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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kvs | Kunggara | 10 (1971 SIL). | Normanton, Delta, Queensland. | Ulu, Mamaq, Akit, Talang, Sakei. | Vigorous. | Traditional script. | Traditional script. | |
| kvt | Karen, Lahta | 9,550 (2000 WCD). | Southern Shan State. | Ulu, Mamaq, Akit, Talang, Sakei. | Vigorous. | Traditional script. | Traditional script. | |
| kvu | Karen, Yinbaw | 7,300 (1983). | Shan Plateau of eastern Shan State. | Reported to be a variety of Padaung. | Vigorous. | Traditional script. | Traditional script. | |
| kvv | Kola | 7,700 (1995 SIL). | North Aru Islands, all around the coast of Kola Island and adjacent islands, south Maluku. 22 villages. | Intelligibility testing showed Marlasi is intelligible to Kompane speakers, but with some possible adaptation of literature needed. Lexical similarity 77% with Kompane, 70% with Ujir. | Vigorous. Outsiders want to learn it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 2004. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 2004. | |
| kvw | Wersing | 3,700 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Alor Island, east coast around Kolana, southeast coast at Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on north central north coast. | Kolana, Maneta, Langkuru (Pureman, Mademang). Close to Kamang. | Vigorous. Outsiders want to learn it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 2004. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 2004. | |
| kvx | Koli, Parkari | 250,000 (1995). | Centered in Tharparkar District, especially the town of Nagar Parkar in the southeastern tip of Sindh bordering India. It covers most of the lower Thar Desert and west as far as the Indus River, bordered in the north and west by Hyderabad, and down to the south and west of Badin. An unknown (probably small) population in India. | Lexical similarity 77% to 83% with Marwari Bhil, 83% with Tharadari Koli. | Vigorous. Outsiders want to learn it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | |
| kvy | Karen, Yintale | 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Bawlakhè part of Kayah State. | Reported to be a variety of Kayah. | Vigorous. Outsiders want to learn it. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | |
| kvz | Tsakwambo | 500 (1991 SIL). | South coast area on upper Digul River north of Mandobo language area. | Related to Ederah, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | |
| kwa | Dâw | 83 (1994 ALEM). | Amazonas, across the river from São Gabriel de Cochoeira, a county seat just below the confluence of the Vaupés and Negro rivers. | Related to Ederah, Kia, Upper Digul, Upper Kaeme. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | |
| kwb | Kwa | 7,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Numan LGA, Gyakan and Kwa towns, near Munga. | Gyakan, Kwa. | Speakers also use Bacama. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%, mostly in Sindhi, a few in Urdu, very few in Gujarati. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. NT: 1996. | |
| kwe | Kwerba | 2,500 (1996 SIL). | Upper Tor River area, northeast, headwaters of Apauwer River inland from Sarmi east to Berik language, villages of Aurime, Munukania, Wamariri, Tatsewalem around Apiaweti. | Serikenam, Sasawa, Nogukwabai. Lexical similarity 64% with Bagusa. | Speakers also use Bacama. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1986–1991. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1986–1991. | |
| kwg | Kaba Deme | 40,000 (1993 UBS). | Southeast, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Sarh and Kyabé subprefectures, between Sarh and Kyabé. Along the Chari River, Bobé, Hélibongo, Banda, Moussafoyo, Kemata villages. | Siime, Mara, Kuruwer. | Speakers also use Bacama. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| kwh | Kowiai | 600 (2000 SIL). | Bomberai Peninsula; southwest coast at Kaimana and in Kamrau Bay on several islands, villages of Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, Waikala, Kayumerah. | Keroi, Adijaya, Namatota, Waikala. Blust says this is Central Malayo-Polynesian. | 70% are speakers. The language is passed on to 60% of the children. Most domains. