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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mpu | Makuráp | 114 (1995 AMTB). Ethnic population: 700 (2000 C. Jensen). | Pororoca Post, Guaporé, and Mequéns rivers, Branco, Rondônia, and scattered locations. | Upper August River, Usage, Mianmin. Dialects have 75% to 83% lexical similarity. | Children speak Portuguese as first language. Young adults speak Portuguese as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| mpv | Munkip | 137 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province, two villages. | Closest to Uri. | Children speak Portuguese as first language. Young adults speak Portuguese as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| mpw | Mapidian | 50 in Brazil (1986 Howard). | Southwest Guyana, with the Waiwai. | Lexical similarity 10% with Wapishana and 20% with Atorada. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| mpz | Mpi | 900 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,200 (2000 D. Bradley). | Phrae, Phayao, two villages. | Close to Pyen, Phunoi. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | |
| mqa | Maba | 6,617 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, northern coast of southeastern peninsula of Halmahera, and in Wasilei area. | Close to Pyen, Phunoi. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqb | Mbuko | 13,000 (2002 SIL). | Far North Province, Diamare Division, Meri Subdivision east of Meri, Mbuko massif and neighboring Mayo-Raneo plain. | Close to Pyen, Phunoi. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqc | Mangole | 7,275 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, southern coast of Mangole Island and northern tip of Sulabesi of the Sula Islands. | Close to Pyen, Phunoi. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqd | Madang | 2,222 (2000 WCD). | Tinjar River, 4th Division. | Close to Pyen, Phunoi. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1978. | |
| mqe | Matepi | 284 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Rapting, Wamas, Samosa, Murupi, Saruga, Nake, Mosimo, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. NT: 1978. | |
| mqf | Momuna | 2,000 (2000 Wurm). 2,000 monolinguals. | Lowlands just south of main ranges extending from south of Silimo east to south of Una language. | Related to Rapting, Wamas, Samosa, Murupi, Saruga, Nake, Mosimo, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | |
| mqg | Malay, Kota Bangun Kutai | 80,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central Mahakam River basin. | Not intelligible with Tenggarong Kutai Malay. May be intelligible with Northern Kutai. | Members of the ethnic group probably speak Waiwai. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | |
| mqh | Mixtec, Tlazoyaltepec | No estimate available. | West central Oaxaca,Santiago Tlazoyaltepec municipio. | Not intelligible with Tenggarong Kutai Malay. May be intelligible with Northern Kutai. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | |
| mqi | Mariri | 390 (1995 SIL). | Eastern Aru on Mariri Island east of Kobroor Island, 1 village, south Maluku. | Lexical similarity 81% with Batuley. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | |
| mqj | Mamasa | 100,000 (1991 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Polmas District, Polewali Subdistrict, along the Mamasa River. | Northern Mamasa, Central Mamasa, Pattae' (Southern Mamasa, Patta' Binuang, Binuang, Tae', Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi). Lexical similarity 78% with Toraja-Sa'dan. | Vigorous. | Bible portions: 1995. | Bible portions: 1995. | |
| mqk | Manobo, Rajah Kabunsuwan | 7,565 (2000 WCD). | Southern Surigao del Sur. | Intelligibility of Dibabawon Manobo 80%, San Miguel Calatugan Agusan 81% intelligibility. Lexical similarity 82% with Dibabawon Manobo, 76% with Sagunto Agusan Manobo and San Miguel Calatugan Agusan Manobo. | Low bilingualism in Cebuano, some in Dibabawon and Agusan Manobo. | Bible portions: 1995. | Bible portions: 1995. | |
| mqn | Moronene | 37,000 (2000 D. Andersen). 5% are monolingual. Population includes 23,000 in Moronene, 14,000 in Tokotu'a. This includes about 3,500 now living in cities. The second or third generations no longer speak Moronene. | Southeast Sulawesi, Buton District. Tokotu'a dialect is on Kabaena Island, Wita Ea is on the mainland portion of Buton District opposite Kabaena, with Rumbia subdialect in Rumbia Subdistrict, and Poleang subdialect in Poleang, Poleang Timur, and Watubangga Subdistrict of Kolaka District. | Wita Ea (Rumbia, Poleang, Moronene), Tokotu'a (Kabaena). Moronene dialect has 80% lexical similarity with Tokotu'a; 68% with Wawonii-Menui, 66% with Kulisusu, 65% with Taloki, Koroni, Tulambatu, 64% with Bungku, and 57% with Tolaki. | Vigorous. Many Bugis and Muna speakers living in Moronene villages can speak Moronene with varying degrees of fluency. All domains. Oral use in local administration, occasional oral use in church, letter writing. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 5%, 1 15%, 2 67%, 3 12.5%, 4 .5%, 5 0%. Some also speak Bugis. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | |
