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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mux | Mbo-Ung | 40,948 (2000 census). | Western Highlands Province, Hagen District. Some also in Tambul and Lower Kaugel districts. | Miyemu (Miyem), Mara-Gomu, Tembalo (Tembaglo). | Some also use Medlpa. | Bible portions: 1989–1990. | Bible portions: 1989–1990. | |
| muy | Muyang | 15,000 (1982 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Sava Division, northeast of Tokombere, Muyang, Mougouba, Gouadagouada, and Palbarar massifs. | Miyemu (Miyem), Mara-Gomu, Tembalo (Tembaglo). | Some also use Medlpa. | Bible portions: 1989–1990. | Bible portions: 1989–1990. | |
| muz | Mursi | 3,278 (1998 census). 3,155 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 3,258 (1998 census). | Central Omo Region, lowlands southwest of Jinka. | Close to Suri of Sudan. | 34 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.2%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.2%. | |
| mvb | Mattole | Extinct. | Formerly in northern California. | Close to Suri of Sudan. | 34 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.2%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.2%. | |
| mvc | Mam, Central | 100,000 (1992 SIL). | San Marcos Department (10 towns). The towns of San Miguel Ixtahuacán (18,000) and Concepción Tutapa (30,000) could be considered dialects of Northern Mam. | Lexical similarity 77% between Tajumulco and Comitancillo. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32% Spanish. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32% Spanish. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1998. | |
| mvd | Mamboru | 16,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwest Sumba Island, coast around Memboro. | Related to Wejewa, Wanukaka, Lamboya, Anakalangu. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32% Spanish. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 32% Spanish. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1998. | |
| mve | Marwari | 220,000. Population includes 100,000 Northern Marwari, 120,000 or more Southern Marwari (1998). The latter includes 100,000 Marwari Bhil, 10,000 Marwari Meghwar, 12,000 to 13,000 Marwari Bhat. | Northern Marwari: South Punjab and northern Sindh, north of Dadu and Nawabshah; Southern Marwari: Sindh and southern Punjab provinces, between Tando Mohammed Khan and Tando Ghulam Ali to the south, Dadu and Nawabshab to the north. | Northern Marwari, Southern Marwari, Marwari Bhil, Marwari Meghwar, Marwari Bhat. Northern and Southern Marwari are inherently intelligible to speakers. Lexical similarity 79% to 83% with Dhatki, 87% between Southern and Northern Marwari, 78% with Marwari Meghwar and Marwari Bhat. | One sweeper community of 10,000 to 100,000 identifies itself as Marwari, but is undergoing rapid shift to Urdu. Marwari is not usually written. Speakers are moderately bilingual in Sindhi. Educated speakers are trilingual in Urdu. The literary language of Rajasthan is Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Sindhi or Urdu. Sindhi and Urdu scripts. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1969–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5% in Sindhi or Urdu. Sindhi and Urdu scripts. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1969–1991. | |
| mvf | Mongolian, Peripheral | 3,381,000 in China (1982). 2,500,000 are monolingual. Population includes 4,806,849 Buriat and Tuvin (1990 census). 299,000 Chakhar, 317,000 Bairin, 1,347,000 Khorain, 593,00 Karachin, 123,000 Ordos, 34,000 Ejine (1982 census). | Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces, Urumchi to Hailar. Also spoken in Mongolia. | Ujumchin (Uzemchin, Ujumuchin), Jostu (Kharchin, Kharachin), Tumut (Tumet), Jirim (Khorchin), Urat, Ordos. | Speakers also use Halh Mongolian. | Literacy rate in second language: In Halh Mongolian. | Literacy rate in second language: In Halh Mongolian. | |
| mvg | Mixtec, Yucuañe | 515 (1990 census). 88 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, northeastern Tlaxiaco District, 30 km southeast of Tlaxiaco, town of San Bartolomé Yucuañe. Many work in D.F. and USA. | May be closest to Diuxi Mixtec, but not close enough to any other Mixtec for adequate comprehension. Speakers have 87% intelligibility of San Cristobal Amoltepec, 86% of Yosoyúa, 85% of Magdalena Peñasco, 64% of Teita, 60% of Nduaxico (Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec), 56% of Tlacotepec. 2 dialects in different halves of San Agustín Tlacotepec. | Used in the home. All ages. All also use Spanish; some women have only basic knowledge, and some young people and men are very fluent. | Literacy rate in second language: Possibly 40% in Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: Possibly 40% in Spanish. | |
| mvh | Mire | 1,400 (1990 census). | Southwest, Tandjile Prefecture, Lai Subprefecture, between the Ndam and the Kimré language areas. | Lexical similarity 65% with Ndam, 32% with Kimré. | Most use Kimré or Ndam as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: Possibly 40% in Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: Possibly 40% in Spanish. | |