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Indonesian: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 60%, 3 34%, 4 5%, 5 1%; Papuan Malay: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 1%, 3 99%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| kwi | Awa-Cuaiquer | 1,000 in Ecuador (1991 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 2,000 in Ecuador (2000). | Extreme north, on the western slopes of the Andes, Colombia-Ecuador border, Carchi Province. | More distantly related to Chachi and Colorado. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 55%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Most men also use Spanish. It is mainly women and children that are monolingual. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| kwj | Kwanga | 10,000 (2001 SIL). | East Sepik Province, extending beyond the western boundary of Maprik District; Makru-Klaplei Division, Nuku District; Saundaun Province, east of Mehek. 40 villages. | Apos, Bongos (Bongomamsi, Bongomaise, Nambi), Tau (Kubiwat), Wasambu, Yubanakor (Daina). A dialect cluster of 5 subdialects, 2 main dialects. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 55%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 5%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Most men also use Spanish. It is mainly women and children that are monolingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1991. | |
| kwk | Kwakiutl | 190 in Canada (2002 Poser). Population total all countries: 235. Ethnic population: 3,300 (1977 SIL). | Northern Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland, British Columbia. Also spoken in USA. | Related to Haisla and Heiltsuk. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1882–1900. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1882–1900. | |
| kwl | Kofyar | 109,943 (2000). | Plateau State, Qua'an Pan and Mangu LGAs; Nasarawa State, Lafia LGA. | Kofyar (Kwong), Kwagallak (Kwa'alang, Kwalla), Dimmuk (Dimuk, Doemak), Mirriam (Mernyang), Bwol (Bwal, Mbol), Gworam (Giverom, Goram), Jipal (Jepel, Jepal, Jibyal). Dialect cluster. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1882–1900. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1882–1900. | |
| kwo | Kwomtari | 600 (1998 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, north of Namia. 6 villages. | West Central Kwomtari, Ekos-Yenabi-Maragin. | Used in the home and village life. Some men and boys and a few women can communicate in Tok Pisin. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1882–1900. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1882–1900. | |
| kwp | Kodia | 837 (1993 SIL). | South central. | West Central Kwomtari, Ekos-Yenabi-Maragin. | Used in the home and village life. Some men and boys and a few women can communicate in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| kwq | Kwak | No estimate available. | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Antere. | West Central Kwomtari, Ekos-Yenabi-Maragin. | Used in the home and village life. Some men and boys and a few women can communicate in Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| kwr | Kwer | 100 (1998 M. Donohue). | Lowlands area south of the main ranges, southeast of Sumo and Dekai, south of Langda and Bomela, Jayawijaya Kabupaten, Kurima Kecamatan, village of Kwer. | Close to Kopkaka. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| kwt | Kwesten | 2,000 (1987 SIL). | Lower Tor River, north coast area inland east of Sarmi, villages of Holmhaven, Mafenter, Arare, Omte. | Lexical similarity 40% with Berik. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| kwv | Kaba Na | 35,000 (1993 UBS). Population includes 5,564 in Bale village, 4,937 in Koskabo, 4,548 in Kyabé. | Southeast, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Kyabé Subprefecture, centered in Kyabé. | Dunje (Dendje, Dindje, Dinje, Denje, Dounje), Na, Banga (Mbanga), Tie (Tiye). Dunje may be the same as Kaba Dunjo of Central African Republic. Kaba Na may be the same as Sara Kaba of Central African Republic. | All ages. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| kww | Kwinti | 133 (1980 census). | North central, along the Coppename River, upstream from Carib villages in Kaimanstan and Witagron. | Further removed from Ndyuka than Aluku and Paramaccan. Probably needs literature adapted from Ndyuka. | Speakers also use Saramaccan or Sranan Tongo. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| kwx | Khirwar | 34,251. | Madhya Pradesh, Bhind, Guna, Morena, Vidisha districts; Chhattisgarh, Surguja District. | Further removed from Ndyuka than Aluku and Paramaccan. Probably needs literature adapted from Ndyuka. | Speakers also use Saramaccan or Sranan Tongo. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| kwz | Kwadi | Extinct. | Southwest corner, south of Moçamedes. | Zorotua (Vasorontu). | J. C. Winter (1981) says it is extinct. There were 3 speakers in 1971 who used it regularly (E. O. J. Westphal). | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| kxb | Krobu | 9,920 (1993 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Agboville. Four villages. | Zorotua (Vasorontu). | Speakers also use Baule, Abe. | NT: 1988. | NT: 1988. | |