| mqo | Modole | 2,000 (1983 SIL). | North Maluku, interior north Halmahera Island, headwaters of Kao River. | North Modole, South Modole. Minimal differences between north and south Modole. | Positive language attitude. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | |
| mqp | Manipa | 1,500 (1983 Collins and Voorhoeve). | Manipa Island west of Seram, central Maluku, 4 villages. | Lexical similarity 72% with Luhu, 64% with Piru, 60% to 62% with Hitu, 60% to 61% with Tulehu and Asilulu, 58% to 61% with Hila-Kaitetu, 55% to 60% with Larike-Wakasihu, 56% with Boano and Kaibobo. | Positive language attitude. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | |
| mqq | Minokok | 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Headwaters of Kinabatangan River. | Closest to Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan and Kimaragang. | Positive language attitude. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | |
| mqr | Mander | 20 (1991 SIL). | North coast area on the upper Bu River, a tributary of the Upper Tor River. | Closest to Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan and Kimaragang. | Used in the home. No children speak Mander. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and speak Berik as second language. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | Taught as an oral and written subject. Radio programs. | |
| mqs | Makian, West | 12,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands. | Western Makian Island, some of the Kayoa Islands, areas along the west coast of southern Halmahera, north Maluku. | Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. | Used in the home. No children speak Mander. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and speak Berik as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqt | Mok | 7 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwest; east northeast of Chiang Mai, on Wang River. | Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. | Used in the home. No children speak Mander. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and speak Berik as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqu | Mandari | 115,997 (2000 WCD). | Southern Sudan, near Bari; 1 division around Tali, the other on both sides of the Nile between Tombe and Mongalla. | A different language and culture from Bari. Lexical similarity 75% with Nyanggwara, 71% with Bari and Ngyepu, 70% with Pöjulu, 66% with Kuku, 61% with Kakwa. | Used in the home. No children speak Mander. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and speak Berik as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqv | Mosimo | 50 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province. | Related to Rapting, Wamas, Samosa, Murupi, Saruga, Nake, Matepi, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Used in the home. No children speak Mander. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and speak Berik as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqw | Murupi | 301 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related to Rapting, Wamas, Samosa, Mosimo, Saruga, Nake, Matepi, Garus, Yoidik, Rempi, Silopi, Utu, Mawan, Baimak, Bagupi, Gal, Garuh, Kamba. | Used in the home. No children speak Mander. Speakers intermarry with the Berik and speak Berik as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqx | Mamuju | 60,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 50,000 in Mamuju dialect. | South Sulawesi, Mamuju District, on the coast of Mamuju, Kalukku, and Budong-Budong subdistricts. | Mamuju, Sumare-Rangas, Padang, Sinyonyoi. The Mamuju dialect is prestigious. | Trade language. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mqy | Manggarai | 500,000 (1989). | Western third of Flores Island, Lesser Sundas. | Western Manggarai, Central Manggarai (Ruteng), West-Central Manggarai, Eastern Manggarai. Around 43 subdialects. Close to Riung. | Trade language. Positive language attitude. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mra | Mlabri | 24 in Laos (1985 F. Proschan). | Xaignabouli Province, Phiang District, near Thailand border. | Western Manggarai, Central Manggarai (Ruteng), West-Central Manggarai, Eastern Manggarai. Around 43 subdialects. Close to Riung. | They speak or understand some Hmong and Northern Thai. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0 to 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0 to 1%. | |
| mrc | Maricopa | 181 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 400 (1977 SIL). | Associated with the Pima on the Gila River and Salt River reservations near Phoenix, Arizona. | Lexical similarity 85% with Mohave, 58% with Havasupai, 57% with Walapai and Yavapai. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0 to 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 0 to 1%. | |
