1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mki | Dhatki | 16,400 in India (2000). | Western Rajasthan. | Eastern Dhatki, Southern Dhatki, Central Dhatki, Barage, Malhi. Varies considerably from northern Marwari, although they claim to understand one another. The Malhi are an ethnic group living in 3 main areas. Those in the Kunri-Pithoro-Noakot-Mithi area speak a dialect with 80% lexical similarity to Dhatki, 74% to Sindhi, and work as water-drawers. Lexical similarity 80% to 83% with Marwari dialects. Dhatki of Rajasthan and Dhatki of Thar are 88% lexically similar. | Some also use Sindhi or Urdu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Sindhi-based script. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Sindhi-based script. | |
| mkl | Mokole | 65,500 (1991 L. Vanderaa). | Borgou Province, Kandi and villages to the north and east. | Eastern Dhatki, Southern Dhatki, Central Dhatki, Barage, Malhi. Varies considerably from northern Marwari, although they claim to understand one another. The Malhi are an ethnic group living in 3 main areas. Those in the Kunri-Pithoro-Noakot-Mithi area speak a dialect with 80% lexical similarity to Dhatki, 74% to Sindhi, and work as water-drawers. Lexical similarity 80% to 83% with Marwari dialects. Dhatki of Rajasthan and Dhatki of Thar are 88% lexically similar. | Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mkm | Moklen | 1,500 (1984 D. Hogan). Ethnic population: 4,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | West coast of south Thailand, Phuket, Phangnga. | Eastern Dhatki, Southern Dhatki, Central Dhatki, Barage, Malhi. Varies considerably from northern Marwari, although they claim to understand one another. The Malhi are an ethnic group living in 3 main areas. Those in the Kunri-Pithoro-Noakot-Mithi area speak a dialect with 80% lexical similarity to Dhatki, 74% to Sindhi, and work as water-drawers. Lexical similarity 80% to 83% with Marwari dialects. Dhatki of Rajasthan and Dhatki of Thar are 88% lexically similar. | Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mkn | Malay, Kupang | 200,000 (1997 Max Jacob). | Kupang and surrounding towns, West Timor. | Air Mata. 2 dialects. | Vigorous. Second-language speakers. All domains. Used in religious services, radio, daily newspaper column. All ages. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| mko | Mingang Doso | 3,000 (1995 SIL). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, 15 km east of Karim Lamido town. 1 village and associated hamlets. | Air Mata. 2 dialects. | Vigorous. Second-language speakers. All domains. Used in religious services, radio, daily newspaper column. All ages. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| mkp | Moikodi | 571 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). 50% are monolingual. | Oro Province, north slopes of Owen Stanley Range around Mt. Brown down to Komi west of Foasi Creek. | Several dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 73% with Aneme Wake (closest). | Speakers also use Hiri Motu. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| mkq | Miwok, Bay | Extinct. | Formerly in northern California, San Francisco Bay. | Several dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 73% with Aneme Wake (closest). | Speakers also use Hiri Motu. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| mkr | Malas | 650 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province near Tokain. | Several dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 73% with Aneme Wake (closest). | Speakers also use Hiri Motu. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| mks | Mixtec, Silacayoapan | 18,717 in Mexico (2000 WCD). 1,500 monolinguals (1990 census). | Oaxaca, including towns of Santo Domingo Tonala (5,704 in 1990 census) and San Jorge Nuchita (3,052), and Tijuana. Also spoken in USA. | San Simón Zahuatlán. 70% intelligibility of Metlatonoc, 68% of Santa María Peras. Cuatzoquitengo may need separate literature; testing incomplete; also Guadalupe Portezuelo (65% intelligibility of Silacayoapan). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 40%, 2 28%, 3 10%, 4 2%, 5 0%. | Grammar. NT: 1999. | Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| mkw | Kituba | 1,156,800 (1987 SIL). | Spoken mainly between Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire. | Close to Kituba of Democratic Republic of the Congo. | National language. The main language of the south and one of the two national languages of Congo. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1989. | |
| mkx | Manobo, Cinamiguin | 60,000 (1973 SIL). | Camiguin Island, north of Mindanao. | Close to Kituba of Democratic Republic of the Congo. | Speakers also use Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1989. | |
| mky | Makian, East | 20,000. Population includes 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL). | Eastern Makian Island, southern Mori Island, Kayoa islands, west coast of south Halmahera, Bacan and Obi islands, north Maluku. Transmigration project near Kao. | East Makian, Kayoa (Kajoa). Close to Gane. | Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mkz | Makasae | 70,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 70,000. | Timor Island, eastern end around Baucau and inland, west of Fataluku, from northern to southern coast in a dialect chain. | Maklere, Makasai. Not closely related to other languages. Non-Austronesian. | Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mlb | Mbule | 1,488 (2000 WCD). | Center Province, Mbam Division, southern part of Bokito Subdivision, Mbola village. | Intelligibility of Yangben and Nu Baca is not fully determined. Related to Nu Baca, Elip, Mmaala. | Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mlc | Cao Lan | 40,000 in China (2002). | The San Chay are mainly concentrated in Tuyen Quang, Bac Can, and Thai Nguyen provinces. They are also found scattered in certain areas of Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Phu Tho, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh provinces. Also spoken in China. | Maintains some features from Northern Tai. | Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mld | Malakhel | 2,860 (2000). | Southwest of Kabul in Logar, north of Baraki. | Maintains some features from Northern Tai. | Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| mle | Manambu | 2,105 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti Subprovince, 3 villages along the Sepik River. | Maintains some features from Northern Tai. | Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1979. | |
