1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| llq | Lolak | 5,000 (1983 J. N. Sneddon). | Northeastern Sulawesi, villages of Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang. | Structurally related to Gorontalo, but with heavy lexical borrowing from Mongondow. Lexical similarity 79% with Mongondow, 66% with Ponosakan, 63% with Kaidipang. | Surrounded by Mongondow, which is the second language of speakers. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| lls | Lithuanian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Northeastern Sulawesi, villages of Lolak, Mongkoinit, and Motabang. | Structurally related to Gorontalo, but with heavy lexical borrowing from Mongondow. Lexical similarity 79% with Mongondow, 66% with Ponosakan, 63% with Kaidipang. | Surrounded by Mongondow, which is the second language of speakers. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| lma | Limba, East | 4,000 in Guinea (1993 Johnstone). Population includes 2,000 speakers of the Ke subdialect of Northern Limba (1991 J. Kaiser). | North central. | Northern Limba (Warawara, Ke-Woya-Yaka), Southern Limba (Biriwa-Saroko-Kalantuba-Sunko). | Surrounded by Mongondow, which is the second language of speakers. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| lmc | Limilngan | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Arnhem Land, between Mary River and W. Alligator River, from coast and inland. | Northern Limba (Warawara, Ke-Woya-Yaka), Southern Limba (Biriwa-Saroko-Kalantuba-Sunko). | Surrounded by Mongondow, which is the second language of speakers. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lmd | Lumun | 45,000 (1980 local count). | Northern Sudan, Talodi, Moro Hills; villages Toromathan, To'ri, and Canya'ru. | Lexical similarity 70% with closest Talodi languages. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Bible portions: 2001–2002. | Bible portions: 2001–2002. | |
| lme | Pévé | 5,720 in Cameroon (2000 WCD). | North Province, Mayo-Rey Division, northeast of Tchollire around Bouba-Ndjida Park. | Lamé, Doe (Doué), Dari. Related to Herdé and Ngueté, but phonology and grammar differences and ethnic attitudes make separate literature necessary. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | NT: 1986. | NT: 1986. | |
| lmf | Lembata, South | No estimate available. | South Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamalera and Lamatuka. | Lamé, Doe (Doué), Dari. Related to Herdé and Ngueté, but phonology and grammar differences and ethnic attitudes make separate literature necessary. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | NT: 1986. | NT: 1986. | |
| lmh | Lambichhong | 500 (1991 W. Winter). | Eastern bank of the Arun River, in a strip between Mugakhola and Sinuwakhola; Koshi Zone, Dhankuta District, Muga and Pakhribas panchayats. | Ethnically related to the Bantawa. | Speakers are shifting to Bantawa (D. Bradley 1996). | NT: 1986. | NT: 1986. | |
| lmi | Lombi | 12,000 (1993 SIL). | Orientale Province, Tshopo District, Bafwasende Territory, Barumi and Bekeni collectivités. Opienge, Banguruye, and Bangolu are centers. | Close to Mangbetu, but not as close as Mangbetu dialects are to each other. | Speakers are shifting to Bantawa (D. Bradley 1996). | NT: 1986. | NT: 1986. | |
| lmj | Lembata, West | No estimate available. | Western end of Lembata (Lomblen) Island, west of Levuka. Both mountain and coastal villages around the base of a volcano. | Close to Mangbetu, but not as close as Mangbetu dialects are to each other. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | NT: 1986. | NT: 1986. | |
| lmk | Lamkang | 10,000 in India (1999 village govt. census). | Betukshangreng village, 20 km from the border with southeast Manipur, India. | Closest to Anal Naga. | All ages. All understand Meitei. Some also speak Hindi or English. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% Meitei: 10 to 40 year olds (Towar 2000). Literacy help requested, only 2% can read Roman script. Roman script; Burmese script in Myanmar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% Meitei: 10 to 40 year olds (Towar 2000). Literacy help requested, only 2% can read Roman script. Roman script; Burmese script in Myanmar. NT: 2002. | |
| lmm | Lamam | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Near northeast corner on the Viet Nam border. | Related to Bahnar, Tampuan, Alak 1. | All ages. All understand Meitei. Some also speak Hindi or English. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% Meitei: 10 to 40 year olds (Towar 2000). Literacy help requested, only 2% can read Roman script. Roman script; Burmese script in Myanmar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% Meitei: 10 to 40 year olds (Towar 2000). Literacy help requested, only 2% can read Roman script. Roman script; Burmese script in Myanmar. NT: 2002. | |
| lmn | Lambadi | 2,867,000 (1994). Population includes 1,961,000 Lambadi (1994), plus 769,120 Banjari. | Andhra Pradesh; Madhra Pradesh; Himachal Pradesh; Gujarat; Tamil Nadu; Maharashtra; Karnataka; Orissa; West Bengal. | Maharashtra Lamani, Karnataka Lamani (Mysore Lamani), Andhra Pradesh Lamani (Telugu Lamani). | Speakers also use Telugu, Kannada, or Marathi. | Literacy rate in second language: 18% Marathi. Each of the three dialects needs a different script: Maharashtra uses Devanagari script, Karnataka uses Kannada script, Andhra Pradesh uses Telugu script. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in second language: 18% Marathi. Each of the three dialects needs a different script: Maharashtra uses Devanagari script, Karnataka uses Kannada script, Andhra Pradesh uses Telugu script. NT: 1999. | |
