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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mfk | Mofu, North | 27,500 (1982 SIL). | Far North Province, Diamare Division, Massifs south of Meri. | Douroun (Mofu de Douroum, Durum), Wazan (Wazang). | Vigorous. All domains. Bilingualism in Fulfulde is increasing by those who travel, and in French by the few children in school. Bilingualism in Mafa appears to be increasing among the children, who learn it at school and market. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| mfl | Putai | 50. | Borno State, Damboa LGA. | Douroun (Mofu de Douroum, Durum), Wazan (Wazang). | Speakers also use Kanuri. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| mfm | Marghi South | No estimate available. | Borno State, Askira-Uba LGA; Adamawa State, Mubi and Michika LGAs. | Wamdiu, Hildi. Marghi South, Marghi Central, and Putai form a language cluster. Hoffman (1963) relates Marghi South to Huba rather than to Margi. | Speakers also use Kanuri. | NT: 1975. | NT: 1975. | |
| mfo | Mbe | 14,300 (1973 SIL). | Cross River State, Ogoja LGA. | Idum, Ikumtale, Odaje. | Speakers also use Kanuri. | Bible portions: 1992. | Bible portions: 1992. | |
| mfp | Malay, Makassar | 1,876,548 (2000 WCD). | Makassar Region. | Idum, Ikumtale, Odaje. | Trade language. | Bible portions: 1992. | Bible portions: 1992. | |
| mfr | Marithiel | 25 (1983 Black). | 30 to 50 miles south of Daly River and central Daly River; Daly River Mission, Bagot, Delissaville, Roper River Mission, Northern Territory. | Marithiel, Nganygit, Mare-Ammu (Mari-Ammu). | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. 50 second-language speakers. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mfs | Mexican Sign Language | 87,000 to 100,000 mainly monolingual users (1986 T. C. Smith-Stark), out of 1,300,000 deaf persons in Mexico (1986 Gallaudet University). | Used throughout Mexico, except in some American Indian areas (see Yucatec Mayan Sign Language): Mexico D.F. Guadalajara, Monterrey, Hermosillo, Morelia, Veracruz, Oaxaca, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Torreón, Saltillo, Toluca. | Influence from French Sign Language. Users of ASL have 14% intelligibility of LSM. Preliminary investigation indicates lexical similarities from 85% to 100% among regional dialects, nearly all above 90% (A. Bickford SIL 1989). | Most deaf schools use the oralist method, but some use signs. At least 3 deaf churches in Mexico City, 3 in Guadalajara. 19 schools for the deaf in Saltillo, Torreón, Guadalajara (3), Mexico City (6), Morelia, Cuernavaca, Monterrey, Ciudad Obregón, Hermosillo, Villahermosa, Matamoros, Veracruz; athletic clubs, craft schools, rehabilitation institutions. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mfv | Mandjak | 95,670 in Senegal (2002). | Southwest Senegal. | Bok (Kabok, Sara, Teixeira Pinto, Tsaam), Likes-Utsia (Baraa, Kalkus), Cur (Churo), Lund, Yu (Pecixe). | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mfw | Mulaha | Extinct. | Central Province, just southeast of Gaile on the coast. | Mulaha, Iaibu. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| mfx | Melo | 20,151 (1998 census). 13,264 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 20,189 (1998 census). | North Omo Region, in and around Malo-Koza, northeast of the Basketo. | Related to Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, but may not be inherently intelligible. The Language Academy said it should be considered a separate speech variety. Lexical similarity 70% with the majority of Ometo language varieties. | 4,657 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: 9.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 9.5%. | |
| mfy | Mayo | 40,000 (1995 census). 113 monolinguals (1995 census). Ethnic population: 100,000 (1983). | Southern Sonora around Navojoa along the coast (Huatabampo), and a few in northern Sinaloa (Los Mochis, Guasave, San José Ríos, north of Guamuchil). At least 100 villages. | 90% intelligibility of Yaqui. | The government is offering scholarships to young people who demonstrate proficiency in Mayo. In the majority of villages, speakers are over 40 years of age. In at least 6 villages, children are learning Mayo as first language. Many in the range from age 30 to 50 grew up hearing Mayo in the home but were forbidden to speak it. They have a degree of comprehension but rarely if ever use it themselves (2000 L. Hagberg). Mayo people are reticent to identify as Mayo. The more monolingual speakers avoid contact with outsiders. Speakers prefer Mayo. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 2%, 1 10%, 2 40%, 3 35%, 4 8%, 5 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1962–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1962–2000. | |
| mfz | Mabaan | 50,418 (2000 WCD). | On the border of Blue Nile and Upper Nile provinces, between Yabus and Tombak rivers in the north and Khor Daga in the south. Not in Ethiopia. | Partially intelligible with some southern dialects of Burun. | The government is offering scholarships to young people who demonstrate proficiency in Mayo. In the majority of villages, speakers are over 40 years of age. In at least 6 villages, children are learning Mayo as first language. Many in the range from age 30 to 50 grew up hearing Mayo in the home but were forbidden to speak it. They have a degree of comprehension but rarely if ever use it themselves (2000 L. Hagberg). Mayo people are reticent to identify as Mayo. The more monolingual speakers avoid contact with outsiders. Speakers prefer Mayo. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 2%, 1 10%, 2 40%, 3 35%, 4 8%, 5 5%. | NT: 1988–2002. | NT: 1988–2002. | |