| mlf | Mal | 3,000 to 4,000 in Thailand (1982 SIL). | East of Pua District and Chiang Kam, valley near northern Laos border, Nan Province. | Not intelligible with Lua, Phai, or Pray 3. | Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | |
| mlh | Mape | 5,117 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province along the Mape River. | Naga, Mape, Nigac, Fukac. Close to Kâte, which is the lingua franca. | Naga and Nigac dialects may be extinct. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | |
| mli | Malimpung | 5,000 (1995 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Pinrang District, Patampanua Subdistrict, Malimpung area. | Lexical similarity 80% with Maiwa, 70% with Enrekang. | They view themselves as distinct from Bugis and Enrekang. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | |
| mlj | Miltu | 272 (1993 census). | Southwest, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, Bousso Subprefecture, around the town of Miltou. | Lexical similarity 27% with Sarua, Somrai, Gadang, and Ndam, 36% with Boor. | Speakers are shifting to Bagirmi in all domains. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1% literate. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 15%. | |
| mlm | Mulam | 50,000 to 60,000 (2000 Liang Min). 10,000 monolinguals (including women and preschool children). Ethnic population: 159,328 (1990 census). | Luocheng Mulam Autonomous County (90% in Dongmen and Siba communes), and adjacent counties in north central Guizhou Province; and in Majiang and Kaili City in Guizhou Province. | Close to Dong. Lexical similarity 65% with Dong (probably Southern Dong), 53% with Zhuang (probably Northern Zhuang). | Vigorous. Many Han Chinese and Zhuang also speak Mulam. All domains. Used mainly among older adults, and less among young people and children. Positive language attitude. Chinese is used as second language. Written Chinese in common use. Bilinguals use various Chinese varieties or Zhuang as second language. Many also use Northern Zhuang and some use Maonan. Chinese is used in secondary schools, in Daoist and Buddhist services. | Literacy rate in second language: 65%. Radio programs. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 65%. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mlo | Mlomp | 4,895 (2002). | Mainly in Mlomp village north of the Casamance River, 25 km due east of Bignona, on the road between Tendouck and Tiobon, Bignona Department, several surrounding villages, and scattered around the country. | Lexical similarity 64% with Karon (closest), 42% with the closest other Jola language. | Many speak and understand Jola-Fonyi as second language, some know Wolof, and a few may know Mandinka or Pulaar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mlp | Bargam | 3,750 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Madang District, North Coast Road just opposite Karkar Island. | Lexical similarity 64% with Karon (closest), 42% with the closest other Jola language. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral and written use in some schools, some use in religious services. Used by most adults over 20 years of age. Speakers are ambivalent toward Bargam. Speakers use Tok Pisin, and a few use Garus, Megiar, or Matukar as second languages. Many parents are choosing to teach Tok Pisin first. Occasionally children become bilingual in Bargam. | Literacy rate in first language: More than 50%. Dictionary. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: More than 50%. Dictionary. NT: 2001. | |
| mlr | Vame | 8,500 (1992 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Sava Division, Mora and Tokombere subdivisions, Southern Mora massif south of Mora. | Mayo-Plata (Pelasla, Plasla, Platla, Plata, Gwendele, Damlale), Mberem (Mbreme, Maslava), Demwa (Dmwa, Doume), Hurza (Hurzo, Ourza, Ourzo, Ouzza), Ndreme. The 5 dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. Mayo-Plata is closer to Wuzlam than the other dialects are to Wuzlam. | Few know Fulfulde except a few in the Hurza area. Wandala is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: More than 50%. Dictionary. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: More than 50%. Dictionary. NT: 2001. | |
| mls | Masalit | 66,710 in Chad (2000 WCD). | East, Ouaddaï Prefecture, Adré Subprefecture, around Adré. Northern Masalit is north and east of Geneina in Sudan, Western Masalit in Ouaddaï, Southern Masalit in Sudan. | Northern Masalit, Western Masalit, Southern Masalit. | The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mlt | Maltese | 300,000 in Malta (1975 Katzner). Population total all countries: 371,900. | Also spoken in Australia, Canada, Italy, Tunisia, United Kingdom, USA. | Standard Maltese, Port Maltese, Rural West Maltese, Rural East Maltese, Rural Central Maltese, Zurrieq, Gozo. It is descended from Maghrebi Arabic but has borrowed heavily from Italian; it is a separately developed form with different syntax and phonology. | Official language. Vigorous. No diglossia with Standard Arabic. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1932–1984. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1932–1984. | |