| lmo | Lombard | 303,000 in Switzerland (1995). | Ticino Canton and Graubünden in the Mesolcina District and two districts south of St. Moritz, central southeast Switzerland. | Ticinese (Ticino, Tessinian, Ticines, Ticinees). | Used more extensively in Switzerland than in Italy. 14.5% of the population of Switzerland speak 'Italian' every day (1990 census). Ticinese is the form of Lombard used in the home in Italy. Speakers are adequately bilingual in Standard Italian. | TV. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1859–1860. | TV. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1859–1860. | |
| lmq | Lamatuka | No estimate available. | Central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lewo Eleng. Several villages. Villages near the north coast are the result of recent government-induced migrations. | Lewo Eleng is probably the most closely related language. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | TV. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1859–1860. | TV. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1859–1860. | |
| lmr | Lamalera | No estimate available. | South coastal Lembata (Lomblen) Island, about 4 villages. | Lewo Eleng is probably the most closely related language. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lms | Limousin | 10,000. | Limousin Province. Haut-Limousin around Limoges, Guéret, and Nontron in Charente; Bas-Limousin around Correze and Périgord. | Haut-Limousin, Bas-Limousin. Limousin, Languedocien, and Gascon are structurally separate languages (F. B. Agard). Partially intelligible to Provençal. In the north of the province people use a transition dialect with certain Oïl (north French) features. | Few children speakers. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Most also use French. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lmt | Lematang | 150,000 (1989). | Southern Sumatra, around Muaraenim and another pocket southeast of Sarolangun. | Haut-Limousin, Bas-Limousin. Limousin, Languedocien, and Gascon are structurally separate languages (F. B. Agard). Partially intelligible to Provençal. In the north of the province people use a transition dialect with certain Oïl (north French) features. | Few children speakers. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Most also use French. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lmw | Miwok, Lake | 1 to 2 (1994 L. Hinton). | California, Clear Lake basin. | A separate language from other Miwok varieties. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lmy | Lamboya | 25,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Sumba Island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikabubak. | Lamboya, Nggaura. Close to Wejewa, Mamboru, Wanukaka, Anakalangu. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lmz | Lumbee | Extinct. Ethnic population: 30,000 (1977 SIL). | Formerly in southern North Carolina and into South Carolina and Maryland. | Lamboya, Nggaura. Close to Wejewa, Mamboru, Wanukaka, Anakalangu. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lna | Langbashe | 3,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1984 census). | Equateur Province, Nord Ubangi, Bosobolo Territory, along the Ubangi River, villages of Sidi, Bada, Zimango, Banga, Boduna, and a few other villages elsewhere in the territory. | May be intelligible with South Central Banda. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lnc | Languedocien | 5,000. | Languedoc Province, from Montpellier to Toulouse, Bordeaux, Rodez, and Albi. | Bas-Languedocien, Languedocien Moyen, Haut-Languedocien, Guyennais. A separate language from Provençal (P. Blanchet 1990). Gascon speakers have limited intelligibility of Languedocien. | Used with family and close friends. Mainly spoken in rural communities by all ages. Attempts to standardize Languedocien for all languages of southern France have not been accepted by speakers of those languages. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Languedocien resembles most the literary variety of Middle Occitan used in the Troubadours of the Middle Ages. Everyone speaks French as first or second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Roman script. Poetry. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1888–1982. | Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Roman script. Poetry. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1888–1982. | |
| lnd | Lundayeh | 12,800 in Malaysia (1982 SIL). Population includes 10,000 in Lun Bawang dialect in Sarawak (1987), 2,800 in Lun Daye in Sabah. | Southwestern border of Sabah and Sarawak. | Lun Bawang (Sarawak Murut), Lun Dayah, Adang, Balait (Tabun, Treng), Kolur, Padas, Trusan (Lawas, Limbang), Lepu Potong. | Used with family and close friends. Mainly spoken in rural communities by all ages. Attempts to standardize Languedocien for all languages of southern France have not been accepted by speakers of those languages. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Languedocien resembles most the literary variety of Middle Occitan used in the Troubadours of the Middle Ages. Everyone speaks French as first or second language. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | |
| lnh | Lanoh | 224 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 224 (2000 D. Bradley). | North central Perak. | Lun Bawang (Sarawak Murut), Lun Dayah, Adang, Balait (Tabun, Treng), Kolur, Padas, Trusan (Lawas, Limbang), Lepu Potong. | Used with family and close friends. Mainly spoken in rural communities by all ages. Attempts to standardize Languedocien for all languages of southern France have not been accepted by speakers of those languages. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Languedocien resembles most the literary variety of Middle Occitan used in the Troubadours of the Middle Ages. Everyone speaks French as first or second language. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | |
| lni | Lantanai | 300 (1990 SIL). | Bougainville Province, Kieta District, Piruneu' village. | Lun Bawang (Sarawak Murut), Lun Dayah, Adang, Balait (Tabun, Treng), Kolur, Padas, Trusan (Lawas, Limbang), Lepu Potong. | Used with family and close friends. Mainly spoken in rural communities by all ages. Attempts to standardize Languedocien for all languages of southern France have not been accepted by speakers of those languages. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Languedocien resembles most the literary variety of Middle Occitan used in the Troubadours of the Middle Ages. Everyone speaks French as first or second language. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | |
| lnj | Leningitij | Extinct. | Winduwinda area, Queensland. | Lun Bawang (Sarawak Murut), Lun Dayah, Adang, Balait (Tabun, Treng), Kolur, Padas, Trusan (Lawas, Limbang), Lepu Potong. | Used with family and close friends. Mainly spoken in rural communities by all ages. Attempts to standardize Languedocien for all languages of southern France have not been accepted by speakers of those languages. Attitudes are strong and differ about how different the Oc varieties are from each other. Languedocien resembles most the literary variety of Middle Occitan used in the Troubadours of the Middle Ages. Everyone speaks French as first or second language. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | Radio programs. Bible: 1982. | |
| lnl | Banda, South Central | 3,000 in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | Equateur Province. | Ngbugu (Ngubu, Ngbougou). | Some men are fluent in Lingala and Sango. Some use Mono, but they may not accept Mono literature. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | |
| lnm | Langam | 424 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province. | Related to Mongol, Yaul. | Some men are fluent in Lingala and Sango. Some use Mono, but they may not accept Mono literature. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | |
| lno | Lango | 20,000 (1987 SIL). | Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, Torit District. | A separate language from Otuho. | Speakers also use Otuho. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | |
| lnt | Lintang | 70,000 (1989). | Southern Sumatra, between Lahat and Kapahiang. | A separate language from Otuho. | Speakers also use Otuho. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | |
| lnu | Longuda | 32,000 (1973 SIL). | Adamawa State, Guyuk LGA; Bauchi State, Balanga LGA. | Nya Ceriya (Banjiram, Cirimba), Nya Gwanda (Nyuwar, Gwandaba), Nya Guyuwa (Guyuk, Plain, Turuba), Nya Dele (Jessu), Nya Tariya (Taraba). | Speakers also use Hausa, Fulfulde, Dera, Waja, or English. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Hausa. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Hausa. NT: 1978. | |
| loa | Loloda | 15,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 2,000 Bakun. | North Maluku, northwest coast of Halmahera. | Bakun. Intelligibility with Laba is very limited. Speakers have 85% intelligibility of Galela, Galela has 65% of Loloda. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1915. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1915. | |
| lob | Lobi | 155,800 in Côte d'Ivoire (1993 SIL). | Eastern Department, northern strip. | Gongon Lobi. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| loc | Inonhan | 85,829 (2000 WCD). | Southern Tablas Island, Romblon Province, Mindoro Oriental and Mindoro Occidental. | Bulalakaw, Dispoholnon, Looknon, Alcantaranon. Lexical similarity with 70% Odionganon (Bantuanon), 93% with Aklanon, 86% with Caluyanun. | Speakers also use Hiligaynon. | NT: 2000. | NT: 2000. | |
| lod | Berawan | 870 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Tutoh and Baram rivers in the north. | Batu Bla (Batu Belah), Long Pata, Long Jegan, West Berawan, Long Terawan. It may be two languages: West Berawan and Long Terawan, versus East-Central Berawang: Batu Belah, Long Teru, and Long Jegan (Blust 1974). | Speakers also use Hiligaynon. | NT: 2000. | NT: 2000. | |
| loe | Saluan, Coastal | 74,000 (1979 Barr). | East central Sulawesi; Luwuk, Balantak, Lamala, Buko, Totikum, Kintom, Batui, Pagimana, Bunta subdistricts; 136 villages. Loinang dialect is in the mountains. | Related to Kahumamahon Saluan, Balantak, Andio. Lexical similarity 53% with Bobongko, 62% with Andio, 51% with Balantak. | Speakers also use Hiligaynon. | NT: 2000. | NT: 2000. | |
| lof | Logol | 7,811 (2000 WCD). | Northern Sudan, on small isolated hills in the extreme eastern part of the Nuba Hills, between Talodi and the White Nile. | Lexical similarity 85% with Otoro (closest). | Speakers also use Hiligaynon. | NT: 2000. | NT: 2000. | |
| log | Logo | 210,000 (1989 SIL). Population includes 100,000 Ogambi. | Orientale Province, Faradje Territory, and town of Watsa. | Ogambi (Ogamaru, Northern Logo), Doka, Lolya, Obilebha (Obelebha, Obileba), Bhagira (Bagela), Bari (Bari-Logo, Bariti). A dialect cluster, with Lolya as central. Close to Avokaya and Omi. Avokaya in Democratic Republic of the Congo spoken in the northern Ogambi Area, may be closer to Logo than to Avokaya in Sudan. | Speakers also use Hiligaynon. | Bible portions: 1924–2000. | Bible portions: 1924–2000. | |