| kxc | Komso | 149,508 (1998 census). 138,696 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 153,419 (1998 census). | South of Lake Ciamo in the bend of the Sagan River. A few migrants in Kenya. | Lexical similarity 51% with Bussa, 41% with Gawwada, 31% with Tsamai. | 5,658 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | |
| kxd | Brunei | 54,000 in Malaysia. Population includes 46,500 in Sabah, 7,500 in Sarawak. | Upper Balait and Tutau rivers, northern coast, 4th and 5th divisions, Sarawak; Sabah in Beaufort, Kuala Penyu, Labuan, Labuk-Sugut, Papar, Sipitang, Sandakan, and Tenom districts. | Brunei, Kadaian (Kadayan, Kadian, Kadien, Kadyan, Karayan, Kedyan, Kedayan, Kedien, Kerayan). | Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | |
| kxe | Kakihum | 15,000 (1996). | Northern Niger State. | Brunei, Kadaian (Kadayan, Kadian, Kadien, Kadyan, Karayan, Kedyan, Kedayan, Kedien, Kerayan). | Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | |
| kxf | Karen, Manumanaw | 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Western Kyèbogyi part of Kayah State. | Brunei, Kadaian (Kadayan, Kadian, Kadien, Kadyan, Karayan, Kedyan, Kedayan, Kedien, Kerayan). | Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 7.2%. NT: 2002. | |
| kxg | Katingan | 45,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Katingan River, south central. | Katingan Ngawa, Katingan Ngaju. Related to Bakumpai. Lexical similarity 72% with Ngaju, 69% with Kohin, 65% with Dohoi. | Speakers also use Malay. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| kxh | Karo | 200 (1998 M. Yigezu). | South Omo Region, upstream from the Daasanach, riverside settlements near the Hamer-Banna. | Dialect or closely related language to Hamer-Banna. Lexical similarity 81% with Hamer-Banna. | Many use Nyangatom as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | |
| kxi | Keningau Murut | 7,001 (2000 WCD). Population includes 1,000 to 1,200 Dusun Murut (1985 SIL). All Murut in Sabah 34,282 (1980 census). | Keningau District within a 10-mile radius to the north of Keningau town along the Pegalan River. | Nabay (Nabai, Nebee, Dabay, Dabai, Rabay, Rabai), Ambual, Dusun Murut. Close to Bookan and Timugon. | No one under 20 uses Nabay as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | |
| kxj | Kulfa | 2,200 (2004). | Southeast, Moyen Chari Prefecture, Kyabé Subprefecture, southwest of Lake Iro. Centered in Alako, Male, and Moufa. | Kurmi, So (Suka, Souka, Soko). Lexical similarity 80% with Kaba Na. | No one under 20 uses Nabay as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | |
| kxk | Karen, Zayein | 9,300 (1983). | Between the towns of Mobyè and Phekon in the southern Shan State. | Close to Sawntung, Padang, Banyang. | No one under 20 uses Nabay as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1.5%. | |
| kxl | Kurux, Nepali | 28,615 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 41,764 Dhagar and Jhagar. | Eastern Terai, Janakpur Zone, Dhanusa District, may be scattered as far as from Sarlahi to Moran districts. | Different from Kurux of India and Bangladesh. | Speakers also use Maithili, Nagpuri, Bhojpuri, or Assamese. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1977. | Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Bible portions: 1977. | |
| kxm | Khmer, Northern | 1,117,588 (2000 WCD). Very few are monolingual. | Northeastern Thailand, mainly Surin, Sisaket, Buriram, Khorat provinces. | Buriram, Surin, Sisaket. Different from Central Khmer. Dialects are intelligible with each other. Many local varieties. | Vigorous in towns. In cities it is being replaced by Isan and Thai. A few Chinese shopkeepers speak it. Informally used in education, media, religious services, commerce. Positive language attitude. Nearly all can speak Central Thai, most Isan (a dialect of Northeastern Thai), and some Central Khmer. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | |
| kxn | Kanowit | 100 (2000 Wurm). | Middle Rejang River, below Tanjong language, 3rd Division. | Buriram, Surin, Sisaket. Different from Central Khmer. Dialects are intelligible with each other. Many local varieties. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Kanowit. Used in the home. Few or no children speak Kanowit. People negative or neutral toward Kanowit. Being absorbed by Iban. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | |
| kxo | Kanoé | Extinct. Ethnic population: 150 (2000 C. Jensen). | Rondônia, Guaporé River, scattered locations. | Buriram, Surin, Sisaket. Different from Central Khmer. Dialects are intelligible with each other. Many local varieties. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 1,000 can read Northern Khmer, 100 can write it. NT: 1996. | |
| kxp | Koli, Wadiyara | 175,000 in Pakistan (1998). Population includes 75,000 Wadiyara, 5,000 Mewasi and Nairya, 30,000 Tharadari, 45,000 Hasoria, 20,000 Rardro. | Sind in an area bounded by Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpur Khas in the north, and Matli and Jamesabad in the south. | Mewasi (Mayvasi Koli), Wadiyara Koli, Nairya Koli, Tharadari Koli, Tharadari Bhil, Hasoria Koli, Hasoria Bhil, Rardro Bhil. | There is gradual beginning of breakdown of some strict caste rules concerning intermarriage and interdining: possibly 'lower' groups wishing to move 'up', and barriers in 'close' castes breaking down. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kxq | Kanum, Smärky | 80 (1996 Mark Donohue). | South coast border area, east of Merauke, bordering Southeast Marind on the east: Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Sota, Kondo, Onggaya, bordering Papua New Guinea. | Intelligible to other speakers Kanum varieties only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home and in hunting camps. All ages. Moraori or Indonesian are used as trade languages, Indonesian for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| kxs | Kangjia | 377 to 487 (1999 Sechenchogt). Ethnic population: 487. | Shalimu, Zongzila, and Hangdao villages, Jainca County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. | Intelligible to other speakers Kanum varieties only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in local commerce, some oral traditional literature. Older adults speak Kangjia half the time, adults less, and younger ones do not speak it. Indifferent language attitude. Others can also speak Chinese or Tibetan. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kxt | Koiwat | 450 (1975 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Koiwat, Kamangaui, Seraba and Paiambit villages, between the Munguma and Nagam rivers. | Intelligible to other speakers Kanum varieties only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in local commerce, some oral traditional literature. Older adults speak Kangjia half the time, adults less, and younger ones do not speak it. Indifferent language attitude. Others can also speak Chinese or Tibetan. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kxu | Kui | 717,000 (1997). | Orissa, Phulbani, Koraput, Ganjam districts, Udayagiri area in Ganjam; Andhra Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Tamil Nadu. | Khondi, Gumsai. | Spoken by the Dal and Sitha Kandha as first language. | Oriya script. NT: 1954–1975. | Oriya script. NT: 1954–1975. | |
| kxv | Kuvi | 300,000 (1990 UBS). | Orissa, mainly Koraput District, also Kalahandi, Ganjam, and Phulbani districts; Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam districts. | Khondi, Gumsai. | The Dongria and Kuvi subgroups speak Kuvi as first language. | Oriya script. NT: 1987. | Oriya script. NT: 1987. | |
| kxw | Konai | 600 (1991 SIL). | Western Province, west side of Upper Strickland River. | Closest to Kalamo and Agala. | The Dongria and Kuvi subgroups speak Kuvi as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kxy | Kayong | 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Remote mountains of Cong Tum Province. | Close to Takua and Cua. | The Dongria and Kuvi subgroups speak Kuvi as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kxz | Kerewo | 2,200 (1975 Wurm). | Gulf Province, west bank of Omati River, east and inland to Samoa village. | Gibario (Goaribari). | The Dongria and Kuvi subgroups speak Kuvi as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1926–1941. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1926–1941. | |