| mlw | Moloko | 8,500 (1992 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Sava Division, Tokombere Subdivision, Makalingay Canton, on Melokwo Mountain and in the plains around its base. | Only one dialect. Surrounded by 4 related languages (including Muyang, Giziga North, and the Mikiri dialect of Dugwor) plus one other. | All domains. Little bilingualism except in outlying areas where there has been intermarriage with speakers of other languages. Fulfulde is used in the market, but interpretation is necessary when it is used in church. A few educated speakers can use French. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1932–1984. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1932–1984. | |
| mly | Malay | 396,000 in Singapore (1985). | Some villages in Ranong, south Thailand. | Riau (Riouw-Lingga, Johor), Jakarta, Sambas, Deli, Melayu Pasar (Bazaar Malay, Pasir), Borneo (Sintang), Kota-Waringin, Sukadana, Makakau, Makassarese, Manadonese (Menadonese), Labu (Lebu, Labu Basap), Papuan Malay (Irianese), Ritok (Siantan, Pontianak), Balikpapan, Sampit, Bakumpai, West Borneo Coast Malay, Belide, Lengkayap, Aji, Daya, Mulak, Bangka, Belitung, Larantuka (Ende Malay), Peranakan, Basa Kupang (Kupang). | Official language. Ethnic groups who speak Malay: Malay 339,000, 85%; Javanese 21,000, 5%; Indians 14,000, 3.5%; Bawean Madurese 14,000, 3.5%; Arabs 2,500, 0.6%; Bugis 500, 0.1%. English used at home by 7%. Mandarin and Hokkien are used as second languages by some, and 70% use English. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | |
| mlz | Malaynon | 8,500 (1973 SIL). | Malay, northwest Aklan Province, lowland, Panay. | Lexical similarity 93% with Aklanon. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | |
| mma | Mama | 20,000 (1973 SIL). | Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA. | Lexical similarity 93% with Aklanon. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | |
| mmb | Momina | 200 (1998 M. Donohue). | Lowlands just south of main ranges extending from south of Silimo east to south of Una language, Samboka village. | Lexical similarity 93% with Aklanon. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. | |
| mmc | Mazahua, Michoacán | 15,000 to 20,000 (1993 SIL). | Eastern Michoacán. | Lexical similarity 93% with Aklanon. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions: 1987. | Bible portions: 1987. | |
| mmd | Maonan | 20,000 (2000 Liang Min). A few thousand women and children are monolingual. Ethnic population: 71,968 (1990 census). | Xianan area of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in north central Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. A few in nearby Hechi, Yishan, Nandan, and Du'an counties. | Lexical similarity 93% with Aklanon. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages living in the area can speak Maonan. All domains. All ages. Used less by young people and children. Positive language attitude. About 10,000 also use Chinese or Zhuang. Written Chinese in use. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mmf | Mundat | 1,000 (1998 SIL). | Plateau State, Bokkos LGA, Mundat village near Sha. | Close to Sha and Karfa. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages living in the area can speak Maonan. All domains. All ages. Used less by young people and children. Positive language attitude. About 10,000 also use Chinese or Zhuang. Written Chinese in use. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mmh | Mehináku | 121 (1995 AMTB). | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Somewhat intelligible with Waurá. | Speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mmi | Musar | 684 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, inland, west of Tokain. | Related languages: Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu, Wanambre. | Speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mmj | Majhwar | 27,958. | Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur District, Katghora tahsil, Raigarh and Surguja districts; Uttar Pradesh, Allahabad, Varanasi, Mirzapur districts; Sikkim. | Possibly a dialect of Asuri. | Speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mmk | Mukha-Dora | 17,456 (1981 census). | Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram districts. | Possibly a dialect of Asuri. | Speakers also use Adivasi Oriya. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mml | Man Met | 900 (1984 Svantesson). | Southwestern Yunnan Province, 5 communities in Xishuangbanna near the Hu. | Possibly a dialect of Asuri. | Speakers also use Adivasi Oriya. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Chinese script. Radio programs. Grammar. | |
| mmn | Mamanwa | 5,152 (1990 census). | Agusan del Norte and Surigao provinces, Mindanao. | Possibly a dialect of Asuri. | Speakers also use Adivasi Oriya. | Literacy rate in first language: 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. NT: 1982. | |
| mmp | Musan | 70 (2000 Wurm). | Sandaun Province, village east of Amto. | Lexical similarity 29% with Amto. Amto and Musan 3% lexical similarity with Odiai, 18 miles north. Both average 7% lexical similarity with Left May languages. | Speakers also use Adivasi Oriya. | Literacy rate in first language: 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. NT: 1982. | |
