1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ark | Arikapú | 6 (1998 SIL). | Rondônia, headwaters of the Rio Branco, tributary of the right bank of the Guaporé. | Similar to Jabuti. | Speakers are shifting to Portuguese. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| arl | Arabela | 50 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 500 (2002 SIL). | Arabela River, tributary of Napo, two villages. | Similar to Jabuti. | Official language. Some members of the ethnic group understand Arabela but do not speak it. Seriously endangered. Bilingual level estimates for Quechua: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 20%, 3 60%, 4 20%, 5 0%; Spanish: 0 0%, 1 20%, 2 40%, 3 30%, 4 10%, 5 0%. Quechua and Spanish are used as second language by speakers and by members of the ethnic group who do not speak Arabela. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1986. | |
| arn | Mapudungun | 100,000 in Argentina (2000). | Provinces of Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Buenos Aires, La Pampa. | Pehuenche. | All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 8%, 2 50%, 3 30%, 4 10%, 5 2%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21%. 85,000 are literate in Spanish. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 21%. 85,000 are literate in Spanish. NT: 1997. | |
| aro | Araona | 81 (2000 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 90 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Northwest, headwaters of Manupari River. | Pehuenche. | Vigorous. All ages. Knowledge of Spanish is increasing. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1974–1981. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1974–1981. | |
| arp | Arapaho | 1,038 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1977 SIL). | Wind River Reservation, Wyoming, and associated with the Cheyenne in western Oklahoma. | Pehuenche. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most or all speakers are older adults. | Bible portions: 1903. | Bible portions: 1903. | |
| arq | Arabic, Algerian Spoken | 20,400,000 in Algeria (1996 Hunter). Population total all countries: 21,097,000. | Also spoken in Belgium, France, Germany, Saint Pierre and Miquelon. | Constantine, Algiers, Oran. Eastern Algerian and Tunisian dialects are close, and Western Algerian and Moroccan dialects are close. | The Ouled Nail of Biskra speak Arabic, but are ethnically separate. 3,000,000 second-language speakers. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | |
| arr | Karo | 150 (2000 SIL). | Rondônia, and Mato Grosso. | Karo. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | |
| ars | Arabic, Najdi Spoken | 500,000 in Syria. Population includes 100,000 North Najdi, 100,000 Central Najdi (1995). | Syrian desert. | North Najdi (Shammar), Central Najdi. | Spoken by Bedouins. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | |
| aru | Arua | Extinct. | Syrian desert. | North Najdi (Shammar), Central Najdi. | Became extinct in 1877. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | Bible portions: 1872–1964. | |
| arv | Arbore | 4,441 (1998 census). 3,907 monolinguals (1998 census). Ethnic population: 6,559 (1998 census). | Extreme southwest, Omo Region, near Lake Stefanie. | North Najdi (Shammar), Central Najdi. | 3,108 second-language speakers. Komso is the lingua franca. | Literacy rate in second language: 13.9%. | Literacy rate in second language: 13.9%. | |
| arw | Arawak | 100 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). | Coastal area near Guyana, Delta Amacuro. | North Najdi (Shammar), Central Najdi. | Most also use Arawak, Spanish, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1850–1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1850–1978. | |
| arx | Aruá | 12 (1990). Ethnic population: 40 (2000 C. Jensen). | Rio Branco post, Branco and Guaporé rivers, Rondônia. | Aruáshi (Aruachi). | A few still remember the language. Most speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1850–1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1850–1978. | |
| ary | Arabic, Moroccan Spoken | 18,800,000 in Morocco (1995). Population total all countries: 19,480,600. | Northern Morocco and southern Morocco south of the Atlas Mountains, and including the port cities of the Sahara. Also spoken in Belgium, Egypt, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Netherlands, United Kingdom. | Rabat-Casablanca Arabic, Fez. Meknes, Tangier, Oujda, Jebli (Jebelia, Jbala), Southern Morocco Arabic, Marrakech. | 5,000,000 second-language speakers. Speakers are keenly aware of differences with other Arabic varieties. | NT: 1932. | NT: 1932. | |