| loh | Narim | 3,623 (1983 Fukui). | Southern Sudan, western Boya Hills, around Mt. Kosodek and Mt. Lobuli. | Lexical similarity 74% with Murle, 83% with Didinga. | Speakers also use Hiligaynon. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| loi | Loma | 8,007 (2000 WCD). | Near Tèèn and Kulango areas. | Close to Tèèn and Kulango, but not inherently intelligible. Closer to Kulango than Tèèn is to Kulango. | Speakers also use Tèèn. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| loj | Lou | 1,000 (1994 SIL). | Manus Province, Lou Island. | Rei. Three very similar dialects. Rei is dominant. | Speakers also use Baluan-Pam or Titan. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. | |
| lok | Loko | 115,000 (1989 J. Kaiser TISLL). | Two separate areas; parts of the Koya, Ribbi, and Bumpe chiefdoms; Sanda Loko chiefdom. | Magbiambo, Gbendembu, Ngoahu, Nagbanmba, Sanda, Laia, Libisegahun, Koya, Ribbi, Buya. Close to Mende. | Speakers also use Baluan-Pam or Titan. | NT: 1983. | NT: 1983. | |
| lom | Loma | 141,800 (1991 Vanderaa). | Northwest Liberia Loffa County, border area. | Gizima, Wubomei, Ziema, Bunde, Buluyiema. Distinct enough from Toma of Guinea to need separate literature. | Speakers also use Baluan-Pam or Titan. | Literature and literacy program in progress. NT: 1971. | Literature and literacy program in progress. NT: 1971. | |
| lon | Lomwe, Malawi | 250,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Southeastern, south of Lake Kilwa, south of the Yao, northeast of the Sena. | Not intelligible with Lomwe of Mozambique. Different from Ngulu (Kingulu) of Tanzania. | Speakers also use Nyanja (Chewa). | Literature and literacy program in progress. NT: 1971. | Literature and literacy program in progress. NT: 1971. | |
| lop | Lopa | 5,000 (1996 Blench). | Niger State, Borgu LGA, Amboshidi and Tungan Bori, islands in the Niger River; Kebbi State, Yauri LGA. | Not intelligible with Lomwe of Mozambique. Different from Ngulu (Kingulu) of Tanzania. | Speakers also use Nyanja (Chewa). | Literature and literacy program in progress. NT: 1971. | Literature and literacy program in progress. NT: 1971. | |
| lor | Téén | 2,000 in Burkina Faso (1999). | Poni Province, Kampti Subdistrict, two pockets just west of Kampti. | Different from Kulango. Closest to Loma, Kulango, Nabanj. | Speakers also use Lobi, Jula, Loma, or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1985–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1985–1995. | |
| lot | Otuho | 135,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes Dongotono (1998), 2,500 Koriot, 1,000 Lomya. | Southern Sudan, Torit District, eastern Equatoria Province, east and southeast of the Luluba and the Lokoya. | Koriok, Logiri (Logir), Lomya (Lomia), Lorwama, Lowudo (Loudo, Lauda), Logotok. Lexical similarity 64% with Lokoya, 63% with Lopit, 60% with Dongotono. | Speakers also use Lobi, Jula, Loma, or French. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 1969. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 1969. | |
| lou | Louisiana Creole French | 60,000 to 80,000 (1985 Neumann). Ethnic population: 4,000,000 (1997 M. Melançon). | Predominantly in St. Martin parish (St. Martinville, Breaux Bridge, Cecilia), New Roads and Edgard, Louisiana, parts of east Texas, small community in Sacramento, California. | Different from Standard French, the Cajun French also spoken in Louisiana, Haitian Creole French, and others of the Caribbean. "No slaves (and few if any of the slaveowners) appear to have come from the French Antilles....What we now need is a careful comparison between Louisiana Creole and other French Caribbean creoles, detailing the similarities and differences" (D. Bickerton, Carrier Pidgin 1995 23(2):2). | Those over 60 prefer Creole, and those under 30 prefer English. 4.6% in the older group are monolingual in Creole. Some in the younger group are monolingual in English. Reported to have high proficiency in English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lov | Lopi | 4,775 (2000 WCD). | Possibly also in China. | Different from Standard French, the Cajun French also spoken in Louisiana, Haitian Creole French, and others of the Caribbean. "No slaves (and few if any of the slaveowners) appear to have come from the French Antilles....What we now need is a careful comparison between Louisiana Creole and other French Caribbean creoles, detailing the similarities and differences" (D. Bickerton, Carrier Pidgin 1995 23(2):2). | Those over 60 prefer Creole, and those under 30 prefer English. 4.6% in the older group are monolingual in Creole. Some in the younger group are monolingual in English. Reported to have high proficiency in English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| low | Lobu, Tampias | 1,800 (1985 SIL). | 3 villages in Ranau around Tampias. | High intelligibility of Upper Kinabatangan. Lexical similarity 73% with Lanas Lobu. | High bilingualism in Central Dusun. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| loy | Lowa | 7,500 (2001 census). Population includes 5,000 Upper Mustang and 2,500 Baragaunle. | Dhaulagiri Zone, Mustang District, north central along the upper Kali Gandaki River and in surrounding high valleys north of the middle-range Thakali, Gurung and Magar areas - Bahragaun dialect spoken in Kagbeni, Muktinath, Dzong VDCs; Upper Mustang spoken in Ghimi, Tsarang, Lo Monthang, Surkhang, Chhosher, Chunnup VDCs, and the Village of Samar in Chuksang VDC; very few in Karnali Zone, Dolpa District. | Baragaunle (Baragaun, Baragaon, Bhoti Gurung), Upper Mustang (Lowa). Close to Dolpo. Reported high intelligibility between dialects. Lexical similarity 80% to 90% between dialects, 59% to 71% with Dolpo, 54% to 57% with Lhasa Tibetan, 58% to 67% with Mugom. | Some young people have had whole education outside of language area and may not be able to speak the first language. Used in the home, religion. Lowa spoken with Seke and Dolpo speakers. All ages. Language variety in the capital, Lo Monthang, has highest prestige. No strong negative attitudes between dialects. Positive attitudes toward own language and want children to marry within language group. Use Nepali with Thakali and Nepali speakers. Tibetan and Drokpa (a dialect of western Tibet) are also spoken. | Literacy rate in second language: 41% for whole district, includes Thakalis, Nepalis, etc. (males 57%, females 28%). | Literacy rate in second language: 41% for whole district, includes Thakalis, Nepalis, etc. (males 57%, females 28%). | |