| kyb | Kalinga, Butbut | 8,000 (1998). | Luzon, Butbut, Tinglayan, Kalinga-Apayao Province. | 72% intelligibility of Limos Kalinga; 44% of Ilocano; 70% of Guinaang, 47% of Tanudan, 74% of Bangad (Southern) Kalinga. Lexical similarity 82% with Bangan Kalinga, 78% of Guinaang and Tanudan. | The Dongria and Kuvi subgroups speak Kuvi as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1926–1941. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1926–1941. | |
| kyc | Kyaka | 15,368 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Enga Province. | 72% intelligibility of Limos Kalinga; 44% of Ilocano; 70% of Guinaang, 47% of Tanudan, 74% of Bangad (Southern) Kalinga. Lexical similarity 82% with Bangan Kalinga, 78% of Guinaang and Tanudan. | The Dongria and Kuvi subgroups speak Kuvi as first language. | Dictionary. NT: 1973. | Dictionary. NT: 1973. | |
| kyd | Karey | 950 (1995 SIL). | Village of Karey, east coast of Tarangan Island, southern Aru Islands, south Maluku. | Lexical similarity 70% with East Tarangan and Batuley. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| kyf | Kouya | 10,117 (1993 SIL). | West Central Department, Kouya Canton of Vavoua Subprefecture, 12 villages. | Closest to Gbadi Bété and Dida. | 50% of speakers have some proficiency in Guro. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 2002. | |
| kyg | Keyagana | 12,284 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Okapa and Henganofi districts, Eastern Highlands Province. | Closest to Gbadi Bété and Dida. | 50% of speakers have some proficiency in Guro. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyh | Karok | 10 (1997 William Bright). Ethnic population: 1,900 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | Northwestern California, along the banks of the Klamath River. | No significant dialect differences. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most or all speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyi | Kiput | 2,460 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast around Marudi. Not in Brunei. | Long Kiput, Long Tutoh (Kuala Tutoh), Lemiting. Related to Narom, Lelak, Tutong 2, Belait, Berawan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most or all speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyk | Kamayo | 7,565 (2000 WCD). | Surigao del Sur between Marihatag and Lingig, Mindanao. | North Kamayo, South Kamayo. Intelligibility of Surigaonon 92%, of Butuanon 87%, of Mansaka 82%. Lexical similarity 66% with Surigaonon, 70% with Butuanon. | Speakers also use Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyl | Kalapuya | 1 or 2 (1962 Chafe). | Northwest Oregon. | North Kamayo, South Kamayo. Intelligibility of Surigaonon 92%, of Butuanon 87%, of Mansaka 82%. Lexical similarity 66% with Surigaonon, 70% with Butuanon. | May be extinct. Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kym | Kpatili | 4,500 (1996). | Southern Mingala Prefecture. | Related to Nzakara. Not intelligible with Gbayi, who are ethnically Kpatili. | May be extinct. Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyn | Karolanos | 15,131 (2000 WCD). | Mid-central Negros, Kabankalan. | Close to Magahat. | May be extinct. Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyo | Kelon | 6,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Southwestern Alor Island, Lesser Sundas. | Probur, Halerman, Gendok, Panggar. | May be extinct. Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyp | Kang | 34,065 in China (1993). | Southwest Yunnan. | Probur, Halerman, Gendok, Panggar. | May be extinct. Speakers have shifted to English. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2003. | |
| kyq | Kenga | 40,000 (1997 SIL). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Bitkine Subprefecture, around Bitkine, 52 villages, including Bolongo, Bokiyo. | Cenge (Tar Cenge), Banama (Tar Banama), Bidjir, Banala (Tar Banala), Bolong (Tar Bolongo). Related to Naba, and Jaya, but not inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity 62% with Jaya. | Positive language attitude. The majority of men use Chadian Arabic as second language for trade. Some also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: Men: 15% or below in French, 1% in Arabic; women: below 1%. RC song book and prayer book, good orthography. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: Men: 15% or below in French, 1% in Arabic; women: below 1%. RC song book and prayer book, good orthography. Grammar. | |