| arz | Arabic, Egyptian Spoken | 44,406,000 in Egypt (1998). Population total all countries: 46,321,000. | Also spoken in Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. | North Delta Arabic, South Central Delta Arabic, Cairene Arabic. The media have established a normal Egyptian Spoken Arabic based on Cairo speech. Cairene is the most widely understood dialect used for nonprint media, both in Egypt and throughout the sedentary Arab world. It is an amalgam of Delta Arabic and Middle Egypt Arabic, with borrowings from literary Arabic. | National language. All domains. English or French used in academic settings. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | |
| asb | Assiniboine | Ethnic population: 1,983 (2000). | Fort Belknap and Fort Peck reservations, Montana. | Very close to the Assiniboine of Montana. Close to Stoney. Lexical similarity 94% with Dakota of Manitoba, 90% with Dakota of North Dakota, 89% with Lakota and Stoney. | All speakers are over 50 years, most over 60 years (1986). English is spoken extensively. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | |
| asc | Asmat, Casuarina Coast | 9,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 5,200 in Matia and 3,400 in Sapan. | Casuarina coast from the Ewta River in the north to the Kuti River in the south, inland as far as 25 km from the coast in some places. Merauke Kabupaten, Pantai Kasuari Kecamatan. | Matia, Sapan (Safan). | Used in the home and with friends. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | |
| asd | Asas | 333 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related to Sinsauru, Sausi, Kesawai, Dumpu. | Used in the home and with friends. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | Radio programs. TV. NT: 1932. | |
| ase | American Sign Language | 100,000 to 500,000 primary users (1986 Gallaudet Univ.) out of nearly 2,000,000 profoundly deaf persons in the USA (1988), 0.8% of the USA population. 15,000,000 hard of hearing persons in the USA (1989 Sacks). | English-speaking areas of Canada. | Black American Sign Language, Tactile Sign Language. In Canada there are dialect differences with USA ASL and regional differences from east to west. Structurally and grammatically distinct from Quebec Sign Language (LSQ). Has grammatical characteristics independent of English. A few adults know both ASL and LSQ. Most signers from eastern Canada use ASL with some British Sign Language vocabulary, a remnant from Maritime Sign Language, which came from British Sign Language. Black American Sign Language developed in segregated schools in the south. It contains much sign vocabulary not in ASL and some different grammatical structure. Tactile Sign Language is used by over 900 persons in Louisiana who know ASL, but have lost their sight from a generic cause: Usher's Syndrome. They communicate by touch on each other's wrists. Some have migrated to Seattle. Some have learned Braille. ASL has 43% lexical similarity with French Sign Language in an 872-word list. | Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Used for deaf college students, important public functions, job training, social service programs, sign language instruction for parents of deaf children, classes for hearing people, organization for sign language teachers, committee on national sign language. | The average deaf person graduates from high school with 3rd or 4th grade reading level in English. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1982–1996. | The average deaf person graduates from high school with 3rd or 4th grade reading level in English. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1982–1996. | |
| asf | Australian Sign Language | 14,000 (1991 Hyde and Power). | English-speaking areas of Canada. | Related to British Sign Language, with influences also from Irish and American sign languages. | Some signed interpretation in court, for college students, at important public events. Australian Signed English is distinct from Australian Sign Language. It is a manual system for English spelling, used by hearing people for communication with the deaf. It is used in teaching the deaf, and officially so in New South Wales. | Taught in primary schools. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | Taught in primary schools. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1999–2002. | |
| asg | Cishingini | 100,000 (2004 SIL). | Niger State, Borgu and Agwara LGAs, just west of the Niger River and north of the Kainji Lake National Park; and Kebbi State, east of the Niger River from the Yelwa area south to Ngaski and Nasko. | Rofia. A member of the Kambari cluster, which includes Tsishingini and Tsikimba. | Speakers can use Hausa and some can use English or other Kambari languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| ash | Abishira | Extinct. | Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha on the Napo River. | Rofia. A member of the Kambari cluster, which includes Tsishingini and Tsikimba. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| asi | Buruwai | 1,000 (2000). | South Bomberai Peninsula along the southwest part of Kamrau Bay, Fakfak Kabupaten, Kaimana Kecamatan; Yarona, Kuna, Esania, Marobia, Guriasa, Tairi, Hia, and Gaka villages. | Lexical similarity 60% with Kamberau. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| asj | Nsari | 7,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Donga-Mantung Division, western part of Nkambe Subdivision, on both sides of Ring Road between Misaje and Nkambe, three villages: Mbissa, Kamine, and Akweto. | Member of the Eastern Beboid cluster. Lexical similarity 84% with Ncane. | Some bilingualism in Ncane and Cameroon Pidgin. Schooling is in English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| ask | Ashkun | 1,200 (2000). | Pech Valley around Wama, northwest of Asadabad in Kunar Province. | Ashuruveri (Kolata, Titin Bajaygul), Gramsukraviri, Suruviri (Wamai). | Some bilingualism in Ncane and Cameroon Pidgin. Schooling is in English. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| asm | Assamese | 15,334,000 in India (1997). Population total all countries: 15,374,000. | Assam; West Bengal; Meghalaya; Arunachal Pradesh. Also spoken in Bangladesh, Bhutan. | Jharwa (Pidgin), Mayang, Standard Assamese, Western Assamese. | State language of Assam. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | |
| asn | Asuriní, Xingú | 63 (1994 ALEM). | At least one sizeable village, on Rio Piçava off Xingú River near Altamira, Pará. | Different from Asuriní of the Tocantins (Akwaya), and Arawete. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | Bengali script. Bible: 1833. | |
| aso | Dano | 30,000 (1987 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | Upper Asaro, Lunube Mado, Bohena, Amaizuho, Kongi. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | |
| asp | Algerian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | It has influenced the deaf community in Oujda in northern Morocco. | Most speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | |
| asq | Austrian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District. | Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Related to Russian Sign Language. The sign language used in class and that used by adults outside class are different. | Deaf people go to different schools, each using a different sign language. Sign language interpreters are used some in court. Professionals are required to know sign language in job training and social services programs. There is little research. There are a few classes for hearing people. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| asr | Asuri | 16,596 (2001). | Jharkhand, Gumla and Lohardaga districts of Chotanagpur Plateau; Chhattisgarh, Raigarh District, Jashpur area; Maharashtra; Orissa, Sambalpur District; West Bengal. | Brijia (Birjia, Koranti), Manjhi. | Speakers also use Sadri or Bengali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ass | Ipulo | 2,500 (1990 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, Akwaya Subdivision, southeast of Akwaya. | Olulu, Tinta, Etongo. Lexical similarity 90% between Olulu and Tinta. Lexical similarity 60% with Eman, 50% with Caka, 40% with Balo and Osatu, 35% with Esimbi. | Some speakers also use Cameroon Pidgin, Eman, or Caka. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| asu | Asuriní | 191 (1995 AMTB). | Trocará near Tucurui, on the Tocantins River, Pará. | In Akwáwa cluster. Close to Parakanã. Similar to Suruí do Pará. | Speakers are shifting to Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | |
| asv | Asoa | 25,474 (2000 WCD). | Orientale Province, Rungu Territory, Ituri Forest, among Mangbetu groups Maele, Meje, Aberu, and Popoi. | In Akwáwa cluster. Close to Parakanã. Similar to Suruí do Pará. | Some Asoa learn Mangbetu-Meje. Mangbetu men sometimes take Asoa wives, but Mangbetu women do not ordinarily marry Asoa men. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | |
| asw | Australian Aborigines Sign Language | No estimate available. | Southern, central, and western desert regions, coastal Arnhem Land, some islands of north coast, western side of Cape York Peninsula, islands of Torres Strait. | Not related to Australian Sign Language. | Used by hearing Aborigines as an alternate form of communication with speakers of other languages. Other nondeaf sign languages are used by some groups, such as Aranda, Warlpiri, Warumungu, during periods of mourning or hunting. Several such sign languages are also used by deaf persons. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | |
| asx | Muratayak | 811 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Rai Coast District, east of Saidor. | Related to Asaro'o, Bulgebi, Degenan, Forak, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | People in Yagomi villages are said to speak Muratayak. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973. | |