| mmq | Musak | 355 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, west of Astrolabe Bay on the Ramu River. | Lexical similarity 29% with Amto. Amto and Musan 3% lexical similarity with Odiai, 18 miles north. Both average 7% lexical similarity with Left May languages. | Speakers also use Adivasi Oriya. | Literacy rate in first language: 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 7%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. NT: 1982. | |
| mmr | Hmong, Western Xiangxi | 700,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). | Western Hunan, Xiangxi Tujia Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Songtao County in Guizhou, Xiushan County in Sichuan, and some places in Guangxi. Possibly also in Ha Tuyen Province, northern Viet Nam and in Thailand. | Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong (Miao). | Vigorous, strong sense of ethnic identity. Most domains except education. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% or more. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% or more. Dictionary. | |
| mms | Mam, Southern | 125,000 (1991 SIL). | Quetzaltenango Department (9 towns), Retalhuleu Department (1 town); Western Ostuncalco area (San Juan Ostuncalco, San Martín Sacatepéquez, and other towns). | San Martín Sacatepéquez Mam (San Martín Chile Verde Mam). | Vigorous, strong sense of ethnic identity. Most domains except education. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. NT: 1939–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. NT: 1939–1980. | |
| mmu | Mmaala | 5,300 (1982 SIL). | Center Province, Mbam Division, Mmala canton, in and south of Bokito. | A standardized written form may be possible with Elip and Yangben, related languages. | Used in religious services. Speakers do not think French will replace Mmaala. French is used for instruction in primary and secondary school. Ewondo or Bulu are used in other churches. Speakers acquire comprehension of Elip and Yangben in early adulthood. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. NT: 1939–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. NT: 1939–1980. | |
| mmv | Miriti | Extinct. Ethnic population: 55 (1995 AMTB). | Pari-Cachoeira, Taracua, Amazonas. | A standardized written form may be possible with Elip and Yangben, related languages. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Tucano. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. NT: 1939–1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. NT: 1939–1980. | |
| mmy | Migaama | 20,000 (2000 W. Chesley). 2,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 23,000 (1991 census). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Mongo Subprefecture, east of Mongo, Abou Telfane Canton centered in Baro, around Abu Telfan. Migaama dialect is in Baro, Doga in Fityari, Gamiya in Game and Julkulkili, and Dambiya in Mala. | Migaama, Doga, Gamiya, Dambiya (Ndambiya). Dialect cluster. Dambiya is probably a Bidiyo dialect rather than a Migaama dialect. | Vigorous. All domains except to Arabs in market, French to teachers in school. Oral use in administration, a little in school, some in church, commerce. Positive language attitude. 18,000 to 19,000 also use Chadian Arabic as second language, men at a high proficiency level, women at a low proficiency level. 6,000 can speak French. Modern Standard Arabic taught in school. | 100 can read Migaama, 10 can write it. Bible portions. | 100 can read Migaama, 10 can write it. Bible portions. | |
| mnb | Muna | 227,000 (1989 van den Berg). Population includes 600 in Ambon (1985 SIL). 150,000 Standard Muna, 10,000 Tiworo, 7,000 Siompu, 60,000 Gulamas (1989 van den Berg). | Muna Island off southeast Sulawesi, northwest coast of Buton Island, and Ambon, central Maluku. | Standard Muna (Northern Muna), Gulamas (Southern Muna), Siompu, Tiworo (Eastern Muna). Subdialects of Standard Muna are: Tungkuno, Kabawo, Lawa, Katobu, Tobea Besar; of Gulamas are: Gu, Mawasangka, Lakudo, Wale-Ale, Lawama, Kadatua, Lowu-Lowu, Kalia-Lia, Katobengke, Topa, Salaa, Lawela, Laompo, Burukene. Lexical similarity 71% with Pancana, 62% with Cia-Cia, 52% with Wolio, 50% with Lasalimu, 47% with Tukang Besi, 45% with Kamaru. | Vigorous. All domains except to Arabs in market, French to teachers in school. Oral use in administration, a little in school, some in church, commerce. Positive language attitude. 18,000 to 19,000 also use Chadian Arabic as second language, men at a high proficiency level, women at a low proficiency level. 6,000 can speak French. Modern Standard Arabic taught in school. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993. | |
| mnc | Manchu | 60 (1999 Zhao Aping). Ethnic population: 1,821,180 (1990 census). | Heilongjiang, a few Manchu-speaking villages in Aihui and Fuyu counties. The ethnic group is in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces. There may also be members of the ethnic group in North Korea and Siberia. | Bala, Alechuxa, Jing, Lalin. | Speakers are older adults. Positive language attitude. All are bilingual. The nonspeakers of Manchu in the ethnic group speak Mandarin. Written Chinese in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 82%. About 50 speakers can read and write it. Dictionary. NT: 1835. | Literacy rate in second language: 82%. About 50 speakers can read and write it. Dictionary. NT: 1835. | |
| mnd | Mondé | 30 (1995 AMTB). | Apidia River, tributary of Igarape Tanaru, near Pimenta Bueno, Rondônia. | Related to Arua, Gavião Do Jiparaná. | May be extinct. | Literacy rate in second language: 82%. About 50 speakers can read and write it. Dictionary. NT: 1835. | Literacy rate in second language: 82%. About 50 speakers can read and write it. Dictionary. NT: 1835. | |
