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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| naf | Nabak | 16,000 (1994 SIL). | Morobe Province, Lae District, eastern headwaters of the Busu River. 52 villages and 30 settlements. | Close to Maring, North Wahgi, Kandawo. No significant dialect differences. | Members of the ethnic group generally use Aboriginal English or Nyangumarta. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | |
| nag | Naga Pidgin | 30,000 (1989 J. Holm). | Nagaland, especially Kohima District, Dimapur Subdivision; bordering areas of Arunachal Pradesh. | A variety farthest from Assamese is spoken by the Yimchenger Naga, and varieties closest to Assamese by the Angami Naga, and around Dimapur and Kohima. | Trade language. First language for the Kachari in and around Dimapur, a small community, and among children of interethnic marriages. Used by most of the 500,000 speakers of 29 Naga languages as second language. An official medium of instruction in schools. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | |
| naj | Nalu | 8,150 in Guinea-Bissau (2002). | Southwest near the coast. | Related to Mbulungish and Baga Mboteni. | Reported to be closed to outsiders. Many also use Susu. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | |
| nak | Nakanai | 13,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | West New Britain Province, Hoskins District, northwest coast. 42 villages. | Losa (Loso, Auka), Bileki (Lakalai, Muku, Mamuga), Vere (Vele, Tarobi), Ubae (Babata), Maututu. | Reported to be closed to outsiders. Many also use Susu. | Grammar. NT: 1983. | Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| nam | Nangikurrunggurr | 275 (1988 SIL). Population includes 40 Ngengiwumerri (1983 Black). | Junction of Flora and Daly rivers, Daly River Mission, Tipperary Station, Northern Territory. | Tyemeri (Moil, Ngankikurrunkurr), Ngenkiwumerri (Nangumiri, Nangiomeri, Angomerry, Marewumiri, Nangimera, Ngangomori), Ngangi-Tjemerri, Ngangi-Wumeri. Lexical similarity 84% with Ngengiwumerri dialect. | Main language in Daly River group. Speakers also use Kriol or English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| nan | Chinese, Min Nan | 1,081,920 in Thailand. Population includes 1,058,400 Chaochow (18%), 17,640 Fujian (.3%), 5,880 Hainanese (.1%) (1984). | Cities. | Chaozhou (Chaochow, Tiuchiu, Teochow, Techu), Shantou (Swatow), Hainan, Fujian (Fukien, Hokkien). | Mandarin is used as second language. Those over 60 also speak Japanese. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% literate in Chao-shan. Many older people cannot read Chinese, but all young people can read standard Mandarin Chinese. Roman script in Taiwan. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1884–1933. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% literate in Chao-shan. Many older people cannot read Chinese, but all young people can read standard Mandarin Chinese. Roman script in Taiwan. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1884–1933. | |
| nao | Naaba | 500 (1985). | Koshi Zone, Sankhuwasawa District. Kimathanka village in Kimathanka VDC and villages of Dangok and Pharang in Hatiya VDC. | Chaozhou (Chaochow, Tiuchiu, Teochow, Techu), Shantou (Swatow), Hainan, Fujian (Fukien, Hokkien). | All ages. The Lhomi consider the Naaba people a distinct group. Inhabitants of Pharang and Dangok can fully understand Lhomi, most in Kimathanka can understand Lhomi. Little intermarriage. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% literate in Chao-shan. Many older people cannot read Chinese, but all young people can read standard Mandarin Chinese. Roman script in Taiwan. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1884–1933. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% literate in Chao-shan. Many older people cannot read Chinese, but all young people can read standard Mandarin Chinese. Roman script in Taiwan. Poetry. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1884–1933. | |
| nap | Napoletano-Calabrese | 7,047,399 (1976). | Campania and Calabria provinces, southern Italy. | Napoletano (Neapolitan, Tirrenic), Northern Calabrese-Lucano (Lucanian, Basilicatan). Limited inherent intelligibility of Standard Italian. Neapolitan and Calabrese are reported to be very different from each other. Southern Calabrian is reported to be a dialect of Sicilian. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Italian. | Bible portions: 1861–1862. | Bible portions: 1861–1862. | |
| naq | Nama | 56,000 in South Africa (1989 UBS). | Kgalagadi District, Tsabong, Makopong, Omaweneno, Tshane villages; Ghanzi District, villages along the Ghanzi-Mamuno road. | Gimsbok Nama. | National language. Offered as a school subject. Can be studied up to doctoral level at U. of Namibia, also used in administration. | Literacy rate in second language: 80% Tswana, 10% English. | Literacy rate in second language: 80% Tswana, 10% English. | |
| nar | Iguta | 6,123 (1990). | Plateau State, Bassa LGA. | Gimsbok Nama. | National language. Offered as a school subject. Can be studied up to doctoral level at U. of Namibia, also used in administration. | Literacy rate in second language: 80% Tswana, 10% English. | Literacy rate in second language: 80% Tswana, 10% English. | |
| nas | Naasioi | 10,000 (1990 SIL). | Bougainville Province, Kieta District, central mountains and southeast coast. | Naasioi, Kongara, Orami (Guava), Pakia-Sideronsi. | National language. Offered as a school subject. Can be studied up to doctoral level at U. of Namibia, also used in administration. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1994. | |
| nat | Hungworo | 20,000 (2003 SIL). | Niger State, Rafi LGA, around Kagara and Maikujeri towns. | Lexical similarity 50% to 52% with Kamuku dialects. | National language. Offered as a school subject. Can be studied up to doctoral level at U. of Namibia, also used in administration. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1994. | |