| mgb | Mararit | 42,388 (1993 census). Population includes 15,376 Mararit, 27,012 Abou Charib. | East, Biltine Prefecture, Am Zoer Subprefecture (Abou Charib), and Ouaddaï Prefecture, Adré Subprefecture, Mabrone Canton (Mararit). | Mararit, Abou Charib (Abu Sharib, Abu Sharin). Limited intelligibility between Abou Charib and Mararit. Very difficult intelligibility of Tama. Not intelligible with Sungor. Lexical similarity 62% with Tama, 75% between Abou Charib and Mararit. | The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language. | NT: 1988–2002. | NT: 1988–2002. | |
| mgc | Morokodo | 3,400 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes 280 Biti. | Southern Sudan, in the area between Amadi and Maridi. | Biti, Ma'du, Morokodo. A dialect cluster. Lexical similarity 63% with Jur Modo, 41% with Beli, 45% with Bongo, 43% with Baka. | The Ma'du dialect may be extinct (1984). Many use Moru as second language. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | |
| mgd | Moru | 70,000 (1982 SIL). Population includes 1,200 Agi, 2,500 Andri, 5,000 Kadiro, 9,000 Miza, 400 Wa'di. | Southern Sudan, Mundri District, Equatoria Province. | Agi, Andri, 'Bali'ba, Kadiro, Lakama'di, Miza, Moruwa'di. Andri and 'Bali'ba dialects are similar, Kadiro and Lakama'di are nearly identical. | The Ma'du dialect may be extinct (1984). Many use Moru as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Bible: 2000. | |
| mge | Mango | 50,000 (1981 Bernard Lanne). | Logone Oriental Prefecture, Doba Subprefecture, centered around Bodo. | Close to Bedjond and Gor, with high inherent intelligibility. | There is a Mango Language Committee. The speakers have a clear understanding of their identity as separate from Gor and Bedjond. | Primer, literacy classes. Bible portions: 1968. | Primer, literacy classes. Bible portions: 1968. | |
| mgf | Maklew | 120. | South coast area, east side of Marianne strait, west of Marind and east of Yelmek languages. | Close to Bedjond and Gor, with high inherent intelligibility. | Used in the home, friends. | Primer, literacy classes. Bible portions: 1968. | Primer, literacy classes. Bible portions: 1968. | |
| mgi | Lijili | 50,000 (1985 UBS). | Nasarawa State, Awe and Lafia LGAs. | Close to Bedjond and Gor, with high inherent intelligibility. | Used in the home, friends. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| mgj | Abureni | No estimate available. | Bayelsa State, four towns: Brass LGA, Agrisaba (Obo-Emeke); Ogbia LGA, Idema; Nembe LGA, Okoroba; Ogbia LGA, Opume, which is politically part of Oloibiri. | Close to Bedjond and Gor, with high inherent intelligibility. | Used in the home, friends. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| mgk | Mawes | 693 (1975 SIL). | Northeast coast east of Sarmi near mouth of Wirowai River, villages of Mawes, Mawesweres, Mawesdai. | Close to Bedjond and Gor, with high inherent intelligibility. | Used in the home, friends. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| mgm | Mambae | 80,000 in East Timor (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 80,000. | Mountains of central Timor, around Ermera, Aileu, and Ainaro. One of the dominant groups among Timorese communities in Australia. Also spoken in Australia. | Damata, Lolei, Manua, Mambai. | Second most widely spoken language of East Timor. Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| mgn | Mbangi | 2,750 (1996). | Bangassou, Ouango, and Alindao subprefectures. | High intelligibility of Yakoma. May be intelligible with Ngbandi or Dendi. | Reported to be highly bilingual in Sango. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| mgp | Magar, Eastern | 67,691 in India (2000). | Sikkim, concentrated in South District, scattered in East District. | High intelligibility of Yakoma. May be intelligible with Ngbandi or Dendi. | Used in the home. Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script in India. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script in India. NT: 1991. | |
| mgt | Mongol | 336 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province. | Related to Langam, Yaul. | Used in the home. Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script in India. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script in India. NT: 1991. | |
| mgu | Mailu | 6,000 (1980 UBS). | Central Province, south coast, Gadaisu to Baramata, Table Bay and Toulon Island. | Domara, Darava, Asiaoro, Derebai, Island, Geagea, Borebo, Ilai, Baibara. Related to Laua. | Used in the home. Speakers also use Nepali. | NT: 1936–1979. | NT: 1936–1979. | |
| mgx | Omati | 800 (1977 SIL). | Gulf Province, villages on Omati River: Gihiteri, Iba, Gibidai, Kiberi, Kamairo. | Lexical similarity 53% with Ikobi-Mena. | Used in the home. Speakers also use Nepali. | NT: 1936–1979. | NT: 1936–1979. | |
| mha | Manda | 4,036 (2000 WCD). | Orissa, Kalahandi District, Thuamul Rampur Subdivision. | Lexical similarity 53% with Ikobi-Mena. | Used in the home. Speakers also use Nepali. | NT: 1936–1979. | NT: 1936–1979. | |
| mhc | Mocho | 168 (1990 census). | Chiapas, on border of Guatemala and Mexico (area of Tuzantán and Motozintla). | Motozintleco, Tuzanteco. Not intelligible with Mam dialects (Paul Townsend SIL 1973). Tuzanteco and Mocho are two distinct dialects of the same language (Terrence Kaufman 1967). | Only a few speakers still use the language in the home. Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1936–1979. | NT: 1936–1979. | |
| mhd | Mbugu | 7,000 (1997). Ethnic population: 32,000. | Tanga Region, Lushoto District, in Usambara Mountains. | Cha ndani, Cha kawaida. | Speakers also use Asu, Shambala, or Swahili. | NT: 1936–1979. | NT: 1936–1979. | |
| mhe | Besisi | 1,356 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 1,356 (2000 D. Bradley). | Selangor coast, Malacca. | Kuala Langot Besisi, Malakka Besisi, Ulu Langat Orang Bukit, Selangor Sakai, Betise' (Betisek), Sisi. | One other dialect became extinct in late 19th century. | NT: 1933. | NT: 1933. | |