| mvi | Miyako | Ethnic population: 67,653 (2000 WCD). | Southern Okinawa; Miyako, Ogami, Ikema, Kurima, Irabu, Tarama, Minna islands. | Miyako-Jima (Hirara, Ogami), Irabu-Jima, Tarama-Minna. Not intelligible with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The dialects listed have noticeable differences, but not impossible communication. | Those over 50 years of age use Miyako at home, but can understand and speak Japanese. Those age 20 to 50 can understand Miyako, but mainly use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mvj | Mam, Todos Santos Cuchumatán | 10,000 in Mexico (1991 SIL). | Cacahuatán and Tapachula, Chiapas. | Miyako-Jima (Hirara, Ogami), Irabu-Jima, Tarama-Minna. Not intelligible with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. The dialects listed have noticeable differences, but not impossible communication. | Those over 50 years of age use Miyako at home, but can understand and speak Japanese. Those age 20 to 50 can understand Miyako, but mainly use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 21%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 21%. NT: 1997. | |
| mvk | Mekmek | 1,036 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Sepik Province. | Related to Changriwa, Kyenele, Biwat, Bun. | Those over 50 years of age use Miyako at home, but can understand and speak Japanese. Those age 20 to 50 can understand Miyako, but mainly use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 21%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 21%. NT: 1997. | |
| mvl | Mbara | Extinct. | East Sepik Province. | Related to Changriwa, Kyenele, Biwat, Bun. | Those over 50 years of age use Miyako at home, but can understand and speak Japanese. Those age 20 to 50 can understand Miyako, but mainly use Japanese at home and work. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 21%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 21%. NT: 1997. | |
| mvm | Muya | 13,000 (2000 Sun Hongkai). About 2,000 are monolingual. | West central Sichuan, Kangbo (Kangding) and Jiulong (Gyaisi) in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, and Simian (Shimian) County in the Ya'an District. | Eastern Muya, Western Muya. The 'dialects' listed are reported to not be inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. | All domains. Eastern Muya: all ages. Used mainly among older adults, moderately use among adults, used half the time by young people, sometimes by children. Indifferent language attitude. About 7,000 also speak Chinese, 3,000 also speak Khams Tibetan. In the west they tend to be more fluent in Tibetan, in the east in Chinese. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mvp | Duri | 95,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 90,000 in Enrekang District. | South Sulawesi, northern Enrekang District, and in Ujung Pandang and elsewhere in South Sulawesi. | Cakke, Kalosi. | Vigorous. Duri is the prestige language of the Masenrempulu group. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| mvq | Moere | 50 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province. | Related to Mauwake, Bepour. | Vigorous. Duri is the prestige language of the Masenrempulu group. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| mvs | Massep | 25 (2000 Wurm). | North coast east of Mamberamo River mouth and west of Sarmi, near Apauwer River. | Related to Mauwake, Bepour. | 30% or less of the ethnic group speaks Massep. Used in the home and religious services. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| mvu | Marfa | 5,000 to 10,000 (1999 SIL). | East, Ouaddaï Prefecture, Abéché Subprefecture, south of Abéché. | Not a dialect of Masalit, as some have implied. Lexical similarity 63% with Maba, 69% with Karanga, 45% with Masalit. | Chadian Arabic is used as second language, and the majority use Maba. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| mvv | Tagal Murut | 2,000 Alumbis in Indonesia. | Along the Pegalan Valley, Alumbis River. | Rundum (Arundum), Tagal (Tagol, North Borneo Murut, Sabah Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Sumambuq), Tolokoson (Telekoson), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Pensiangan Murut (Pentjangan, Tagul, Taggal, Lagunan Murut), Alumbis (Lumbis, Loembis), Tawan, Tomani (Tumaniq), Maligan (Mauligan, Meligan, Bol Murut, Bole Murut). | Chadian Arabic is used as second language, and the majority use Maba. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | |
| mvx | Meoswar | 250 (1993 Doriot). | Meoswar Island, west Cenderawasih Bay. | Rundum (Arundum), Tagal (Tagol, North Borneo Murut, Sabah Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Sumambuq), Tolokoson (Telekoson), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Pensiangan Murut (Pentjangan, Tagul, Taggal, Lagunan Murut), Alumbis (Lumbis, Loembis), Tawan, Tomani (Tumaniq), Maligan (Mauligan, Meligan, Bol Murut, Bole Murut). | Chadian Arabic is used as second language, and the majority use Maba. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | |
| mvy | Kohistani, Indus | 220,000 (1993). | Indus Kohistan District on the western bank of the Indus River. | Indus (Mani, Seo, Pattan, Jijal), Duber-Kandia (Manzari, Khili). A separate language from nearby varieties (Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Shina, Torwali, Kalami). The names 'Mani' and 'Manzari' are not used by speakers for the dialects, but refer to legendary brothers whose descendants settled in the two dialect areas. Lexical similarity 90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro, 58% with Bateri, 49% with Shina, 28% with Kalami and Torwali. | Chadian Arabic is used as second language, and the majority use Maba. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | |
| mvz | Mesqan | 25,000 (2002). | West Gurage Region, Mareqo woreda, principle villages: Mikayelo, Mesqan, and Hudat. | Indus (Mani, Seo, Pattan, Jijal), Duber-Kandia (Manzari, Khili). A separate language from nearby varieties (Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Shina, Torwali, Kalami). The names 'Mani' and 'Manzari' are not used by speakers for the dialects, but refer to legendary brothers whose descendants settled in the two dialect areas. Lexical similarity 90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro, 58% with Bateri, 49% with Shina, 28% with Kalami and Torwali. | Chadian Arabic is used as second language, and the majority use Maba. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | |
| mwb | Juwal | 1,444 (2000 census). | East Sepik Province, about 20 miles south southeast of Wewak. | Indus (Mani, Seo, Pattan, Jijal), Duber-Kandia (Manzari, Khili). A separate language from nearby varieties (Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Shina, Torwali, Kalami). The names 'Mani' and 'Manzari' are not used by speakers for the dialects, but refer to legendary brothers whose descendants settled in the two dialect areas. Lexical similarity 90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro, 58% with Bateri, 49% with Shina, 28% with Kalami and Torwali. | Chadian Arabic is used as second language, and the majority use Maba. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | |
| mwd | Mudbura | 50 (1983 Black). | Victoria River to Barkly Tablelands, Northern Territory. | Indus (Mani, Seo, Pattan, Jijal), Duber-Kandia (Manzari, Khili). A separate language from nearby varieties (Bateri, Chilisso, Gowro, Shina, Torwali, Kalami). The names 'Mani' and 'Manzari' are not used by speakers for the dialects, but refer to legendary brothers whose descendants settled in the two dialect areas. Lexical similarity 90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro, 58% with Bateri, 49% with Shina, 28% with Kalami and Torwali. | Most also use English and other Aboriginal languages. Very few monolinguals. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. NT: 1984–1991. | |
| mwf | Murrinh-Patha | 900 (1990 Schmidt). | Port Keats area, Wadeye, Northern Territory. | Murrinhpatha, Murrinhkura, Murrinhdiminin. | Port Keats about 90% of speakers: English, other Aboriginal languages. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1982. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1982. | |
| mwj | Maligo | 2,233 (2000 WCD). | Port Keats area, Wadeye, Northern Territory. | Murrinhpatha, Murrinhkura, Murrinhdiminin. | Port Keats about 90% of speakers: English, other Aboriginal languages. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1982. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1982. | |
| mwm | Sar | 183,471 (1993 census). Population includes 74,670 Madjingay (1964), 16,260 No (1964), 32,000 Nar (1977). | Southwest, Moyen-Chari prefecture, Sarh, Koumra, and Moïssala subprefectures in and around Sarh, Koumra, Balimba, Bessada, Bédaya, Djoli, Matékaga, and Koumogo cantons. | Majingai (Majinngay, Madjingaye, Madjingay, Madja Ngai), Nar, No. | Trade language. The principal language of Sarh. | Dictionary. NT: 1972–1986. | Dictionary. NT: 1972–1986. | |
| mwp | Kala Lagaw Ya | 3,000 to 4,000 (1990 Schmidt). | Western Torres Strait Islands, Queensland; including Mabuiag, Badu, Moa, Kubin, Saibai, Boigu, Dauan, Yam, Sue, Yorke, Coconut, Thursday, Bamaga Islands; Townsville. | Kalaw Kawaw. | Outside the language area those younger than 30 are likely to speak Torres Strait Creole. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1994. | |
| mwq | Chin, Mün | 30,000 (1991 UBS). | Chin Hills, western. | Nitu. Related to Daai Chin. | Outside the language area those younger than 30 are likely to speak Torres Strait Creole. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| mwt | Moken | 7,000 in Myanmar (1993 Johnstone). | West coast of south Thailand, Phuket, Phangnga, Krabi, Ranong. | Dung, Ja-It, L'be. | Outside the language area those younger than 30 are likely to speak Torres Strait Creole. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| mwu | Mittu | Extinct. | Southern Sudan. | Dung, Ja-It, L'be. | Outside the language area those younger than 30 are likely to speak Torres Strait Creole. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| mwv | Mentawai | 50,000 (1992 UBS). | Mentawai Islands off the west coast of Sumatra. | Simalegi, Sakalagan, Silabu, Taikaku, Saumanganja, North Siberut, South Siberut, Sipura, Pagai. | Outside the language area those younger than 30 are likely to speak Torres Strait Creole. | NT: 1987–1996. | NT: 1987–1996. | |
| mww | Hmong Daw | All Hmong in Viet Nam: 787,604 (1999 census). | Most live in several provinces of northern Viet Nam, now over 10,000 resettled in Dac Lac province in southern Viet Nam. | Hmong Xi (Meo Do). | Sociolinguistic factors require separate literature for Mong Leng. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | |
| mwx | Mediak | 5,268 (2000 WCD). | Most live in several provinces of northern Viet Nam, now over 10,000 resettled in Dac Lac province in southern Viet Nam. | Hmong Xi (Meo Do). | Limited comprehension of other languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | |
| mwy | Mosiro | 5,268 (2000 WCD). | Most live in several provinces of northern Viet Nam, now over 10,000 resettled in Dac Lac province in southern Viet Nam. | A distinct language from others called "Dorobo": Aramanik, Mediak, Kisankasa. | Speakers have limited comprehension of other languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | |
| mwz | Moingi | 4,200 (2002). | Orientale Province, Yahuma Territory, south of Congo River, opposite the town of Basoko. | A distinct language from others called "Dorobo": Aramanik, Mediak, Kisankasa. | Speakers have limited comprehension of other languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | |
| mxa | Mixtec, Northwest Oaxaca | 2,500 (1990 census). 2,195 monolinguals. | Northwest Oaxaca, towns of Santos Reyes Yucuná, Guadalupe Portezuelo, and San Simón Zahuatlán. | A distinct language from others called "Dorobo": Aramanik, Mediak, Kisankasa. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 40%, 2 40%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Dictionary. Bible: 2000. | |
| mxb | Mixtec, Tezoatlán | 6,200 (1990 census). 850 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, Tezoatlán area, southwest of Huajuapan, about 40 to 50 km off the highway by gravel road; 25 miles south of Cacaloxtepec; towns of Yucuquimi de Ocampo, San Andrés Yutatío, Yucuñuti de Benito Juárez, San Juan Diquiyú, San Marcos de Garzón, San Martín del Río, Santa Catarina Yotandu, San Isidro de Zaragoza, San Valentín. | Tezoatlán, Yucu Ñuti. Speakers in each town speak a little differently. 70% to 80% intelligibility of Silacayoapan and Atenango. | Vigorous except in 2 towns. Some speak Mixtec to their children, but those in Yucuñuti and Huajuapan speak Spanish to them. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Some use in kindergarten. Some oral and written use in church. All ages. Young people sometimes speak more Spanish than others. Speakers view Mixtec as appropriate for their villages, but are ashamed to speak it in front of outsiders. Some also use Spanish. A few speak some English. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | |
| mxd | Modang | 15,300 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Around Segah, Kelinjau, and Belayan rivers in northeast Kalimantan, 5 areas. | Kelingan (Long Wai, Long We), Long Glat, Long Bento', Benehes, Nahes, Liah Bing. | Vigorous except in 2 towns. Some speak Mixtec to their children, but those in Yucuñuti and Huajuapan speak Spanish to them. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Some use in kindergarten. Some oral and written use in church. All ages. Young people sometimes speak more Spanish than others. Speakers view Mixtec as appropriate for their villages, but are ashamed to speak it in front of outsiders. Some also use Spanish. A few speak some English. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | |
| mxf | Malgbe | 6,000 in Cameroon (2004 SIL). | West, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, N'Djamena Subprefecture, north of N'Djamena along the Chari River. Douguia, Malalie, and Oulio (Walia) villages, and others. | Goulfey, Walia, Mara, Douguia. | Vigorous except in 2 towns. Some speak Mixtec to their children, but those in Yucuñuti and Huajuapan speak Spanish to them. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Some use in kindergarten. Some oral and written use in church. All ages. Young people sometimes speak more Spanish than others. Speakers view Mixtec as appropriate for their villages, but are ashamed to speak it in front of outsiders. Some also use Spanish. A few speak some English. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | |
| mxh | Mvuba | 5,095 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (2000 WCD). | Nord-Kivu Province, Beni Territory, around Oicha. Also spoken in Uganda. | Close to Lese. | Vigorous except in 2 towns. Some speak Mixtec to their children, but those in Yucuñuti and Huajuapan speak Spanish to them. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Some use in kindergarten. Some oral and written use in church. All ages. Young people sometimes speak more Spanish than others. Speakers view Mixtec as appropriate for their villages, but are ashamed to speak it in front of outsiders. Some also use Spanish. A few speak some English. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | |
| mxi | Mozarabic | Extinct. | Nord-Kivu Province, Beni Territory, around Oicha. Also spoken in Uganda. | A Romance language with Arabic influences. | Used by Christians during the Moorish occupation of Spain in the Middle Ages. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992–2003. | |
| mxj | Miju-Mishmi | 6,500 (2001). | Assam; Arunachal Pradesh, Lohit District, 25 villages, high altitudes of eastern part, including upper Lohit and Dau valleys, the area to the east of the Haguliang, Billong, and Tilai valleys. | Conflicting reports about Miju-Mishmi closeness to Idu-Mishmi and Digaro-Mishmi. They are ethnically related, but may not be linguistically close. Related to Kachin, Chin and Lepcha languages (Chowdhury). Idu-Mishmi can understand Miju-Mishmi and Digaro-Mishmi. Lexical similarity 7% with Idu-Mishmi, 10% with Digaro-Mishmi (IICCC). | Some speakers also use Digaru, Assamese, Hindi, Nepali, or English. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| mxk | Monumbo | 412 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Bogia District. | Conflicting reports about Miju-Mishmi closeness to Idu-Mishmi and Digaro-Mishmi. They are ethnically related, but may not be linguistically close. Related to Kachin, Chin and Lepcha languages (Chowdhury). Idu-Mishmi can understand Miju-Mishmi and Digaro-Mishmi. Lexical similarity 7% with Idu-Mishmi, 10% with Digaro-Mishmi (IICCC). | Some speakers also use Digaru, Assamese, Hindi, Nepali, or English. | Roman script. | Roman script. | |
