60%, grammatical differences minor. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Chinese, Tibetan, Lisu, Bai, Naxi, or Yi. | Literacy rate in second language: 39%. Taught in primary schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 39%. Taught in primary schools. | |
| pmj | Pumi, Southern | 19,000 (1999). About 1|3 are monolingual. 24,000 in the Pumi nationality, 30,000 in the Tibetan nationality (1994). | Northwestern Yunnan Province, Lanping, Weixi, Yongsheng, and Lijiang counties, and Xinyingpan District of Ninglang County. | Qinghua. Southern Pumi has 5 subdialects. Intelligibility of Northern Pumi is difficult. Lexical similarity 60% between Northern and Southern. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Mandarin Chinese, Tibetan, Lisu, Bai, Naxi, or Yi. | Literacy rate in second language: 39%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 39%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | |
| pml | Lingua Franca | Extinct. | Tunisia; Dodecanese Islands west bank, Greece; Cyprus; other major Mediterranean ports. | Lexicon from Italian and Provençal. An earlier version may have been a pidginized Latin. On the Barbary Coast of North Africa in 1578, its lexicon came from Spanish and Portuguese. In Algeria in the 1830s, it drew increasingly from French, and later became the nonstandard French of that area. It may also have influenced other pidgins. There is a report of a present-day variety on the Aegean Islands, used as a pidgin in the southeastern Mediterranean region, to have mainly Arabic syntax, and vocabulary which is 65% to 70% Italian, 10% Spanish, and other Catalan, French, Ladino, and Turkish words. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Mandarin Chinese, Tibetan, Lisu, Bai, Naxi, or Yi. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pmq | Pame, Northern | 5,616 (2000 WCD). | San Luis Potosí, north of Río Verde to the border with Tamaulipas. Includes Alaquines, Morales, Pasito de San Francisco, Las Crucitas, La Palma, Santa Catarina, Tamasopo, Rayón, Cuesta Blanca. Most speakers are in a natural corridor from the base of the Sierra del Mezquital along La Cañada River. | 10% to 15% intelligibility of Santa María Acapulco; 87% intelligibility of Alaquines by La Palma speakers. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pmr | Paynamar | 150 (1975 Z'Graggen). | Madang Province. | 10% to 15% intelligibility of Santa María Acapulco; 87% intelligibility of Alaquines by La Palma speakers. | Speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| pms | Piemontese | 3,106,620 in Italy (2000 WCD). | Northwest Italy, Piedmont, except for the Provençal- and Franco-Provençal-speaking Alpine valleys. Also spoken in Australia, USA. | High Piemontese (Alto Piemontese), Low Piemontese (Basso Piemontese). Distinct enough from Standard Italian to be considered a separate language. Considerable French influence. | Speakers may all be highly bilingual in Standard Italian. | NT: 1834. | NT: 1834. | |
| pmu | Panjabi, Mirpur | 1,022,000 in India (2000). Population total all countries: 1,042,000. | Kashmir, Mirpur area, near Pakistan border. Also possibly in Pakistan. Also spoken in United Kingdom. | Distinct from Western Panjabi, although closely related. | Speakers may all be highly bilingual in Standard Italian. | NT: 1834. | NT: 1834. | |
| pmw | Miwok, Plains | 1 (1962 H. Landar in Sebeok 1977). | California, deltas of the San Joaquin and Cosumnes rivers. | Distinct from Western Panjabi, although closely related. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | NT: 1834. | NT: 1834. | |
| pmx | Naga, Poumei | 51,000 (1997). | Manipur. | Close to Mao. Not the same as Puimei (Breton 1997:217). | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Roman script. NT: 1992. | Roman script. NT: 1992. | |
| pmz | Pame, Southern | Extinct. | Jiliapan. | Close to Mao. Not the same as Puimei (Breton 1997:217). | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Roman script. NT: 1992. | Roman script. NT: 1992. | |
| pna | Punan Bah-Biau | 450 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central, around Merit, Rejang River, 7th Division. | Punan Bah (Punan Ba), Punan Biau. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Roman script. NT: 1992. | Roman script. NT: 1992. | |
| pnb | Panjabi, Western | 27,386 in India (1991 census). | Jammu and Kashmir; Delhi; Haryana. | There is a continuum of varieties between Eastern and Western Panjabi, and with Western Hindi and Urdu. 'Lahnda' is a name given earlier for Western Panjabi; an attempt to cover the dialect continuum between Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, and Western Panjabi in the north and Sindhi in the south. Grierson said Majhi is the purest form of Panjabi. Several dozen dialects. The Balmiki (Valmiki) sweeper caste in Attock District speak a dialect of Panjabi. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Perso-Arabic script. Radio programs. Films. TV. NT: 1819–2000. | Perso-Arabic script. Radio programs. Films. TV. NT: 1819–2000. | |
| pnc | Pannei | 9,000 (1986 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Polewali-Mamasa District, Wonomulyo Subdistrict. | Tapango, Bulo. Bulo has 87% to 93% lexical similarity with all dialects. Lexical similarity 75% to 80% with dialects of Ulumandak, Pitu Ulunna Salu, Aralle-Tabulahan. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Perso-Arabic script. Radio programs. Films. TV. NT: 1819–2000. | Perso-Arabic script. Radio programs. Films. TV. NT: 1819–2000. | |
| pne | Penan, Western | 50 in Brunei (1988 Lian). | West of the Baram River. | Nibong (Nibon, Penan Nibong), Bok Penan (Bok), Penan Silat, Penan Gang (Gang), Penan Lusong (Lusong), Sipeng (Speng), Penan Lanying, Jelalong Penan. | Speakers also use Iban. | NT: 1974. | NT: 1974. | |
