1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| awt | Araweté | 184 (1994 ALEM). | Amazonas, at least one sizeable village, near Xingú River, near Altamira. | Close to Asuriní, Parakanã, Tapirapé. | Nearly all speakers are monolingual (1986). | Bible portions: 1891. | Bible portions: 1891. | |
| awu | Awyu, Central | 7,500 (2002 Sohn, Myo-sook). | South coast east of Bipim, northwest of Yaqay, west of Tanamerah, southwest of Boma. Merauke Kabupaten, Edera, Pantai Kasuari, Kouh, Mandobo, Asgon, and Kepi kecamatans. | About 9 dialects. | Most domains, home. Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Bible portions: 1985. | Bible portions: 1985. | |
| awv | Awyu, Jair | 2,300 (2002 SIL). | South coast east of Bipim, northwest of Yaqay, west of Tanamerah, southwest of Boma. Merauke Kabupaten, Edera, Pantai Kasuari, Kouh, Mandobo, Asgon, and Kepi kecamatans. | About 9 dialects. | Used with family, friends. | Bible portions: 1985. | Bible portions: 1985. | |
| aww | Awun | 400 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, east of Namia. | Related to Namia and Ak. | Used with family, friends. | Bible portions: 1985. | Bible portions: 1985. | |
| awx | Awara | 1,627 (1994 govt. figure). 35% monolingual. | Morobe Province, Lae District, near the Wantoat. | There is some dialect variation within Awara. Wantoat, Wapu, and Awara are part of a language chain, with Awara being the western end. Lexical similarity 60% to 70% with Wantoat and Wapu. | Tok Pisin is used as second language. Use of Wantoat is passive. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| awy | Awyu, Edera | 3,870 (2002 SIL). | Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. | There is some dialect variation within Awara. Wantoat, Wapu, and Awara are part of a language chain, with Awara being the western end. Lexical similarity 60% to 70% with Wantoat and Wapu. | All domains, home, religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| axb | Abipon | Extinct. | Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. | There is some dialect variation within Awara. Wantoat, Wapu, and Awara are part of a language chain, with Awara being the western end. Lexical similarity 60% to 70% with Wantoat and Wapu. | All domains, home, religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| axg | Arára, Mato Grosso | Extinct. Ethnic population: 100 (1998). | Mato Grosso. | There is some dialect variation within Awara. Wantoat, Wapu, and Awara are part of a language chain, with Awara being the western end. Lexical similarity 60% to 70% with Wantoat and Wapu. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| aya | Awar | 1,094 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Awar, Nubia. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| ayb | Gbe, Ayizo | 328,000 (2000 SIL). | Mono and Atlantique provinces. | Kadagbe (Kada-Gbe), Ayizo-Seto, Ayizo-Tori, Ayizo-Kobe. Close to Fon. | Speakers have very good comprehension of Fon. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| ayc | Aymara, Southern | No estimate available. | From Lake Titicaca toward ocean. | Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (Landerman 1984). | Official language. Most speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| ayd | Ayabadhu | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, north of the Coleman River, south of Coen. | Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (Landerman 1984). | Official language. Most speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| aye | Ayere | 3,000 (1992 Blench). | Kwara State, Oyi LGA, Kabba District. | Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (Landerman 1984). | Official language. Most speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| ayh | Arabic, Hadrami Spoken | 300,000 in Yemen (1995). Population total all countries: 410,000. | Hadramaut. Also spoken in Eritrea, Kenya. | Some important verb forms and vocabulary differences from Central Aymara. Dialect intelligibility needs investigation in Tacna and Moquegua (Landerman 1984). | Official language. Most speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| ayk | Akuku | No estimate available. | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Related to Oloma. | Official language. Most speakers have low proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| ayl | Arabic, Libyan Spoken | 5,000 in Niger (1998). | Eastern Niger north of N'guigmi near Ngourti. | Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic, Tripolitanian Arabic, Southern Libyan Arabic, Eastern Libyan Arabic. | French is used as second language; 20% use Italian. | Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | |
| ayn | Arabic, Sanaani Spoken | 7,600,000 (1996). | Extends as far south as Dhamar, about 14.4 degrees north. | Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic, Tripolitanian Arabic, Southern Libyan Arabic, Eastern Libyan Arabic. | French is used as second language; 20% use Italian. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| ayo | Ayoreo | 771 in Bolivia (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 856 in Bolivia (2000 W. Adelaar). | Gran Chaco region, department of Santa Cruz. | Tsiricua. | All ages. | Grammar. NT: 1982. | Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| ayp | Arabic, North Mesopotamian Spoken | 400,000 in Turkey (1992). | Mardin and Siirt provinces. | Very close to Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, but there are important sociolinguistic differences. | Men are quite bilingual in Turkish. | Grammar. NT: 1982. | Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| ayq | Ayi | 433 (2000 census). | Southeast corner of Sandaun Province, Wan Wan Division, 3 villages. | Close to Pasi. | Men also use Tok Pisin. | Grammar. NT: 1982. | Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| ayr | Aymara, Central | 441,743 in Peru (2000 WCD). | Lake Titicaca area, Puno. | Chilean Aymara is very close to La Paz, Bolivia dialect. | Official language. All ages. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | |
| ays | Ayta, Sorsogon | 15 to 20 (2000 Wurm). | Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon Province. | Chilean Aymara is very close to La Paz, Bolivia dialect. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Ayta. Used in the home. No children speak Ayta. Negative language attitude. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | |
| ayt | Ayta, Bataan | 500 (2000 Wurm). | Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon. | Lexical similarity 63% with Botolan Sambal and Tagalog. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Ayta. Few key domains. 30% to 50% of children speak Ayta. Mildly supportive language attitude. Speakers also use Tagalog. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | |
| ayu | Ayu | 800 (2003 SIL). | Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA, Kongon, Gwade, Tayu, Arau, Diger, Ikwa, Agamati, Anka Ambel, and Amantu villages. | Lexical similarity 63% with Botolan Sambal and Tagalog. | Children do not use Ayu. Most speakers also fluent in Hausa. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | |
| ayx | Ayi | 2,200 (2004). | Fugong and Gongshan counties, Nujiang Nu-Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of northwestern Yunnan. | Lexical similarity 63% with Botolan Sambal and Tagalog. | Children do not use Ayu. Most speakers also fluent in Hausa. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | |
| ayy | Ayta, Tayabas | Extinct. | Tayabas, Quezon Province, Luzon. | Lexical similarity 63% with Botolan Sambal and Tagalog. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Tagalog. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | Churches are active in literacy. Openings in government schools for the use of Aymara literature. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1987–1993. | |
| ayz | Mai Brat | 20,000 (1987 SIL). | Central Bird's Head around Ayamaru Lakes, about 40 villages. | Maisawiet, Maiyah, Maimaka, Maite, Maisefa. Lexical similarity 10% with Tehit, Mpur, Abun, its closest neighbors. | Used in religious services. All ages. 5,000 to 7,000 are in cities and are very bilingual, some highly educated. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1990–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1990–2000. | |
| azb | Azerbaijani, South | 530,000 in Turkey. | Kars Province. | Kars. | The people of Kars Province speak Azerbaijani but use Turkish as the literary language. | Many read Arabic or Kurdish. Low literacy rate in South Azerbaijani. | Many read Arabic or Kurdish. Low literacy rate in South Azerbaijani. | |
| azg | Amuzgo, San Pedro Amuzgos | 4,000 (1990 census). | Southwestern Oaxaca, Putla District, San Pedro Amuzgos. One town with outlying settlements. | 76% comprehension of Amuzgo of Guerrero. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 35%, 2 15%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| azj | Azerbaijani, North | 161,000 in Armenia (1993 Johnstone). | In southern Dagestan, along the Caspian coast and beyond the Caucasus Mountains. | Kuba, Derbent, Baku, Semakha, Saliany, Lenkoran, Kazakh, Airym, Borcala, Terekeme, Kyzylbash, Nukha, Zakataly (Mugaly), Kutkasen, Erevan, Nakhichevan, Ordubad, Kirovabad, Susa (Karabakh), Karapapak. | Used in schools, publications. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | |
| azm | Amuzgo, Ipalapa | 2,000 (1992 SIL). Monolinguals over 60 (1992 SIL). | Oaxaca, Putla District, about 8 to 10 miles northeast of San Pedro Amuzgos; five locations around Santa María Ipalapa. Just off the highway from Tlaxiaco to the coast. | Not intelligible with other Amuzgo. | All ages. Some speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | Literacy rate in second language: High. | |
| azt | Atta, Faire | 300 (2000 Wurm). | Near Faire-Rizal, Cagayan Province, Luzon. | Lexical similarity 81% with Pudtol Atta; 60% with Isnag; 66% with Central Cagayan Agta; 82% with Pamplona Atta; 90% with Rizal Atta; 72% with Ibanag. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Atta. Used in the home. A few children speak Atta. Neutral language attitude. Speakers also use Ibanag or Pamplona Atta. | Literacy work needed for Sinundungan Valley: 100 families. | Literacy work needed for Sinundungan Valley: 100 families. | |