| mxl | Gbe, Maxi | 25,300 in Togo (1991). | Several linguistically isolated communities in the southern part of Central Region and northwestern part of Plateau Region north and south of Atapkame. | A member of the Gbe language cluster. Lexical similarity 80% with Fon, 68% with Ayizo, 51% with Aja. | Good comprehension of Fon. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mxm | Meramera | 2,000 (1995 SIL). 5% monolingual. | West New Britain Province, Bialla District, northwest coast. | Lolobao. | Moderately vigorous. Some neighboring-language speakers speak it. All domains to each other. Some use in church. Oral literature. All ages. They are not proud of their language, but they say it speaks to their hearts. More than 90% can use Mengen or Kol. English is the language used in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Vernacular school discontinued. | Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Vernacular school discontinued. | |
| mxn | Moi | 4,600 (1993 Doriot). | Salawati Island, west Bird's Head around Sorong, 9 villages. | Lolobao. | Moderately vigorous. Some neighboring-language speakers speak it. All domains to each other. Some use in church. Oral literature. All ages. They are not proud of their language, but they say it speaks to their hearts. More than 90% can use Mengen or Kol. English is the language used in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Vernacular school discontinued. | Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Vernacular school discontinued. | |
| mxp | Mixe, Tlahuitoltepec | 5,000 (1991 SIL). | Northeastern Oaxaca. Some have moved into central Oaxaca, in the area of Albarradas Zapoteco, 3 towns. | Lolobao. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 50%, 2 30%, 3 9%, 4 1%, 5 0%. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| mxq | Mixe, Juquila | 8,000 (2002 SIL). | East central Oaxaca, including the municipios of Juquila, Quetzaltepec, Ocotepec, and 1 or 2 other towns. | Juquila Mixe, Ocotepec Mixe. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 50%, 2 30%, 3 9%, 4 1%, 5 0%. | NT: 1980–2003. | NT: 1980–2003. | |
| mxr | Kayan, Murik | 1,120 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Below Long Miri (Banyuq) and below Lio Mato (Semiang) on the Baram River. | Long Banyuq (Banyuq), Long Semiang (Semiang). Not closely related to other languages. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 50%, 2 30%, 3 9%, 4 1%, 5 0%. | NT: 1980–2003. | NT: 1980–2003. | |
| mxs | Mixtec, Huitepec | 4,000 (1990 census). 200 monolinguals. Population includes 2,000 in the town of Huitepec. | Oaxaca, 60 km west of Zaachila, 25 km southwest of Peñoles, Huitepec Municipio, towns of San Antonio Huitepec, San Francisco Yucucundo, and San Francisco Infiernillo. | 77% intelligibility of Estetla (Eastern), 75% of Chalcatongo, 52% of Peñoles, 20% of Yosondúa, 8% of Tilantongo. | Spoken in most homes in Huitepec town; more so in rural areas. | NT: 1980–2003. | NT: 1980–2003. | |
| mxt | Mixtec, Jamiltepec | 10,000 (1983 SIL). | Southwest Oaxaca. | Intelligibility and sociolinguistic attitudes make separate literature from Chayuco advisable. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 50%, 2 20%, 3 3%, 4 2%, 5 0%. | NT: 1983. | NT: 1983. | |
| mxu | Mada | 17,000 (1982 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Sava Division, Tokombere Subdivision, Mada massif at edge of Mandara Mountains and neighboring plain. | Intelligibility and sociolinguistic attitudes make separate literature from Chayuco advisable. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 50%, 2 20%, 3 3%, 4 2%, 5 0%. | Bible portions: 1989. | Bible portions: 1989. | |
| mxv | Mixtec, Metlatónoc | 46,648 (2000 WCD). 14,000 monolinguals. | Eastern Guerrero, Metlatonoc, San Rafael, and towns further south. | 90% or higher intelligibility among nearby towns, but only 50% with most in the Alacatlatzala area. Alcozauca Mixtec is a separate language. Investigation needed to determine if Chilistlahuaca and Ojo de Pescado are different. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 50%, 2 20%, 3 3%, 4 2%, 5 0%. | Bible portions: 1959–1998. | Bible portions: 1959–1998. | |
| mxw | Namo | 385 (2003 SIL). | Western Province, Morehead District, Mari and Tais villages on the south coast, extending inland. | 90% or higher intelligibility among nearby towns, but only 50% with most in the Alacatlatzala area. Alcozauca Mixtec is a separate language. Investigation needed to determine if Chilistlahuaca and Ojo de Pescado are different. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 50%, 2 20%, 3 3%, 4 2%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mxy | Mixtec, Southeastern Nochixtlán | 7,000 (1990 census). 4,075 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, Nochixtlán District, 30 km along highway 190, starting 20 km southeast of Nochixtlán, four turn-offs from highway 190. Well-graded gravel road. Main towns are Santo Domingo Nuxaá, San Andrés Nuxiño, Santa Inez Zaragoza. Also Ojo de Agua Nuxaá, El Oro, La Herradura, La Unión Zaragoza, Reforma, La Paz, and other hamlets. | 60% to 70% intelligibility of Peñoles Mixtec. Speakers understand little of San Miguel Piedras or San Pedro Tidaá Mixtec. | Used in the home. Spanish is preferred in Santa Inez Zaragoza; elsewhere Mixtec is preferred. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| mxz | Masela, Central | 511 (1980 de Jonge). | 3 villages on Marsela Island, south Maluku. | 60% to 70% intelligibility of Peñoles Mixtec. Speakers understand little of San Miguel Piedras or San Pedro Tidaá Mixtec. | Used in the home. Spanish is preferred in Santa Inez Zaragoza; elsewhere Mixtec is preferred. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mya | Burmese | 300,000 in Bangladesh (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Area bordering Myanmar. | Bomang. | National language. 10 million second-language speakers. Many Mon and some Shan are monolingual in Burmese. Native speakers of Burmese seldom speak a second indigenous language. If they have one, it is usually English. | Burmese script. Bible: 1835. | Burmese script. Bible: 1835. | |