| nav | Navajo | 148,530 (1990 census). 7,616 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 219,198 (1990 USA Census Bureau). | Northeastern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, southeastern Utah, and a few in Colorado. | Lexical similarity 50% to 52% with Kamuku dialects. | Vigorous in some families. First-language speakers among first graders are 30% versus 90% in 1968 (1998). | Bible: 1985–2000. | Bible: 1985–2000. | |
| nax | Nakwi | 275 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, south of Ama language. Villages; Nakwi-Amasu, Augot (Mumupra, Sari), Tiki, Uwau. | Lexical similarity 71% between Nakwi and Nimo. | Vigorous in some families. First-language speakers among first graders are 30% versus 90% in 1968 (1998). | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | |
| nay | Narrinyeri | Extinct. | South Australia. | Related to Ngayawung and Yuyu (Ngarrket). | Vigorous in some families. First-language speakers among first graders are 30% versus 90% in 1968 (1998). | Bible portions: 1864. | Bible portions: 1864. | |
| naz | Nahuatl, Coatepec | 1,400 (1990 census). 15 monolinguals. | State of Mexico, Coatepec Costales, Tlacultlapa, Texcalco, Tonalapa, Maxela, Machito de las Flores, Chilacachapa, Miacacsingo, Los Sabinos, and Acapetlahuaya, all west of Iguala, Guerrero. The language has strongest usage in Coatepec Costales and Chilacachapa. | 54% intelligibility of Santa Catarina (Morelos), 48% of Atliaca (Guerrero), 35% of Copalillo Guerrero, 28% of Zongolica (Orizaba). | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions: 1864. | Bible portions: 1864. | |
| nbb | Ndoe | 7,344 (2000 WCD). | Cross River State, Ikom LGA. | Ekparabong (Akparabong), Balep (Anep, Anyep). | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions: 1864. | Bible portions: 1864. | |
| nbc | Naga, Chang | 31,000 (1997). | Assam; east central Nagaland, Tuensang District, 36 villages. | Close to Wancho Naga. Dialect of Tuensang village is central dialect and intelligible to all. | Speakers also use Naga Pidgin, Ao, Assamese, English, or Hindi. | Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | Roman script. Dictionary. NT: 1982. | |
| nbe | Naga, Konyak | 105,000 (1997). | Assam, Sibsagar District, Nagagaon, Bortol villages near Simulguri township; northeast Nagaland, Mon and Tuensang districts. | Angphang, Hopao, Changnyu, Chen, Chingkao, Chinglang, Choha, Gelekidoria, Jakphang, Kongon, Longching, Longkhai, Longmein, Longwa, Mohung, Tableng, Mon, Mulung, Ngangching, Sang, Shanlang, Shunyuo, Shengha, Sima, Sowa, Shamnyuyanga, Tabu, Tamkhungnyuo, Tang, Tobunyuo, Tolamleinyua, Totok. Tableng is standard dialect spoken in Wanching and Wakching. Close to Phom Naga. | Speakers also use Naga Pidgin, English, or Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 13% (1994 Singh). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Bible: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 13% (1994 Singh). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Bible: 1992. | |
| nbf | Naxi | 308,839 (2000 census). 100,000 monolinguals. | Most (200,000) in Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, northwestern Yunnan. Some scattered through Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqing, Yongsheng, Heqing, Jianchuan, and Lanping counties. Some in Yanyuan, Yanbian, and Muli counties of Sichuan Province. A few in Mangkang county, southeastern Tibet. Possibly also in Myanmar. | Lichiang (Lijiang), Lapao, Lutien. The western dialect is reported to be fairly uniform and is considered to be the standard (from Dayan town in Lijiang County). Eastern has some internal differences, and intelligibility may be low within it. | Vigorous. Some speakers of other languages in the area use Naxi in local government offices, markets, gatherings, and when visiting Naxi families. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 170,000 use Chinese, Tibetan, Bai, or English as second language. Written Chinese in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 62%. 75,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932. | Literacy rate in second language: 62%. 75,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932. | |
| nbg | Nagarchal | 7,090 (1971 census). | Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat, Chhindwara, Mandla, Seoni districts; Chhattisgarh, Durg District; Maharashtra, Bhandara District; Rajasthan. | Lichiang (Lijiang), Lapao, Lutien. The western dialect is reported to be fairly uniform and is considered to be the standard (from Dayan town in Lijiang County). Eastern has some internal differences, and intelligibility may be low within it. | Vigorous. Some speakers of other languages in the area use Naxi in local government offices, markets, gatherings, and when visiting Naxi families. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 170,000 use Chinese, Tibetan, Bai, or English as second language. Written Chinese in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 62%. 75,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932. | Literacy rate in second language: 62%. 75,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932. | |
| nbh | Ngamo | 60,000 (1993). | Yobe State, Fika LGA; Gambe State, Nafada-Bajoga LGA. | Lichiang (Lijiang), Lapao, Lutien. The western dialect is reported to be fairly uniform and is considered to be the standard (from Dayan town in Lijiang County). Eastern has some internal differences, and intelligibility may be low within it. | Vigorous. Some speakers of other languages in the area use Naxi in local government offices, markets, gatherings, and when visiting Naxi families. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 170,000 use Chinese, Tibetan, Bai, or English as second language. Written Chinese in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 62%. 75,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932. | Literacy rate in second language: 62%. 75,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932. | |