| mne | Naba | 232,448 (1993 census). Population includes 136,629 Bilala, 76,660 Kuka, and 19,159 Medogo. | Central, Batha Prefecture, Ati and Oum subprefectures, and Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, Bokoro Subprefecture. The Bilala are around Lake Fitri and toward the east to Ati. The Kuka are between Moïto and Bokoro in Bokoro Subprefecture, and between Ati and Oum Hadjer. The Medogo are southwest of Ati. | Bilala (Bilaala, Boulala, Bulala, Mage, Ma), Kuka (Kouka, Lisi), Medogo (Modogo, Mud). Related but not inherently intelligible with Berakou or Kenga. Lexical similarity among Bilala, Kuka, and Medogo is 99%. | Some use Chadian Arabic as second language. One part of the Kuka ethnic group, who live near Oum Hadjer, have shifted from the Naba language to Chadian Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 82%. About 50 speakers can read and write it. Dictionary. NT: 1835. | Literacy rate in second language: 82%. About 50 speakers can read and write it. Dictionary. NT: 1835. | |
| mng | Mnong, Eastern | 30,000 in Viet Nam (2002 SIL). | Southeast of the Rade in Dac Lac and Lam Dòng provinces. Also spoken in USA. | Mnong Rolom (Rolom, Rolam, Rlam, Ralam), Mnong Gar (Gar), Mnong Kwanh, Chil. Biat may be closer to Eastern Mnong than to Central Mnong. | Some use Chadian Arabic as second language. One part of the Kuka ethnic group, who live near Oum Hadjer, have shifted from the Naba language to Chadian Arabic. | Bible portions: 1977. | Bible portions: 1977. | |
| mni | Meitei | 6,000 in Myanmar (1931). | Sylhet. | Meitei, Loi (Chakpa), Pangal (Manipuri Muslim). Intelligibility of Meitei in Bangladesh is difficult. | Official language. Trade language. Speakers also use Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. | |
| mnj | Munji | 3,768 (2000 WCD). | Northeastern Afghanistan in the Munjan and Mamalgha Valleys. | Northern Munji, Central Munji, Southern Munji, Mamalgha Munji. Lexical similarity 68% among 'dialects', 56% to 80% with Yidgha in Pakistan. | Speakers also use Eastern Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| mnm | Mapena | 274 (1973 SIL). | Milne Bay Province, around Mt. Gwoira. | Lexical similarity 51% with Daga (closest). | Speakers also use Eastern Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| mnn | Mnong, Southern | 30,000 (2002). | Mostly in Binh Phuoc Province south of the Central Mnong and north of the Stieng. | Bunong (Nong, Pnong), Prang (Po Rang). | Speakers also use Eastern Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| mnp | Chinese, Min Bei | 4,000 in Singapore (1985). Ethnic population: 11,000 in Singapore. | Northern Fujian Province in 7 counties around Jian'ou. Also spoken in Singapore. | Hokchia (Hockchew). | Speakers also use Eastern Farsi. | NT: 1934. | NT: 1934. | |
| mnq | Minriq | 125 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Southeast Kelantan. | Hokchia (Hockchew). | Speakers also use Eastern Farsi. | NT: 1934. | NT: 1934. | |
| mnr | Mono | 37 to 41 (1994 L. Hinton). Population includes 10 to 12 North Fork, 15 Auberry, 7 to 8 Big Sandy, 5 to 6 Dunlap, no Waksachi. Ethnic population: 600 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | East central California. | Related to Northern Paiute. | Speakers have shifted to English. North Fork: informal language classes, dictionary under development; Big Sandy: language classes, wordlists. Speakers are older adults. | NT: 1934. | NT: 1934. | |
| mns | Mansi | 3,184 (1990 census). Northern Mansi has 3,000 speakers out of 7,000, Eastern Mansi has 100 speakers out of 1,000 population. Ethnic population: 8,500 including Northern Mansi 7,000, Eastern Mansi 1,000 (1989 census). | Western Siberia between Komi-Zyrian and west of the Urals, between Urals and Ob River. | Northern Vogul (Sos'va, Sosyvin, Upper Lozyvin), Southern Vogul (Tavdin), Western Vogul (Pelym, Vagily, Middle Lozyvin, Lower Lozyvin), Eastern Vogul (Kondin). Intelligibility between geographically distant dialects is difficult. May be 4 languages. Closest to Hungarian. | 50% or less of the ethnic group speaks Mansi. Southern Mansi has been extinct since about 1950. Western Mansi is nearly extinct or extinct. Few domains. Few to half of the children speak Mansi. Eastern Mansi is used only by older adults. People are neutral to strongly supportive toward Mansi. Russian is used in education. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868–1882. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868–1882. | |
| mnt | Maykulan | Extinct. | Canobie, Queensland. | Northern Vogul (Sos'va, Sosyvin, Upper Lozyvin), Southern Vogul (Tavdin), Western Vogul (Pelym, Vagily, Middle Lozyvin, Lower Lozyvin), Eastern Vogul (Kondin). Intelligibility between geographically distant dialects is difficult. May be 4 languages. Closest to Hungarian. | 50% or less of the ethnic group speaks Mansi. Southern Mansi has been extinct since about 1950. Western Mansi is nearly extinct or extinct. Few domains. Few to half of the children speak Mansi. Eastern Mansi is used only by older adults. People are neutral to strongly supportive toward Mansi. Russian is used in education. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868–1882. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868–1882. | |
| mnu | Mer | 85 (2000 WCD). | Central Bird's Head, headwaters of Wosimi and Uremo rivers. | Lexical similarity 63% with Semimi, 61% with Mairasi. | 50% or less of the ethnic group speaks Mansi. Southern Mansi has been extinct since about 1950. Western Mansi is nearly extinct or extinct. Few domains. Few to half of the children speak Mansi. Eastern Mansi is used only by older adults. People are neutral to strongly supportive toward Mansi. Russian is used in education. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868–1882. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868–1882. | |