| mrd | Magar, Western | 210,000 (1994). | Bheri Zone, Surkhet, Banke, and Dialekh districts, West of Pokhara, Tansen highway; Gandaki Zone, Pokhara (Kaski) and Syangja districts; Koshi Zone, Morang and Dhankuta districts; Lumbini Zone, Nawalparasi District. The center is Surkhet District. | Lexical similarity 85% with Mohave, 58% with Havasupai, 57% with Walapai and Yavapai. | Partially bilingual in Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| mre | Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | Extinct. | Formerly in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. | The early sign language was based on a regional one in Weald, England, where the deaf persons' ancestors had lived. French Sign Language was introduced to Martha's Vineyard in 1817. MVSL was later combined with American Sign Language (ASL), but never became identical to ASL. | From 1692 to 1910 nearly all hearers on Martha's Vineyard were bilingual in English and sign language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| mrf | Elseng | 300 (1991 SIL). | Jayapura Kabupaten, Arso, Abepura, Kemtuk Gresi, Senggi kecamatans, south of Jayapura, northeast of the Kaure. | Not closely related to any other language. | Vigorous. Used in religious services. Reported minimal ability in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| mrg | Miri | 400,000 (1998). Population includes 10,050 Hill Miri. | Assam, North Lakhimpur, Sonitput, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Sibsagar, Jorhat, Golaghat, Tinsukia districts; Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri District, Ziro subdivision, a few villages near Pasighat, on both sides of the Kamla River; Upper Subansiri District, Daporizo subdivision. The Hill Miri are in Arunachal Pradesh, the Plain Miri are in Assam. | Idu may be a dialect. | Speakers also use Assamese. | Assamese and Devanagari scripts. NT: 2001. | Assamese and Devanagari scripts. NT: 2001. | |
| mrh | Chin, Mara | 20,000 in Myanmar (1994). | Lushai Hills. | Tlongsai, Hlawthai, Sabeu. | Speakers also use Mizo or English. | Taught in primary schools since 1978. Roman script. Bible: 1956–2002. | Taught in primary schools since 1978. Roman script. Bible: 1956–2002. | |
| mrj | Mari, Western | 66,000 (1993 UBS). | Mari ASSR, south of the Volga, Gorno-Mariy, and some in Bashkortostan. Capital is Yoshkar-Ola. | Kozymodemyan, Yaran. Speakers have difficulty reading Eastern Mari because of lexical differences. There are also phonological and morphological differences. | Speakers also use Russian or Eastern Mari. | NT: 1824. | NT: 1824. | |
| mro | Mru | 1,231 in India (1981 census). | West Bengal, Nadia and Hoogly districts. | Lexical similarity 13% with Mro Chin. | Speakers also use Russian or Eastern Mari. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. 70% of young people know orthography. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. 70% of young people know orthography. NT: 1994. | |
| mrr | Maria | 134,000 (1997). | Maharashtra, Garhchiroli (Chanda) District, Etapalli, Bhamragad, and Sironcha tahsils; Madhya Pradesh, Bastar District, Narayanpur and Bijapur tahsils. In Narayanpur, an administrative block of 200 villages is known as 'Abujhmar block'. | Abujmaria (Abujhmadia, Abujhmaria, Abujmariya, Abujmar Maria, Hill Maria), Adewada, Bhamani Maria (Bhamani), Etapally Maria. Etapally Maria is apparently understood by all. A separate language from Muria, Dandami Maria, Northern Gondi, Southern Gondi, and Koya. 76% to 77% intelligibility of other Gondi varieties. Muria Gondi is intelligible to Abujmaria around Narainpur area but not elsewhere. "Distinct from Maria dialect of Chanda District MH" (Natarajan). Intelligibility 90% to 100% of Bhamragarh dialect by other Maria speakers. Maria is intelligible with the speech of the Gatte Maria, an ethnic group. Lexical similarity 59% to 80% among dialects (Beine), 65% to 98% (Vaz). | All domains. Speakers have negative attitudes toward the varieties mentioned above. Most men can speak some Muria, Halbi or Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: Men 5%, women 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy help urgently requested. High interest in literacy. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: Men 5%, women 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy help urgently requested. High interest in literacy. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mrt | Marghi Central | 135,000 in Marghi Central, Marghi South, and Putai languages (1999). | Borno State, Askira-Uba and Damboa LGAs; Adamawa State, Mubi and Michika LGAs. | Lassa (Babal), Gulak (Dzerngu), Madube (Gwara), Mulgwe (Malgwa), Wurga. | All domains. Speakers have negative attitudes toward the varieties mentioned above. Most men can speak some Muria, Halbi or Hindi. | Grammar. NT: 1987. | Grammar. NT: 1987. | |
| mrw | Maranao | 776,169 (1990 census). | Mindanao, Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur provinces. | 87% intelligibility of Iranun (see Magindanaon); 52% of Maguindanao. | All domains. Speakers have negative attitudes toward the varieties mentioned above. Most men can speak some Muria, Halbi or Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | |
| mrx | Maremgi | 40 (2000 Wurm). | North coast inland from Bonggo language, village of Marengge. | Unintelligible to speakers in neighboring settlements including Bonggo. | 20% to 40% of the ethnic group speaks Maremgi. Used in the home. A few children speak Maremgi. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | |
| mry | Mandaya, Karaga | 3,000 (1982 SIL). | Lamiyawan area, Davao Oriental, Mindanao. | Lexical similarity 89% with Mansaka. | Speakers also use Mansaka. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. NT: 1981. | |
| mrz | Marind | 7,000 (1987 SIL). | South coast around Merauke, 2 villages. | Gawir, Southeast Marind, Tugeri, Halifoersch. 4 or more dialects. Significant differences between inland and coastal dialects, but speakers report intelligibility. | Vigorous. Used in the home and market. Children in towns have passive ability. Positive language attitude. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions. | |
| msb | Masbatenyo | 350,000 (2002 SIL). 50,000 monolinguals, mostly children. Ethnic population: 700,000. | Masbate Province, three islands. | Related to Hiligaynon and Capiznon. Lexical similarity 79% with Capiznon, 76% with Hiligaynon. | Language of wider communication. 250,000 second-language speakers (2002 SIL). Used in the home, market, work. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 65%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 65%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | |
| msd | Yucatec Maya Sign Language | 16 deaf people out of a village of 500 in the primary location (1999 H. Smith). All use sign (1989 Sacks), including hearing people in the village. | Concentrated population in south central Yucatán and in smaller groups in the same region, and a sizeable concentration in northern Quintana Roo (1999 H. Smith). Chican, formerly called 'Nohya', Yucatán. An isolated village plus other villages (at least 2 in Oxkutzcab, 4 in Xyatil, 1 in Carillo Puerto) throughout a wide portion of the lowland Mayan Region. Kinil is also mentioned (1997 H. Smith). | Dialects of Yucatán and Quintana Roo probably differ, but users have no contact with each other. There is a report of a person in Guatemala who uses related signs. Not intelligible with Mexican Sign Language used elsewhere in Mexico, or other sign languages. | 400 to 500 who use it as a second or third language (1999 H. Smith). 3 years old to 70 years old (1999 H. Smith). 13 adults and 3 children under 5 (1997 H. Smith), plus all hearing people (1989 Sacks). 100% monolingual. | Literacy rate in second language: 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 0%. | |
| mse | Musey | 20,000 in Cameroon. | Far North Province, Mayo-Danay Division, east of Guere on Chad border. | Pe. | Kera and other nearby groups are bilingual in Musey. Bilingual level estimates for French: 0 0%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 30%, 4 19%, 5 1%. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| msf | Mekwei | 1,200 (1987 SIL). | West of Lake Sentani, villages of Maribu, Waibrong, Kendate, Sabron Dosay. | Lexical similarity 60% with Kemtuik. | Speakers also use Indonesian. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| msg | Moraid | 1,000 (1988 SIL). | West Bird's Head, east of Moi and south of Madik languages, villages of Sailala, Makbon, Luwelala, Seni. | Lexical similarity 60% with Kemtuik. | Used in religious services. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| msh | Malagasy, Masikoro | 90,000 (2001). | Southwest Madagascar, Toliara Province, Toliara and Morombe districts. | Lexical similarity 72% with Merina. | Used in religious services. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| msi | Malay, Sabah | No estimate available. | Southwest Madagascar, Toliara Province, Toliara and Morombe districts. | Lexical similarity 72% with Merina. | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| msk | Mansaka | 57,761 (2000 WCD). | Eastern Davao and Davao Oriental provinces, Mindanao. | Lexical similarity 80% with Bislig-Mati, 89% with Karaga Mandaya, 84% with Mati, 74% with Piso (Kalagan). | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| msl | Molof | 200 (1978 SIL). | South of Jayapura, west of Waris. | Not closely related to any other language. | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| msm | Manobo, Agusan | 60,000 (2002 SIL). 157,408 all Manobo (1990 census). | Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Sur, Mindanao. | Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao. 83% intelligibility of Dibabawon. Omayamnon has 80% lexical similarity with the other dialects, 85% with Dibabawon. | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | |
| mso | Mombum | 250 (1993 Doriot). | Island next to southeast coast of Fredrik Hendrik Island. | Closest to Koneraw. | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | |
| msp | Maritsauá | Extinct. | Manitsaua-Missu, a tributary of the Upper Xingú, Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Arupai (Urupaya). | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | |
| msr | Mongolian Sign Language | Unknown number of users out of 10,000 to 147,330 deaf (1998). | Manitsaua-Missu, a tributary of the Upper Xingú, Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Arupai (Urupaya). | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 54.3%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | |
| mss | Masela, West | 850 (1980 de Jonge). | 5 villages on Marsela Island, south Maluku. | Arupai (Urupaya). | Trade language of Sabah. A few first-language speakers in urban areas, especially children of parents who have other first languages. Used mainly as a contact language, so it is not yet fully developed. Speakers shift to various other languages they know to fill in expressions in domains where Sabah Malay is lacking. For at least this reason, if the only form of Malay a person knows is Sabah Malay, he will have difficulty understanding Standard Malay in other domains. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mst | Mandaya, Cataelano | 19,000 (1980 census). 34,317 all Mandaya (1990 census). | Town of Cateel, Davao Oriental, Mindanao. | Arupai (Urupaya). | Speakers also use Mansaka. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| msv | Maslam | 473 in Chad (2000 WCD). | West, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, N'Djamena Subprefecture. North of N'Djamena, along the Chari River. Maltam is in Miskini and Blabli villages, Sao in Farcha-Milezi and Ngara-Mandju (or 'Gourmadjo') villages. | Maslam (Maltam), Sao (Sahu). | In rapid decline. The young generation is not speaking it or only speak a reduced form (H Tourneux). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| msw | Mansoanka | 14,300 in Guinea-Bissau (2002). Population total all countries: 15,300. | North central. Also spoken in Gambia. | Not inherently intelligible with Balanta or Mandinka, although called 'Mandinkanized Balanta'. | In rapid decline. The young generation is not speaking it or only speak a reduced form (H Tourneux). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| msx | Moresada | 197 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Not inherently intelligible with Balanta or Mandinka, although called 'Mandinkanized Balanta'. | In rapid decline. The young generation is not speaking it or only speak a reduced form (H Tourneux). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| msy | Aruamu | 8,000 (1990 UBS). | Madang Province, west of Bogia. | Not inherently intelligible with Balanta or Mandinka, although called 'Mandinkanized Balanta'. | In rapid decline. The young generation is not speaking it or only speak a reduced form (H Tourneux). | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| msz | Momare | 650 (2003 SIL). | Morobe Province, north of Masaweng River. | Not inherently intelligible with Balanta or Mandinka, although called 'Mandinkanized Balanta'. | Speakers are older adults. Most also use Kâte. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| mta | Manobo, Cotabato | 30,000 (2002 SIL). 5,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 30,000. | Sultan Kudarat Province, Mindanao. | Tasaday, Blit. | Vigorous. All ages. Some speakers also use Cebuano, Filipino, or Ilongo. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| mtc | Munit | 911 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Trans-Gogol District. | Related to Girawa, Kein. | Vigorous. All ages. Some speakers also use Cebuano, Filipino, or Ilongo. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| mtd | Mualang | 10,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Along the Ayak and Belitang rivers, about 200 miles upstream from Pontianak. | Close to Iban. | Vigorous. All ages. Some speakers also use Cebuano, Filipino, or Ilongo. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| mtf | Murik | 1,000 (2000 Wurm). | East Sepik Province, Angoram District, on the coast west of the mouth of the Sepik River. | Related to Kopar. | Speakers also use Tok Pisin or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mtg | Una | 4,000 (1991 SIL). | Eastern highlands on south slopes of main ranges east of Sela Valley, west of Ngalum, Bidabuh, east Weip Valley, Yay Valley, around Langda, Bomela, Sumtamon. | Lexical similarity 75% with Eipomek, 69% with Ketengban. | Used in religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1999. | |
| mti | Maiwa | 1,400 (1998 SIL). | Milne Bay Province, Rabaraba District, on the northern slopes and foothills of the Meneao Range eastward from the Mt. Tantam Valley of the Ruaba River; it reaches the coast of Moi Biri Bay, extending into Oro Province. | Maiwa, Oren, Manigara, Gairen, Gwareta. Closest lexical similarity is with Mapena at 41%. | English is used in religious services. Some speakers also use Motu. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1999. | |