| mhf | Mamaa | 198 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province, 1 village. | Kuala Langot Besisi, Malakka Besisi, Ulu Langat Orang Bukit, Selangor Sakai, Betise' (Betisek), Sisi. | One other dialect became extinct in late 19th century. | NT: 1933. | NT: 1933. | |
| mhg | Margu | 1 (2000 Evans). | Croker Island, Northern Territory. | Kuala Langot Besisi, Malakka Besisi, Ulu Langat Orang Bukit, Selangor Sakai, Betise' (Betisek), Sisi. | One other dialect became extinct in late 19th century. | NT: 1933. | NT: 1933. | |
| mhh | Maskoy Pidgin | No estimate available. | Puerto Victoria. | Kuala Langot Besisi, Malakka Besisi, Ulu Langat Orang Bukit, Selangor Sakai, Betise' (Betisek), Sisi. | A mixed language formerly used in a tannin factory with Lengua, Sanapana, Angaite, Guana, and Toba-Maskoy influences. Speakers are reported to have returned to former areas and languages, or to Guaraní-speaking rural areas. Speakers also use Paraguayan Guaraní. | NT: 1933. | NT: 1933. | |
| mhi | Ma'di | 18,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). | Southern Sudan, Equatoria Province, Madi Subdistrict, Opari District, West Nile District. | Pandikeri, Lokai, Burulo. | A mixed language formerly used in a tannin factory with Lengua, Sanapana, Angaite, Guana, and Toba-Maskoy influences. Speakers are reported to have returned to former areas and languages, or to Guaraní-speaking rural areas. Speakers also use Paraguayan Guaraní. | Literacy campaign in progress. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1977. | Literacy campaign in progress. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1977. | |
| mhj | Mogholi | 200. Ethnic population: A few thousand. | Two villages near Herat: Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla. | Kundur, Karez-I-Mulla. Unintelligible to remaining body of Mongol speakers; linguistically relatively well explored. | Speakers are older adults. In the two villages Farsi is the common language and is rapidly replacing Mogholi. Moghol people in northern Afghanistan now speak Pashto. | Literacy campaign in progress. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1977. | Literacy campaign in progress. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1977. | |
| mhl | Mauwake | 2,392 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Bogia District, east of Malala High School. | Related to Moere. | Speakers are older adults. In the two villages Farsi is the common language and is rapidly replacing Mogholi. Moghol people in northern Afghanistan now speak Pashto. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | |
| mhn | Mócheno | 1,900 (1992 Raoul Zamponi). Population includes 400 Fierozzo, 1,000 Palú, 460 Gereut. | Valle del Fersina (Trentino). | Fierozzo (Florutz), Palú (Palai), Frassilongo (Gereut). Speakers can partially understand Bavarian, Cimbrian, or Standard German. | Speakers are older adults. In the two villages Farsi is the common language and is rapidly replacing Mogholi. Moghol people in northern Afghanistan now speak Pashto. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | |
| mhp | Malay, Balinese | 3,151,162 (2000 census). | Bali. | Fierozzo (Florutz), Palú (Palai), Frassilongo (Gereut). Speakers can partially understand Bavarian, Cimbrian, or Standard German. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1998. | |
| mhq | Mandan | 6 (1992 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 400 (1986 SIL and 1997 M. Mixco). | Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. | Fierozzo (Florutz), Palú (Palai), Frassilongo (Gereut). Speakers can partially understand Bavarian, Cimbrian, or Standard German. | Speakers have shifted to English. Speakers are older adults (1992), 2 semifluent over 60 (1986). | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mhr | Mari, Eastern | 525,480 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 534,569. Ethnic population: 604,000. | Mari ASSR, east of the Volga, Bashkir, Tatar, Udmurt ASSR, Perm, Sverov, Kirov Oblasts. Capital is Yoshkar-Ola, 500 km east of Moscow. Also spoken in Kazakhstan. | Grassland Mari (Meadow Mari, Sernur-Morkin, Yoshkar-Olin, Volga). | Speakers also use Russian. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1986. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1986. | |
| mhs | Buru | 32,980 in Indonesia (1989 SIL). Population includes 6,622 Wae Sama, 9,600 Masarete, 14,258 Rana, 500 Fogi, and 2,000 in Ambon. | South, southeast, and central Buru Island, central Maluku, Ambon, Jakarta, and the Netherlands, 70 villages. Also spoken in Netherlands. | Masarete (South Buru), Wae Sama (Waesama), Central Buru (Rana, Wae Geren, Wae Kabo), Fogi (Li Emteban, Tomahu). Li Garan is a special taboo dialect spoken by the Rana people (3,000 to 5,000 users). Fogi dialect 500 ethnic population, but no speakers. Lexical similarity 90% between Masarete and Wae Sama, 88% between Masarete and Rana, 80% between Wae Sama and Rana, 68% between Li Enyorot (Lisela) and Masarete, 48% between Liliali and Masarete, 45% between Kayeli and Masarete, 44% between Ambelau and Masarete, 27% to 33% between Buru and the languages of Sula. | Vigorous in most areas. Fogi has apparently undergone complete shift to Ambonese Malay. All domains. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Ambonese Malay: 0 15%, 1 20%, 2 50%, 3 10%, 4 5%, 5 0%; Indonesian: 0 15%, 1 40%, 2 35%, 3 7%, 4 3%, 5 0%. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904–1997. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904–1997. | |
| mht | Mandahuaca | 3 in Brazil (1993 ALEM). | Amazonas, upper Cauaboris, tributary of the Rio Negro, Colombian border. | Related to Adzaneni, Yabaana, Masaca. | Nearly extinct in Brazil. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904–1997. | Roman script. Grammar. Bible portions: 1904–1997. | |