| nbi | Naga, Mao | 81,000 (1997). | Northwest Manipur, Senapati District; Nagaland. | Paomata. Related to Angami. Breton says Paomata and Pome (alt. name for Poumei) are the same. | Speakers also use Meitei. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | |
| nbj | Ngarinman | 170 (1983 Black). | Victoria River around Jasper Creek, Northern Territory. | Bilinara (Pilinara). | Members of the ethnic group generally speak Kriol. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | |
| nbk | Nake | 173 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, northwest of Madang. | Bilinara (Pilinara). | Members of the ethnic group generally speak Kriol. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | |
| nbn | Kuri | 500 (1982 SIL). | Southwest Bomberai Peninsula, along Nabi (Kuri) River west from Wandamen Bay, 16 villages. | Close to Irarutu. Lexical similarity 90% with Irarutu. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | |
| nbp | Nnam | 3,000 (1987 Asinya). | Cross River State, Ikom and Ogoja LGAs. | Close to Irarutu. Lexical similarity 90% with Irarutu. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Meitei, English. Literacy rate is high. Roman script. Dictionary. Bible: 2001. | |
| nbq | Nggem | 3,000 (1991 SIL). | Along the middle Haflifoeri River, north of Wamena. | Close to Walak. Lexical similarity 50% with Western Dani. | Used in the home. | Bible portions: 1982. | Bible portions: 1982. | |
| nbr | Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu | 30,000 (2003 Blench). | Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA; Plateau State, Akwanga LGA. | Nunku, Numana (Nimana), Gbantu (Gwantu, Gwanto), Numbu. Dialect cluster. | Used in the home. | Bible portions: 1982. | Bible portions: 1982. | |
| nbs | Namibian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA; Plateau State, Akwanga LGA. | Nunku, Numana (Nimana), Gbantu (Gwantu, Gwanto), Numbu. Dialect cluster. | Used in the home. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| nbt | Na | 1,500 (est. for year 2000 by Roland-Breton 1997). | Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Subansiri District; Taksing circle, Gumsing, Taying, Esnaya, Lingbing, Tongla, Yeja, Reding, Redi, Dadu villages. | Has an affinity with Tagin (dialect of Nisi) (Singh 95). | Speakers also use Hindi or English. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% (Singh 95). Devanagari and Roman scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% (Singh 95). Devanagari and Roman scripts. | |
| nbu | Naga, Rongmei | 59,000 (1997). | Northwest Manipur; Nagaland; Assam, Cachar District. | Songbu. | Speakers also use Hindi or English. | Literacy rate in first language: High. Magazines. Radio programs. Bible: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: High. Magazines. Radio programs. Bible: 1989. | |
| nbw | Ngbandi, Southern | 105,000. | Equateur Province, Businga, Budjala, Kungu, and Libenge territories. | Different enough from Northern Ngbandi that separate literature is needed. | Positive language attitude. The majority speak Lingala as second language. | Bible portions: 1984. | Bible portions: 1984. | |
| nbx | Ngura | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 1 Punthamara, 4 Wongkumara, 2 Badjiri, and 1 Kalali. | Northwestern New South Wales and southwestern Queensland. | Punthamara (Bundhamara), Kalali (Galali, Garlali), Wongkumara (Wangkumara, Wangumarra), Badjiri, Bidjara, Dhiraila, Garandala, Mambangura, Mingbari, Ngurawarla, Yarumarra. Wurm and Hattori list the dialects as separate languages. | Positive language attitude. The majority speak Lingala as second language. | Bible portions: 1984. | Bible portions: 1984. | |
| nby | Ningera | 147 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Vanimo District, east of Vanimo, north of Bewani and Ossima. | Punthamara (Bundhamara), Kalali (Galali, Garlali), Wongkumara (Wangkumara, Wangumarra), Badjiri, Bidjara, Dhiraila, Garandala, Mambangura, Mingbari, Ngurawarla, Yarumarra. Wurm and Hattori list the dialects as separate languages. | Positive language attitude. The majority speak Lingala as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| nca | Iyo | 6,900 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, on the southern slopes of the Finisterre Mountains along the Nahu (Gusap) and Bure rivers, on the northern slopes along the Kipuro (Yangdala) and Kasang (Mot) rivers. | Lexical similarity 54% with Rawa. | Used in the home, church, community. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Vernacular preschools in operation. Grammar. Bible portions: 1998–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Vernacular preschools in operation. Grammar. Bible portions: 1998–2000. | |
| ncb | Nicobarese, Central | 2,200 (1981). Population includes 800 Nancowry, 1,400 closely related dialects (1981 Radhakrishnan). 22,100 in all six Nicobarese languages (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Nicobar Islands, Katchal, Camorta, Nancowry, and Trinket islands. | Camorta (Kamorta), Katchal (Kachel, Tehnu), Nancowry (Nancoury), Trinkut (Trinkat). Related to Car, Chaura, Shom Peng, Southern Nicobarese, Teressa. | Used in the home, church, community. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. Bible portions: 1884–1890. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. Bible portions: 1884–1890. | |
| ncd | Nachering | 3,553 (2001 census). | Sagarmatha Zone, upper northeastern Khotang District near the Rawakhola Valley, on the slopes around the Lidim Khola River from the headwaters and its tributaries down to Aiselukharke to the south. | Dimali, Parali, Hedangpa (Sangpang), Bangdale (Hachero, Achero, Hangkula), Kharlali, Rakheli. Related to Kulung and Sangpang. | The Hedangpa dialect is nearly extinct. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. Bible portions: 1884–1890. | Devanagari and Roman scripts. Bible portions: 1884–1890. | |