| asy | Asmat, Yaosakor | 2,000 (1991 SIL). | South coast along the Sirac River, Merauke Kabupaten, Agats, and Atsy kecamatans. | Related to Asaro'o, Bulgebi, Degenan, Forak, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | People in Yagomi villages are said to speak Muratayak. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| asz | As | 230 (2000 Wurm). | West Bird's Head, north coast, villages of Asbakin (main center), Maklaumkarta, and Mega. | Lexical similarity 60% with some dialects on Misool Island. | Speakers also use Moi or Indonesian. | NT: 1995. | NT: 1995. | |
| ata | Pele-Ata | 1,900 (1991 SIL). | West New Britain Province, Nakanai District, inland from Bongula Bay. | Pele, Ata. | Speakers also use Moi or Indonesian. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| atb | Zaiwa | 30,000 in Myanmar (1997). | Kachin State, Sedan, Kentung. | Zaiwa, Langwa, Polo. Close to Maru, Lashi, and Pela. Related to Phun, Achang. Dialects have only minor phonological differences. | They use Jingpho as lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| atc | Atsahuaca | Extinct. | Carama River, tributary of Tambopata, and Chaspa River, tributary of Inambari. | Zaiwa, Langwa, Polo. Close to Maru, Lashi, and Pela. Related to Phun, Achang. Dialects have only minor phonological differences. | They use Jingpho as lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| atd | Manobo, Ata | 26,653 (2000 WCD). | Mindanao, northwestern Davao. | Zaiwa, Langwa, Polo. Close to Maru, Lashi, and Pela. Related to Phun, Achang. Dialects have only minor phonological differences. | They use Jingpho as lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | |
| ate | Atemble | 60 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province. | Zaiwa, Langwa, Polo. Close to Maru, Lashi, and Pela. Related to Phun, Achang. Dialects have only minor phonological differences. | They use Jingpho as lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | |
| atf | Atuence | 590,000. | Yunnan-Tibet border. | It has been identified as Central Bodish (Shafer 1955, 1966), Archaic Nomad Dialect of Tibetan (Roerich 1931), or Central Tibetan (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). | They use Jingpho as lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | |
| atg | Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe | 20,000 (1973 SIL). | Edo State, Etsako and Akoko-Edo LGAs, villages of Ate, Okpekpe and Okpella. | Ivbie North (Ibie North), Okpela (Okpella, Ukpella, Upella), Arhe (Atte, Ate). Dialect cluster. | They use Jingpho as lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30%. NT: 2000. | |
| ati | Attié | 381,000 (1993 SIL). | Abidjan Department, subprefectures of Anyama and Alepe; Adzope Department, subprefectures of Adzope, Affery, Agou, Akoupe, Yakasse-Attobrou. | Naindin, Ketin, Bodin. The Bodin dialect is the most prestigious and numerous. | Speakers also use French, Jula, Anyin, Ebrie, Abbey, or Baoule. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Radio programs. NT: 1995. | |
| atj | Atikamekw | 3,995 (1998 Statistics Canada). | Three isolated communities on reservations of Manuane, Obedjiwan, Weymontachie, between La Tuque, Quebec, and Senneterre, Quebec, 200 to 400 km north of Montreal in south central Quebec, along the upper reaches of the St. Maurice River. | Nonpalatalized r-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect continuum. Very different from Montagnais and Naskapi in the nearby area. | Vigorous. Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| atk | Ati | 1,500 (1980 SIL). | Panay Island, small groups in all provinces. | Malay, Barotac Viejo Nagpana. | Used in the home and with friends. Barotac Viejo Nagpana is the prestige dialect. Bilingual level estimates for Hiligaynon: 1–3 5%, 3+ 11%, 4 50%, 4+ 32%, 5 2%; Kinaray-a: 1–3 9%, 3+ 30%, 4 61%, 5 0%. Hiligaynon is used for school, contact with outsiders, outside culture topics, jobs, religion. The Malay people mainly speak Malaynon. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| atl | Agta, Mt. Iraya | 150 (2000 Wurm). | East of Lake Buhi, Bicol Province, Luzon. | 54% to 86% comprehension of Naga (Central) Bicolano, 94% comprehension of Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 85% to 90% with Bicolano; 70% with Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 93% among four dialects. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Agta. Used in the home. A few children speak Agta. Negative language attitude. A population sample had 45% comprehension of Tagalog narrative. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| atm | Ata | 2 to 5 (2000 Wurm). | Mabinay, Negros Oriental. | 54% to 86% comprehension of Naga (Central) Bicolano, 94% comprehension of Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 85% to 90% with Bicolano; 70% with Mt. Iriga Agta, Iriga City dialect. Lexical similarity 93% among four dialects. | Negative language attitude. Speakers have high proficiency in Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| atn | Ashtiani | 21,099 (2000 WCD). | Ashtiyan and Tafresh, Markazi Province. | Ashtiani, Tafresh. Transitional between central Iranian dialects and Talysh. Dialects may be separate languages. Very close to Vafsi. | Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| ato | Atong | 4,200 (2000 SIL). | Northwest Province, Momo Division, extreme northwestern part of Widikum-Menka Subdivision, 5 villages. | Related to Menka and Manta. | Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| atp | Atta, Pudtol | 711 (2000 WCD). | Luzon, Kalinga-Apayao Province, Pudtol, on the Abulog River south of Pamplona. | Lexical similarity 86% with Pamplona Atta; 75% with Ibanag; 63% with Isnag; 81% with Faire Atta; 42% with Ilocano. | Speakers also use Ibanag or Pamplona Atta. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1983. | |
| atq | Aralle-Tabulahan | 12,000 (1984 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Mambi Subdistrict, between Mandar and Kalumpang. | Aralle, Tabulahan, Mambi. Aralle has 84% to 89% lexical similarity with other dialects listed, 75% to 80% with dialects of Pitu Ulunna Salu, Pannei, Ulumandak. | Speakers also use Ibanag or Pamplona Atta. | Bible portions: 1999. | Bible portions: 1999. | |
| atr | Atruahí | 350 (1995 SIL). | On the Alalau and Camanau rivers on the border between the state of Amazonas and the territory of Roraima, and on the Jatapu and Jauaperi rivers. 24 villages. | Atruahi, Waimirí (Uaimirí, Wahmirí), Jawaperi (Yauaperi). Related to Sapara, Pauxiana, Piriutite, and Tiquiriá. | Speakers also use Ibanag or Pamplona Atta. | Bible portions: 1999. | Bible portions: 1999. | |
| ats | Gros Ventre | 10 (1977 SIL). Very few semispeakers in 2000 (2001 Goddard). Ethnic population: 1,200 (1977 SIL). | Fort Belknap Reservation, Milk River, north central Montana. | Atruahi, Waimirí (Uaimirí, Wahmirí), Jawaperi (Yauaperi). Related to Sapara, Pauxiana, Piriutite, and Tiquiriá. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Bible portions: 1999. | Bible portions: 1999. | |
| att | Atta, Pamplona | 1,000 (1998 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,000. | Northwestern Cagayan Province, Luzon. | Comprehension of Ibanag North 97%, of Itawit 52%. Lexical similarity 91% with Ibanag North; 63% with Ilocano; 69% with Itawit. | Speakers also use Ilocano. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | |
| atu | Reel | 50,000 (1998 Atuot community). | Southern Sudan, Lakes Province. Bordering Ciec Dinka in the north near Panekar, Agar Dinka on the west near Lake Nyibor, Jur Modo on the south, and Ador Dinka in the east near Yirol. | No dialect differences. Lexical similarity 77% with Nuer; 49% with Dinka. | The Apak are fully bilingual in the Ciec dialect of South Central Dinka. The other subtribes are less bilingual. The Kuek and Rorkec have many monolinguals and are regarded as having the purest form of the language. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | |
| atv | Altai, Northern | 29,098 (2000 WCD). | Gorno-Altai Ao mountains, bordering on Mongolia and China. | No comprehension of Southern Altai. Considered a separate language outside the region. Teleut may be a separate language. | Southern Altai is rejected by children. Speakers also use Russian. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | |
| atw | Atsugewi | 3 (1994 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 200 (1977 SIL). 1,350 with Achumawi (2000 A. Yamamoto). | Northeastern California. | No comprehension of Southern Altai. Considered a separate language outside the region. Teleut may be a separate language. | Southern Altai is rejected by children. Speakers also use Russian. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | |
| atx | Arutani | 2 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 39 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). | Below the Sape of the Karum River area, Bolivar State, headwaters of the Paraqua and Uraricáa rivers. | No comprehension of Southern Altai. Considered a separate language outside the region. Teleut may be a separate language. | The remaining speakers also use Ninam. Most are intermarried with the Ninam, some with the Pemon (Arecuna), a few with the Sape, and they do not speak Arutani fluently. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. NT: 1996. | |
| aty | Aneityum | 600 (1983 SIL). | Aneityum Island. | No comprehension of Southern Altai. Considered a separate language outside the region. Teleut may be a separate language. | The remaining speakers also use Ninam. Most are intermarried with the Ninam, some with the Pemon (Arecuna), a few with the Sape, and they do not speak Arutani fluently. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1879. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1879. | |