| mhu | Digaro-Mishmi | 8,622 (2001 census). | Arunachal Pradesh, Lohit District, Hayuliang, Changlagam, Goiliang circles, Dibang Valley District; Assam. | They may not be in the Tani group, but are related to the Tani group. Lexical similarity 25% with Idu-Mishmi, 10% with Miju-Mishmi. | Some speakers have routine proficiency in English or Assamese. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mhv | Arakanese | 24,000 in India (1997). | Assam; Tripura; Mizoram, Mombusu, Dungjangtalang, Mowthimambrow villages; West Bengal. | Marma (Morma), Rakhine (Rakhain, Yakhain). | Speakers also use Bengali. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. | |
| mhx | Maru | 3,500 in China (1997). Over 10,000 households (1999). | Western Yunnan, Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, Ruili, and Lianghe counties of the Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture. | Dago' Lawng Bit, Zagaran Mran, Gawan Naw', Hlo'lan, Laking, Wa Khawk, Lawng Hsu. Lawng Hsu may have difficult intelligibility of the other dialects. | Speakers also use Bengali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Roman script. NT: 1985–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Roman script. NT: 1985–1994. | |
| mhy | Ma'anyan | 150,000 (2003). | South around Tamianglayang area of the drainage of Patai River. | Samihim (Buluh Kuning), Sihong (Siong), Dusun Balangan. Related to Malagasy in Madagascar. Lexical similarity 77% with Paku, 75% with Dusun Witu. | Speakers also use Bengali. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| mhz | Mor | 700 (1987 SIL). | Mor Islands in east Cenderawasih Bay near Nabire. | Samihim (Buluh Kuning), Sihong (Siong), Dusun Balangan. Related to Malagasy in Madagascar. Lexical similarity 77% with Paku, 75% with Dusun Witu. | Speakers also use Bengali. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| mia | Miami | Extinct. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1977 SIL). | Formerly in Miami in north central Indiana, Miami and Peoria in northeast Oklahoma, Illinois in Illinois and Iowa. | Miami, Peoria. | There are some who know a few words and phrases. A revitalization program is in progress. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| mib | Mixtec, Atatláhuca | 8,300 (1995 census). 435 monolinguals. | West central Oaxaca, towns of San Esteban Atatláhuca, Santa Lucía Monteverde, and Santa Catarina Yosonotú. | 68% intelligibility of Yosondúa. San Agustín Tlacotepec may need separate literature (69% intelligibility of San Esteban; closest). Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec may also need separate literature. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 30%, 2 15%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1973. | NT: 1973. | |
| mic | Micmac | 1,200 in the USA. Population includes 200 in Maine, and 1,000 largely in Boston. | Northern Maine near Fort Fairfield, Boston, Massachusetts, and small scattered places elsewhere in the USA. | Northern Micmac, Southern Micmac. Generally speakers of dialects have intelligibility between them, but there are lexical, inflectional, word order, and spelling differences. | There are some communities where only older adults speak Micmac. In 5 communities the language has virtually ceased being used, 4 in English areas (Shubenagadie, Truro, Eel River Bar, Pabineo) and the fifth in Gaspe, Quebec where the second language is French. In larger areas children tend to begin speaking some Micmac, except in Listuguj, where some families are educating their children in French. In some communities, such as Gesgapegiaq, usage is more vigorous. Used in prayers, songs, and readings. Most adults speak Micmac. Many adults below 35 do not speak it. Younger ones may prefer English. Most children learn English first, but there is an effort in many communities to teach children Micmac. The people express the desire to maintain Micmac. There are no monolinguals. In Gesgapegiaq a good number speak Micmac, English, and French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| mid | Mandaic | 500 (2001). Ethnic population: 23,000. | Hoveiseh and other towns, Khuzestan. | Ahwaz (Ahvaz), Shushtar, Iraqi Neo-Mandaic. Little dialect variation. | Ethnic group of 5,000 in Khuzistan, Iran, speak Western Farsi (1994 H. Mutzafi). Iraqi Neo-Mandaic extinct during the 20th century. Shustar may be extinct. Speakers are older bilingual adults. Speakers also use Mesopotaman Spoken Arabic or Western Farsi. | Mandaic script. | Mandaic script. | |
| mie | Mixtec, Ocotepec | 5,000 to 8,000 (1982 SIL). | West central Oaxaca. | Santa Catarina Yosonotu. 80% intelligibility of Ñumí (Northwestern Tlaxiaco). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 40%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| mif | Mofu-Gudur | 60,000 (1998 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division extending into Diamare Division, Mokolo Subdivision, massifs south of Tsanaga River to the Mayo-Louti River. | Mokong, Gudur, Zidim, Dimeo, Massagal (Massakal), Njeleng. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 40%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1985–1995. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1985–1995. | |
| mig | Mixtec, San Miguel el Grande | 14,453 (1990 census). 226 monolinguals in Chalcatongo, 800 in other dialects. Population includes 4,453 in Chalcatongo. | West central Oaxaca. | San Pedro Molinos, Santa María Yosoyúa, Santa Catarina Ticuá, San Miguel Chalcatongo. 86% intelligibility of Yosondúa (closest). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 40%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1951. | NT: 1951. | |
