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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nyq | Nayini | 7,033 (2000 WCD). | Esfahan Province: Nayin and Anarak, 100 km east of Esfahan; Khuri is spoken in Khur (Khvor) and Mehrjan, 250 km northeast of Esfahan. | Nayini, Anarak, Khuri. Dialects listed may be separate languages. Khuri is distinct from other dialects. Related to Zoroastrian Dari. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Dodos (Karamojong). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| nys | Nyunga | Extinct. | Southwest Australia. | Nayini, Anarak, Khuri. Dialects listed may be separate languages. Khuri is distinct from other dialects. Related to Zoroastrian Dari. | Former Nyungar languages: Tjapanmay, Karlamay, Pipelman (Pipalman), Ngatjumay, Kwetjman, Mirnong, Kaniyang Pindjarup, Whadjuk. There are about 8,000 people who are descended from the Nyunga and speak a mixture of English and Nyunga. They are sometimes called 'Noonga', 'Noongar', or 'Noogar', and their speech 'Neo-Nyunga'. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| nyt | Nyawaygi | 3 (1981). | Northeast Queensland, Herberton south to headwaters of Herbert River, to Cashmere, at Ravenshoe, Millaa Millaa and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls. | Related to Wulguru, Bindal, and Yuru, which may be extinct. | Former Nyungar languages: Tjapanmay, Karlamay, Pipelman (Pipalman), Ngatjumay, Kwetjman, Mirnong, Kaniyang Pindjarup, Whadjuk. There are about 8,000 people who are descended from the Nyunga and speak a mixture of English and Nyunga. They are sometimes called 'Noonga', 'Noongar', or 'Noogar', and their speech 'Neo-Nyunga'. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| nyv | Nyulnyul | 1 (2001 McGregor). | Western Australia, West Kimberley, coast around Beagle Bay. | Related to Wulguru, Bindal, and Yuru, which may be extinct. | Former Nyungar languages: Tjapanmay, Karlamay, Pipelman (Pipalman), Ngatjumay, Kwetjman, Mirnong, Kaniyang Pindjarup, Whadjuk. There are about 8,000 people who are descended from the Nyunga and speak a mixture of English and Nyunga. They are sometimes called 'Noonga', 'Noongar', or 'Noogar', and their speech 'Neo-Nyunga'. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| nyw | Nyaw | 50,000 (1990 Diller). | Sakorn Nakorn, Ta Bo', Nong Khai; Tha Uthen, Nakorn Panom. | Close to Isan (Northeastern Thai) and Luang Prabang Lao. | Speakers also use Isan. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| nyx | Nganyaywana | Extinct. | New South Wales, northeastern, between Inverell, Ashford, and Glen Innes. | Close to Isan (Northeastern Thai) and Luang Prabang Lao. | Speakers also use Isan. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| nza | Mbembe, Tigon | 20,000 in Nigeria (1987). | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Kurmi District. | Ashuku (Kitsipki), Nama (Dama, Namu, Nzare, Kporo, Eneeme). | Speakers also use Hausa. | Every village has a primary school. | Every village has a primary school. | |
| nzk | Nzakara | 50,000 in Central African Republic (1996). | Orientale Province, northwestern part of Bondo Territory, on the border with Central African Republic. | Ashuku (Kitsipki), Nama (Dama, Namu, Nzare, Kporo, Eneeme). | Speakers also use Hausa. | Every village has a primary school. | Every village has a primary school. | |
| nzm | Naga, Zeme | 30,800 (2001). Ethnic population: 30,800. | Manipur, Tamenglong District; Nagaland, Kohima District, Jhaluke, Paren, Medzephima blocks; Assam, large upper Barak Valley. | Paren, Njauna. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Roman script. NT: 1978–1992. | Roman script. NT: 1978–1992. | |
| nzs | New Zealand Sign Language | No estimate available. | Manipur, Tamenglong District; Nagaland, Kohima District, Jhaluke, Paren, Medzephima blocks; Assam, large upper Barak Valley. | Paren, Njauna. | The first school for the deaf was established in 1878. Sign language used since the 1800s. It developed informally among deaf people because the oralist method only was used in schools. It has some features in common with British sign languages and some from other countries. Some signed interpretation used in court and at important public events. There is a committee on national sign language. | TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| oaa | Orok | 30 to 82 in Russia (1995 M. Krauss). Population total all countries: 33 to 85. Ethnic population: 250 to 300 (1995 M. Krauss). | Sakhalin Island, Poronajsk District, Poronajsk town, Gastello and Vakhrushev settlements; Nogliki District, Val village, Nogliki settlement. Also spoken in Japan. | Poronaisk (Southern Orok), Val-Nogliki (Nogliki-Val, Northern Orok). Significant differences between dialects. For a while Orok was officially considered part of Nanai. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Orok. Used in the home. Older adults have high proficiency, the middle generation partial proficiency, children and adolescents no ability in Orok. Youngest fluent speakers are over 50 years of age. Prevalent intermarriage with Russians, Nivkh, Nanai, Evenksi, Negidal, and Korean people. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| oac | Oroch | 100 to 150 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 900 (1990 census). | Eastern Siberia in the Khabarovsk Krai along the rivers that empty into the Tatar Channel, on Amur River not far from the city of Komsomolsk-na-Amure. Many live in the Vanino Region in Datta and Uska-Orochskaya settlements. Some live among the Nanai. | Kjakela (Kjakar, Kekar), Namunka, Orichen, Tez. | 10% or fewer of the ethnic group speak Oroch. Older adults speak Oroch, but not those up to 20 years old, who speak Russian. Russian used for most key domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| obi | Obispeño | Extinct. | Formerly in California, near Santa Barbara. | Not inherently intelligible with other Chumash varieties. | 10% or fewer of the ethnic group speak Oroch. Older adults speak Oroch, but not those up to 20 years old, who speak Russian. Russian used for most key domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| obl | Oblo | No estimate available. | Benoue Division, Pitoa Subdivision, around Gobtikéré, Ouro Bé, and Ouro Badjouma. | Not inherently intelligible with other Chumash varieties. | Possibly extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| obo | Manobo, Obo | 93,341 (2000 WCD). 35,000 monolinguals. | Northeastern slope of Mt. Apo, between Davao del Sur and North Cotabato, Mindanao. | Kidapawan Manobo, Magpet Manobo, Arakan Manobo. 69% intelligibility of Tigwa (Matig-Salug Manobo; closest), 60% of Tagabawa, 13% of Ilianen Manobo. Lexical similarity 63% with Tagabawa and Ilianen Manobo; lexical similarity 35% with Cebuano. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers have low proficiency in Cebuano. Cebuano is the trade language used in the market place and in the church. Tagabawa or Diangan are used by those living in the area who have married someone of Obo Manobo background. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% (1994). Literacy work is ongoing. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1999. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% (1994). Literacy work is ongoing. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1999. | |
| obu | Obulom | 3,416 (2000 WCD). | Rivers State, Port Harcourt LGA, Abuloma town. | Kidapawan Manobo, Magpet Manobo, Arakan Manobo. 69% intelligibility of Tigwa (Matig-Salug Manobo; closest), 60% of Tagabawa, 13% of Ilianen Manobo. Lexical similarity 63% with Tagabawa and Ilianen Manobo; lexical similarity 35% with Cebuano. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers have low proficiency in Cebuano. Cebuano is the trade language used in the market place and in the church. Tagabawa or Diangan are used by those living in the area who have married someone of Obo Manobo background. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% (1994). Literacy work is ongoing. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1999. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% (1994). Literacy work is ongoing. Roman script. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1941–1999. | |
| oca | Ocaina | 12 in Colombia (1982 SIL). | Upper Igara-Paraná and tributaries, Amazonas Region. | Dukaiya, Ibo'tsa. | Speakers also use Murui Huitoto, Bora, or Spanish. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1971. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1971. | |
| ocu | Matlatzinca, Atzingo | 50 to 100 (1993 SIL). Ethnic population: 642 (1990 census). | State of Mexico, Ocuilan municipio, San Juan Atzingo, Santa Lucía del Progreso. | Close to San Francisco Matlatzinca, but not inherently intelligible. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1971. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1971. | |
| oda | Odut | 20 (1980s, from Blench 2000). | Cross River State, Odukpani LGA. | Close to San Francisco Matlatzinca, but not inherently intelligible. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1971. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1964–1971. | |
| odk | Od | 50,000 (1998). | Widely scattered in the Sindh and a few in southern Punjab. May also be in Rajasthan, India. | Resembles Marathi with Gujarati features and borrowings from Marwari and Panjabi. Lexical similarity 86% to 88% among dialects in Dadu, Shikarpur, and Pithoro, 70% to 78% with Marwari, Dhatki, and Bagri. | 80% also use Sindhi; 10% are trilingual in Urdu, Sindhi, and Odki. | Sindhi script. | Sindhi script. | |
| odu | Odual | 18,000 (1989). | Rivers State, Abua-Odual LGA. | Arughunya, Adibom. Lexical similarity 70% with Abua (closest). | 80% also use Sindhi; 10% are trilingual in Urdu, Sindhi, and Odki. | NT: 1981–2002. | NT: 1981–2002. | |
| ofo | Ofo | Extinct. | Formerly in the lower Mississippi Valley. | Arughunya, Adibom. Lexical similarity 70% with Abua (closest). | 80% also use Sindhi; 10% are trilingual in Urdu, Sindhi, and Odki. | NT: 1981–2002. | NT: 1981–2002. | |
| ofu | Efutop | 10,000 (1973 SIL). | Cross River State, Ikom LGA. | Arughunya, Adibom. Lexical similarity 70% with Abua (closest). | 80% also use Sindhi; 10% are trilingual in Urdu, Sindhi, and Odki. | NT: 1981–2002. | NT: 1981–2002. | |
| ogb | Ogbia | 200,000 (1989). | Bayelsa State, Brass LGA. | Agholo (Kolo), Oloibiri, Anyama. Dialect cluster but all inherently intelligible. | 80% also use Sindhi; 10% are trilingual in Urdu, Sindhi, and Odki. | NT: 1981–2002. | NT: 1981–2002. | |