| azz | Nahuatl, Highland Puebla | 125,000 (1983). | Northeast Puebla. | Lexical similarity 81% with Pudtol Atta; 60% with Isnag; 66% with Central Cagayan Agta; 82% with Pamplona Atta; 90% with Rizal Atta; 72% with Ibanag. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 30%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 5%. Speakers also use Totonac. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| bab | Bainouk-Gunyuño | 8,170 (2002). | South of the Casamance River. | A distinct language from Bainouk-Gunyamoolo of Senegal and Gambia. Related to Kobiana and Kasanga of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. More closely related to the Tenda languages of eastern Senegal than to Diola and Balanta. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 30%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 5%. Speakers also use Totonac. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| bac | Badui | 5,000 (1989). | West Java, Mount Kendeng, Kabupaten Rangkasbitung, Pandeglang, and Sukabumi. | Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 30%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 5%. Speakers also use Totonac. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| bae | Baré | Extinct. Ethnic population: Perhaps 238 (1975 Gaceta Indigenista). | Colombian border in extreme southwest, Amazonas, along the upper Rio Negro from Brazil-Venezuela border to the Casiquiare Canal, Maroa. | Sometimes considered a dialect of Sunda. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish or Nhengatu. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| baf | Nubaca | 800 (1994 SIL). | Center Province, Mbam Division, Bokito Subdivision, Yangben Canton, south of Yangben, village of Bongo, 4 quarters. | No significant dialect differences. Not intelligible with other Yambassa language varieties. Related to Elip, Dumbule, and Mmaala. | French used by the younger generation as their main language. Ewondo is understood by most of the older generation. Basaa is only used by the older generation, not the youth. French is learned and spoken from early childhood in school, and in nearly every aspect of daily life, including the family, although interpretation into Nubaca is made in church. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| bag | Tuki | 26,000 (1982 SIL). | Center Province, Mbam Division, along the Sanaga River north of Saa, and north of the Sanaga River between Ombessa and Ntui. | Kombe (Tukombe, Wakombe, Bakombe), Tocenga (Tiki, Bacenga), Tsinga (Chinga, Tutsingo, Batsingo), Bundum, Tonjo (Bunju, Boudjou), Ngoro (Tu Ngoro, Uki, Aki), Mbere (Tumbele, Mbele, Bambele, Mvele, Bamvele). | French used by the younger generation as their main language. Ewondo is understood by most of the older generation. Basaa is only used by the older generation, not the youth. French is learned and spoken from early childhood in school, and in nearly every aspect of daily life, including the family, although interpretation into Nubaca is made in church. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| bah | Bahamas Creole English | 225,000 in Bahamas (1987). | Also spoken in USA. | Intelligibility with Sea Islands Creole good. Very close to Sea Islands Creole and Afro-Seminole of USA (Ian Hancock). The major differences with Sea Islands are in phonology, a few words, regional expressions, and a few grammatical differences (verbal markers). There is a spectrum of varieties from Standard USA English usage to the creole (Todd and Hancock 1986). | French used by the younger generation as their main language. Ewondo is understood by most of the older generation. Basaa is only used by the older generation, not the youth. French is learned and spoken from early childhood in school, and in nearly every aspect of daily life, including the family, although interpretation into Nubaca is made in church. | Another orthography may be needed, since there were negative responses to the Sea Islands orthography presently in use. Dictionary. | Another orthography may be needed, since there were negative responses to the Sea Islands orthography presently in use. Dictionary. | |
| baj | Barakai | 4,300 (1995 SIL). | Barakai Island, southeast Aru Islands; 4 villages on Barakai Island (Longgar, Apara, Bemun, and Mesiang) and one on Gomo-Gomo Island northeast of Barakai, south Maluku. | Barakai, Mesiang. Close to Karey. Lexical similarity 70% with Batuley. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bak | Bashkir | 1,800,000 in Russia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 1,871,383. | Baskir ASSR, between the Volga River and Ural Mountains, and beyond the Urals. Ufa is the capital. Over 61% of the people live in cities. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. | Kuvakan (Mountain Bashkir), Yurmaty (Steppe Bashkir), Burzhan (Western Bashkir). Close to Tatar. | 67% of the ethnic group are first-language speakers. Speakers also use Tatar. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1899–1995. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1899–1995. | |
| ban | Bali | 3,900,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Island of Bali, northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok Islands, and east Java. 7,000 in South Sulawesi. | Lowland Bali (Klungkung, Karangasem, Buleleng, Gianyar, Tabanan, Jembrana, Badung), Highland Bali ("Bali Aga"), Nusa Penida. Reported to be two distinct dialects: High Balinese is used in religion, but those who can handle it are diminishing. There are speech strata in several lowland varieties (Clynes 1989, personal communication). | 67% of the ethnic group are first-language speakers. Speakers also use Tatar. | Bible: 1990. | Bible: 1990. | |