| myb | Mbay | 8,300 in Central African Republic (1996). | Markounda and Batangafo subprefectures. | Bédjou, Kan (Mbay-Kan), Ngoka (Mbang), Bédégué, Mougo, Bbate. | National language. 10 million second-language speakers. Many Mon and some Shan are monolingual in Burmese. Native speakers of Burmese seldom speak a second indigenous language. If they have one, it is usually English. | Literacy rate in second language: Fair. | Literacy rate in second language: Fair. | |
| myd | Maramba | 300 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Sepik Province. | Bédjou, Kan (Mbay-Kan), Ngoka (Mbang), Bédégué, Mougo, Bbate. | National language. 10 million second-language speakers. Many Mon and some Shan are monolingual in Burmese. Native speakers of Burmese seldom speak a second indigenous language. If they have one, it is usually English. | Literacy rate in second language: Fair. | Literacy rate in second language: Fair. | |
| myf | Bambassi | 5,000 (1982 SIL). | Beni Shangul Region, in and around Bambesi. | Kere, Bambassi. Lexical similarity 31% with other Omotic languages, 17% with Hozo-Sezo (Bender 1983). | Attitudes toward Oromo vary. Some speakers also use Oromo or Arabic, and almost none use Amharic. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.3%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.3%. | |
| myg | Manta | 5,300 (2001 SIL). | South West Province, over a 30 km stretch in Manyu Division northeast of Mamfe, from the border of Mom (Akwaya Subdivision) to Manta (Mamfe Subdivision), approximately 20 villages. | Atong is the closest known related language. | Attitudes toward Oromo vary. Some speakers also use Oromo or Arabic, and almost none use Amharic. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.3%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.3%. | |
| myh | Makah | Extinct. | Formerly on the northern tip of Olympic Peninsula, opposite Vancouver Island, Washington. | Atong is the closest known related language. | Makah is taught bilingually in preschool on the reservation and is ongoing throughout grade school. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| myi | Mina | 900,000 (1991). | Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, Shivpuri, Guna, Rajgarh districts, Vidisha District, Sironj Subdivision; Rajasthan, Jaipur, Alwar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Bundi, Ajmer districts. | Atong is the closest known related language. | Makah is taught bilingually in preschool on the reservation and is ongoing throughout grade school. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| myk | Senoufo, Mamara | 737,802 (2000 WCD). | Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, Shivpuri, Guna, Rajgarh districts, Vidisha District, Sironj Subdivision; Rajasthan, Jaipur, Alwar, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Bundi, Ajmer districts. | Sõghoo, Bàjii, Nafãã, Mìjuu, Kle Noehmõ, Nejuu, Koloo, Kujaa, Suõõ. Close to Supyire Senoufo, but intercomprehension is difficult. | National language. Speakers also use Bambara. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967–1975. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967–1975. | |
| myl | Moma | 5,500 (1985 SIL). | Central Sulawesi, northern Kulawi Subdistrict, primarily around Kulawi and Toro towns. | Historically a 'dialect' of Kaili, but strong influences from Uma. Lexically similar to Uma, but grammatically similar to Lindu. | National language. Speakers also use Bambara. | Bible portions: 1939. | Bible portions: 1939. | |
| mym | Me'en | 56,585 (1998 census). 51,446 monolinguals including 4,553 Bodi. Population includes 4,570 Bodi. Ethnic population: 57,501 (1998 census) including 4,686 Bodi. | Central Kafa Region, the Tishena in and around Bachuma, the Bodi in lowlands to the south, near the Omo River. Not in Sudan. | Bodi (Podi), Tishena (Teshina, Teshenna). Tishena is inherently intelligible with Bodi. Close to Mursi. Lexical similarity 65% with Surma, 30% with Murle. | 6,300 second-language speakers including 342 Bodi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3.3%. The number of literates is increasing. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3.3%. The number of literates is increasing. | |
| myo | Anfillo | 500 (1990 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1990 SIL). | Anfillo Forest, west of Dembi Dolo. | Lexical similarity 53% with Shekkacho. | Speakers are older adults. Members of the ethnic group mainly speak Western Oromo. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| myp | Pirahã | 150 (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,500 (1995 SIL). The Pirahã are small, the Múra larger. | Amazonas, along the Maici and Autaces rivers. | Múra. Probably related to Matanawi, which is extinct. | Vigorous. The Pirahã are quite monolingual. The Múra are mostly integrated into Portuguese. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1987. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1987. | |