| mih | Mixtec, Chayuco | 30,000 (1977 SIL). | Southwest Oaxaca. | 69% intelligibility of Western Jamiltepec. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 40%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| mii | Mixtec, Chigmecatitlán | 1,600 (1990 census). | Puebla, straight south of Puebla city, about halfway to Oaxaca border. Includes Santa Catarina Tlaltemplan. | 23% intelligibility of Chazumba (Southern Puebla; closest). An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl. Low intelligibility of all Mixtec; very different. | 217 speakers over 50 years old, 273 monolinguals (1990). Most speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| mij | Abar | 2,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, centered around village of Missong, including villages of Munken and Abar. | 23% intelligibility of Chazumba (Southern Puebla; closest). An 'island' of Mixtec surrounded by Popoloca and Nahuatl. Low intelligibility of all Mixtec; very different. | 217 speakers over 50 years old, 273 monolinguals (1990). Most speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1979. | NT: 1979. | |
| mik | Mikasuki | 496 (1990 census). 33 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,200 (1977 SIL). | Southern Florida. | Hitchiti, Mikasuki. Not intelligible with Creek, Alabama, or Koasati. | There are monolinguals only among older adult women. Others also use English. | Bible portions: 1980–1985. | Bible portions: 1980–1985. | |
| mil | Mixtec, Peñoles | 13,417 in Mexico (2000 WCD). 2,000 monolinguals (1990 census). | West central Oaxaca. Santa María Peñoles municipio, Monteflor, San Mateo Tepantepec, Estetla and Cholula agencias; Santiago Tlazoyaltepec municipio; and Huazolotipac agencia in Huitepec municipio, Zaachila District, and San Mateo Sindihui town. Also spoken in USA. | Santa María Peñoles (Peñoles), Santiago Tlazoyaltepec (Tlazoyaltepec), San Mateo Tepantepec (Tepantepec). 14% intelligibility of Chalcatongo. Nuxaá has 30% intelligibility of Peñoles. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 20%, 2 30%, 3 20%, 4 4%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. NT: 1979–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. NT: 1979–2002. | |
| mim | Mixtec, Alacatlatzala | 22,226 (2000 WCD). 60% monolingual. Over 300,000 speakers in all Mixtecan languages (1995). | Eastern Guerrero, towns of Alacatlatzala, Tenaztalcingo, Ocuapa, Potoichan, and more. There are tiny communities in Acapulco, Guerrero; Cuautla, Morelos; and Culiacán, Sinaloa, also near San Quintín, Baja California. An area southwest to south of Tlapa, from 20 to 80 km from Tlapa del Comonfort. Also scattered emigration to the USA, especially New York. | Potoichan (Ocuapa), Atlamajalcingo del Monte, Tototepec, Cuatzoquitengo, Plan de Guadalupe. 65% to 85% intelligibility of Metlatonoc. Some had 70% intelligibility of Silacayoapan. | Vigorous. Parents who have left the area have children who understand Mixtec, but speak only Spanish. Very few speakers of other languages use this Mixtec language. Nearly all domains; home, local shops, among officials in the town hall for commerce, for teaching in the classroom even though materials are in Spanish. Some use in religion. All ages, but young people speak somewhat more Spanish than others. High appreciation for Mixtec among speakers. Spanish is viewed as appropriate for reading and writing, and the prestige language. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 19%, 3 1%, 4 0%, 5 0%. They use Spanish when trying to communicate with people from Silacayoapan. About 20% (nearly all men) speak some Spanish for trade, travel, or work outside the area. Less than 5% also use Tlapanec or Nahuatl resulting from intermarriage. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Desire for literacy in either language is somewhat limited. Some adaptation of materials for Potoichan may be needed. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Desire for literacy in either language is somewhat limited. Some adaptation of materials for Potoichan may be needed. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | |
| min | Minangkabau | 6,500,000 (1981 Moussay). Population includes 500,000 in Jakarta. | West central Sumatra around Padang and throughout the Indonesian Archipelago. Nearly half live outside of central Sumatra. | Agam, Pajokumbuh, Tanah, Si Junjung, Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Singkarak, Orang Mamak, Ulu, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Penghulu. Not intelligible with Indonesian. Muko-Muko and Pekal may be intelligible with Minang. | Vigorous. Parents who have left the area have children who understand Mixtec, but speak only Spanish. Very few speakers of other languages use this Mixtec language. Nearly all domains; home, local shops, among officials in the town hall for commerce, for teaching in the classroom even though materials are in Spanish. Some use in religion. All ages, but young people speak somewhat more Spanish than others. High appreciation for Mixtec among speakers. Spanish is viewed as appropriate for reading and writing, and the prestige language. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 19%, 3 1%, 4 0%, 5 0%. They use Spanish when trying to communicate with people from Silacayoapan. About 20% (nearly all men) speak some Spanish for trade, travel, or work outside the area. Less than 5% also use Tlapanec or Nahuatl resulting from intermarriage. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1996. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. NT: 1996. | |