| mtj | Moskona | 8,000 (1996 SIL). | Southeast Bird's Head, south of Meyah and west of Manikion. | Lexical similarity 85% with Meyah. Also related to Manikion. | English is used in religious services. Some speakers also use Motu. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| mtl | Montol | 21,858 (1990). | Plateau State, Shendam LGA. | Montol, Baltap-Lalin. Related to Tal. | English is used in religious services. Some speakers also use Motu. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| mtm | Mator | Extinct. | Sayan Mountains Region. | Mator, Taigi, Karagas. | Became extinct at the beginning of the 19th century. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| mtn | Matagalpa | Extinct. Ethnic population: 18,000 to 20,000 (1981 MARC). | The ethnic group is in the Central highlands, Matagalpa and Jinotega departments, and in Honduras, El Paraíso department. | Mator, Taigi, Karagas. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| mto | Mixe, Totontepec | 5,200 (1990 census). 870 monolinguals. | Northeastern Oaxaca, north of Zacatepec, 10 towns. | The most distinct of the Mixe varieties. 89% intelligibility of Acatepec, 79% of Alotepec, 72% of Tlahuitoltepec, 70% of Mixistlán. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in education, religion. All ages. Speakers accept continued use of Mixe. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 15%, 2 20%, 3 25%, 4 20%, 5 5%. Some also speak Zapotec, or Chinantec in Chinantequilla. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. 40 to 50 people read it, very few write it. Dictionary. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. 40 to 50 people read it, very few write it. Dictionary. NT: 1989. | |
| mtp | Wichí Lhamtés Nocten | 100 in Argentina. | Northern border down to Tartagal. | The most distinct of the Mixe varieties. 89% intelligibility of Acatepec, 79% of Alotepec, 72% of Tlahuitoltepec, 70% of Mixistlán. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in education, religion. All ages. Speakers accept continued use of Mixe. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 15%, 2 20%, 3 25%, 4 20%, 5 5%. Some also speak Zapotec, or Chinantec in Chinantequilla. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. 40 to 50 people read it, very few write it. Dictionary. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. 40 to 50 people read it, very few write it. Dictionary. NT: 1989. | |
| mtq | Muong | 1,137,515 (1999 census). | Hoa Bình, Thanh Hóa, Vinh Phú, Yen Bai, Son La, and Ninh Binh provinces, mostly in the mountains of north central Viet Nam. | Thang, Wang, Mol, Mual, Moi 1, Boi Bi (Moi Bi), Ao Tá (Au Tá). Related to Sach, May, Ruc, Arem, Thavung, Pakatan. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in education, religion. All ages. Speakers accept continued use of Mixe. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 15%, 2 20%, 3 25%, 4 20%, 5 5%. Some also speak Zapotec, or Chinantec in Chinantequilla. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 70%. Bible portions: 1963. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 70%. Bible portions: 1963. | |
| mtr | Mewari | 1,058,000 (1997). | Rajasthan, Udaipur, Bhilwara, Chittoaurgarh districts; Gujarat; Haryana; Delhi; Madhya Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh. | Gorawati, Sarwari, Khairari. 54% intelligibility of Marwari. Lexical similarity 69% to 81% between dialects, 56% to 70% with Marwari, 54% to 72% with Merwari, 57% to 66% with Shekhawati, 51% to 73% with Godwari, 56% to 64% with Dhundari, 61% to 71% with Harauti. | Mewari is spoken as first language by Scheduled Tribe Bhil Gametia and 7 Scheduled Castes. Speakers also use Hindi. | Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1815. | Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1815. | |
| mts | Yora | 350 to 400 (1998 SIL). | Manu Park, Panagua River. Some are outside of the Park on the Mishagua River. There may be more in Brazil. | Close to Yaminahua and Sharanahua. | Official language. Vigorous. All ages. A few speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mtu | Mixtec, Tututepec | 817 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 30,046 (1990 census). | Oaxaca, 10 km north of coastal highway, on dirt road that turns off pavement 40 km southeast of Jamiltepec. Includes San Pedro Tututepec, Santa María Acatepec, Santa Cruz Tututepec, other towns and villages. | Santa María Acatepec. 61% intelligibility of Ixtayutla (closest), 50% of Pinotepa. | Most vigorous in Acatepec, but young people not using Mixtec. Most speakers older than 50 years (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mtv | Asaro'o | 1,245 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, southeast of Saidor. At least 4 villages. | Related to Muratayak, Bulgebi, Degenan, Forak, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | Most vigorous in Acatepec, but young people not using Mixtec. Most speakers older than 50 years (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mtw | Magahat | 7,565 (2000 WCD). | Southwestern Negros, Mt. Arniyo near Bayawan, upper Tayaban, Bayawan (Tolong), Tanjag, Santa Catalina, and Siaton provinces. | Close to Karolanos. Reported to include a heavy mixture of Cebuano and Hiligaynon. | Most vigorous in Acatepec, but young people not using Mixtec. Most speakers older than 50 years (1990). Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mtx | Mixtec, Tidaá | 550 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 900 (1990 census). | Oaxaca. | 60% intelligibility of Peñoles (Eastern); closest. Nuxaá is close. | 2 monolinguals are over 50 years of age. Most speakers are over age 40. 13% of children 5 to 15 years of age are speakers (1990). Other children are not learning Mixtec. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mty | Nabi | 615 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. 3 villages. | 60% intelligibility of Peñoles (Eastern); closest. Nuxaá is close. | 2 monolinguals are over 50 years of age. Most speakers are over age 40. 13% of children 5 to 15 years of age are speakers (1990). Other children are not learning Mixtec. Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mtz | Tacanec | 1,200 in Mexico (1990 census). | Buenos Aires, hills above Motozintla, and Mazapa, eastern Chiapas. | The most distinctive of all the Mam varieties. | Speakers are adults. Speakers are highly bilingual in Spanish in Mexico. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | |
| mub | Mubi | 35,277 (1993 census). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Mangalmé Subprefecture, east of Mongo, centered in and around Mangalmé. 135 villages. There may be some in Sudan. | Lexical similarity 71% with Zirenkel, 35% with Dangaléat. | The majority use Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | |
| muc | Mbu' | 1,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, northeast of Wum, village of Mbu'. | Lexical similarity 71% with Zirenkel, 35% with Dangaléat. | The majority use Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. | |
| mud | Aleut, Mednyj | 10 (1995 M. Krauss). | Copper Island, Komandor Islands. | Lexical similarity 71% with Zirenkel, 35% with Dangaléat. | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mue | Media Lengua | 1,000 (1999 Peter Bakker). Population includes first- and second-language speakers. | A few villages. | Lexical similarity 71% with Zirenkel, 35% with Dangaléat. | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mug | Musgu | 24,408 in Chad (1993 census). | West Chad, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Bongor Subprefecture, and Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, N'Djaména Subprefecture. Between the Chari and Logone rivers, west of Guélengdeng. | Mpus (Pus, Pouss, Mousgoum de Pouss, Musgum-Pouss), Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Vlum, Mulwi-Mogroum), Muzuk (Mousgoum de Guirvidig, Mousgoum de Guirvidik, Guirvidig). | Aleut is taught in school until the fourth grade. Most ethnic group members in Russia speak Russian as first language. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| mui | Musi | 403,000 (2001). | South Sumatra Province, Musi Banyuasin Regency, both sides of the Musi River west and upstream of Palembang. | Sekayu Malay. | 75% of the Sekayu Malay speakers have varying proficiency in Indonesian, 5% in English, 10% in other languages. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| muj | Mabire | 3 (2001 SIL). | Guéra Province, Bidiyo canton, Mongo-Rural subprefecture, village of Oulek. | Similar to Jegu dialect of Mogum and Tounkoul dialect of Bidiyo. Lexical similarity 37% to 52% with Jegu (Mogum). | Speakers also use Chadic Arabic or Kofa. | NT: 1964. | NT: 1964. | |
| muk | Mugom | 100 families in India. | Himachal Pradesh, Kullu, Manali mainly; also Kinnaur, Dharmshala, Ladakh. | Karani, Mugali. Intelligibility 89% to 93% between speakers of dialects (possibly even higher). Definitely sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Close to Humla, Dolpo, Loba. Not closely related to Western Parbate, Eastern Parbate, Maikoti, Sheshi, or Gamale Kham. Lexical similarity 85% between dialects, 56% to 57% with Tibetan. | Younger Mugom people born in India still use their own language at home but may not necessarily know it very well. | Literacy rate in second language: Up to 21.65% Nepali; men 30%, women 5%. Mugu District ranks very low in literacy among Nepal districts, especially among children and women. Tibetan script. | Literacy rate in second language: Up to 21.65% Nepali; men 30%, women 5%. Mugu District ranks very low in literacy among Nepal districts, especially among children and women. Tibetan script. | |
| muo | Nyong | 17,000 in Cameroon (1987 census). | Adamawa State, Mayo Belwa LGA, 6 villages. | They consider themselves to be the same ethnically as speakers of Samba Leko, but there is significant difficulty in inherent intelligibility. | Speakers also use Hausa, Fulfulde, Samba, Yendang, Kumba, or Mumuye. | Growing interest in education. | Growing interest in education. | |