| lpe | Lepki | 530 (1991 SIL). | Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Okbibab Kecamatan, on the Sogber River, east and north of the Ketengban. | Baragaunle (Baragaun, Baragaon, Bhoti Gurung), Upper Mustang (Lowa). Close to Dolpo. Reported high intelligibility between dialects. Lexical similarity 80% to 90% between dialects, 59% to 71% with Dolpo, 54% to 57% with Lhasa Tibetan, 58% to 67% with Mugom. | Used in the home, religious services, and market. Some speakers at Luban have some ability in Ketengban. | Literacy rate in second language: 41% for whole district, includes Thakalis, Nepalis, etc. (males 57%, females 28%). | Literacy rate in second language: 41% for whole district, includes Thakalis, Nepalis, etc. (males 57%, females 28%). | |
| lpo | Lipo | 60,068 (1993). | Around Taku, east Yunnan, highland areas. | Not intelligible with Lisu. | Used in the home, religious services, and market. Some speakers at Luban have some ability in Ketengban. | NT: 1951. | NT: 1951. | |
| lpx | Lopit | 50,000 (1995 Scott Randal). | Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, Lopit Hills, northeast of Torit. | Lexical similarity 63% with Otuho. | Used in the home, religious services, and market. Some speakers at Luban have some ability in Ketengban. | NT: 1951. | NT: 1951. | |
| lra | Lara' | 8,272 in Indonesia (2000 WCD). | Upper Lundu and Sambas rivers, around Bengkayang east of Gunung Pendering, and farther north, Pejampi and two other villages. | Related to Bukar-Sadong. | Used in the home, religious services, and market. Some speakers at Luban have some ability in Ketengban. | NT: 1951. | NT: 1951. | |
| lrc | Luri, Northern | 1,500,000 (2001). Ethnic population: 1,700,000 (2001). | Western Iran: Central and Southern Lorestan, Northern Khuzestan, Southern Hamadan Province, the southern edge of Markazi Province, some regions of Ilam, and possibly a small population in eastern Iraq. Populations also in Khorramabad, Borujerd, Andimeshk. | Khorramabadi, Borujerdi, Nahavandi, Andimeshki, Bala-Gariva'i, Mahali (Rural), Cagani. The major Northern Luri dialects (Khorramabadi, Borujerdi, etc.) are found in Lorestan and Khuzestan. Some local regions in Ilam Province (Posht-e Kuh) are said to speak Northern Luri dialects. Mainly south Kurdish dialects are spoken in Ilam Province (Fattah 2000). Also, according to Fattah, there are a small number of villages in Iraq, where a dialect of Northern Luri may be spoken. Close to Kumzari. Lexical similarity of Mahali dialect 80% with Western Farsi, 69% with Laki, and 73% with Bakhtiari (Haflang); Khorramabadi dialect 85% with Western Farsi, 78% with Laki, and 75% with Bakhtiari (Haflang). Similarity to Western Farsi is due to language shift, but also to lexical borrowing. | Vigorous. Used in the home, commerce. All ages. Speakers also use Western Farsi or Laki. | Poetry. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | Poetry. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lre | Laurentian | Extinct. | Along the St. Lawrence River. | Khorramabadi, Borujerdi, Nahavandi, Andimeshki, Bala-Gariva'i, Mahali (Rural), Cagani. The major Northern Luri dialects (Khorramabadi, Borujerdi, etc.) are found in Lorestan and Khuzestan. Some local regions in Ilam Province (Posht-e Kuh) are said to speak Northern Luri dialects. Mainly south Kurdish dialects are spoken in Ilam Province (Fattah 2000). Also, according to Fattah, there are a small number of villages in Iraq, where a dialect of Northern Luri may be spoken. Close to Kumzari. Lexical similarity of Mahali dialect 80% with Western Farsi, 69% with Laki, and 73% with Bakhtiari (Haflang); Khorramabadi dialect 85% with Western Farsi, 78% with Laki, and 75% with Bakhtiari (Haflang). Similarity to Western Farsi is due to language shift, but also to lexical borrowing. | Vigorous. Used in the home, commerce. All ages. Speakers also use Western Farsi or Laki. | Poetry. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | Poetry. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lrg | Laragia | 6 (1983 Black). | Darwin area, Northern Territory. | Khorramabadi, Borujerdi, Nahavandi, Andimeshki, Bala-Gariva'i, Mahali (Rural), Cagani. The major Northern Luri dialects (Khorramabadi, Borujerdi, etc.) are found in Lorestan and Khuzestan. Some local regions in Ilam Province (Posht-e Kuh) are said to speak Northern Luri dialects. Mainly south Kurdish dialects are spoken in Ilam Province (Fattah 2000). Also, according to Fattah, there are a small number of villages in Iraq, where a dialect of Northern Luri may be spoken. Close to Kumzari. Lexical similarity of Mahali dialect 80% with Western Farsi, 69% with Laki, and 73% with Bakhtiari (Haflang); Khorramabadi dialect 85% with Western Farsi, 78% with Laki, and 75% with Bakhtiari (Haflang). Similarity to Western Farsi is due to language shift, but also to lexical borrowing. | All speak English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lrk | Loarki | 20,000 (1998). | Sindh Province, rural. 500 to 750 in India. | Probably the same as Gade Lohar in Rajasthan, India, a Rajasthani language. Lexical similarity 82% with Jogi, 80% with Marwari. | All domains. All ages. All ages and sexes speak Sindhi, the educated or those working outside the community speak Urdu for most common topics. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% boys, some older men, no girls or women in Sindhi, some Urdu. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% boys, some older men, no girls or women in Sindhi, some Urdu. | |