| mio | Mixtec, Pinotepa Nacional | 20,000 (1990 census). 2,200 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, around Jamiltepec. | Investigation needed to determine how different Huazolititlán and Don Luís Pinotepa are. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 23%, 1 24%, 2 22%, 3 13%, 4 10%, 5 8%. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| mip | Mixtec, Apasco-Apoala | 7,866 (1990 census). 6,728 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, 40 km north northwest of Nochixtlán. Includes towns of Santa Catarina Ocotlán, San Miguel Chicagua, San Miguel Chicahuastepec, Jocotepec, Santa María Apasco, San Miguel Huautla, Nduayaco, and 2 others. | 26% intelligibility of Southern Puebla Mixtec (closest). | Positive language attitude. | Bible portions: 1966. | Bible portions: 1966. | |
| miq | Mískito | 29,000 in Honduras (1993 Ramon D. Rivas). | Gracias a Dios Department. | Honduran Mískito (Mam), Tawira (Tauira), Baymuna (Baymunana, Baldam), Wanki (Wangki), Cabo (Kabo). The language is closest to Sumo Mayangna. Wangki is spoken around Puerto Cabeza. The other dialects are in settlements to the southwest. | Trade language. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| mir | Mixe, Isthmus | 20,000 (1990 SIL). | Northeastern Oaxaca, throughout the Municipio of San Juan Guichicovi, near the border of Veracruz, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, 3 towns. | Honduran Mískito (Mam), Tawira (Tauira), Baymuna (Baymunana, Baldam), Wanki (Wangki), Cabo (Kabo). The language is closest to Sumo Mayangna. Wangki is spoken around Puerto Cabeza. The other dialects are in settlements to the southwest. | Trade language. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. NT: 1988. | |
| mit | Mixtec, Southern Puebla | 1,330 (1990 census). 386 monolinguals. | Oaxaca, southwestern Puebla, town of Zapotitlán Palmas. | 53% intelligibility of Cacaloxtepec (Huajuapan; closest). | Most children under 16 have little or no proficiency in Mixtec and are monolingual in Spanish. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 5%, 2 20%, 3 60%, 4 10%, 5 5%. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| miu | Mixtec, Cacaloxtepec | 848 (1990 census). 100 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 1,254. | Oaxaca, town of Santiago Cacaloxtepec. | 59% intelligibility of Silacayoapan (closest). | Most monolinguals are older adults. Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| miv | Mimi | 5,000 (1983). Ethnic population: 39,945 (1993 census). | Eastern, north of Biltine, near Jebels Batran and Agán, and scattered through Ouaddaï. Possibly in Sudan, in Dar Fur. | May be the same as Amdang. This Mimi is different from the Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes and the Mimi of Nachtigal (hitherto unidentified), which may be Maban (Doornbos and Bender 1983). | Most also use Chadian Arabic. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| miw | Akoye | 800 (1998 SIL). | Gulf Province, Kaberofe District, valleys between the Nabo Range and the Albert Mountains, Lohiki River. The largest group is living in a settlement in Kerema. | Close to Ivori. Similar to Tainae. | Little pride in the language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| mix | Mixtec, Mixtepec | 12,000 in Mexico (1990 census). 2,600 monolinguals (1990 census). | Oaxaca, San Juan Mixtepec, about 2000 located in Tlaxiaco (district head), San Quintín valley, Baja California. Also spoken in USA. | Distinct from other Mixtec. | Some speakers also use Spanish. | Bible portions: 1974. | Bible portions: 1974. | |
| miy | Mixtec, Ayutla | 8,500 (1990 census). 3,000 monolinguals. | Guerrero, Ayutla. | Distinct from other Mixtec. | Some speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1970–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1970–2002. | |
| miz | Mixtec, Coatzospan | 5,000 (1994 SIL). 500 monolinguals. | Oaxaca. | 25% intelligibility of Chazumba. Cuyamecalco is close, but inherent intelligibility is inadequate. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: Women: 0 90%, 1 5%, 2 2%, 3 1%, 4 1%, 5 1%; Men: 0 10%, 1 61%, 2 25%, 3 2%, 4 1%, 5 1%. Some speakers also use Mazatec. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 2003. | |
| mja | Mahei | 12,000. | Oaxaca. | Ethnic group or dialect of Hani or Akha. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: Women: 0 90%, 1 5%, 2 2%, 3 1%, 4 1%, 5 1%; Men: 0 10%, 1 61%, 2 25%, 3 2%, 4 1%, 5 1%. Some speakers also use Mazatec. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. NT: 2003. | |
| mjc | Mixtec, San Juan Colorado | 13,500 (1990 census). 3,100 monolinguals. | Oaxaca. | Ethnic group or dialect of Hani or Akha. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 35%, 2 5%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1994. | NT: 1994. | |
| mjd | Maidu, Northwest | 3 to 6 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). | Lower foothills of the Sierras, central California. The ethnic group is scattered. | A separate language from other Maidu varieties. | Speakers are older adults. Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mje | Muskum | Extinct. | West, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Bongor Subprefecture. Along the Logone River, west of Guélengdeng, village of Muskum (Mouskoun), 10 km north of Katoa. | Lexical similarity 40% with Musgu. | There was 1 speaker in 1976. Speakers now speak the Vulum dialect of Musgu. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| mjg | Tu | 152,000 (1999 Li Keyu). Very few monolinguals. Ethnic population: 190,000. | East Qinghai Province, Huzhu Tu Autonomous County; Gansu Province. | Huzhu (Mongghul, Halchighol, Naringhol), Minhe (Mangghuer). Said to be the most divergent of all the Mongolian languages. Intelligibility is reported to be low between dialects. Dongren speech of Huzhu is considered to be the standard. | Positive language attitude. Most can also speak Chinese or Tibetan. Written Chinese or Tibetan are used. 30,000 people have shifted to Chinese. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. About 2,000 can read it, 200 can write it. Roman script. Magazines. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 42%. About 2,000 can read it, 200 can write it. Roman script. Magazines. Films. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| mji | Kim Mun | 170,000 in Viet Nam (1999 J. Edmondson). | Northwestern Laos, Luang Namtha Province, Long, Namtha districts; Huay Sai Province; Nam Moh District, Udom Sai Province, Nam Moh District; Bokeo Province. | Dao Quan Trang, Dao Ho. Not intelligible with Iu Mien. Lexical similarity 78% with Iu Mien, 67% with Biao-Jiao Mien, 59% with Dzao Min. | A few know Lahu, Mien, Lao. | Roman script. Dictionary. | Roman script. Dictionary. | |