| nce | Yale | 600 (1991 SIL). 5% monolingual. | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, west of Namia. Kwomtari is north, Abau is south, Busa is southwest, Biaka is west, Anggor and Amanab are northwest. 6 villages. | 2 very similar dialects. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in church, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most men up to 35 years old have routine proficiency in Tok Pisin. There is some intermarriage with the Odiai, Abau, and Kwomtari. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| ncg | Nisga'a | 700. Possibly 5 scattered speakers in Alaska (1997). Ethnic population: 5,400 (1997 M. Krauss). | Lower Nass River Valley, villages of Aiyansh (Ay'ans), Canyon City (Gitwinksihlkw), Greenville (Laxtalts'ap or Gitxat'in), Kincolith (Gingolx), British Columbia. | Variation within Nass not great enough to be considered dialects. High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | About 1,500 speak Nisga'a as second or third language. Speakers are from ages 22 to 95. Children learn Nisga'a in School District #92. Many young adults prefer English. Some children speak the language but most prefer English. Speakers consider Nisga'a and Gitxsan to be ethnically distinct. Some older Nisga'a speak Tsimshian as second language; English mostly used. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1906. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1906. | |
| nch | Nahuatl, Central Huasteca | 200,000 (2000 census). | States of Hidalgo, Veracruz, and San Louis Potosi. | Variation within Nass not great enough to be considered dialects. High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions: 2003. | Bible portions: 2003. | |
| nci | Nahuatl, Classical | Extinct. | Central Mexico, Tenochtitlán, Aztec Empire. | Variation within Nass not great enough to be considered dialects. High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Grammar. NT: 1833. | Grammar. NT: 1833. | |
| ncj | Nahuatl, Northern Puebla | 60,000 (1990 census). | Naupan, northern Puebla. | Variation within Nass not great enough to be considered dialects. High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 30%, 3 15%, 4 5%, 5 0%. | Dictionary. NT: 1979. | Dictionary. NT: 1979. | |
| nck | Nakara | 75 to 100 (1983 Black). | Maningrida, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Goulburn Island. | Variation within Nass not great enough to be considered dialects. High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | Members of the ethnic group generally speak Burarra or Djeebbana. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ncl | Nahuatl, Michoacán | 3,000 (1990 census). | Michoacán near the coast around Pómaro. | Variation within Nass not great enough to be considered dialects. High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 0%, 3 45%, 4 50%, 5 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10% (mainly children). Literacy rate in second language: 35%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10% (mainly children). Literacy rate in second language: 35%. NT: 1998. | |
| ncm | Nambo | 713 (2003 SIL). | Western Province, Morehead District, five villages (Arufe, Gubam, Bebdeben, Pongariki and Derideri) bordering the Idi and Nen languages. | Nambo, Namna. The Namna dialect, spoken in Pongariki and Derideri, is being replaced by the Nambo dialect. Children in Derideri learn only the Nambo dialect. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 0%, 3 45%, 4 50%, 5 5%. | Bible portions: 1974. | Bible portions: 1974. | |
| ncn | Nauna | 100 (2000 Wurm). | Manus Province, Nauna Island. 1 village. | Nambo, Namna. The Namna dialect, spoken in Pongariki and Derideri, is being replaced by the Nambo dialect. Children in Derideri learn only the Nambo dialect. | Speakers also use Titan. | Bible portions: 1974. | Bible portions: 1974. | |
| nco | Sibe | 5,000 (1975 SIL). | Bougainville Province, Buin District. | Nambo, Namna. The Namna dialect, spoken in Pongariki and Derideri, is being replaced by the Nambo dialect. Children in Derideri learn only the Nambo dialect. | Speakers also use Titan. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1984. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1984. | |
| ncr | Ncane | 15,500 (2002 SIL). | North West Province, Donga-Mantung Division, western Nkambe Subdivision, Nkanchi, Nfume, Chunge, Bem, Kibbo and Mungong villages. | Ncane, Mungong (Mungom). Member of the Eastern Beboid cluster. Lexical similarity 84% with Nsari, 88% with Noone. | All domains. Churches use Cameroon Pidgin and English. Schooling is in English. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1984. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1984. | |
| ncs | Nicaraguan Sign Language | 3,000 (1997 Asociación Nacional de Sordos de Nicaragua). Population includes hearing people. | Managua and throughout the nation. | There are two sign languages in Nicaragua. Unrelated to El Salvadoran, Costa Rican, or other sign languages. | Officially used in school since 1992, and used outside the classroom. Users know little Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| nct | Naga, Chothe | 3,600 (2001). Ethnic population: 3,600. | Southeast Manipur, Chandel District, 15 villages, Khongkhang, Chandolpokpi, Lunghu, Lirungtabi, Zeonthang, Ajouhu, Pumthapokpi, Laininghu, Chandrapoto, Tampokhu, Lamlanghupi, Purumchumbang, Old Wangparal, New Wangparal, Lungle; Nagaland, near Myanmar border. | Closest to Tarao Naga. Reported intelligibility of Aimol. Lexical similarity less than 60% with any neighboring languages. | Purest Chothe is spoken in Purum Khullen. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Meitei or English. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | |
| ncx | Nahuatl, Central Puebla | 16,000 (1998 SIL). 1,430 monolinguals. Population includes 800 in Teopantlán, 600 in Huatlatlauca. | South of Puebla City (97" 08' 56 W Long, 17" 10' 27 N Lat), Teopantlán, Tepatlaxco de Hidalgo, Tochimilco, Atoyatempan, Huatlathauca, Huehuetlán (near Molcaxac). | Closest to Tarao Naga. Reported intelligibility of Aimol. Lexical similarity less than 60% with any neighboring languages. | 70% to 80% of children entering school in some towns do not speak Spanish. In other towns the younger generation are not learning Nahuatl. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | |
| ncz | Natchez | Extinct. | Formerly in Oklahoma. | Closest to Tarao Naga. Reported intelligibility of Aimol. Lexical similarity less than 60% with any neighboring languages. | 70% to 80% of children entering school in some towns do not speak Spanish. In other towns the younger generation are not learning Nahuatl. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | |
| ndd | Nde-Nsele-Nta | 19,500 (1987). Population includes 12,000 Nde, 3,000 Nsele, 4,500 Nsa. | Cross River State, Ikom LGA. | Nde (Ekamtulufu, Mbenkpe, Udom, Mbofon, Befon), Nsele, Nta (Atam, Afunatam). | 70% to 80% of children entering school in some towns do not speak Spanish. In other towns the younger generation are not learning Nahuatl. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Meitei (Bengali script) (Yoktel Chothe 2000). Roman and Bengali scripts. | |
| ndi | Samba Leko | 62,020 in Nigeria (2000 WCD). | North Province, Faro Division, approximately between Tchamba and the Mayo-Louti River, west of Poli and in south Beka Subdivision along the Nigerian border. | Samba Leko (Ndii, Lekon, Lego, Leko, Laeko, Suntai), Deenu (Koola), Bangla, Samba de Wangai, Sampara. | Those in Donga now speak Jukun. | Grammar. NT: 2001. | Grammar. NT: 2001. | |
| ndm | Ndam | 6,500 (1990 census). | Southwest, Tandjilé Prefecture, Laï Subprefecture, northeast of Laï, and southeast of Bousso. | Ndam-Ndam (Southern Ndam), Ndam Dik (Northern Ndam). | Those in Donga now speak Jukun. | Grammar. NT: 2001. | Grammar. NT: 2001. | |
| ndp | Ndo | 100,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | Orientale Province, Mahagi and Aru territories, south of the Lowa River, west and northwest of Djalasiga, a pocket of Okebu on the border with Uganda. | Avari (Avare, Avere, Aviritu), Oke'bu, Membi (Membitu, Meembi, Mombi, Ndo). | Vigorous. Speakers also use Bangala or Swahili. | NT: 1994. | NT: 1994. | |
| ndr | Ndoola | 2,120 in Cameroon (2000 WCD). | Adamawa Province, Faro-and-Deo Division, southern Mayo-Baleo Subdivision, on the upper Mayo-Deo River, Dodeo village near the Nigerian border; North West Province, Donga-Mantung Division, north of Nkambe. | There are at least two distinct dialects, those on and at the foot of the Mambila Plateau and those around Baissa, which seem to be similar to Serti. | Speakers also use Fulfulde or Hausa. | NT: 1994. | NT: 1994. | |
| nds | Saxon, Low | 1,000. 10,000,000 understand it in Germany, but few are native speakers (1996 Reinhard F. Hahn). | Northern Germany. Lower Rhine Region below a line from Aachen to Witenberg. | Northern Low Saxon, Eastphalian (Ostfaelisch, Ostfälisch), Mecklenburg-Anterior Pomerania (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch), Mark-Brandenburg (Maerkisch-Brandenburgisch, Märkisch-Brandenburgisch, East Prussian). The dialects listed are in Germany. The first three dialects listed are Western Low Saxon, the other two are Eastern Low Saxon. Not intelligible to speakers of Standard German. A direct descendant of Old Saxon, related to English. 20 to 30 dialects with differing inherent intelligibility, depending on geographic distance. They did not experience the second consonantal shift of the 8th and 9th centuries (J. Thiessen, U. of Winnipeg 1976). Its modern forms have been largely suppressed until recently and have received much German, Dutch, or Frisian influence, depending on the area. Low Saxon varieties listed as separate entries in the Netherlands, where they have official status. Pomerano is used in Latin America. Westphaelian and Plautdietsch also have separate entries. | Officially recognized as a regional (separate) language in 8 states of Germany. Recognized as a regional (separate) language by the European Charta on Languages. Most speakers in Germany also use Standard German. | Dictionary. Bible: 1478–1534. | Dictionary. Bible: 1478–1534. | |
| ndv | Ndut | 35,000 (2002). | West central, northwest of Thiès. | 32% intelligibility of Palor. Lexical similarity 84% with Palor, 68% with Safen, Non, and Lehar, 22% with Serer-Sine. | Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some also use Wolof, Lehar, Safen, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ndx | Nduga | 10,000 (1985 Mary Owen CMA). | Jayawijaya, Tiom, central highlands, south of high ranges, south of Western Dani, north of Asmat. Widely scattered. | Sinak Nduga, Hitadipa Nduga. | Bilingual level estimates for Dani: 0 60%, 1 10%, 2 20%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 10%. Some also speak Damal, Moni, or Indonesian. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| ndy | Lutos | 1,978 in Chad (1993 census). | Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Maro Subprefecture, south of the Ngam. | Ruto (Routo, Rito, Louto, Luto). | Bilingual level estimates for Dani: 0 60%, 1 10%, 2 20%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 10%. Some also speak Damal, Moni, or Indonesian. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| nea | Ngad'a, Eastern | 5,000 (1994). | South central Flores, between Ngad'a and Nage in Kecamatan Golewa in the administrative villages of Sara Sedu, Taka Tunga, Sanga Deto, and in Kecamatan Boawae in desa Rowa, all in Kabupaten Ngada. | Minor dialect variation. | Bilingual level estimates for Dani: 0 60%, 1 10%, 2 20%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 10%. Some also speak Damal, Moni, or Indonesian. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| neb | Toura | 38,500 (1993 SIL). | Department of Biankouma, eastern part, mountainous region east of the main road from Man to Touba, north of the main road from Man to Seguela, a little north of the Bafing River, otherwise the Bafing and Sassandra rivers from the northern and eastern borders. | Naò, Boo, Yiligele, Gwéò, Wáádú, Guse. Probably closest to Dan. Also close to Gouro, Gban, Mann (in Liberia). | Speakers also use Dan, Wobe, Jula, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1986. | |