| lrl | Lari | 80,000. Ethnic population: 100,000. | Throughout Lar District, South Fars Province; Shiraz; United Arab Emirates. | Lari. Verbal system is quite distinct from Western Farsi. | Vigorous. Used in home, commerce. Speakers also use Western Farsi or Gulf Spoken Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| lrn | Lorang | 325 (1995 SIL). | Village of Lorang, center of Aru, on Koba Island. Southeast Maluku. | Close to Koba, and to a lesser extent to Dobel. Some similarities with Manombai, but intelligibility is lower than might be expected. | Vigorous. Speakers use several local languages to some degree and speak Dobel from childhood. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| lro | Laro | 40,000 (1998 local). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills on the hills of Laro (Alleira) and a few small hills nearby. | Tunduli, Laro. Lexical similarity 90% with Heiban (closest). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| lrr | Lorung, Southern | 5,761 (2000 WCD). | Koshi Zone, Dhankuta District, in a small strip south of the Tamorkhola, between the Jaruwakhola in the east and the Raghuwkhola in the west, Bodhe, Maunabuduke, and Rajarani panchayats. | Gess. A Rai group. Related to Yamphu, Yamphe, Northern Lorung, and Yakkha, but a separate language. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| lsa | Lasgerdi | No estimate available. | In Lasjerd, Semnan Province (40 km southwest of Semnan). | Related to Sorkhei. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| lsd | Lishana Deni | 7,000 to 8,000 (1999 H. Mutzafi). Ethnic population: 9,061 (2000 WCD). | Jerusalem and vicinity, including Maoz Tsiyon. Originally from northwest Iraqi Kurdistan. | Zakho, Amadiya, Barashe, Shukho, Nerwa, Dohuk, Atrush, Bétanure. Resembles Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, but there are differences in morphology and other features. Inherent intelligibility is high between them. Low intelligibility of Ashirat dialects of Assyrian New-Aramaic; not intelligible with other Neo-Aramaic varieties. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Hebrew script. Bible portions. | Hebrew script. Bible portions. | |
| lsg | Lyons Sign Language | No estimate available. | Jerusalem and vicinity, including Maoz Tsiyon. Originally from northwest Iraqi Kurdistan. | 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility of French Sign Language. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Hebrew script. Bible portions. | Hebrew script. Bible portions. | |
| lsi | Lashi | 1,800 (1997). | Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Ruili counties, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan. | 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility of French Sign Language. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| lsl | Latvian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Ruili counties, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan. | 250 miles from Paris, but difficult and little intelligibility of French Sign Language. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| lso | Laos Sign Language | No estimate available. | Luxi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Ruili counties, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, western Yunnan. | Related to sign languages in Viet Nam and earlier ones in Thailand. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| lsr | Aruop | 700 (1991 SIL). | Sandaun Province, 6 villages. | Related to sign languages in Viet Nam and earlier ones in Thailand. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| lss | Lasi | 15,000 (1998). | Southeast Balochistan Province, Las Bela District, about 80 miles north northwest of Karachi. | Related to sign languages in Viet Nam and earlier ones in Thailand. | The Shukho dialect probably extinct. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| lti | Leti | 7,500 (1995 SIL). | Leti Island. | Marginal intelligibility of Luang. They have difficulty with written Luang. Lexical similarity 89% with Luang. | They share a historical and cultural heritage with Luang, but maintain their own identity and local pride. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ltz | Luxembourgeois | Few speakers in Germany. | Bitburg area in western Germany. | As distinct from Standard German as is Dutch (Stephens 1976), and not inherently intelligible with it. A Moselle variety of Frankish-German origin, related to varieties of Mitteldeutsch of Belgium. | The common language of French and German coal miners. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| luc | Aringa | 588,830 (1991 census). | Northwest corner, north of Lake Albert, Aringa county, north of Lugbara, west of Ma'di. Not in Sudan. | As distinct from Standard German as is Dutch (Stephens 1976), and not inherently intelligible with it. A Moselle variety of Frankish-German origin, related to varieties of Mitteldeutsch of Belgium. | The speakers of Lugbara and Ma'di both consider Aringa to be a separate but related language. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| lud | Ludian | 5,000 (2000 Salminen). | Karelian ASSR. | Ludian is transitional between Livvi and Veps. A separate language from Karelian (Juha Janhunen 1990). May be separate from Livvi. | Some children speakers. Speakers also use Russian. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| luf | Laua | 1 (1987 SIL). | Central Province, north and west of Laua. | Ludian is transitional between Livvi and Veps. A separate language from Karelian (Juha Janhunen 1990). May be separate from Livvi. | Some children speakers. Speakers also use Russian. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 99% German, French. Written Luxembourgeois taught in schools. Letters often written in it. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 2000. | |