| atz | Arta | 15 (2000 Wurm). Population includes 12 in Villa Santiago, 1 in Villa Gracia, 3 or 4 in Nagtipunan (1992 L. Reid). | Quirino Province, town of Aglipay, Villa Santiago and Villa Gracia, and town of Nagtipunan. | Not linguistically close to any other language (Lawrence Reid). | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Arta. Three families speak Arta in the home (1992 L. Reid). Negative or neutral language attitude. Other families are intermarried with Ilocano speakers or also use Casiguran Dumagat Agta. Negrito. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1879. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1879. | |
| auc | Waorani | 1,650 (2004). Ethnic population: 1,400 (2000 SIL). | Eastern jungle between the Napo and Curaray rivers. | Not linguistically close to any other language (Lawrence Reid). | All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 94%, 1 5%, 2 1%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Speakers also use Quichua. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| aue | =|Kx'au||'ein | 2,000 in Botswana (2004 Cook). | Ghanzi District: Grootelaagte, Kanagas, Ghanzi villages, and on the commercial farms. | Nogau. | Most bilinguals use Naro as second language; next most common is Tswana. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | |
| aug | Aguna | 3,470 (1992 census). | Zou Province, Djidja Subprefecture, around village of Agouna. | Nogau. | Most bilinguals use Naro as second language; next most common is Tswana. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | |
| auj | Awjilah | 3,000 (2000). Women are monolingual. | Cyrenaica, eastern Libya. | Nogau. | Mainly older speakers. Most men also use Libyan Spoken Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | |
| auk | Heyo | 2,708 (2000 census). 10% monolinguals. | Sandaun Province, Nuku District. | Lexical similarity 60% with Yahang. | Older men use Tok Pisin with difficulty; older women are monolingual. Two primary schools where English is used. Tok Pisin use more in the north than in the south. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | |
| aum | Asu | 5,000 (1998 Blench). | Niger State, Mariga LGA, several villages south of Kontagora. | Lexical similarity 60% with Yahang. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Nupe. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 14 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 10% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, English 0%; 55+ years 0%. | |
| aun | One, Molmo | 500 (2000 Crowther). Ethnic population: 500 (2000). | Sandaun Province. Between East Bewani and West Torricelli ranges, West Waipei Division, Molmo, Wisoli, Anononti, Laurela, Pusa villages. | North Aunalei, Central Aunalei, South Aunalei. Close to One Kabore, One Inebu, One Northern, One Southern, One Kwamtim. | 200 speakers of other One languages use it as second language when in One Molmo villages. All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. Tok Pisin used in church only. Other One languages used when visiting those villages. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | |
| auo | Auyokawa | Extinct. | Jigawa State, Keffin Hausa and Auyo LGAs. | North Aunalei, Central Aunalei, South Aunalei. Close to One Kabore, One Inebu, One Northern, One Southern, One Kwamtim. | 200 speakers of other One languages use it as second language when in One Molmo villages. All domains except church. All ages. Speakers have routine bilingual proficiency in Tok Pisin, but inadequate for abstract and complex concepts. Tok Pisin used in church only. Other One languages used when visiting those villages. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | |
| aup | Makayam | 1,298 (2003 SIL). | Western Province, Sumogi Island in Fly Estuary, Adulu, Lewada, and Suame villages. Giribam dialect spoken in Janor village. | Giribam. Lexical similarity 79% with Giribam, 52% with Bitur, 47% with Were, 32% with Baramu. | Lewada and Suame reported consistent use of the vernacular by children. The 82 residents of Janor village include native speakers of both Bitur and Makayam. The children use both Bitur and Makayam. Giribam is reportedly the sole language of the home in Janor village. Aduru village reported children starting to use English amongst themselves. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | |
| aur | Aruek | 740 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, north of Kombio. | Giribam. Lexical similarity 79% with Giribam, 52% with Bitur, 47% with Were, 32% with Baramu. | Lewada and Suame reported consistent use of the vernacular by children. The 82 residents of Janor village include native speakers of both Bitur and Makayam. The children use both Bitur and Makayam. Giribam is reportedly the sole language of the home in Janor village. Aduru village reported children starting to use English amongst themselves. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Tok Pisin. | |