| bao | Waimaha | 100 in Brazil (1998). | Prelazia Rio Negro, Amazonas. | Eastern Waimaha, Pamoa Bara. | Waimaha is passed on as children become speakers of father's language. Most domains, home, family, religion, local commerce, community. All ages. Positive language attitude. 40% to 50% speak Spanish as second language. Spanish is used in school and with government officials. All speak 2 to 4 of these: Tucano, Tatuyo, Tuyuca, Taiwano, Barasana, Yuruti, Macuna, Carapana, because of marriage patterns across language boundaries. Children speak the language of each parent, but identify with the father's language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Letter writing between communities. Written form used in religious services. Roman script. Bible portions: 1975–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Letter writing between communities. Written form used in religious services. Roman script. Bible portions: 1975–1994. | |
| bap | Bantawa | 371,056 (2001 census). Less than 5% monolinguals. | Koshi Zone, Morang, Dhankuta, Bhojpur, western Dhankuta, and Khotang districts. Amchoke is in Limbuwan, especially in Ilam District; Sagarmatha Zone, Udayapur District; Mechi Zone, Japa District. Many villages. | Northern Bantawa (Dilpali), Southern Bantawa (Hatuwali, Hangkhim), Eastern Bantawa (Dhankuta), Western Bantawa (Amchoke, Amchauke). Southern and Northern Bantawa are the most similar and could be united as 'Intermediate Bantawa'. Dialects reported to be inherently intelligible with each other. Sorung and Saharaja are Amchoke subdialects. Rungchenbung and Yangma are Northern subdialects. Eastern dialect is most divergent. Most closely related to Dungmali. Also related to Puma, Sampang, and Chhintange. | Some shift to Nepali evident, especially among Northern dialect speakers. Some varieties are used as the traditional lingua franca among Rai minorities in Limbuwan, Sikkim India, and Bhutan, and as first language among Rai of other origin. This is true for the Lambichong, Mugu, and Chhintange (Bradley 1996). Positive language attitude. Most speak some Nepali. There is a wide range of proficiency. In some regions, young people prefer Nepali. Hindi common among ex-soldiers. | Literacy rate in second language: 54% in Bhojpur District. Devanagari script. Poetry. Magazines. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 54% in Bhojpur District. Devanagari script. Poetry. Magazines. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bar | Bavarian | 258,885 in Italy (2000 WCD). | South Bavarian is in the Bavarian Alps, Tyrol, Styria, including Heanzian dialect of Burgenland, Carinthia, northern Italy, and part of Gottschee; Central Bavarian is in the Alps and Lower Austria and Salzburg; North Bavarian in the north of Regensburg, to Nuremburg and Western Bohemia, Czech Republic. | Central Bavarian, North Bavarian, South Bavarian. | School in South Tyrol is taught in Standard German. | Bible: 1998. | Bible: 1998. | |
| bau | Bada | 10,000 (1991 SIL). | Plateau State, Kanam LGA; Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA. | Gar. A member of the Jarawa dialect cluster. | School in South Tyrol is taught in Standard German. | Bible: 1998. | Bible: 1998. | |
| bay | Batuley | 3,840 (1995 SIL). | 7 villages in Aru on small islands off the east coast of Wokam Island, south Maluku. | Fairly closely related to Kompane to the north and Lola to the south, slightly more distant from Dobel. Lexical similarity 70% with Barakai and Karey, 81% with Mariri. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| baz | Tunen | 35,300 (1982 SIL). | Center Province, Mbam Division, Ndikinimeki and Makenene subdivisions; Littoral Province, Nkam Division, south to the eastern part of Yingui Subdivision. | Eling (Alinga, Tuling), Itundu, Logananga, Ndogbang, Ndokbiakat, Ndoktuna, Ni Nyo'o (Nyo'on, Nyokon, Fung), Mese (Paningesen, Ninguessen, Sese). | Vigorous. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bba | Baatonum | 100,000 in Nigeria (1995 Jones). | Kwara State, Borgu LGA; Niger State. | Eling (Alinga, Tuling), Itundu, Logananga, Ndogbang, Ndokbiakat, Ndoktuna, Ni Nyo'o (Nyo'on, Nyokon, Fung), Mese (Paningesen, Ninguessen, Sese). | Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 30%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 30%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | |
| bbb | Barai | 800 (2003 SIL). | Inland Oro Province, Afore District, on the Managalas Plateau. Birarie dialect is in Umuate, Naokanane, Itokama, Madokoro villages. | Birarie, Muguani. Lexical similarity 50% with Managalsi. | Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 60%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 60%. NT: 1994. | |
| bbc | Batak Toba | 2,000,000 (1991 UBS). | Samosir Island and east, south, and west of Toba Lake in north Sumatra. | Close to Angkola Batak. | Speakers also use French. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | |
| bbd | Bau | 3,058 (2000). | Madang Province. | Related to Sihan, Gumalu, Isebe, Amele, Panim. | Speakers also use French. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | |
| bbf | Baibai | 345 (2000 census). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District. | Related to Sihan, Gumalu, Isebe, Amele, Panim. | Vigorous. Few people have any comprehension of Tok Pisin. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | |
| bbh | Bugan | 3,000 (1996 Edmondson). | Southern Guangnan and northern Xichou counties in southeastern Yunnan Province, Laowalong, Xinwalong, Jiuping, Shibeipo, Xinzhai, Manlong, and Nala villages. | 1 dialect. | Vigorous. Few people have any comprehension of Tok Pisin. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | Traditional Batak script. Bible: 1894–1989. | |
| bbl | Bats | 3,420 (2000 WCD). | Georgia, spoken by about half the inhabitants of Zemo-Alvani. | 1 dialect. | Few key domains, home. A few children speak Bats. Neutral language attitude. Georgian is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bbn | Uneapa | 10,000 (1998 SIL). | West New Britain Province, Talasea District, Unea (Bali) Island off the northwest coast. | 1 dialect. | Few key domains, home. A few children speak Bats. Neutral language attitude. Georgian is used as the literary language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| bbo | Bobo Madaré, Northern | 18,400 in Mali (2000 WCD). | An approximate rectangle in Mali around Bura and Mafune. | Benge, Sogokiri, Sya (Sia), Vore. | Speakers also use Jula or French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% or below. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% or below. Grammar. | |
| bbp | Banda, West Central | 3,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). | Between Wau and Mboro. | Dakpa, Gbaga-Nord (Gbaga-2), Gbi, Vita, Wojo (Hodjo). | Speakers are reported to be bilingual in Ndogo in Sudan. Most no longer speak Golo. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% or below. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% or below. Grammar. | |
| bbr | Girawa | 4,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, Ramu District. | Related to Munit, Kein. | Speakers are reported to be bilingual in Ndogo in Sudan. Most no longer speak Golo. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1994. | |
| bbs | Bakpinka | Ethnic population: 3,416 (2000 WCD). | Cross River State, Akamkpa LGA. | Related to Munit, Kein. | Reported to be dying out. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1994. | |
| bbt | Mburku | 12,000 (2000). | Bauchi State, Darazo LGA. | Related to Munit, Kein. | Reported to be dying out. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1994. | |
| bbu | Kulung | 15,000 (1973 SIL). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, at Balasa, Bambur, and Kirim; Wukari LGA at Gada Mayo. | Related to Munit, Kein. | Reported to be dying out. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| bby | Befang | 2,975 (2000 WCD). | North West Province, straddling Mezam Division, Tuba Subdivision and Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, around Befang. | Modele (Beekuru, Iku, Aku, Usheida, Modelle, Modeli, Idele, Ambabiko), Ushaku (Mukuru, Mokuru), Befang (Ge, Beba-Befang, Bifang, Abefang), Bangui (Bangwe, Bangwi), Obang, Okomanjang (Okoromandjang). | Reported to be dying out. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| bbz | Arabic, Babalia Creole | 3,937 (1993 census). | West, Chari Baguirmi Prefecture, N'Djamena Subprefecture. North of Djermaya and between Karal and Tourba. Possibly also in the Bokoro Subprefecture around Ngoura. 23 villages. | A creole developed from Chadian Arabic (90% of the vocabulary) and Berakou (10%; Decobert). Babalia shares structural similarities with Juba Arabic. There is a post-creole continuum from Chadian Arabic to the Bagirmian basilect. | Reported to be dying out. | Bible portions: 1950. | Bible portions: 1950. | |
| bca | Bai, Central | 800,000 (2003). | Northwest Yunnan, Jianchuan, Heqing, Lanping, Eryuan, and Yunlong. | Jianchuan, Heqing, Lanping, Eryuan, Yunlong. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some others also speak Chinese. A few also speak Lisu, Nu, and Naxi. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bcb | Bainouk-Samik | 1,685 (2002). | Mainly in Samik and surrounding villages, on the south side of the Casamance River, about 20 km east of Ziguinchor; also in some scattered villages north and east of Samik. | Jianchuan, Heqing, Lanping, Eryuan, Yunlong. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some others also speak Chinese. A few also speak Lisu, Nu, and Naxi. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. Roman script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bcc | Balochi, Southern | 100,000 in United Arab Emirates. | Most were in Mutrah, but have dispersed a bit up the coast. | Makrani (Lotuni). | Ethnic Baloch who immigrated long ago are Omani citizens, but no longer speak Balochi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script. Bible portions: 1992–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Urdu script. Bible portions: 1992–1994. | |