| ogc | Ogbah | 170,000 (1993 A. Ahiamadu). | Rivers State, Ogba-Egbema-Ndoni LGA, northern Niger Delta. | Egnih, Igburu-Usomini. A member of the Igbo language cluster. Lexical similarity 81% to 94% among dialects; Ogbah has 45% lexical similarity with Ndoni, 41% with Egbema, 32% with Ikwere, 23% with Ekpeye. | Speakers also use Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: Low. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: Low. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | |
| ogg | Ogbogolo | 10,000 (1995). | Rivers State, Ahoada LGA, 1 town. | Egnih, Igburu-Usomini. A member of the Igbo language cluster. Lexical similarity 81% to 94% among dialects; Ogbah has 45% lexical similarity with Ndoni, 41% with Egbema, 32% with Ikwere, 23% with Ekpeye. | Speakers also use Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: Low. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: Low. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | |
| ogn | Ogan | 300,000 (1989). | South Sumatra around Baturaja, Pagerdewa, and north and west of Kayuagung. | Egnih, Igburu-Usomini. A member of the Igbo language cluster. Lexical similarity 81% to 94% among dialects; Ogbah has 45% lexical similarity with Ndoni, 41% with Egbema, 32% with Ikwere, 23% with Ekpeye. | Speakers also use Igbo, Nigerian Pidgin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: Low. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: Low. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999. | |
| ogo | Khana | 200,000 (1989). | Rivers State, Khana LGA; Akwa Ibom State, Oruk Anam LGA (only the village Wiisoe). | Yeghe, Norkhana, Ken-Khana, Boúe, Nyo-Kana, Babbe. Close to Gokana, Tee. | Khana is the largest language of the Ogonoid group and therefore speakers of Gokana, Baan, and Tee tend to learn it. | Grammar. Bible: 1968. | Grammar. Bible: 1968. | |
| ogu | Ogbronuagum | 12,000 (2000 E. Kari). Ethnic population: 12,000 (2000 E. Kari). | Rivers State, Degema LGA, Bukuma village near Buguma. | Yeghe, Norkhana, Ken-Khana, Boúe, Nyo-Kana, Babbe. Close to Gokana, Tee. | Khana is the largest language of the Ogonoid group and therefore speakers of Gokana, Baan, and Tee tend to learn it. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| oia | Oirata | 1,221 (1987 SIL). | 2 villages in east and west Oirata in southeast Kisar Island, south Maluku, and in Ambon city (several hundred). | Not related to other languages on Oirata or central Maluku languages. Related to languages in East Timor, but not closely. | Khana is the largest language of the Ogonoid group and therefore speakers of Gokana, Baan, and Tee tend to learn it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| oin | One, Inebu | 1,300 (2000 Crowther). Ethnic population: 1,300. | Sandaun Province, Lumi District, West Waipei Division, between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges, Inebu, Kalema, Windiple, Alkula villages. | Close to Kabore One, Northern One, Southern One, Kwamtim One, Molmo One. | All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ojb | Ojibwa, Northwestern | 20,000 (2000 UBS). | Southern northwest Ontario into Manitoba. | Berens River Ojibwa (Saulteaux), Lac Seul Ojibwa, Albany River Ojibwa, Lake of the Woods Ojibwa, Rainy River Ojibwa. | Concerted effort via language teaching in public schools and other efforts to reverse decline in use. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| ojc | Ojibwa, Central | No estimate available. | Central Ontario from Lake Nipigon in the west to Lake Nipissing in the east. | An area of transitional dialects (see Lisa Valentine, 1995, Making it their own: Severn Ojibwe communicative practices, Univ. of Toronto Press, p. 22). | Concerted effort via language teaching in public schools and other efforts to reverse decline in use. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| ojg | Ojibwa, Eastern | 25,885 (1998 Statistics Canada). | Southern Ontario, north of Lake Ontario and east of Georgian Bay. East of a north-south line through the base of the Bruce Peninsula (Rhodes 1976:131). | An area of transitional dialects (see Lisa Valentine, 1995, Making it their own: Severn Ojibwe communicative practices, Univ. of Toronto Press, p. 22). | Dying out in many areas. Concerted effort via language teaching in public schools and other efforts to reverse the decline. Probably all speakers also use English; some use other Ojibwa varieties. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ojs | Ojibwa, Severn | 8,000 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 8,000 or fewer, possibly including some Northwestern Ojibwa (1999 SIL). | Northern northwest Ontario into Manitoba. | Winisk River Ojibwa, Severn River Ojibwa. | Concerted effort via language teaching in public schools and other efforts to reverse decline in use. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| ojw | Ojibwa, Western | 10,000 (2002 Poser). Ethnic population: 60,000 (1997 SIL). | Westward from Lake Winnipeg into Saskatchewan with outlying groups as far west as British Colombia. | Winisk River Ojibwa, Severn River Ojibwa. | Vigorous in most areas. In some areas young people and children prefer English. All ages in many areas. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. | |