| kyr | Kuruáya | 52 to 147 (1998). | Pará, tributaries of the lower Xingú River. | Cenge (Tar Cenge), Banama (Tar Banama), Bidjir, Banala (Tar Banala), Bolong (Tar Bolongo). Related to Naba, and Jaya, but not inherently intelligible. Lexical similarity 62% with Jaya. | There has been a major shift to Portuguese (1995). | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: Men: 15% or below in French, 1% in Arabic; women: below 1%. RC song book and prayer book, good orthography. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: Men: 15% or below in French, 1% in Arabic; women: below 1%. RC song book and prayer book, good orthography. Grammar. | |
| kys | Kayan, Baram | 4,150 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Baram River area, Upper Sarawak. Not in Brunei. | Long Atip, Long Akahsemuka. | Trade language. | Bible: 1990. | Bible: 1990. | |
| kyt | Kayagar | 10,000 (1993 WT). | South coast near Pirimapun and Sawi, Merauke area. | Long Atip, Long Akahsemuka. | Used in religious services. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% semiliterate in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% semiliterate in Indonesian. | |
| kyu | Kayah, Western | 210,000 (1987). | Kayah and Karen states, west of the Pong River. | Distinct from but related to Bwe Karen, forming a dialect continuum from Thailand (Eastern Kayah) to western Kayah State. | Used in religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Dictionary. | |
| kyv | Kayort | 22,000 (2002). | Koshi Zone, Morang District, Dakuwa Danga, near Rajbanshi language. | Related to Bengali. | Used in religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Dictionary. | |
| kyw | Kudmali | 37,000 (1997). | Bihar; West Bengal; Orissa; Assam, Darrang, Sonitpur, Golaghat, Jorhat districts. | Related to Sadri. Possibly the same as Panchpargania. | Spoken by some Scheduled Tribes and Castes, including Bedia of West Bengal and Dharua. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Dictionary. | |
| kyx | Rapoisi | 3,500 (1998 SIL). | Bougainville Province, northwest Bougainville Island, Kunua District. Most villages are inland. | Related to Eivo, Kereaka, Rotokas. | Vigorous. Tok Pisin used in schools. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| kyy | Kambaira | 135 (1971 Wurm). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu District. | Related to Eivo, Kereaka, Rotokas. | Speakers also use Binumarien, Gadsup. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| kyz | Kayabí | 800 (1994 SIL). | Northern Mato Grosso, Xingú Park, and southern Para; Teles Pires River and Tatui, many villages. | Related to Eivo, Kereaka, Rotokas. | Speakers also use Binumarien, Gadsup. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| kza | Karaboro, Western | 30,200 (1991 Vanderaa). | West of the main Ferké to Bobo-Dioulosso road and Banfora, southern Burkina Faso. | Tenyer, Syer. Kar averages 70% comprehension by Tenyer and Syer speakers, but the reverse is 30%. | High bilingual proficiency in Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| kzc | Kulango, Bondoukou | 27,000 in Ghana (2003 GILLBT). | West central, west of Wenchi. | Tenyer, Syer. Kar averages 70% comprehension by Tenyer and Syer speakers, but the reverse is 30%. | High bilingual proficiency in Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Roman script. NT: 1975. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Roman script. NT: 1975. | |
| kzd | Kadai | 350 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, Sula Islands, Taliabu Island, interior mountains. Possibly also in the mountains of Mangole Island. | May be intelligible with Taliabu. | High bilingual proficiency in Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Roman script. NT: 1975. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Roman script. NT: 1975. | |
| kze | Kosena | 2,000 (1987 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu and Okapa districts. | May be intelligible with Taliabu. | High bilingual proficiency in Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1980. | |