| mnw | Mon | 107,630 in Thailand (2000 WCD). | On the Myanmar border, Kanchanaburi, Pathum Thani, Rat Buri, Surat Thani, Lopburi, Khorat; north and south of Bangkok. | Mataban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Northern Mon, Mon Tang), Ye (Southern Mon, Mon Nya). | Many young people use only Burmese. The Mon can read Burmese and are generally bilingual in Burmese. | Ancient script, Indic-based derived from Pali. Bible: 1928. | Ancient script, Indic-based derived from Pali. Bible: 1928. | |
| mnx | Manikion | 12,000 (1987 SIL). | East Bird's Head, east of Meyah, south of Manokwari, about 50 villages. | 4 dialects. | Many young people use only Burmese. The Mon can read Burmese and are generally bilingual in Burmese. | NT: 1997. | NT: 1997. | |
| mnz | Moni | 20,000 (1991 SIL). | Central highlands, 10 to 70 miles northeast of Lake Paniai. | Awembak (Awembiak). | Many young people use only Burmese. The Mon can read Burmese and are generally bilingual in Burmese. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| moa | Mwan | 17,000 (1993 SIL). | Kongasso Subprefecture and the southern part of Mankono Subprefecture. | Awembak (Awembiak). | Speakers also use Jula or Guro. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1982–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1982–1995. | |
| mob | Moinba | 36,000 in China (1999 Shaozun Lu). 20,000 are monolingual. | To the east of Bhutan, partly in southeastern Tibet, mainly on the Yarlung-Zanbo River, Medog, Nyinchi, Cuona counties. There may be speakers in Bhutan. | Northern Cuona, Southern Cuona. | Vigorous. Tibetans and some Chinese speakers who live among them speak Moinba as second language. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 16,000 can also use Tibetan, 2,000 can also use Tshangla. 5,000 can also use Chinese, mainly young people. Written Tibetan is used. | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| moc | Mocoví | 4,525 (2000 WCD). | South Chaco, northeast Santa Fe. | Northern Cuona, Southern Cuona. | Vigorous. Tibetans and some Chinese speakers who live among them speak Moinba as second language. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 16,000 can also use Tibetan, 2,000 can also use Tshangla. 5,000 can also use Chinese, mainly young people. Written Tibetan is used. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| mod | Mobilian | Extinct. | Formerly in the lower Mississippi River valley area, south central USA. | Muskogean-based pidgin, formerly used as lingua franca. Loanwords from Spanish, English, French, Creek, Alabama-Koasati, Choctaw, Chickasaw. | Became extinct about 1900. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| moe | Montagnais | 8,483 (1987 Quebec Ministere de la Sante el des Services Sociaux). Population includes 5,866 in Western Montagnais, and 2,617 in Eastern Montagnais. 9,070 first-language speakers of Montagnais and Naskapi (1998 Statistics Canada). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1996 D. Myers SIL). | 11 communities in Quebec and Labrador, from Lake St. John eastward along the Saguenay Valley to the north shore of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence eastward to St. Augustin, northward to the height of land at Schefferville and inland Labrador (Goose Bay, Lake Melville). Western Montagnais is in 4 communities: Mashteuiatsh (near Roberval, Quebec), Betsiamites, Uashat-Maliotenam (near Sept-Iles, Quebec), and Matimekosh (near Schefferville, Quebec). The others speak Eastern Montagnais: Mingan, Natashquan, La Romaine, Pakuashipi (St. Augustine, Quebec, sometimes called Pakuashipu), and Sheshatshiu (North-West River, Labrador). | Western Montagnais, Eastern Montagnais. Palatalized l-dialect and palatalized n-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect cluster. There are possibly 3 dialects based on the shifting of Proto-Algonquian *l within Western Montagnais to 'n'. Two Western Montagnais communities (Mashteuiatsh, Betsiamites) use 'l' as the reflex of Proto-Algonquian *l, and the other Western Montagnais (Uashat-Maliotenam, Matimekosh) use 'n'. Uashat-Maliotenam and Matimekosh could be classified as Central Montagnais. All Eastern Montagnais speakers use 'n'. | Vigorous in all but 2 communities. Rapid shift occurring in communities close to national language cities. Strong use in lower north shore communities and Schefferville. Montagnais has been used as language of instruction in Betsiamites in recent past, and is taught as a subject in other classes. Taught as second language in 2 communities. All ages. Women of all ages and men over 55 are mainly not fluent in national languages: 3,000 people. Mashteuiatsh nearly all French-speaking. Many speakers are fluent in Quebec English (Sheshatshiu in Labrador) or French (other communities in Quebec). | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75% in French or English. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75% in French or English. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | |
| mof | Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,400 population (1977 SIL). | Formerly in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Long Island, New York, Wisconsin. | Pequot-Mohegan, Narrangansett, Montauk (Shinnecock-Poosepatuck), Stockbridge. | Vigorous in all but 2 communities. Rapid shift occurring in communities close to national language cities. Strong use in lower north shore communities and Schefferville. Montagnais has been used as language of instruction in Betsiamites in recent past, and is taught as a subject in other classes. Taught as second language in 2 communities. All ages. Women of all ages and men over 55 are mainly not fluent in national languages: 3,000 people. Mashteuiatsh nearly all French-speaking. Many speakers are fluent in Quebec English (Sheshatshiu in Labrador) or French (other communities in Quebec). | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75% in French or English. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75% in French or English. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1990. | |