| lui | Luiseño | 30 to 40 (2000 L. Hinton). Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | Southern California. | Juaneño (Ajachema, Ajachemem, Agachemem, Acgachemem), Luiseño. | Juaneño dialect is extinct. Speakers are shifting to English. There are language preservation efforts. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| luk | Lunanakha | 700 (1998). | North, northeastern quadrant of Punakha District, community of Lunana, on the Pho Chhu River north from Punakha, on the right fork about halfway up the valley. | Close to Dzongkha, but many divergent grammatical features limit intelligibility between them. | Juaneño dialect is extinct. Speakers are shifting to English. There are language preservation efforts. Speakers are older adults. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| lul | Olu'bo | 15,000 (1985 SIL). | Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, about 30 miles east of the Nile River. Main town Lokiliri, between Juba-Torit and Juba-Nimule roads. | Close to Dzongkha, but many divergent grammatical features limit intelligibility between them. | There is strong interest in using Olu'bo for education. Many also use Bari. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| luo | Luo | 280,000 in Tanzania (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Mara Region, near Kenya border, east of Lake Victoria. | Close to Dzongkha, but many divergent grammatical features limit intelligibility between them. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1953–1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1953–1977. | |
| luq | Lucumi | No estimate available. | Mara Region, near Kenya border, east of Lake Victoria. | Close to Dzongkha, but many divergent grammatical features limit intelligibility between them. | A secret language used for ritual by the Santeria religion. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1953–1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1953–1977. | |
| lur | Laura | 10,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Northwest Sumba, between Kodi and Mamboru. | Laura, Mbukambero (Bukambero). Not intelligible with Kodi. | A secret language used for ritual by the Santeria religion. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1953–1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1953–1977. | |
| lus | Mizo | 12,500 in Myanmar (1983). | Western Myanmar. | Dulien, Ngente, Mizo. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | |
| lut | Lushootseed | 60 (1990 M. D. Kinkade). Population evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1990 M. D. Kinkade). | Washington, Puget Sound area. | Northern Lushootseed (Northern Puget Sound Salish), Southern Lushootseed (Southern Puget Sound Salish). Northern Lushootseed includes subdialects Skagit, Snohomish, and Swinomish; southern Lushootseed includes Duwamish, Nisqually, Puyallup, and Suquamish. | There are numerous programs starting up around Puget Sound teaching Lushootseed, in which children, parents, and elders are taking part. It is also being introduced as a language available at local colleges. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | |
| luu | Lumba-Yakkha | 1,197 (2000). | Koshi Zone, North Dhankuta District, Arkhaule Jitpur and Marek Katahare panchayats, around Lakhshmikhola. | Related to Yakkha, Chhulung, Chhintange, and Lambichhong. | There appears to be retention of language use at least among some members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | |
| luv | Luwati | 5,000 (1996). | In a walled quarter of Mutrah, facing the old harbor, and in Muscat and other cities. | Related to Yakkha, Chhulung, Chhintange, and Lambichhong. | There appears to be retention of language use at least among some members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | |
| luw | Luo | 1 (1995 Connell). | A section of Atta. | Related to Yakkha, Chhulung, Chhintange, and Lambichhong. | There appears to be retention of language use at least among some members of the younger generation (Winter 1991). | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | Literacy rate in second language: 60% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Magazines. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1959–1995. | |