| mup | Malvi | 1,102,000 (1997). | Madhya Pradesh, Ujjain, Indore, Rathlam, Mandsaur, Rajgarh districts; Rajasthan, Chittaurgarh, Jhalawar districts; Maharashtra; Gujarat. Sondwari dialect geographically isolated from the others. | Bachadi, Bhoyari, Dholewari, Hoshangabad, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri, Sondwari (Soudhwari). Considered the standard dialect of Southeastern Rajasthani. Nimadi is closest language linguistically with 70% intelligibility. 88% to 99% intelligibility of Ujjaini dialect by other dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 89% among dialects. | Speakers of dialects have positive attitudes toward other dialects. About 55% are reported to have high proficiency in Hindi, and 20% to have routine proficiency. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Government project discontinued due to low response. Devanagari script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1826. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Government project discontinued due to low response. Devanagari script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1826. | |
| muq | Hmong, Eastern Xiangxi | 70,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). | Western Hunan, Xiangxi Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and some places in Hubei. | Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong (Miao). | Speakers of dialects have positive attitudes toward other dialects. About 55% are reported to have high proficiency in Hindi, and 20% to have routine proficiency. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Government project discontinued due to low response. Devanagari script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1826. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Government project discontinued due to low response. Devanagari script. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1826. | |
| mur | Murle | 200 in Ethiopia (1975 Tournay). | South of the Akobo River. Olam is in southwest Ethiopia and on the Sudan border. It is between Murle and Majang culturally and linguistically (Bender 1983). | Olam (Ngalam, Bangalam). | They speak Nyangatom as second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1996. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| mus | Muskogee | 4,300 (1997 Pye). 43 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 52,000 (1997 Pye). | Creek and Seminole of east central Oklahoma, Creek of southern Alabama, Seminole of Brighton Reservation, Florida. | Creek, Seminole. Close to Mikasuki in Florida. The dialects are very similar. | Many adults in Muskogee speak the language. Most younger ones prefer English and many do not speak the language. A dozen speakers in Florida. | NT: 1886–1891. | NT: 1886–1891. | |
| mut | Muria, Western | 12,898 (1971 census). | Chhattisgarh, northern and western Bastar District. | Sonapal, Banchapai, Dhanora. 80% to 96% intelligibility among dialects, 69% to 73% of Eastern Muria, 51% to 78% of Far Western Muria. Not inherently intelligible with Dandami Maria, Northern Gondi, Southern Gondi, or Maria. | All domains. All ages. | NT: 1886–1891. | NT: 1886–1891. | |
| muu | Yaaku | 50 (1983). Ethnic population: 250 (1983). | Laikipia District, Mukogodo Division, Mukogodo Forest west of Doldol, foothills north of Mt. Kenya. | Sonapal, Banchapai, Dhanora. 80% to 96% intelligibility among dialects, 69% to 73% of Eastern Muria, 51% to 78% of Far Western Muria. Not inherently intelligible with Dandami Maria, Northern Gondi, Southern Gondi, or Maria. | Few domains. Speakers are older adults. Negative language attitude. Most or all "Ndorobo" groups are highly bilingual in an adopted language. | NT: 1886–1891. | NT: 1886–1891. | |
| muv | Muthuvan | 12,219 (1981 census). | Kerala, Idukki district, Devikulam tahsil, Devikulam and Adimali blocks; Kozhikode, Kannur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, and Trichur districts; Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore District, Udumalpet and Valparai tahsils, Anaimalai Hills; Madurai district, Cardamom hills; Andhra Pradesh. | Western (Malayalam Muthuvan, Nattu Muthuvan), Eastern (Tamil Muthuvan, Pandi Muthuvan). 82% to 87% between dialects, eastern dialect more intelligible to western than vice versa, 80% intelligibility of Malayalam. Lexical similarity 77% to 88% between dialects, 62% to 67% with Tamil, 58% to 68% with Malayalam. | Vigorous. Used in the home, village, and religious domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. The young understand Malayalam better than Tamil while the older people understand Tamil better. | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (31% males, 17% females) (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 24% (31% males, 17% females) (1991 census). | |
| muw | Mundari | 5,700 in Nepal (1993 Johnstone). Ethnic population: 660 Munda. | Mechi Zone, Jhapa District; Koshi Zone, Morang District. | Hasada, Latar, Naguri, Kera. | Vigorous. Used in the home, village, and religious domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. The young understand Malayalam better than Tamil while the older people understand Tamil better. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1910–1932. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1910–1932. |
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