| bcd | Babar, North | 1,500 (1989 SIL). | North Babar Islands, east of Timor, south Maluku. 6 villages. | Reported dialect variation. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bcf | Bamu | 6,313 (2000 census). Population includes 964 Gama. | Western Province from the mouth of the Bamu River to 50 miles upriver. | Gama, Lower Bamu, Sisiame, Upper Bamu (Middle Bamu), Nuhiro. Gama dialect may be a separate language. Closely related to Kiwai and less closely to Waboda. Lexical similarity below 80% between Gama dialect and Lower Bamu, the closest other Bamu dialect. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1952–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1952–2001. | |
| bcg | Baga Binari | 3,000. | Coast east of the Nunez River in Boké Region. | Close to Landoma and Temne. | Speakers also use Susu. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1952–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1952–2001. | |
| bcj | Bardi | 20 (1999 Claire Bowern). Population includes 16 Bardi, 3 Jawi. | One Arm Point Aboriginal Community, Lombadina Aboriginal Community, Broome, Derby, Western Kimberley Region Western Australia. | Bardi, Jawi. Intelligibility is adequate between Bardi and Jawi dialects. Related to Nyikina, Warwa, Djawi, Nimanbur, Nyulnyul, Dyaberdyaber, Dyugun, Yawuru. | Children and adolescents can understand Bardi, but never seem to speak it. They use English as their language. Speakers are over 40 years old. No monolinguals. English and Kriol are the second languages. English is generally spoken in the community, Kriol with Aboriginals from farther east. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% in English. There is a feeling that English or Bardi are the languages that should be written, not Kriol. There is a government program in the primary school. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% in English. There is a feeling that English or Bardi are the languages that should be written, not Kriol. There is a government program in the primary school. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bck | Bunaba | 50 to 100 (1990 Schmidt). | Fitzroy Crossing area, Western Australia. | Bardi, Jawi. Intelligibility is adequate between Bardi and Jawi dialects. Related to Nyikina, Warwa, Djawi, Nimanbur, Nyulnyul, Dyaberdyaber, Dyugun, Yawuru. | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. Only older adults. Children only know a few words; their first language is Kriol (Hudson 1987:16). | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| bcl | Bicolano, Central | 2,500,000 (1990 census). 3,519,236 includes all Bikol languages. | Southern Catanduanes, Northern Sorsogon, Albay, Camarines Norte and Sur, Luzon. Naga City and Legaspi City are centers. | Naga, Legaspi. | Trade language. | Bible: 1915. | Bible: 1915. | |
| bco | Kaluli | 2,500 (1994 SIL). | Southern Highlands Province, extending into Western Province, on the northern and western slopes of Mt. Bosavi. | Ologo, Kaluli, Walulu, Kugenesi. No significant dialect differences. Close to but different from Kasua. | Bilingual level estimates for Tok Pisin: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 15%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%; English: 0 89%, 1 8%, 2–5 3%. Some speakers between 15 and 25 years old speak a little Tok Pisin for common topics. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1997–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1997–1998. | |
| bcq | Bench | 173,586 (1998 census). 149,293 monolinguals. Population includes 10,002 She, 1,070 Mer. Ethnic population: 173,123 (1998 census). | Kafa Region, in and around Mizan Teferi and Shewa Bench towns. | Bench (Bencho, Benesho), Mer (Mieru), She (Sce, Kaba). | 22,640 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 12% Amharic. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 12% Amharic. NT: 1990. | |
| bcr | Babine | 500 (1997 S. Hargus). Ethnic population: 2,200 (1982 SIL and 1997 S. Hargus). | West central British Columbia, areas of Burns Lake, Babine Lake, Moricetown, towards the Takla Lake area. | Bench (Bencho, Benesho), Mer (Mieru), She (Sce, Kaba). | Babine is still the principal means of communication among older adults. Children and young adults may speak Babine but prefer English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| bct | Bendi | 32,000 (1991 SIL). | Orientale Province, Djugu Territory, midway between Bunia and Djalasiga. | Bench (Bencho, Benesho), Mer (Mieru), She (Sce, Kaba). | Babine is still the principal means of communication among older adults. Children and young adults may speak Babine but prefer English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| bcv | Shoo-Minda-Nye | 10,000 (1973 SIL). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, villages on the banks of the Benue River. | Shoo (Banda, Bandawa), Minda (Jinleri), Nye (Kunini). | All 3 dialects are of equal status. Some speakers also use Fulfulde, Hausa, and Jenjo. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| bcw | Bana | 13,000 (1987 SIL). Population includes 8,000 Gamboura and 5,000 Guili. | On Nigerian border, Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Bourrah Subdivision, north and northeast of Bourrah. | Gamboura, Gili (Guili). Close to Psikye and Hya in Cameroon and Kamwe in Nigeria. | All 3 dialects are of equal status. Some speakers also use Fulfulde, Hausa, and Jenjo. | Bible portions: 1985. | Bible portions: 1985. | |