| mog | Mongondow | 900,000 (1989). | Northeast Sulawesi, between Tontemboan and Gorontalo. | Lolayan, Dumoga, Pasi. | Vigorous in all but 2 communities. Rapid shift occurring in communities close to national language cities. Strong use in lower north shore communities and Schefferville. Montagnais has been used as language of instruction in Betsiamites in recent past, and is taught as a subject in other classes. Taught as second language in 2 communities. All ages. Women of all ages and men over 55 are mainly not fluent in national languages: 3,000 people. Mashteuiatsh nearly all French-speaking. Many speakers are fluent in Quebec English (Sheshatshiu in Labrador) or French (other communities in Quebec). | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932–1939. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1932–1939. | |
| moh | Mohawk | 3,000 in the USA (1990 census and 1997 N. Bonvillain). Ethnic population: 6,000 in the USA (1997 Bonvillain, Mithun, Michelson). | St. Regis Reservation, northern New York. | Lolayan, Dumoga, Pasi. | Most speakers are older adults. In some areas the younger ones may speak the language. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | |
| mok | Morori | 50 (1998 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 250 (1998 M. Donohue). | South coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. | Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. | Speakers are older adults. All use Papuan Malay or Indonesian as second language. Many proficient in Marind. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | |
| mom | Monimbo | Extinct. Ethnic population: 10,000 (1981 MARC). | South coast border area 20 km east of Merauke, east of Marind, west of Kanum. | Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. | Speakers are older adults. All use Papuan Malay or Indonesian as second language. Many proficient in Marind. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | |
| moo | Monom | 5,000 (1973 SIL). | Eastern Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces. | Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. | Speakers are older adults. All use Papuan Malay or Indonesian as second language. Many proficient in Marind. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1787–1991. | |
| mop | Maya, Mopán | 2,600 in Guatemala (1990 SIL). | Petén Department. | Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. | Speakers are older adults. All use Papuan Malay or Indonesian as second language. Many proficient in Marind. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| moq | Mor | 20 to 30 (2000 Wurm). | Northwest Bomberai Peninsula, coast of Bintuni Bay. | Menge dialect remembered as the language of ceremony, though the last Menge speaker died in 1997. | Used in the home. Few or no children speak Mor. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| mor | Moro | 30,000 (1982 SIL). | Northern Sudan, eastern Nuba Mountains, Kordofan Province. | Umm Dorein (Longorban), Umm Gabralla (Toberelda), Nderre, Laiyen, Nubwa, Ulba, Werria. Lexical similarity 75% with Tira (closest). | Used in the home. Few or no children speak Mor. | NT: 1965–1994. | NT: 1965–1994. | |
| mot | Barí | 850 in Venezuela (1980 Seely). | Venezuelan and Colombian border, Zulia State. | M. Durbin questions its classification as Chibchan; Voegelin and Voegelin (1977) classify it as Arawakan. | Used in the home. Few or no children speak Mor. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| mou | Mogum | 7,000 (1997 SIL). | South central Chad, north Guéra Prefecture, Bitkine, Melfi, and Mongo subprefectures, south of the Bidiyo. | Jegu, Koffa (Kofa), Mogum Déle, Mogum Diguimi, Mogum Urmi. Dialect cluster. Mogum Diguimi may not be a separate dialect. Lexical similarity above 96% among dialects. | Used in the home. Few or no children speak Mor. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| mov | Mohave | 65 to 85 (1994 L. Hinton). Population includes 30 to 35 at Fort Mohave, 35 to 50 at Colorado River. Ethnic population: 767 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | Fort Mohave and Colorado River reservations on the California-Arizona border. | Lexical similarity 85% with Maricopa, 63% with Walapai and Havasupai, 62% with Yavapai. | Most adults speak the language but many younger ones do not. Speakers also use English. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| moy | Shekkacho | 54,894 (1998 census). 36,449 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 53,897 (1998 census). | North Kafa Region, in and around Maasha. | Close to Kafa. | 3,476 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 38.9%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 38.9%. | |
| moz | Mukulu | 12,000 (1990 SIL). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Bitkine Subprefecture, at the foot of the Guéra Massif: Moukoulou, Séguine, Doli, Morgué, Djarkatché (Mezimi), and Gougué villages. | Mokilko, Seginki, Doliki, Moriko, Mezimko, Gugiko. | Speakers have low proficiency in Chadian Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mpb | Mullukmulluk | 9 to 11 (1988 SIL). | Northern bank of Daly River, Northern Territory. | Mokilko, Seginki, Doliki, Moriko, Mezimko, Gugiko. | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mpc | Mangarayi | 50 (1983 Black). | Mataranka and Elsey stations, Northern Territory. | Mokilko, Seginki, Doliki, Moriko, Mezimko, Gugiko. | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mpd | Machinere | 400 (1995 AMTB). | Acre. May also be in Bolivia. | Distinct enough from Yine (Piro) in Peru to need separate literature. Manitenére may be different from Machinere. | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Bible portions: 1960. | Bible portions: 1960. | |