| myr | Muniche | 3 (1988 SIL). | Town of Muniches on the Paranapura River. | Múra. Probably related to Matanawi, which is extinct. | Official language. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. May be extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mys | Mesmes | Extinct. | Gurage, Hadiyya, Kambatta Region. | Related to West Gurage. | Official language. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. May be extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| myt | Mandaya, Sangab | 7,565 (2000 WCD). | Head of Carraga River, Banlalaysan area, highland, Davao del Norte, Mindanao. | 77% intelligibility of Mansaka. Lexical similarity 83% with Tumuwaong (Kalagan), 79% with Boston, 72% with Boso. | Some speakers also use Cebuano. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| myu | Mundurukú | 7,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 7,000. | Pará, Amazonas, middle and upper Tapajós and middle Madeira rivers, 22 villages. | 77% intelligibility of Mansaka. Lexical similarity 83% with Tumuwaong (Kalagan), 79% with Boston, 72% with Boso. | Vigorous. Most of the women and all of the children are monolingual. Those in grasslands villages are also quite monolingual. Those in Jacareacanga have high proficiency in Portuguese. Those in Sai Cinza and those on the RC mission on the Cururu occasionally use Portuguese, men more than women. In many villages along the Cururu many men know trading vocabulary, many women know daily greetings. | Grammar. NT: 1980. | Grammar. NT: 1980. | |
| myv | Erzya | 440,000 in Russia. Population total all countries: 517,575. | Mordovian Republic, northern and eastern. Also in the adjacent regions of Nizhni Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Samara, Buguruslan, and the republics of Chuvassia, Tatarstan, and Bashkortostan. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. | Quite different from Moksha. | Speakers are quite acculturated to national culture and the Russian language. | NT: 1824. | NT: 1824. | |
| myy | Macuna | 100 in Brazil (1973 RC). | Rio Chié, Amazonas. | Quite different from Moksha. | Speakers are quite acculturated to national culture and the Russian language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1989. | |
| myz | Mandaic, Classical | Extinct. | Also used in Iraq (Basrah) and small communities in the USA (New York) and Australia (300 Mandaeans in Sydney in 1995). | Appears to be the direct ancestor of Modern Mandaic. | The liturgical language used by followers of the Mandaean religion. | Mandaic script. | Mandaic script. | |
| mza | Mixtec, Santa María Zacatepec | 6,000 (1992 SIL). Less than 20% monolingual. Population includes 3,000 in Zacatepec and 3,000 in surrounding rancherías and villages. | Oaxaca, 45 km south of Putla, on paved road from Tlaxiaco to Pinotepa Nacional. Towns of Tapanco, Nejapa, Atotonilco, San Miguel, San Juan Viejo, Rancho de la Virgen, Las Palmas. | 64% intelligibility of Ixtayutla, 63% of Jicaltepec (Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec), 40% to 50% of Metlatonoc, 25% to 30% of Yoloxochitl. | Vigorous. Some Spanish-speaking merchants can understand Mixtec. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Some use in elementary schools, churches. All ages. Speakers continue to use it, but are ashamed to use it in front of outsiders. About 100 can speak some English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Bible portions: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| mzb | Tumzabt | 70,000 (1995). | Mzab Region 330 miles south of Algiers. 7 oases, Ghardaia being the principal one. | Only minor dialect variations. Related to Tagargrent, Temacine Tamazight, and Taznatit. | Vigorous. Some speakers are probably bilingual in Arabic, French, or Spanish. Women virtually monolingual in Tumzabt. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mzc | Madagascar Sign Language | No estimate available. | Mzab Region 330 miles south of Algiers. 7 oases, Ghardaia being the principal one. | Similar to Norwegian Sign Language. | Vigorous. Some speakers are probably bilingual in Arabic, French, or Spanish. Women virtually monolingual in Tumzabt. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mze | Morawa | 755 (1973 SIL). | Central Province, south coast around Cloudy Bay. | Lexical similarity 70% with Binahari (closest). | Most speakers also use Magi, Suau, Hiri Motu, or English. Suau used in religious services. Hiri Motu has been used as a trade language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mzf | Aiku | 1,132 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Maimai Namblo Division, Wemil village, and more in West Palei Division. | Lexical similarity 70% with Binahari (closest). | Most speakers also use Magi, Suau, Hiri Motu, or English. Suau used in religious services. Hiri Motu has been used as a trade language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mzg | Monastic Sign Language | No estimate available. | Monastic communities, especially in Europe. | Anglo-Saxon Monastic Sign Language, Augustinian Sign Language, Benedictine Sign Language, Cistercian Sign Language, Trappist Sign Language. | A second-language means of communicating while maintaining vows of silence. Not a deaf sign language. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mzh | Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay | 15,000 (1999). | Northern, Pilcomayo River area. | Anglo-Saxon Monastic Sign Language, Augustinian Sign Language, Benedictine Sign Language, Cistercian Sign Language, Trappist Sign Language. | A second-language means of communicating while maintaining vows of silence. Not a deaf sign language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mzi | Mazatec, Ixcatlán | 11,000 (1990 census). 3,150 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, towns of Chichicazapa, Nuevo Ixcatlán, San Pedro Ixcatlán. | 76% intelligibility of Huautla (closest). Different from Ixcatec. Lexical similarity 78% with Huautla, 86% with San Mateo Eloxochitlán, 85% with San Miguel Hualtepec and Soyaltepec, 82% with Jalapa de Díaz. | Most speakers also use Spanish. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mzl | Mixe, Mazatlán | 19,211 (2000 WCD). | Eastern Oaxaca, including 7 towns. | 76% intelligibility of Huautla (closest). Different from Ixcatec. Lexical similarity 78% with Huautla, 86% with San Mateo Eloxochitlán, 85% with San Miguel Hualtepec and Soyaltepec, 82% with Jalapa de Díaz. | Most speakers also use Spanish. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mzn | Mazanderani | 3,265,000 (1993). | Northern Iran near Caspian Sea, southern half of Mazanderan Province. | Mazanderani, Gorgani. Related to Gilaki. Qadikolahi (Ghadikolahi) and Palani may be dialects. | Speakers also use Western Farsi. | The educated can read Farsi well. Grammar. | The educated can read Farsi well. Grammar. | |