| oka | Okanagan | 112 in the USA (1990 census). | Colville Reservation, Washington. | Southern Okanogan, Sanpoil, Colville, Lake. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| okd | Okodia | 3,600 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Bayelsa State, Yenagoa LGA. | Not fully intelligible with Biseni or other Ijo languages. Speakers tend to learn Kolokuma for wider communication. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| oke | Okpe | 25,425 (2000 WCD). | Edo State, Okpe LGA. | Not fully intelligible with Biseni or other Ijo languages. Speakers tend to learn Kolokuma for wider communication. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| okh | Koresh-e Rostam | No estimate available. | Eastern Azerbaijan Province, Koresh-e Rostam District. | Related to Shahrudi and Kajali. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| oki | Okiek | Few speakers in Kenya (1980 Heine and Möhlig). Population total all countries 500. Ethnic population: 36,869 (2000). | Northern Tanzania, southern part of Arusha Region; the Akie live in small groups south of Arusha among Maasai speakers. | Okiek, Suiei, Sogoo (Sokoo). | Most young Akiek do not speak Akiek. All Akiek speak Maasai as first or second language. Some young people also know Swahili. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| okj | Oko-Juwoi | Extinct. | Andaman Islands, west central and southwest interior Middle Andaman Island. | Okiek, Suiei, Sogoo (Sokoo). | Most young Akiek do not speak Akiek. All Akiek speak Maasai as first or second language. Some young people also know Swahili. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| okk | One, Kwamtim | 150 (2000 Crowther). Ethnic population: 150. | Sandaun Province, Lumi District, West Waipei Division, between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges, Kuamtim village. | Close to Kabore One, Inebu One, Northern One, Kwamtim One, Molmo One. | All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| okl | Old Kentish Sign Language | Extinct. | Kent. | Close to Kabore One, Inebu One, Northern One, Kwamtim One, Molmo One. | All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| okn | Oki-No-Erabu | 3,200 (2004). | North central Okinawa; Oki-no-erabu Island. | East Oki-No-Erabu, West Oki-No-Erabu. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Dialect differences are noticeable, but communication is not impossible. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. | Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves, but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| okr | Kirike | 248,000 (1995 UBS). | Rivers State, Okrika, Port Harcourt, and Ogu-Bolo LGAs. | East Oki-No-Erabu, West Oki-No-Erabu. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible, or very difficult, with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. Dialect differences are noticeable, but communication is not impossible. Ryukyu languages are 62% to 70% cognate with Tokyo dialect of Japanese. | Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves, but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Bible portions: 1979–1991. | Bible portions: 1979–1991. | |
| oks | Oko-Eni-Osayen | 10,000 (1989 Williamson). Population includes 4,000 in Ogori, 3,000 in Magongo, 3,000 in Eni. | Kogi State, Okene LGA, Ogori and Magongo towns, ten miles south southwest of Okene. | Oko (Ogori, Uku), Osayen (Magongo, Osanyin), Eni. A dialect cluster. It seems to be equally distantly related to Yoruba, Ebira, Edo, Igbo, and Idoma. | Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves, but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Bible portions: 1979–1991. | Bible portions: 1979–1991. | |
| okx | Okpe | 8,700 (2004). | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Related to Oloma. | Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves, but can understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 can understand the vernacular, but use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (1981 Hattori in Wurm and Hattori). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Bible portions: 1979–1991. | Bible portions: 1979–1991. | |
| ola | Walungge | 10,000 to 15,000 in Nepal. Population includes 3,500 in the original area. Population total all countries: 10,000 to 15,000. | Mechi Zone, Taplejung District, Tamar valley, 5 main villages: Walungchung, Yangma, Gunsa, Lilip, and Lungtung, and 6 or 7 smaller villages. Speakers also in Lungthung, Amjilesa, and Kambachen. Also spoken in India. | Similar to Tibetan dialect in Tingay district of Tibet. Lexical similarity 71% with Lhasa Tibetan, 68% with Dolpo, Lowa, and Kyerung, 66% with Lhomi and Helambu Sherpa, 64% with Nubri, 57% with Jirel, 55% with Sherpa. | Young people in Kathmandu losing the language. In all areas except Kathmandu there is a strong sense of cultural identity revolving around their religion and language. | Tibetan script. | Tibetan script. | |