| luz | Luri, Southern | 875,000 (1999). 300,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 900,000. | Kohgiluyeh va Boyerahmad Province (Yasuj is center of Boyerahmadi, Dehdasht is center of Kohgiluyeh), eastern Khuzestan Province (Kohgiluyeh), Northwestern Fars Province (Nurabad is center of Mamasani, Shul is center of Shuli), Shiraz. | Boyerahmadi, Yasuji (Yasichi), Kohgiluyeh, Mamasani, Shuli. Southern Luri is on a continuum between Bakhtiari and Western Farsi "dialects" such as Bushehri and Fars Province varieties. There is a non-Lur tribe in Fars Province called Kurdshuli, which is reported to speak a Southern Luri dialect. Their winter quarters are at Qasr-e Dasht near Sivand, which is 70 km from Sharaz on the Shiraz-Esfahan road (Ivanow 1959, unpublished). Close to Kumzari. Lexical similarity 75% with Western Farsi, 80% with Bushehri dialect of Western Farsi; Mamasani dialect 75% with Bakhtiari, Boyerahmadi dialect 86% with Bakhtiari. | Vigorous. Used in the home, commerce, some media. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Western Farsi: 1 25%, 2 35%, 3 35%, 4 5%, 5 0%. Older people and women are much less bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lva | Maku'a | 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 50. | Northeast tip of Timor Island, around Tutuala. | Boyerahmadi, Yasuji (Yasichi), Kohgiluyeh, Mamasani, Shuli. Southern Luri is on a continuum between Bakhtiari and Western Farsi "dialects" such as Bushehri and Fars Province varieties. There is a non-Lur tribe in Fars Province called Kurdshuli, which is reported to speak a Southern Luri dialect. Their winter quarters are at Qasr-e Dasht near Sivand, which is 70 km from Sharaz on the Shiraz-Esfahan road (Ivanow 1959, unpublished). Close to Kumzari. Lexical similarity 75% with Western Farsi, 80% with Bushehri dialect of Western Farsi; Mamasani dialect 75% with Bakhtiari, Boyerahmadi dialect 86% with Bakhtiari. | Younger generation uses Fataluku as first or second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lvk | Lavukaleve | 1,783 (1999 SIL). | Russell Islands, northwest of Guadalcanal, central Solomons. | Boyerahmadi, Yasuji (Yasichi), Kohgiluyeh, Mamasani, Shuli. Southern Luri is on a continuum between Bakhtiari and Western Farsi "dialects" such as Bushehri and Fars Province varieties. There is a non-Lur tribe in Fars Province called Kurdshuli, which is reported to speak a Southern Luri dialect. Their winter quarters are at Qasr-e Dasht near Sivand, which is 70 km from Sharaz on the Shiraz-Esfahan road (Ivanow 1959, unpublished). Close to Kumzari. Lexical similarity 75% with Western Farsi, 80% with Bushehri dialect of Western Farsi; Mamasani dialect 75% with Bakhtiari, Boyerahmadi dialect 86% with Bakhtiari. | Younger generation uses Fataluku as first or second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lvu | Levuka | No estimate available. | West central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lamalera. | Levuka, Kalikasa. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lwe | Lewo Eleng | No estimate available. | East central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamatuka and Kedang. Several villages. Villages near the north coast are the result of recent government-induced migrations. | Lamatuka is probably the most closely related language. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lwh | Lachi, White | 1,602 (1990 Liang Min). 300 households. | Hà Giang Province, northern Viet Nam south of Maguan in China, Manbang and Manmei. | Lexical similarity 30% to 40% with other Lachi. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 0%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Poetry. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| lwl | Lawa, Eastern | 7,000 (1987 D. Schlatter). | Northern; Chiangmai, Chiangrai, one village: Wiang Papao. | Phalo, Phang. Not intelligible with Western Lawa. Phalo (100) and Phang (100) are treated as distinct languages in Wurm and Hattori 1981. | Speakers also use Northern Tai. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| lwo | Luwo | 80,000 (1983 census). | Southern Sudan, Bahr el Ghazal, north of Wau toward Aweil, southeast of Wau as far as Tonj. | Different from Lwo of Uganda, or Luo of Kenya and Tanzania, but related. | Vigorous. Thuri speakers sometimes use Luwo as second language. All domains, local administration, some use in schools, churches. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Dinka, English, or Arabic. | NT: 2003. | NT: 2003. | |
| lwt | Lewotobi | 289,357 (2000 WCD). | Eastern Flores, south of Lamaholot and east of Sika. | Different from Lwo of Uganda, or Luo of Kenya and Tanzania, but related. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | NT: 2003. | NT: 2003. | |
| lya | Layakha | 1,100 (2003). | Northern Punakha District, around Laya; Gasa District; Thimphu District, Lingzhi gewog. | Close to Dzongkha, but many divergent grammatical features significantly limit intelligibility between them. Spoken by Layabs, alpine yakherds in northern Bhutan, and Lingzhibs in Western Bhutan. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | NT: 2003. | NT: 2003. | |
| lzz | Laz | 2,000 in Georgia (1982). | Adjar, Georgia, a couple of villages. | Xopa (Hopa), Chxala (Ckhala), Vice-Arxava (Vital-Arkhava), Atina, Samurzakan-Zugdidi, Senaki. | Georgian used as literary language. | NT: 2003. | NT: 2003. | |
| maa | Mazatec, San Jerónimo Tecóatl | 34,000 (1990 census). Population includes 8,000 in Puebla. | Oaxaca, San Jerónimo Tecóatl, San Lucas Zoquiapan, Santa Cruz Acatepec, San Antonio Eloxochitlán, San Pedro Ocopetatillo, San Lorenzo, Santa Ana municipios, and a few in Puebla. 12 towns. | San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec, San Antonio Eloxochitlán Mazatec, San Lucas Zoquiapan Mazatec, Santa Cruz Ocopetatillo Mazatec, San Lorenzo Cuanecuiltitla Mazatec, Santa Ana Ateixtlahuaca Mazatec, San Francisco Huehuetlán Mazatec. 76% intelligibility of Huautla (closest), 26% of Jalapa. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 30%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 5%, 4 5%, 5 5%. | Taught in primary schools. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1995–1999. | Taught in primary schools. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1995–1999. |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60