| mjj | Mawak | 25 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province, southwest of Mauwake. | Related to Hinahon. | A few know Lahu, Mien, Lao. | Roman script. Dictionary. | Roman script. Dictionary. | |
| mjl | Mandeali | 776,372 (1991 census). | Himachal Pradesh, Mandi District. | Preliminary survey suggests Mandeali speakers have functional intelligibility of Dogri-Kangri. Lexical similarity 89% with Palampuri Kangri, 83% with Chambeali. | All ages. Speakers use Hindi for instruction in school, shops, in cities; Panjabi, shops; or Urdu, middle aged or older. | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1970. | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible portions: 1970. | |
| mjn | Ma | 570 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 570. | Madang Province, 10 to 20 miles southwest of Saidor, Mibu village and Tariknan village along with hamlets of each village. | Mina. Related to Nankina (Jerung). | Vigorous. Used in the home. All ages. Interest in language retention and literacy. Tok Pisin is used only in the presence of outsiders and in their church services. Tok Pisin words are intermixed with the Ma language in cases where such a word is not indigenous to their culture. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. | |
| mjo | Malankuravan | 7,339 (1981 census). | Tamil Nadu, Kanniyakumari District; Kerala, Trivandrum, Kollam, Kottayam districts, Chittar, Kattachira, Rajanpara in the Ranni Range, Pathanamthitta Taluk, Nottakal in the Pathanapuram Taluk, on the banks of the Pampa River and in the forest tracts of Neduvanged Taluk. | Malayadiars. | Speakers also use Tamil. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Roman script. | |
| mjp | Malapandaram | 3,147 (1981 census). | Kerala, Kottayam, Ernakulam, Pathanamthitta and Koliam districts; Tamil Nadu. | Malayadiars. | Speakers also use Malayalam. | Literacy rate in second language: 37% (44% males, 31% females) (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 37% (44% males, 31% females) (1991 census). | |
| mjq | Malaryan | 16,068 (1991 census). | Kerala, Ernakulam, Idukki, Kottayam, and Trichur districts; Tamil Nadu. | Malayadiars. | May be in process of language shift to Malayalam. | Literacy rate in second language: 76% Malayalam. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 76% Malayalam. Grammar. | |
| mjr | Malavedan | 15,241 (1991 census). | Kerala, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Koliam, Trivandrum districts; Tamil Nadu, Kanniyakumari and Tirunelveli districts. | Vetan, Vettuvan. | First language dying out in Idukki district, being replaced by Malayalam. Speakers in other districts may be retaining the language. Speakers also use Tamil. | Literacy rate in second language: 32% (1981 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 32% (1981 census). | |
| mjs | Miship | 6,000 (1976 SIL). | Plateau State, Pankshin, Mangu, Shendam LGAs. | Doka. | First language dying out in Idukki district, being replaced by Malayalam. Speakers in other districts may be retaining the language. Speakers also use Tamil. | Literacy rate in second language: 32% (1981 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 32% (1981 census). | |
| mjt | Sauria Paharia | 110,000 in India (2000). Population total all countries: 122,000. | Jharkhand, northern part of former Santhal Pargana District, Rajmahal hills proper, mainly in Sahibganj and Godda districts, Litipara Block of Pakaur District; West Bengal, Bankura, Barddhaman, and Murshidabad districts. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Sahibganj, Godda, Hiranpur, Litipara (Chatgam). Inherent intelligibility with Kumarbhag Paharis is inadequate. Related to Kurux. Lexical similarity 80% with Kumarbhag Paharia. | First language dying out in Idukki district, being replaced by Malayalam. Speakers in other districts may be retaining the language. Speakers also use Tamil. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.9%. Literacy classes. Magazines. Newspapers. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.9%. Literacy classes. Magazines. Newspapers. NT: 1999. | |
| mju | Manna-Dora | 18,964 (1981 census). | Andhra Pradesh, East Godavari, Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram districts; Tamil Nadu. | Sahibganj, Godda, Hiranpur, Litipara (Chatgam). Inherent intelligibility with Kumarbhag Paharis is inadequate. Related to Kurux. Lexical similarity 80% with Kumarbhag Paharia. | First language dying out in Idukki district, being replaced by Malayalam. Speakers in other districts may be retaining the language. Speakers also use Tamil. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.8% Telugu (1981 census). Telugu script. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.8% Telugu (1981 census). Telugu script. | |