| auu | Auye | 350 (1995 SIL). Ethnic population: 350 (2000 Moxness SIL). | Central Highlands, Siriwo River, mountains southeast of Cenderawasih Bay. Paniai Kabupaten, Napan Kecamatan. | Related to Ekari. | Vigorous. All domains, family, friends, church, home. All ages. Most speakers do not know Indonesian (2000 Moxness). | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Bible portions: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 25%. Bible portions: 1993. | |
| auv | Auvergnat | 1,315,000 (2004). | Auvergne; Haut-Auvergnat in Cantal and south of Haute-Loire; Bas-Auvergnat in the north of Haute-Loire and in Puy-de-Dome. | Haut-Auvergnat, Bas-Auvergnat. Highly fragmented dialect situation, with limited intelligibility between northern and southern varieties. | More vigorous use in the south. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Speakers also use French. | Bible portions: 1831. | Bible portions: 1831. | |
| auw | Awyi | 350 (2000 Wurm). | Northeast near Papua New Guinea border, just south of Jayapura, Jayapura Kabupaten, Arso Kecamatan. | Haut-Auvergnat, Bas-Auvergnat. Highly fragmented dialect situation, with limited intelligibility between northern and southern varieties. | More vigorous use in the south. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Speakers also use French. | Bible portions: 1831. | Bible portions: 1831. | |
| aux | Aurá | 2 (2004 SIL). | Live with the Guajá in Maranhão. Originally lived in Pará. | Haut-Auvergnat, Bas-Auvergnat. Highly fragmented dialect situation, with limited intelligibility between northern and southern varieties. | More vigorous use in the south. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Speakers also use French. | Bible portions: 1831. | Bible portions: 1831. | |
| auy | Awiyaana | 11,110 (2000). | Kainantu, Okapa districts, Eastern Highlands Province. 15 villages. | Haut-Auvergnat, Bas-Auvergnat. Highly fragmented dialect situation, with limited intelligibility between northern and southern varieties. | More vigorous use in the south. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Speakers also use French. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| auz | Arabic, Uzbeki Spoken | 700. | Uzbekistan, Bukhara Province; middle and lower Zerafshan Valley in Samarkand Province, and a few in Katta-Kurgan town. They mainly live in small villages. | Close to North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic. Sharp dialect differences between Bukhara and Kashkadarya regions. Bukhara is strongly influenced by Tajiki; Kashkadarya by Uzbek and other Turkic languages. May be a mixed language. | Speakers use Northern Uzbek to communicate with each other, and as literary language. Few members of the ethnic group now speak Arabic. No diglossia with Modern Standard Arabic. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| ava | Avar | 44,000 in Azerbaijan (1989 census). | Northwest, Zaqatala and Balakan regions. | Zaqatala (Zakataly, Char). | Trade language for Avar language group. Schools for the first two years, except in cities. Speakers also use Russian. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1979–1996. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1979–1996. | |
| avd | Alviri-Vidari | No estimate available. | Near Saveh, Markazi Province. | Alvir (Alviri), Vidar (Vidari). Related to Gozarkhâni and Vafsi. | Trade language for Avar language group. Schools for the first two years, except in cities. Speakers also use Russian. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1979–1996. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1979–1996. | |
| ave | Avestan | Extinct. | Near Saveh, Markazi Province. | Alvir (Alviri), Vidar (Vidari). Related to Gozarkhâni and Vafsi. | The language of the Zoroastrian scriptures, from 600 B.C. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1979–1996. | Taught in primary schools. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1979–1996. | |
| avi | Avikam | 21,000 (1993 SIL). | Southern Department, along the coastal plain of Grand Lahou, Avikam Canton. | Alvir (Alviri), Vidar (Vidari). Related to Gozarkhâni and Vafsi. | The language of the Zoroastrian scriptures, from 600 B.C. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1957. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1957. | |
| avl | Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken | 70,000 in Syria. | Southwest corner, Hawran Region, from the border to within 20 miles of Damascus. | South Levantine Bedawi Arabic, North Levantine Bedawi Arabic, Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic. | The language of the Zoroastrian scriptures, from 600 B.C. | TV. | TV. | |
| avn | Avatime | 24,000 (2003). | Southeast, center at Amedzofe (Amajofe). | Close to Nyangbo, Tafi. | Understood somewhat as a second language by speakers of nearby languages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | |
| avo | Agavotaguerra | 100 (1986 SIL). | Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, between the Curisevo and Culuene rivers, near the Kuikúro. | Related to Waurá and Yawalapiti. | Understood somewhat as a second language by speakers of nearby languages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | |
| avs | Aushiri | Extinct. | Tributaries of the right bank of the Napo River, Escuelacocha. | Related to Waurá and Yawalapiti. | Understood somewhat as a second language by speakers of nearby languages. Diminishing contact with Éwé. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Grammar. | |
| avt | Au | 8,000 (2000 census). 20% monolingual. | Sandaun Province, Lumi District, 19 villages in the foothills of the Torricelli Mountains. | Related to Waurá and Yawalapiti. | Some also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| avu | Avokaya | 25,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1989 SIL). Population includes 2,000 Ojila, 10,000 Northern Ogambi. | Orientale Province, Faradje Territory, close to Sudan border. | Ojila, Ajigu (Ajugu), Northern Ogambi, Avokaya Pur. | There is intermarriage and bilingualism with the Baka and Mundu, especially near Maridi. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| avv | Avá-Canoeiro | 56 (1995 SIL). | Goiás, Island of Bananal, and the upper Tocantins River valley. | Ojila, Ajigu (Ajugu), Northern Ogambi, Avokaya Pur. | All monolingual speakers. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| awa | Awadhi | 560,744 in Nepal (2001 census). | Lumbini Zone, Kapilbastu District; Bheri Zone, Banke and Bardiya districts. | Bagheli, Gangapari, Mirzapuri, Pardesi, Tharu, Uttari. | 19,996 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Abadhi). | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| awb | Awa | 2,054 (2003 SIL). | Okapa and Kainantu districts, Eastern Highlands Province. | Tauna, Ilakia, Northeast Awa, South Awa. | 19,996 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census, under Abadhi). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | |
| awc | Acipa, Western | 20,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Niger State, Kontagora LGA; Kebbi State, Sakaba LGA. Towns include Kumbashi, Kakihum, and Karisen. | Cep (Tochipo, Tacep, Western Acipanci). Morphological evidence suggests its affiliation with the Kamuku language cluster. Lexical similarity 89% to 95% among the dialects; 15% to 20% with Eastern Acipa; 18% with Hungworo; 16% to 17% with Shama; 15% to 17% with Kamuku. | The influence of the Hausa language is slight. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | |
| awe | Awetí | 90 (2000 SIL). | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, Rio Culiseu (upper Xingú River). | Cep (Tochipo, Tacep, Western Acipanci). Morphological evidence suggests its affiliation with the Kamuku language cluster. Lexical similarity 89% to 95% among the dialects; 15% to 20% with Eastern Acipa; 18% with Hungworo; 16% to 17% with Shama; 15% to 17% with Kamuku. | May be bilingual in Kamayurá. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | |
| awh | Awbono | 100 (1999 SIL). 100% monolinguals. | South of Tokuni on the Modera River. Kvolyab is on the south coast, northwest of Korowai. | Not related to Ok, Asmat, Awyu-Dumut, Momuna, or highland languages like Dani or Mek. Lexical similarity 55% with Bayono. | May be bilingual in Kamayurá. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1974–1997. | |
| awi | Aekyom | 8,000 (1987 UBS). | Western Province, Kiunga area. | North Awin, South Awin, East Awin. | May be bilingual in Kamayurá. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1987. | |
| awk | Awabakal | Extinct. | Lake Macquarie, south from Newcastle, New South Wales. | Awabagal, Cameeragal, Wonarua. | May be bilingual in Kamayurá. | Bible portions: 1891. | Bible portions: 1891. | |
| awm | Arawum | 60 (2000 Wurm). | Madang Province. | Related to Siroi, Pulabu, Kolom, Lemio. | May be bilingual in Kamayurá. | Bible portions: 1891. | Bible portions: 1891. | |
| awn | Awngi | 356,980 (1998 census). 279,326 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 397,491 (1998 census). | Amhara Region. Widely scattered parts of Agew Midir and Metekel, southwest of Lake Tana. | Related to Siroi, Pulabu, Kolom, Lemio. | 64,425 second-language speakers. 80% to 90% of speakers use Amharic as second language. | Bible portions: 1891. | Bible portions: 1891. | |
| awr | Awera | 70 (2000 Wurm). | Village at the mouth of the Wapoga River, east side of Cenderawasih Bay, Yapen Waropen Kabupaten, Waropen Bawah Kecamatan. Same community with 100 Ansus-speaking people. | Related to Siroi, Pulabu, Kolom, Lemio. | Some domains, home, community. Ansus and Indonesian are used widely in the community. | Bible portions: 1891. | Bible portions: 1891. | |
| aws | Awyu, South | 9,340 (2002 SIL). | Southeast near coast, north of lower Digul River. | Related to Siroi, Pulabu, Kolom, Lemio. | All domains, family, friends, religious services. | Bible portions: 1891. | Bible portions: 1891. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60