| nec | Nedebang | 1,379 (2000 WCD). | North central Pantar, south and southwest of Kabir. | Naò, Boo, Yiligele, Gwéò, Wáádú, Guse. Probably closest to Dan. Also close to Gouro, Gban, Mann (in Liberia). | Speakers also use Dan, Wobe, Jula, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1986. | |
| nef | Nefamese | No estimate available. | Arunachal Pradesh. | Most closely related to Adi Galo. | A lingua franca of Arunachal Pradesh. Spoken as second language by Zakhring, Apatani, Bugun, and other minority peoples. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1986. | |
| neg | Negidal | 100 to 170 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 500 (1995 M. Krauss). | Lower reaches of the Amur River, in two regions of the Khabarovsk Krai (Kamenka settlement and Im, and in the Paulina Osipenko Region). | Nizovsk, Verkhovsk. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Negidal. Older adults have a good command of the language, younger adults can understand it, children speak and understand only Russian. Russian used for most domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| neh | Nyenkha | 10,000 (1993 Van Driem). | Sephu Geo. The Black River passes below their villages. | Phobjikha, Chutobikha. Related to Bumthangkha. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Negidal. Older adults have a good command of the language, younger adults can understand it, children speak and understand only Russian. Russian used for most domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| nej | Neko | 315 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, coast near Biliau. | Phobjikha, Chutobikha. Related to Bumthangkha. | Used in the home and village life. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| nen | Nengone | 6,500 (2000 Tryon). | Mare, Loyalty Islands. | Iwatenu is a dialect of respect. | Vigorous. | Taught at secondary and junior college levels, and various other schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1903. | Taught at secondary and junior college levels, and various other schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1903. | |
| neo | Ná-Meo | 1,200 (2002). | Northwest part of Lang Son Province, Trang Dinh District, Cao Minh Village and Khuoi Phu Dao Village, Khanh Long Hamlet; Thach An District, Ca Liec Village. | Iwatenu is a dialect of respect. | Vigorous. | Taught at secondary and junior college levels, and various other schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1903. | Taught at secondary and junior college levels, and various other schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1903. | |
| nep | Nepali | 6,000,000 in India (1984 Far Eastern Economic Review). | West Bengal, Darjeeling area; Sikkim; Assam; Arunachal Pradesh; Bihar; Haryana; Himachal Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh; Uttaranchal; Manipur; Mizoram; Nagaland; Meghalaya, Tripura. | Gorkhali, Palpa, Nepali. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. | |
| neq | Mixe, North Central | 13,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 13,000 (2002 SIL). | Northeastern Oaxaca, several towns in the northeastern part of the Mixe District, including those listed as dialects. | Mixe de San Juan Cotzocón, Zacatepec, Puxmetecán, Olotepec, Mixistlan, Cotzocón Mixe, Atitlán Mixe. | Official language. | Bible portions: 1994–2001. | Bible portions: 1994–2001. | |
| ner | Yahadian | 500 (1991 SIL). | South Bird's Head, between lower Mintamani River and Sekak River along Maccluer Gulf. | Lexical similarity 60% with Konda. | Official language. | Bible portions: 1994–2001. | Bible portions: 1994–2001. | |
| nes | Kinnauri, Bhoti | 6,000 (1998). | Himachal Pradesh, Kinnaur District, Morang Tahsil, upper Kinnauri Sutlej River basin where it turns into the Spiti River, Nesang village in Morang Tahsil, Puh village in Puh Tahsil. It may also be spoken in Kuno and Charang villages. | May constitute more than one language. Lexical similarity 71% with Tukpa, 63% with Mane village, 59% with Darcha village, 54% with Lhasa Tibetan. | Official language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| net | Nete | 1,000 (1982 SIL). | East Sepik Province, adjoining the Hewa area. 3 villages. | Lexical similarity 70% with Bisorio of East Sepik. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: below 1%. | |
| nev | Nyaheun | 5,152 (1995 census). | Eastern part of Boloven Plateau near Sekong and Paksong. | Lexical similarity 70% with Bisorio of East Sepik. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| new | Newar | 825,458 in Nepal (2001 census). Many women are monolingual. Ethnic population: 1,256,737 including 1,245,232 Newar plus 11,505 Pahari. | Sikkim; West Bengal; Some in Bettiah, Bihar; Andamans. | Dolkhali (Dolakha), Sindhupalchok Pahri (Pahri, Pahari), Totali, Citlang, Kathmandu-Pathan-Kirtipur, Baktapur, Baglung. Dolkhali of Dolakha and Pahri of Sindhupalchok may be separate languages (Genetti 1994:2–3). Dolakha, Totali, and Pahari are conservative linguistically. Kirtipur is close to Kathmandu. Baktapur people can mostly understand Kathmandu. There are some vocabulary differences between Hindus and Buddhists. | Language shift is greater among Hindus than among Buddhists. All ages. Dolakha and Totali people are reserved toward outsiders. Kathmandu is the prestige dialect; most published materials are in this dialect. Many attitudes are linked with political groupings. English is highly valued; there are mixed feelings about Hindi; Tibetan does not have high prestige. People learn whichever language will help them economically: Nepali, English, Hindi, and others. | Literacy rate in first language: 60.4% (1991 census). Literacy rate in second language: 60.4% (1991 census). There are enough Newari teachers to teach their own people, no need for outside help. Young people are more literate than old people; men are more literate than women. Devanagari script. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 60.4% (1991 census). Literacy rate in second language: 60.4% (1991 census). There are enough Newari teachers to teach their own people, no need for outside help. Young people are more literate than old people; men are more literate than women. Devanagari script. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| nex | Neme | 305 (2002 SIL). | Western Province, Morehead District, Keru and Mitere villages northeast of Morehead. | Dolkhali (Dolakha), Sindhupalchok Pahri (Pahri, Pahari), Totali, Citlang, Kathmandu-Pathan-Kirtipur, Baktapur, Baglung. Dolkhali of Dolakha and Pahri of Sindhupalchok may be separate languages (Genetti 1994:2–3). Dolakha, Totali, and Pahari are conservative linguistically. Kirtipur is close to Kathmandu. Baktapur people can mostly understand Kathmandu. There are some vocabulary differences between Hindus and Buddhists. | Language shift is greater among Hindus than among Buddhists. All ages. Dolakha and Totali people are reserved toward outsiders. Kathmandu is the prestige dialect; most published materials are in this dialect. Many attitudes are linked with political groupings. English is highly valued; there are mixed feelings about Hindi; Tibetan does not have high prestige. People learn whichever language will help them economically: Nepali, English, Hindi, and others. | Literacy rate in first language: 60.4% (1991 census). Literacy rate in second language: 60.4% (1991 census). There are enough Newari teachers to teach their own people, no need for outside help. Young people are more literate than old people; men are more literate than women. Devanagari script. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 60.4% (1991 census). Literacy rate in second language: 60.4% (1991 census). There are enough Newari teachers to teach their own people, no need for outside help. Young people are more literate than old people; men are more literate than women. Devanagari script. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| ney | Neyo | 9,200 (1993 SIL). | Southern Department, Sassandra Subprefecture, Neyo, and Kébé cantons, from Niégba in the west to Dagbégo in the east and Niabayo in the north. | Closest to Kagbo dialect of Godié, but they consider themselves to be a separate ethnic group. May be closer to Dida than to Bété. | Language shift is greater among Hindus than among Buddhists. All ages. Dolakha and Totali people are reserved toward outsiders. Kathmandu is the prestige dialect; most published materials are in this dialect. Many attitudes are linked with political groupings. English is highly valued; there are mixed feelings about Hindi; Tibetan does not have high prestige. People learn whichever language will help them economically: Nepali, English, Hindi, and others. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| nez | Nez Perce | 100 to 300 (1997 Haruo Aoki). Ethnic population: 2,700 (1997 Haruo Aoki). | Northern Idaho. | Closest to Kagbo dialect of Godié, but they consider themselves to be a separate ethnic group. May be closer to Dida than to Bété. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1845–1876. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1845–1876. | |
| nfa | Dhao | 5,000 (1997 Ranoh). | Island of Ndao, scattered on Rote, and Timor. | Related to Sabu. Difficult phonology. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | |
| nfd | Ndun | 3,000 (2003 Blench). | Kaduna State, southwest of Fadan Karshe, villages of Ankpong, Anfufalim, Ngbok, Ankara, Banyeng, Ungwar Rimi. | Related to Sabu. Difficult phonology. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | |
| nfg | Nyeng | 2,000 (2003 Blench). | Kaduna State, Adu village. | Related to Sabu. Difficult phonology. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | |
| nfk | Shakara | 3,000 (2003 Blench). | Kaduna State, 13 villages. | Related to Sabu. Difficult phonology. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | Bible portions: 2000–2001. | |
| nfl | Ayiwo | 8,400 (1999 SIL). Population includes 4,500 on Reef Islands, others on Santa Cruz, and 1,000 in Honiara (2000 John Rentz SIL). | Santa Cruz Islands, eastern Solomons, Temotu Province. Lomlom is the main island, Fenualoa, Nibanga Nede, and Nibanga Temaa islands, many villages scattered along the north coast of Santa Cruz, and Honiara. Not on reef outlier islands. | Related to Sabu. Difficult phonology. | Vigorous. Used in religious services, commerce. Positive language attitude. Good speakers respected, Pijin borrowings disliked. Probably fewer than 10% of adults are unable to speak Pijin. Some speak nearby Pileni. Most do not understand English. Written English used in church. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. The orthography has not been standardized so there are few readers. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. The orthography has not been standardized so there are few readers. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Radio programs. | |
| nfr | Nafaanra | 61,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). | Western border, east of Bondoukou in Côte d'Ivoire. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. | Pantera, Fantera. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Twi (Akan): 0 15%, 1 15%, 2 50%, 3 20%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1984. | |