| ole | Olekha | 1,000 (1993 Van Driem). | The 2 dialects have the Black Mountains between them, central Bhutan. | Retained complex verbal system of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. 2 main dialects. | Young people in Kathmandu losing the language. In all areas except Kathmandu there is a strong sense of cultural identity revolving around their religion and language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| olm | Oloma | No estimate available. | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Related to Okpe-Idesa-Akuku. | Young people in Kathmandu losing the language. In all areas except Kathmandu there is a strong sense of cultural identity revolving around their religion and language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| olo | Livvi | 5,172 in Finland (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 140,000. | Scattered around Finland. | Close to Karelian and Finnish. | They now appear to be completely competent in Finnish (T. Salminen). | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| oma | Omaha-Ponca | 85 (1986 SIL). Population includes 60 speakers of Omaha (1993 V. Zeps), and 25 fluent speakers over 60 and a few semifluent speakers of Ponca. Ethnic population: 5,000 including 3,000 of Omaha (1993 C. Rudin), and 2,000 of Ponca (1986 SIL). | Omaha Reservation, eastern Nebraska (Omaha), and north central Oklahoma (Ponca). | Omaha, Ponca. Ponca and Omaha are completely inherently intelligible to each other's speakers, Close to Osage, Quapaw, and Kansa. | Omaha is used formally for prayers, especially at funerals, for songs, powwow announcements, but usually translated into English for nonspeakers present. Many adults speak the language. Most young adults may prefer English. Children tend to prefer English, but many can understand Omaha and some may speak it. In 1985 only a few older women seemed less than fully fluent in at least the regional English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ome | Omejes | Extinct. | Omaha Reservation, eastern Nebraska (Omaha), and north central Oklahoma (Ponca). | Omaha, Ponca. Ponca and Omaha are completely inherently intelligible to each other's speakers, Close to Osage, Quapaw, and Kansa. | Omaha is used formally for prayers, especially at funerals, for songs, powwow announcements, but usually translated into English for nonspeakers present. Many adults speak the language. Most young adults may prefer English. Children tend to prefer English, but many can understand Omaha and some may speak it. In 1985 only a few older women seemed less than fully fluent in at least the regional English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| omg | Omagua | There may be none left in Brazil (1995). | Amazonas. | Aizuare (Aissuari), Curacirari (Curazicari), Curucicuri (Curuzicari), Paguana (Paguara). | Official language. No child speakers. In Peru all also use Spanish or Cocama. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| omi | Omi | 39,500 (1989 SIL). | Orientale Province, Aru Territory, between the Nzoro and Lowa rivers along the Aru to Aba road. | Close to Kaliko, but not close enough to Kaliko or Ma'di to use literature in those languages. Previously considered to be a Kaliko dialect. | Official language. No child speakers. In Peru all also use Spanish or Cocama. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| omo | Utarmbung | 1,166 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Close to Kaliko, but not close enough to Kaliko or Ma'di to use literature in those languages. Previously considered to be a Kaliko dialect. | Official language. No child speakers. In Peru all also use Spanish or Cocama. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| omt | Omotik | 50 (1980). Ethnic population: 200 or more (2000). | Around Lemek, Narok District, Rift Valley Province. | Suiei. Lexical similarity 60% with Kalenjin, 50% with Datooga. | Speakers are older adults. The majority of ethnic group now speak Maasai. Most or all "Ndorobo" language speakers are highly bilingual in an adopted language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| omu | Omurano | Extinct. | Around Lemek, Narok District, Rift Valley Province. | Suiei. Lexical similarity 60% with Kalenjin, 50% with Datooga. | Became extinct by 1958. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| omw | Tairora, South | 7,000 (2003 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu and Obura districts, south of Kainantu. | Aatasaara (Atakara), Haaviqinra-Oraura (Habina-Oraura), Omwunra-Toqura (Obura-To'okena), Vaira-Ntosara (Baira), Veqaura (Meauna), Vinaata-Konkompira (Pinata-Konkombira). Most closely related to North Tairora and Waffa. | Became extinct by 1958. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1994–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1994–2000. | |
| ona | Ona | 1 to 3 (1991 Adelaar). | Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. Also formerly in Chile. | Aatasaara (Atakara), Haaviqinra-Oraura (Habina-Oraura), Omwunra-Toqura (Obura-To'okena), Vaira-Ntosara (Baira), Veqaura (Meauna), Vinaata-Konkompira (Pinata-Konkombira). Most closely related to North Tairora and Waffa. | Speakers have shifted to Spanish. Probably extinct (2000 W. Adelaar). | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1994–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1994–2000. | |
| onb | Lingao | 600,000 (2000 Liang Min). 100,000 monolinguals. Population includes 350,000 Lincheng, 170,000 Qiongshan. | North central coast of Hainan, entire Lingao county, parts of Danxian, Chengmai, and Qiongshan counties, and suburbs of Haikou city. | Lincheng (Lingao Proper-Dengmai), Qiongshan. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area speak it. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Urban members also use Hainan dialect of Min Nan Chinese. 300,000 speak Chinese as second language, 200,000 speaking Hainan dialect, 100,000 speaking Jun or Danzhou dialects. Chinese used in secondary schools. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| one | Oneida | 50 in the USA (1991 M. Dale Kincade). 6 monolinguals. | Central New York, eastern Wisconsin. | Lincheng (Lingao Proper-Dengmai), Qiongshan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Only a few older adult speakers in New York. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1880–1942. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1880–1942. | |