| bcx | Pamona | 106,000 (1979 Barr). Population includes 100,000 in Central Sulawesi, 6,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi. | Central Sulawesi; Poso District, Poso Kota, Poso Pesisir, Parigi, Lage, Pamona Utara, Pamona Selatan, Tojo, Ulubongko, Ampana Kota, Ampanatete, Una-Una, Mori Atas, Petasia, Bungku Utara, Bungku Tengah subdistricts; 193 villages. South Sulawesi in Mangkutana Subdistrict and north Wotu and Bone-Bone subdistricts in Luwu District. | Pamona, Laiwonu (Iba), Batui, Sinohoan (Daido, Ido, Idore'e), Mbelala (Baria, Bela, Belala), Rapangkaka (Aria), Tomoni, Tobau (Tobao, Tobalo, Bare'e), Tokondindi, Topada, Taa (Wana, Topotaa). Laiwonu, Batui, Sinohoan, Mbelala, and Rapangkaka may be separate languages. Pamona speakers in Bungku Utara recognize 5 ethnic groups with minor dialect differences: Pusangke, Kajumorangka, Tokasiala, Burangas, Topotaa. The first 4 are mountain dwellers in the interior; the Topotaa live along the coast. Speakers in Bungku Tengah recognize 5 varieties: Topotaa (the same as Taa), Tobau, Tokondindi, Topada, and Tombelala. Lexical similarity 76% (Taa) to 90% among dialects, except for Tombelala, which has 66% to 76% lexical similarity with other Bungku Tengah dialects, and is considered to be a separate language. | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1933–1992. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1933–1992. | |
| bcy | Bacama | 150,000 (1992 CAPRO). | Adamawa State, Numan and Guyuk LGAs, Kaduna State, northeast of Kaduna town. | Mulyen (Mulwyin, Mwulyin), Opalo, Wa-Duku. In Bata dialect cluster. | Trade language. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1915. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1915. | |
| bcz | Bainouk-Gunyaamolo | 5,635 in Senegal (2002). | North of the Casamance River in the triangle formed by the towns of Bignona, Tobor, and Niamone, north of Ziguinchor, across the Casamance River. Also spoken in Gambia. | Gujaaxet, Gunyamoolo. Two dialects are intelligible to each other's speakers: the one around Niamone (Gunyaamolo) and the other around Tobor. Close to Kobiana and Kasanga of Guinea-Bissau. More closely related to the Tenda languages of eastern Senegal than to the neighboring Diola and Balanta. Gunyuño in Guinea-Bissau is distinct. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Bible portions: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Bible portions: 2003. | |
| bda | Bayot | 2,025 in Guinea-Bissau (2002). | Northwestern, along the border with Senegal. | Essin. Essin and Bayot form a cluster that needs further investigation. Lexical similarity 15% to 18% with other Jola varieties (closest). | Speakers use Jola-Kasa as second language, some Wolof, and perhaps Mankanya or Mandjak. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bdb | Basap | 17,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Eastern Kalimantan, scattered throughout Bulungan, Sangkulirang, and Kutai. | Jembayan, Bulungan, Berau, Dumaring, Binatang, Karangan. | Speakers use Jola-Kasa as second language, some Wolof, and perhaps Mankanya or Mandjak. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bdc | Emberá-Baudó | 5,000 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: Total Embera in Colombia: 71,000 (1998 Arango and Sánchez). | Baudó River basin and Pacific (north) coastal rivers between cabo corrientes and the south of the San Juan River, near Northern Emberá. | Somewhat intelligible with Northern Embera and Epena. | Speakers use Jola-Kasa as second language, some Wolof, and perhaps Mankanya or Mandjak. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bde | Bade | 250,000 (1993). | Yobe State, Bade LGA; Jigawa State, Hadejia LGA. | Gashua Bade (Mazgarwa), Southern Bade (Bade-Kado), Western Bade (Magwaram. Maagwaram), Shirawa. Close to Duwai and Ngizim. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. Shirawa dialect is extinct. Speakers have a routine proficiency in Hausa, Kanuri, or Fulani. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| bdg | Bonggi | 1,400 (1990 UBS). | Banggi Island in Kudat District, 15 villages. | Closest to Molbog of the Philippines. | Speakers also use Sabah Malay. | Bible portions: 1992. | Bible portions: 1992. | |
| bdh | Baka | 1,300 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1993 UBS). | Orientale Province, between Garamba National Park and Sudan border. A few among the Logo. | Closest to Molbog of the Philippines. | Sudanese Creole Arabic is the main second language. Zande is taught in school and used in church. Some speakers intermarry with the Avokaya and Mundu and also use those languages. Moru also used. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | |
| bdi | Burun | 18,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Northern Sudan, Blue Nile Province. | Ragreig, Abuldugu (Bogon, Mugo-Mborkoina), Maiak, Mufwa (Mopo), Mughaja (Mugaja, Mumughadja). Some southern dialects are intelligible with Mabaan. | Sudanese Creole Arabic is the main second language. Zande is taught in school and used in church. Some speakers intermarry with the Avokaya and Mundu and also use those languages. Moru also used. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | |
| bdk | Budukh | 1,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Quba Region. | Budukh, Yergyuch. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children speak Budukh. Positive language attitude. Azerbaijani is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | |
| bdl | Bajau, Indonesian | 90,000 (2000). Population includes 25,000 in central Sulawesi (1979 D. Barr), 8,000 to 10,000 in south Sulawesi (1983 C. Grimes), 5,000 or more in north Maluku (1982 C. Grimes), several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | In south Sulawesi in Selayar, Bone, and Pangkep districts. On the east coast of southeast Sulawesi on Wowonii, Muna, northern Buton, Kabaena, and northern Tukang Besi islands. Widely distributed throughout Sulawesi, north Maluku (Bacan, Obi, Kayoa, and Sula Islands), Kalimantan, and the islands of the East Sunda Sea. Other Bajau languages are in Sabah, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines. | Jampea, Same', Matalaang, Sulamu, Kajoa, Roti, Jaya Bakti, Poso, Tongian 1, Tongian 2, Wallace. | Vigorous in north Maluku. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. Bible portions: 1990–1993. | |
| bdm | Buduma | 3,000 in Nigeria. | Borno State, on islands in Lake Chad. | Buduma, Kuri (Kouri, Kakaa). | Vigorous. Most domains, home. 60% have good to excellent oral proficiency in Kanembu as second language, about 50% in Kanuri. Some can use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. | |
| bdn | Baldemu | 3 to 6 (2003 SIL). | Far North Province, Diamare Division, Bogo, Balda, and Guingley are east of Maroua, Lara is south of Maroua. | Buduma, Kuri (Kouri, Kakaa). | Vigorous. Most domains, home. 60% have good to excellent oral proficiency in Kanembu as second language, about 50% in Kanuri. Some can use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. | |
| bdo | Bernde | 2,000 (1999 SIL). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Bitkine Subprefecture, west of the village of Bolong to the border of Chari Baguirmi Prefecture. | Bayo, Morbo, Morom. Bolong may be a separate language. Lexical similarity 59% with Bagirmi, 53% to 72% with Kenga, 51% with Jaya, 47% with Naba, 55% to 70% with Bilala, 54% to 73% with Djaya. | Vigorous. Most domains, home. 60% have good to excellent oral proficiency in Kanembu as second language, about 50% in Kanuri. Some can use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. | |
| bdq | Bahnar | 158,456 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen provinces, central highlands. Also spoken in USA. | Tolo, Golar, Alakong (A-La Cong), Jolong (Gio-Lang, Y-Lang), Bahnar Bonom (Bomam), Kontum, Krem. Other dialects or ethnic names: Roh, Kpang Cong. Closest to Alak 1, Tampuan, and Lamam. | Vigorous. Most domains, home. 60% have good to excellent oral proficiency in Kanembu as second language, about 50% in Kanuri. Some can use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1977. | |
| bdr | Bajau, West Coast | 40,000 (1982). | Kuala Penyu to Kudat, northern and some eastern areas, west coast of Sabah. | Kota Belud, Kawang, Putatan, Papar, Banggi, Sandakan Bajau, Pitas Bajau. Diversified in structure more than other Borneo languages. Related to, but a distinct language from Sama (East Coast Bajau) groups of Malaysia and Philippines, and Indonesian Bajau (K. Pallesen 1977). 60% intelligibility of Sama. Papar dialect used in national broadcasting. May be more than one language. | Vigorous. Most domains, home. 60% have good to excellent oral proficiency in Kanembu as second language, about 50% in Kanuri. Some can use Arabic. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bds | Burunge | 13,000 (2002). | Kondoa District of Dodoma Region, southeast of the Langi, Goima, Chambalo, and Mirambu villages. | Close to Alagwa, Gorowa, Iraqw. | Used in the home, field, sometimes in churches. All ages. Low prestige language. Burunge don't like to use it in front of others. They also speak Swahili and Langi as second languages. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bdt | Bokoto | 130,000 (1996). | Baoro, Carnot, Boda subprefectures. | Gbaya of Boda (Gbaya de Boda), Bokpan, Bokoto. May be intelligible with Northwest Gbaya. | Speakers use Sango as lingua franca. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| bdv | Bodo Parja | 50,000 (2001). | Orissa, Koraput District. | Phonology and grammar show Indo-European relationship, not related to Dravidian Duruwa Parji. 86% to 96% intelligibility between Bodo and Jhodia caste varieties. Lexical similarity 76% to 86% between Bodo and Jhodia caste varieties, 70% to 89% with Desia. | Bodo is higher caste than Jhodia, showing some signs of negative attitudes, despite high intelligibility. Most speakers have low proficiency in Adivasi Oriya, which is used in the market. | Oriya script. | Oriya script. | |
| bdw | Baham | 1,100 (1987 SIL). | West Bomberai Peninsula east of the Iha language. Fakfak Kabupaten, Kaimana, Fakfak, and Kokas kecamatans. | Close to Iha. | Bodo is higher caste than Jhodia, showing some signs of negative attitudes, despite high intelligibility. Most speakers have low proficiency in Adivasi Oriya, which is used in the market. | Oriya script. | Oriya script. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60