| mpe | Majang | 15,341 (1998 census). 10,752 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 15,341 (1998 census). | Southwest. Mainly within a long, narrow belt between Bure (east of Gambela) and Guraferda to the south. Covers part of Gambela, Oromo, and Kafa administrative regions. They have been scattered, but are now settling in villages. | Minor dialect variation. | 438 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21.1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21.1%. | |
| mpf | Mam, Tajumulco | 35,000 (1992 SIL). | San Marcos Department, Tajumulco and Ixchiguán towns. | Very different from Central Mam, although close geographically. Lexical similarity 77% with Comitancillo. | Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| mpg | Marba | 124,357 (1993 census). | Southwest, Tandjilé Prefecture, Kélo Subprefecture, north of Kélo. | Monogoy. | Positive language attitude. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| mph | Maung | 200 (1983 Black). | Goulburn Island, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. | Garig is reported to be related. | Speakers also use English or Gunwinggu with some limitations. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1960. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1960. | |
| mpi | Mpade | 2,366 in Chad (2000 WCD). | West, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, N'Djaména Subprefecture, south of Lake Chad, in and around Mani on the Logone River, north of N'Djaména. | Makari, Shoe (Shawe, Chaoue, Mani), Bodo, Woulki, Digam. | Speakers also use English or Gunwinggu with some limitations. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1960. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1960. | |
| mpj | Martu Wangka | 720 (1991 SIL). Population includes 100 in Wankajunga (1991). | Western Australia, Jigalong area, western side of Lake Disappointment, Great Sandy Desert. | Manyjilyjara (Mantjiltjara), Kartujarra (Kartutjara, Kardutjara, Kadaddjara, Kardutjarra, Kiadjara, Gardudjara, Gagudjara), Puditara (Budidjara, Putujara), Yulparitja (Yilparitja, Yulbaridja), Wangkajunga (Wangkajungka). Mantjiltjara and Kartutjara are two ethnic groups speaking almost identical dialects. High inherent intelligibility between Yulparitja and Wangkajunga. Speakers of the 4 dialects can use the same written language with possible minor adjustments, including vocabulary change, partly needed because of cultural identity factors. | Puditara dialect is extinct. Speakers also use Walmajarri, Kukatja, or Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1994. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1994. | |
| mpk | Mbara | 1,000 (1980 Tourneux). | East, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, Massénya Subprefecture, and Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Bongor Subprefecture, along the Chari River, around Guélengdeng. | Manyjilyjara (Mantjiltjara), Kartujarra (Kartutjara, Kardutjara, Kadaddjara, Kardutjarra, Kiadjara, Gardudjara, Gagudjara), Puditara (Budidjara, Putujara), Yulparitja (Yilparitja, Yulbaridja), Wangkajunga (Wangkajungka). Mantjiltjara and Kartutjara are two ethnic groups speaking almost identical dialects. High inherent intelligibility between Yulparitja and Wangkajunga. Speakers of the 4 dialects can use the same written language with possible minor adjustments, including vocabulary change, partly needed because of cultural identity factors. | Puditara dialect is extinct. Speakers also use Walmajarri, Kukatja, or Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1994. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1994. | |
| mpm | Mixtec, Yosondúa | 5,000 (1990 census). 240 monolinguals. | Oaxaca. | 70% intelligibility of San Miguel el Grande and Chalcatongo (closest). San Mateo Sindihui has 19% intelligibility of Yosondúa. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 15%, 1 20%, 2 35%, 3 20%, 4 5%, 5 5%. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| mpp | Migabac | 1,300 (1990 SIL). | Morobe Province, Masaweng River area. 5 villages divided among 3 dialects: Hudewa and Waringai; Ago; Butengka and Kapawa. | North Migabac, South Migabac, Central Migabac. | Speakers also use Kâte, the lingua franca. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| mpq | Matís | 120 (1995 SIL). | Amazonas, Javari Valley, Municipality of Atalaia do Norte, on the border with Peru. | Seems to be different from Matsés, although similar. | Speakers also use Kâte, the lingua franca. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | Dictionary. NT: 1988. | |
| mps | Dadibi | 10,000 (1988 SIL). 10% monolingual. | Southern Simbu Province, Karimui District, eastern corner of Southern Highlands Province. 28 villages. | Erave. Those villages have minor dialect differences from standard Dadibi in the Karimui and Negabo areas. | Speakers in 2 or 3 villages on the Erave River have high proficiency in Folopa. They also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible: 2001. | |
| mpt | Mian | 2,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Sandaun Province, Telefomin District, north part of the Fak (Hak) and Aki River valleys, headwaters of the August River and upper May River. Villages: Nenebil, Suganga, Blimo, and Wagarabai. | Upper August River, Usage, Mianmin. Dialects have 75% to 83% lexical similarity. | Speakers in 2 or 3 villages on the Erave River have high proficiency in Folopa. They also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1986. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60