| ong | Olo | 13,667 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Lumi District. 55 villages. | Payi (Pay, North Olo), Wapi (Wape, South Olo). Related to Yis, Yau, Ningil, Valman. | Speakers are shifting to English. Only a few older adult speakers in New York. | NT: 1997. | NT: 1997. | |
| oni | Onin | 500 (2000 Wurm). | North and northwest Bomberai Peninsula. | Nikuda, Ogar, Patipi, Sepa. | Speakers are shifting to English. Only a few older adult speakers in New York. | NT: 1997. | NT: 1997. | |
| onj | Onjob | 150 (2000 Wurm). | Oro Province, Koreat and Naukwate villages. | Lexical similarity 30% with Maiwa (closest). | Speakers also use English or Ubir. | Literacy rate in second language: English, Ubir. | Literacy rate in second language: English, Ubir. | |
| onk | One, Kabore | 300 (2000 Crowther). Ethnic population: 300. | Sandaun Province, Lumi District, West Waipei Division, between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges, Abore, Sapin, Kara, Wamtip villages, Kabore Station. | Close to Inebu One, Northern One, Southern One, Kwamtim One, Molmo One. | All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. Tok Pisin heard more in this area because of a community school. | Literacy rate in second language: English, Ubir. | Literacy rate in second language: English, Ubir. | |
| onn | Onobasulu | 700 (2000 SIL). 50% are monolingual. | Southern Highlands Province midway between Mt. Sisa and Mt. Bosavi. | Close to Inebu One, Northern One, Southern One, Kwamtim One, Molmo One. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral and written use in preschool and adult literacy. All ages. It is the first language children learn. Also used by Edolo speakers as a second language. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Kaluli, Edolo, or Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 43%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 300 can read it, 200 can write it. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 43%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 300 can read it, 200 can write it. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| ono | Onondaga | 15 in the USA (1993 V. Zeps). Ethnic population: 1,000 in USA (1993 V. Zeps). | Central New York south of Syracuse. | Close to Inebu One, Northern One, Southern One, Kwamtim One, Molmo One. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| onr | One, Northern | 2,000 (2000 Crowther). Ethnic population: 2,000. | Sandaun Province. Between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges, Lumi District, West Waipei Division, Romei, Parara, Wolwale, Koiniri, Karantu villages. | Close to Kabore One, Inebu One, Southern One, Kwamtim One, Molmo One. | All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ons | Ono | 5,500 (1993 SIL). | Morobe Province, Finschhafen District. | Ziwe, Amugen. | Spoken as a second language by 1,000 Nomu and Sialum (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1991. | |
| ont | Ontenu | 3,000 (1996 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu District. | Related to Gadsup. | Spoken as a second language by 1,000 Nomu and Sialum (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1991. | |
| onx | Onin Based Pidgin | No estimate available. | Onin Peninsula. | Related to Gadsup. | Spoken as a second language by 1,000 Nomu and Sialum (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1991. | |
| ood | Tohono O'odham | 11,819 in the USA(1990 census). 181 monolinguals (1990 census). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1977 SIL). | South central Arizona. 60 villages on 7 reservations. Also spoken in Mexico. | Tohono O'odam ("Papago"), Akimel O'odham (Pima). | Vigorous in the west and south. In the north and east some younger ones do not speak it or they prefer English. Most speakers are 25 years of age or older. | From primary school on, schools on the Tohono O'Odham Nation teach the language. Grammar. NT: 1975. | From primary school on, schools on the Tohono O'Odham Nation teach the language. Grammar. NT: 1975. | |
| oog | Ong | 10,300 (2000). | Saravan Province, north of Saravan town. | Closest to Ir. | Vigorous in the west and south. In the north and east some younger ones do not speak it or they prefer English. Most speakers are 25 years of age or older. | From primary school on, schools on the Tohono O'Odham Nation teach the language. Grammar. NT: 1975. | From primary school on, schools on the Tohono O'Odham Nation teach the language. Grammar. NT: 1975. | |