| png | Pongu | 30,000 (2003 SIL). | Niger State, Rafi LGA, Gumna and Tegina districts, widespread small villages between Kusheriki in the north, Zungeru in the south, and along the new road to the southwest, with center in Sabon Gari Pangu. Bordered by the Kamuku, Ngwoi, Ura, Basa-Kaduna, Baushi, Basa-Gurmana, Gurmana, and Gbari. Small numbers are in Kaduna, Minna, Kontagora, and Bida towns. | Akwa, Asebi, Awege, Azhiga, Cagere, Camajere, Cansu, Caundu, Ubwebwe. Dialect variation is slight, with 94% to 99% similarity. | All domains. Used in church when only Pongu are present. Hausa is used as second language with outsiders. English is used in education and for national government purposes. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pni | Aoheng | 2,630 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | North central near Sarawak border. | Lexical similarity 69% with Kereho, 67% with Hovongan. | All domains. Used in church when only Pongu are present. Hausa is used as second language with outsiders. English is used in education and for national government purposes. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pnm | Punan Batu 1 | 30 (2000 Wurm). | Central, west of Long Geng, southeast of Belaga. | Lexical similarity 69% with Kereho, 67% with Hovongan. | All domains. Used in church when only Pongu are present. Hausa is used as second language with outsiders. English is used in education and for national government purposes. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pnn | Pinai-Hagahai | 600 (1997 SIL). | Border area of Enga, Madang, Western Highlands, and East Sepik provinces. | Luya-Ginam-Mamusi, Pinai. The dialects have 78% lexical similarity with each other. They have 33% with Haruai, 19% with Kobon, 8% with Enga. | Some speakers are partially bilingual in Enga, Tok Pisin, or Haruai. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pno | Panobo | Extinct. | Along the Ucayali River and mixed with the Shetebo. | Luya-Ginam-Mamusi, Pinai. The dialects have 78% lexical similarity with each other. They have 33% with Haruai, 19% with Kobon, 8% with Enga. | Some speakers are partially bilingual in Enga, Tok Pisin, or Haruai. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pnp | Pancana | 15,000 (1979 Bhurhanuddin). | Southeast Sulawesi, near Muna, central Buton Island. | Kapontori, Kalende (Lawele), Labuandiri. Dialect names are also place names. May be more than one language. Lexical similarity 71% with Muna, 57% with Cia-Cia. | Speakers also use Wolio. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pnr | Panim | 420 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province just west of Madang city. | Related to Gumalu, Sihan, Isebe, Bau, Amele. | Speakers also use Wolio. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pns | Ponosakan | 3,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast Sulawesi around Belang. | Lexical similarity 75% with Mongondow, 66% with Lolak. | Speakers also use Wolio. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | Some children and adults are literate in Hausa or English. | |
| pnt | Pontic | 4,535 in Turkey (1965 Mackridge). | Northest Turkey, easternmost part of Pontic-speaking region. | Speakers of Standard Greek cannot understand Pontic, and Pontic speakers are reported to not understand or speak Standard Greek. Pontic clubs and centers exist in the Athens-Peiraeus suburbs. | Young people may speak Standard Greek as their first language. Speakers in North America are reported to maintain the use of Pontic more zealously than those in Greece. Ethnic Greeks in Georgia called 'Rumka' speak Pontic Greek. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| pnu | Bunu, Jiongnai | 1,078 (1999 Mao Zongwu). 269 monolinguals. | Eastern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Jinxiu Yao Autonomous County. | Very different from and unintelligible to speakers of surrounding Yao and other Bunu languages. Lexical similarity 52% with Bu-Nao Bunu. | Vigorous in most families. All domains. All ages. Indifferent language attitude. Speakers also use Mandarin, Zhuang, Iu Mien, Lakkia or Hmong. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| pnv | Pinigura | 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, northwest, inland on Duck Creek. | Very different from and unintelligible to speakers of surrounding Yao and other Bunu languages. Lexical similarity 52% with Bu-Nao Bunu. | Vigorous in most families. All domains. All ages. Indifferent language attitude. Speakers also use Mandarin, Zhuang, Iu Mien, Lakkia or Hmong. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| pnw | Panytyima | 50 (1972 B. Geytenbeek). | Western Australia, northwest, east southeast of Tom Price. | Related to Yinawongga, Ngarlawangga, Ngarla, Tjurruru, which may be extinct, and Nyamal. | Speakers also use Yindjibarndi or English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| pnx | Phong-Kniang | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southern Houaphan Province, Viangthong and Houamuang districts, near the Neun River; northern Xieng Khouang Province. | Related to Puoc and Khang. | Speakers also use Yindjibarndi or English. | Many are educated. | Many are educated. | |
| poa | Poqomam, Eastern | 12,500 (1990 SIL). | Eastern Guatemala, Jalapa Department, San Luis Jilotepeque. | Possibly 50% intelligibility of Central Poqomam. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. Bible portions: 1966–1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. Bible portions: 1966–1982. | |
| pob | Poqomchi', Western | 50,000 (1998 SIL). | Around San Cristobal. | Santa Cruz Verapaz Poqomchi'. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 35%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1957–1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 35%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1957–1979. | |
| poc | Poqomam, Central | 8,600 in Guatemala (1990 SIL). | 9 kilometers northwest of Guatemala City, Chinautla. Also spoken in El Salvador. | Santa Cruz Verapaz Poqomchi'. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. | |
| pod | Ponares | Extinct. | 9 kilometers northwest of Guatemala City, Chinautla. Also spoken in El Salvador. | Santa Cruz Verapaz Poqomchi'. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32%. Bible portions: 1981–1982. |
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