| mjv | Mannan | 7,289 (1991 census). | Kerala, Idukki District, Udumpanchola, Devikulam, Pirmed tahsils; Tamil Nadu, Madurai district. | Little variation between varieties of Mannan with 92% intelligibility, 70% intelligibility of Malayalam. Lexical similarity 86% to 96% between varieties of Mannan, 57% to 61% with Tamil, 56% to 64% with Malayalam. | Speakers are shifting slowly to Malayalam; used by some children. Used in the home, village, and religious domains. All ages. Positive. Interest in language development. Self-reported good comprehension of Malayalam. Educated and those having contact with outsiders are more bilingual. | Literacy rate in second language: 35% Malayalam (41% men, 30% women) (1991 census). Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 35% Malayalam (41% men, 30% women) (1991 census). Grammar. | |
| mjw | Karbi | 478,000. Population includes 341,000 Karbi (1997), 137,000 Amri (1997). | Assam, Karbi Anglong District, Mikir and Rengma hills, Kamrup, Nowgong districts; Arunachal Pradesh, Papumpare District, Balijan circle; Meghalaya, Jaintia, and East Khasi Hills districts; Nagaland, foothills around Dimapur. | Rong Kethang, Chingthang, Mirlong. | Some other groups speak Karbi as first language, including some Dimasa. Speakers of all ages use Assamese as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 17% (1971). Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1952. | Literacy rate in second language: 17% (1971). Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1952. | |
| mjx | Mahali | 66,000 (1991). | Jharkhand, Chotanagpur Region; Orissa, Balasore, Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar districts; West Bengal; Assam. | Possible dialect of Santali. | Speakers also use Oriya. | Literacy rate in second language: 17% (1971). Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1952. | Literacy rate in second language: 17% (1971). Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1952. | |
| mjy | Mahican | Extinct. | Formerly on the Upper Hudson River and later in Wisconsin. | Possible dialect of Santali. | Speakers also use Oriya. | Literacy rate in second language: 17% (1971). Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1952. | Literacy rate in second language: 17% (1971). Roman script. Grammar. Bible: 1952. | |
| mjz | Majhi | 246 in Sikkim (1981 census). | Jharkhand, Gumla District; Sikkim, South District, Majhigaon near Jorethang, East District, Majhitar near Rangpo; West Bengal; Assam. | Possible dialect of Santali. | Majhi used rarely at home; younger generation uses Nepali in Sikkim. | Literacy rate in second language: below 7%. Girls not sent to school at all. | Literacy rate in second language: below 7%. Girls not sent to school at all. | |
| mka | Mbre | 200 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 700. | About 20 km from Marabadiassa, northwest of Bouake and Diabo, in villages of Bondosso and Niantibo, having shrunk from 15 villages a few years ago. | Considerably different from surrounding Mande and nearby Kwa languages. | Speakers are shifting to Koro. | Literacy rate in second language: below 7%. Girls not sent to school at all. | Literacy rate in second language: below 7%. Girls not sent to school at all. | |
| mkb | Mal Paharia | 51,000 to 71,000 (1994). Possibly 40,000 in West Bengal. Ethnic population: 110,983 (2000 WCD). | Jharkhand southern part of former Santal Pargana District, Ramgarh Hills. Mainly in Dumka District, but many villages are in Pakaur, southern Godda, and Deoghar districts, and a few as far north as Depart village north of Borio in Sahibganj District. Reported in at least Bankura, Barddhaman, and Murshidabad districts of West Bengal. Possibly in Bangladesh. | Not inherently intelligible with Kumarbhag Paharia, Sauria Paharia, Bengali, or Hindi. Part of the Malto ethnic group. Speak a variety similar to Kharia Thar of Manbhum (Bihar). Dialects have 85% or higher lexical similarity with each other, but 59% with Mal Paharia Barmasiya and 55% with Khorta Babudoha. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. Some have shifted to Bengali or Khorta. | Literacy rate in second language: 12.8% male, 2.3% female, average 7.6% (1981). Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in second language: 12.8% male, 2.3% female, average 7.6% (1981). Bible portions: 1994. | |
| mkc | Siliput | 515 (2003 SIL). Population includes 242 in Makru-Klaplei plus 21 elsewhere. | Sandaun Province, Seleput village, Makru-Klaplei Division, Nuku District, north of Mehek. | Lexical similarity 30% with Yahang. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive language attitude. Some have shifted to Bengali or Khorta. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| mkd | Macedonian | 180,180 in Greece (1986 census). | Macedonia Region in Greece, Florina prefecture, northern Kastoria prefecture, and Thessalonica prefecture. | Northern Macedonian, Southeastern Macedonian, Western Macedonian. The standard dialect was recognized in 1944. | Used in religion, education. Speakers also use Greek. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1990. | Newspapers. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1990. | |
| mke | Mawchi | 76,000 (1997). | Southwest Gujarat; Maharashtra, Dhule District. | Gamti, Mawchi, Padvi. | Speakers also use Marathi. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | |
| mkf | Miya | 30,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Ganjuwa LGA, Miya town. | Gala, Faishang, Fursum, Demshin, Federe. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| mkg | Mak | 10,000 (1982 census). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Yangfeng, Fangcun, Jialiang, and Di'e villages in northwestern Libo County in Guizhou Province, and some in neighboring Dushan County, Guizhou. | Mak, Chi, Ching (Cham), Hwa, Lyo. Dialect differences are minor. Similar to Ai-Cham. | Local Chinese and Bouyei are used as second languages. | Grammar. | Grammar. |
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