| oon | Önge | 96 (1997 CIIL). Speakers are mainly monolingual. Ethnic population: 110 (1999 report). | Southern Andaman Islands, Dugong Creek and South Bay islands. | A distinct language from Sentinelese. | Reserved toward outsiders. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| oor | Oorlams | No estimate available. | Transvaal. | A distinct language from Sentinelese. | There are first-language speakers. It also includes some Bantu words. There are a large number of small colonies of Africans. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| opa | Okpamheri | 30,000 (1973 SIL). | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Okulosho (Okurosho), Western Okpamheri, Emhalhe (Emarle, Somorika, Semolika). Subdialects of Okulosho: Ojirami (Eekunu), Dagbala (Dangbala), Oja (Oza), Makeke (Uuma), Oma. Subdialects of Western Okpamheri: Ekpe, Bekuma, Lankpese (Lampese, Lankpeshi), Imoga (Imorga, Uma), Eko (Ekon, Ekor), Ikaran-Oke (Ikeram-Oke), Ebunn-Oke, Ikaran-Ele (Ikeran-Ile), Ebunn-Ugbo, Ikpesa, Igbo-Ola-Sale (Ugboshi-Sale), Aiyegunle (Oshi), Igbo-Ola-Oke (Ugboshi-Oke), Onumo (Onumu), Ogugu, Ogbe-Sale, Ogbe-Oke. | There are first-language speakers. It also includes some Bantu words. There are a large number of small colonies of Africans. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| opk | Kopkaka | 400 (2002 SIL). | Lowlands area south of the main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela, Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Kurima Kecamatan, villages of Siradala and Burungmakok. | Marub, Tokuni. Close to Kwer. | No bilingual speakers. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| opm | Oksapmin | 8,000 (1991 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District, bordering on the southwest of the Sepik Hill languages. | Not closely related to any other language. Several dialects. | No bilingual speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| opo | Opao | 1,116 (1973 H. A. Brown). | Gulf Province, near Orokolo and Keuru. | Not closely related to any other language. Several dialects. | No bilingual speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| opt | Opata | 15. Population includes 11 in Distrito Federal, 4 in State of Mexico (1993 Instituto Nacional Indigenista). | Sonora: Nacori, Bacahora, Suaqui, Sahuaripa, Arivechi, Onavas, Tecoripa is the traditional area. | Not closely related to any other language. Several dialects. | No bilingual speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| opy | Ofayé | 15 (2002). Ethnic population: 37 (1995 AMTB). | Mato Grosso do Sul, along the Verde, Vacaris, and Ivinhema rivers, and area of Brazilândia. | Not closely related to any other language. Several dialects. | Members of the ethnic group now speak mainly Portuguese or Kaiwa. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. | Literacy rate in second language: 30%. | |
| orc | Orma | 55,000 (1994 I. Larsen BTL). Population includes 5,000 Munyo. | Garissa and Tana River districts, Northeastern and Coast provinces. The Oromo spoken in the Lower Jubba Region of Somalia may actually be Orma. The Orma controlled that area until the mid or late 19th century. They move from the lower Tana River inland toward Kitui District during rainy season. | Munyo (Korokoro, Munyo Yaya), Waata (Sanye), Orma. Distinct from Boran. Munyoyaya is an ethnic group speaking a dialect of Orma. | Members of the ethnic group now speak mainly Portuguese or Kaiwa. | Bible portions: 2000. | Bible portions: 2000. | |
| ore | Orejón | 190 (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 405 (2000 WCD). | Yanayacu, Sucusari, Algodon, and Putumayo rivers. | Nebaji. | Official language. Some children speakers. Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967–1976. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967–1976. | |
| orh | Oroqen | 1,200 (2002 Whaley). 800 are monolingual. Ethnic population: 7,004 (2000 D. Bradley). | Huma, Aihui, Sunko districts, Great Xingan Ridge, Heilongjiang Province and Inner Mongolia. Possibly eastern Siberia. | Gankui, Heilongjiang Oroqen. Gankui in Inner Mongolia is the standard dialect. | Some Daur and Chinese people speak Oroqen as second language. All domains. Speakers hope to preserve the language. Speakers also use Chinese, Mongolian, Russian, Ewenki, or Daur. | Literacy rate in second language: 84%. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in second language: 84%. Radio programs. | |
| ori | Oriya | 31,666,000 in India (1997). Population total all countries: 31,698,534. | Orissa; Jharkhand, Singhbhum, Ranchi districts; Chhattisgarh, Raigarh, Raipur, Bastar districts; West Bengal, Medinipur (Midnapore) District; Assam; Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam District. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Mughalbandi (Oriya Proper, Standard Oriya), Southern Oriya, Northwestern Oriya, Western Oriya (Sambalpuri), North Balasore Oriya, Midnapore Oriya, Halbi. Some of the larger dialects have many subdialects. Sambalpuri around Sambalpur and Sundargh needs intelligibility testing with Standard Oriya. | State language of Orissa. Spoken as first language by the Bathudi, Bhuiya, Chakali, some Koda, and the Mali. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Oriya script. Bible: 1815–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Oriya script. Bible: 1815–2002. | |