| mzo | Matipuhy | 40 (1995 AMTB). | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Matipuhy, Nahukuá (Nakukwa, Nafukwá, Nahuqua). Ruhlen says Kalapálo is a dialect of Nahukua. May also be intelligible with Kuikúro. | Speakers also use Western Farsi. | The educated can read Farsi well. Grammar. | The educated can read Farsi well. Grammar. | |
| mzp | Movima | 1,452 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 6,528 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Central Beni Department, in and around Santa Ana on the Yacuma River. | Reported to be Tucanoan. | Some children speakers. Speakers also use Spanish. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| mzq | Mori Atas | 16,098 (2000 WCD). | Central Sulawesi at the neck of the southeastern peninsula, Mori Atas, Lembo, and Petasia subdistricts. Also in south Sulawesi. 25 villages or parts of villages. | Aikoa. Lexical similarity 73% to 86% with Mori Bawah and Padoe. | Some children speakers. Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| mzr | Marúbo | 594 (1995 SIL). | Amazonas, along the headwaters of the tributaries of the Curuçá, Ipixuna, and Javarí, near the Peru border. | Speakers say they cannot understand Matsés (Mayoruna). Possibly intelligible with Panoan Katukína. | Some children speakers. Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| mzs | Macanese | 4,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Ethnic population: 8,500 (1985). | Hong Kong. Possibly in USA. | Speakers say they cannot understand Matsés (Mayoruna). Possibly intelligible with Panoan Katukína. | A small number of older adult women in Macau speak it as first language (1996). | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| mzt | Mintil | 40 (1975 SIL). | Tamun River, Pahang. | Speakers say they cannot understand Matsés (Mayoruna). Possibly intelligible with Panoan Katukína. | A small number of older adult women in Macau speak it as first language (1996). | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| mzu | Inapang | 1,611 (1990 census). | Madang Province, Josephstaal Subdistrict. | Speakers say they cannot understand Matsés (Mayoruna). Possibly intelligible with Panoan Katukína. | A small number of older adult women in Macau speak it as first language (1996). | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| mzv | Manza | 220,000 (1996). | Bouca, Kaga Bandoro, Mbrès, Dekoa, Sibut, Grimari subprefectures. Possibly in Chad or Democratic Republic of the Congo. | Close to Ngbaka-Minangende of Democratic Republic of the Congo. | Speakers use Sango as lingua franca. | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| mzx | Mawayana | 50 (1986 Howard). | Southwest Guyana, living with the Waiwai. | Mawayana shows no semantic similarity with Wapishana, Atorada, or Mapidian (Richard Hicks 2002). | Speakers are also fluent in Waiwai. | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| mzy | Mozambican Sign Language | No estimate available. | In at least the 3 largest cities: Maputo, Beira, and Nampula. | Some dialectal variation. Standardization efforts are in progress (1999). Not related to or based on Portuguese nor Portuguese Sign Language. | Speakers are also fluent in Waiwai. | NT: 1948. | NT: 1948. | |
| nab | Nambikuára, Southern | 1,150 (2000 SIL). 950 monolinguals. | Northwestern Mato Grosso, scattered along the Porto Velho-Cuiabá highway for about 300 km. 10 villages. | Manduka, Khithaulhu, Halotesu, Saxwentesu, Wakalitesu, Serra Azul, Hahaintesu, Wasusu, Alatesu, Waikisu, Galera, Sarare. | Vigorous. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Some bilingual education. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Some bilingual education. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1992. | |
| nac | Narak | 6,223 (2000 census). 70% monolingual. | Western Highlands Province, Hagen District, middle Jimi near Tabibuga. | Close to Maring, North Wahgi, Kandawo. No significant dialect differences. | Vigorous. All domains. Religious services. All ages. Positive language attitude. 30% can use Tok Pisin. A few can use some English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Transfer primer from Tok Pisin. 10% can write Narak. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Transfer primer from Tok Pisin. 10% can write Narak. NT: 1981. | |
| nad | Nijadali | 6 (1990 SIL). | Western Australia, Marblebar, and possibly some at Nulagine. | Close to Maring, North Wahgi, Kandawo. No significant dialect differences. | Members of the ethnic group generally use Aboriginal English or Nyangumarta. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Transfer primer from Tok Pisin. 10% can write Narak. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Transfer primer from Tok Pisin. 10% can write Narak. NT: 1981. |
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