| nga | Ngbaka | 3,652 in Congo (2000 WCD). | Likouala Region, small group on west bank of Oubangui River, midway between Impfondo and confluence with the Congo River. | Dialect differences are minor. Related to Gbaya of Central African Republic and Cameroon. | Vigorous. Speakers of Gilima, Ngbundu, Mbandja, and Mono use it as second language. All domains. Oral and written use in administration, religion, oral use in commerce, oral literature. Used in some schools for first three years. All ages. Positive language attitude. One-third speak Lingala, 5% speak French. | Possibly 150,000 read it, 100,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1995. | Possibly 150,000 read it, 100,000 can write it. Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1995. | |
| ngb | Ngbandi, Northern | 250,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000 SIL). 75,000 monolinguals. Population total all countries: 250,294. | Equateur Province, Mobaye and Yakoma territories, extending into Orientale Province, Bondo Territory. Also spoken in Central African Republic. | 2 dialects, about equal in size. Sango is derived from Ngbandi. | Vigorous. Some speakers of other languages use it for trade in border areas. All domains. Oral use in some churches. Oral literature. Positive language attitude. 70% have routine proficiency in Lingala; 10% can speak French. | Literacy rate in first language: 8%. 20,000 read it; 5,000 can write it. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 8%. 20,000 read it; 5,000 can write it. NT: 1988. | |
| ngg | Ngbaka Manza | 29,000 (1996). | Damara, Bogangolo, and Boali subprefectures. | May be intelligible with Manza. | Speakers use Sango as lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: 8%. 20,000 read it; 5,000 can write it. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 8%. 20,000 read it; 5,000 can write it. NT: 1988. | |
| ngh | N|u | 10 (2003 Crawhall). Ethnic population: 500 (1998 Nigel Crawhall, South African San Institute). | 2 at Andriesvale (near Witdraai), 1 at Witdraai, 1 at Philandersbron (near Rietfontein), 2 in Olifantshoek, 3 in Upington townships, 1 in Raaswater (outside Upington). | N|u, |'Auni, ||Kxau, ||Ng!ke (Ng||-|e, ||Ng, |Ing|ke). Close to |Xam. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are concerned that N|u is dying out. Younger people have a strong loyalty to Nama, not shared by N|u speakers. Speakers use Afrikaans and Nama (Khoekhoegowab) fluently. | Literacy is in Afrikaans. | Literacy is in Afrikaans. | |
| ngi | Ngizim | 80,000 (1993). | Yobe State, Damaturu LGA. | N|u, |'Auni, ||Kxau, ||Ng!ke (Ng||-|e, ||Ng, |Ing|ke). Close to |Xam. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers are concerned that N|u is dying out. Younger people have a strong loyalty to Nama, not shared by N|u speakers. Speakers use Afrikaans and Nama (Khoekhoegowab) fluently. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ngk | Ngalkbun | 20 (2000 N. Evans). | Oenpelli, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Katherine area. | N|u, |'Auni, ||Kxau, ||Ng!ke (Ng||-|e, ||Ng, |Ing|ke). Close to |Xam. | A few children. Some Rembarunga use this as a second language. Ngalkbun used for a few domains. Most speak Kriol, and some speak Rembarrnga or Gunwinggu as second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ngm | Ngatik Men's Creole | 700. Population includes 500 on atoll (1983 Poyer), 200 on Ponape. | Ngatik (Sapuahfik) Atoll, east of the Caroline Islands. | A creolized language from the Sapuahfik dialect of Ponapean and English whose genesis is the direct result of a massacre in 1837 of adult males on Ngatik by British traders. | Women and children understand it. Spoken by adult males who are also native bilinguals of the Sapuahfik dialect of Ponapean. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ngr | Nanggu | 210 (1999 SIL). | Santa Cruz Island. | A creolized language from the Sapuahfik dialect of Ponapean and English whose genesis is the direct result of a massacre in 1837 of adult males on Ngatik by British traders. | Most also use Santa Cruz. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ngs | Gvoko | 1,000 in Cameroon (2000 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Mokolo Subdivision, north of Tourou, Ngoshi village (different from Nggoshe). | A separate but related language to Glavda and Guduf. | Positive language attitude. High level of acquired intelligibility with Hdi. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ngt | Ngeq | 12,189 (1995 census). 70% monolingual. | Southern Laos, Sekong, Saravan, Champassak provinces, 25 villages. | Closest to Khlor. Related to Alak 2. | Positive language attitude. High level of acquired intelligibility with Hdi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. | |
| ngu | Nahuatl, Guerrero | 150,000 (1998 SIL). | Balsas River, Guerrero. | Closest to Khlor. Related to Alak 2. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 40%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 5%. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | |
| ngv | Nagumi | Extinct. | Formerly spoken in North Province, Benoue Division, Garoua Subdivision between Benoue and Faro rivers and Poli Mountains. | Closest to Khlor. Related to Alak 2. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 20%, 2 40%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 5%. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | |
| ngw | Ngwaba | 10,000 (1993 CAPRO). | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA at Fachi and Guduniya, and Hong LGA. 2 villages. | Closest to Khlor. Related to Alak 2. | Speakers also use Fulfulde, Hausa, Gudu, or Nzanyi. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. | Videos. Dictionary. NT: 1987. |
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