| ork | Orokaiva | 33,300 (1989 SIL). 20% monolingual. Population includes 4,300 Hunjara (1973 SIL), 2,000 Aeka (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Oro Province, Popondetta District between the Hunjara, Notu, Binandere and Managalasi. 200 villages. Some in Port Moresby, Wewak, Madang, and Lae. | Kokoda, Hunjara, Ajeka, Etija (Sose, Sohe), Ehija (Ihane, Ifane), Harava, Aeka. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in church. Personal letters. Oral literature. All ages. Speakers are positive about Orokaiva. Young men sometimes prefer Tok Pisin. Over 80% speak Tok Pisin, 20% also speak English, a few of older adults also speak Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 5,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 5,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| orn | Orang Kanaq | 34 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southeast and northeast of Mawai. | Kokoda, Hunjara, Ajeka, Etija (Sose, Sohe), Ehija (Ihane, Ifane), Harava, Aeka. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in church. Personal letters. Oral literature. All ages. Speakers are positive about Orokaiva. Young men sometimes prefer Tok Pisin. Over 80% speak Tok Pisin, 20% also speak English, a few of older adults also speak Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 5,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 5,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| oro | Orokolo | 13,000 (1977 SIL). | Gulf Province, from mouth of Purari River east to Bairu River. Kerema is a main town. | Kokoda, Hunjara, Ajeka, Etija (Sose, Sohe), Ehija (Ihane, Ifane), Harava, Aeka. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in church. Personal letters. Oral literature. All ages. Speakers are positive about Orokaiva. Young men sometimes prefer Tok Pisin. Over 80% speak Tok Pisin, 20% also speak English, a few of older adults also speak Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1963. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1963. | |
| orr | Oruma | 5,000 (1995). | Bayelsa State, Ogbia LGA, towns of Oruma and Ibelebiri. | Kokoda, Hunjara, Ajeka, Etija (Sose, Sohe), Ehija (Ihane, Ifane), Harava, Aeka. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in church. Personal letters. Oral literature. All ages. Speakers are positive about Orokaiva. Young men sometimes prefer Tok Pisin. Over 80% speak Tok Pisin, 20% also speak English, a few of older adults also speak Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1963. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1963. | |
| ors | Orang Seletar | 884 in Singapore (2000 WCD). | North coast of Singapore, and opposite coast of Malaysia. | Kokoda, Hunjara, Ajeka, Etija (Sose, Sohe), Ehija (Ihane, Ifane), Harava, Aeka. | Vigorous. All domains. Local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in church. Personal letters. Oral literature. All ages. Speakers are positive about Orokaiva. Young men sometimes prefer Tok Pisin. Over 80% speak Tok Pisin, 20% also speak English, a few of older adults also speak Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1963. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1963. | |
| ort | Oriya, Adivasi | 150,000 (1991 U. Gustafsson). | Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam District, Araku Valley. | Lexical similarity 38% to 42% between Andhra Pradesh varieties and Standard Oriya, 80% to 85% with Desiya dialects in Orissa. | Trade language. 200,000 second-language users (1998 U. Gustafsson). | Literacy rate in first language: 7.3%. Telugu script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1977–1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 7.3%. Telugu script. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1977–1982. | |
| oru | Ormuri | 50 in Afghanistan. Ethnic population: 2,000 to 5,000 in Afghanistan. | Spoken by a few families in Baraki-Barak in Logar. | Kanigurami, Logar. | The Kanigurami retain the language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| orw | Oro Win | 5 (1996 SIL). Ethnic population: 55 (1998). | Headwaters of the Pacaas-Novos River, a tributary of the Mamoré River, along the Brazil-Bolivia border. | Related to Tora, Itene (More), and Pakaasnovos (Wari), but not inherently intelligible with them. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Wari. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| osa | Osage | 5 (1991 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 15,000 (1997 Carolyn Quintero). | North central Oklahoma. | Close to Omaha, Ponca, Quapaw, and Kansa. | Speakers have shifted to English. A few semifluent speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| osi | Osing | 481,852 (2000 WCD). | East and northeast coast of east Java. | Related to East Javanese. | Speakers have shifted to English. A few semifluent speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Javanese script. | Javanese script. | |
| oso | Ososo | 19,038 (2000 WCD). | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Related to East Javanese. | Speakers have shifted to English. A few semifluent speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Javanese script. | Javanese script. | |
| oss | Osetin | 100,000 in Georgia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 526,453. | The Digor dialect is reported to be in Bitlis and another small town in the west. Iron dialect in cities or towns of Sarikamis and Erzerum. Also in Mugla, Kars, Antalya. May also be in Syria. | Digor, Tagaur, Kurtat, Allagir, Tual, Iron. | Speakers have shifted to English. A few semifluent speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1993. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1993. | |
| ost | Osatu | 400 (2002 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, Akwaya Subdivision, southeast of Asumbo. | Lexical similarity 60% with Balo, 40% with Ipulo and Caka, 35% with Mesaka and Esimbi. | Speakers also use Cameroon Pidgin. | Literacy is in English. | Literacy is in English. |
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