| kzf | Kaili, Da'a | 35,000. Population includes Da'a and Inde. 3,000 to 5,000 Da'a and Inde are in south Sulawesi. | Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi provinces in the Marawola, Dolo, Sigi-Biromaru, Palolo, and Banawa subdistricts. 'Bunggu' is the name used for Da'a and Inde in south Sulawesi, Mamuju District, Pasangkayu Subdistrict, near Palu. | Da'a (Pekawa, Pekava, Pakawa), Inde. There is some intelligibility with Ledo and other Kaili varieties, but with major sociolinguistic differences. Da'a and Inde have 98% lexical similarity. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce, school. Some oral and written use in church, along with Indonesian. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most children know little Indonesian when entering school. | Literacy rate in first language: 45%. 16,000 read and write it. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 45%. 16,000 read and write it. NT: 1998. | |
| kzg | Kikai | Ethnic population: 13,066 (2000 WCD). | Northeastern Okinawa; Kikai Island. | Onotsu. Inherent intelligibility is generally impossible or very difficult of other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. | Speakers are older adults. Those 20 to 50 can understand Kikai, but mainly speak Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are mainly monolingual in Japanese (T. Fukuda SIL 1989). | Literacy rate in first language: 45%. 16,000 read and write it. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 45%. 16,000 read and write it. NT: 1998. | |
| kzh | Kenuzi-Dongola | 100,000 in Egypt (1996). Ethnic population: 100,000 in Egypt. | 40% in the Upper Nile valley, mainly at Kom Ombo, the rest in various cities. | Dongola, Kenuz (Kenuzi, Kunuzi, Kenzi). | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1912. | Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1912. | |
| kzi | Kelabit | 636 in Indonesia (2000 WCD). | Remote mountains, on Sarawak border, northwest of Longkemuat. Mainly in Sarawak. | Lon Bangag. | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Bible portions: 1965. | Bible portions: 1965. | |
| kzj | Kadazan, Coastal | 60,000 (1986 SIL). | West coast of Sabah, Penampang, and Papar districts. | Lon Bangag. | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzk | Kazukuru | Extinct. | New Georgia. | Lon Bangag. | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzm | Kais | 700 (1993 Doriot). | South Bird's Head area inland along Kais River, 8 villages. | Lon Bangag. | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzp | Kaidipang | 22,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Sulawesi, northern coast on both sides of Bolang Itang. | Kaidipan, Bolaang Itang (Bolang Itang). | There may be fewer speakers (1996). The language is the central feature of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but many are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzq | Kaike | 794 (2001 census). | Karnali Zone, Dolpa District; Dhaulagiri Zone. | Kaidipan, Bolaang Itang (Bolang Itang). | They view Kaike in low regard because it is felt to be unsophisticated and unexpressive, very low cultural self-esteem (Fisher 1987:130). Speakers also use Nepali. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzs | Dusun, Sugut | 12,225 (2000 WCD). | Headwaters of the Sugut River, Labuk-Sugut District. | Tinagas, Talantang. | Speakers also use Central Dusun. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzt | Dusun, Tambunan | 15,553 (2000 WCD). | Throughout Tambunan District and parts of Keningau. | Tinagas, Talantang. | Speakers also use Central Dusun. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzv | Komyandaret | 300 (2000 SIL). | East of Korowai and north of Tsaukambo, Wanggom language areas. | Tinagas, Talantang. | Speakers also use Central Dusun. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1986. | |
| kzw | Karirí-Xocó | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,062 (1995 SIL). | Alagoas. | Kipeá (Quipea), Kamurú (Camuru), Dzubukuá (Dzubucua), Sabujá (Pedra Branca). Other dialects or languages are even less well attested. Classified as Equatorial (Greenberg 1959), Macro-Carib (Swadesh 1959), Macro-Ge (Rodrigues 1975), Isolate (Rivet and Loukotka 1952, Larsen 1984). | Members of the ethnic group now speak Portuguese. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| kzz | Kalabra | 3,287 (2000 WCD). | West Bird's Head, south of Madik language, east of Moi. | Closest to Tehit. Lexical similarity 60% with Tehit. | Used in religious services. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| laa | Subanun, Lapuyan | 25,000 (1978 SIL). | Subpeninsulas of eastern Zamboanga del Sur, Mindanao. | Lapuyan Subanun speakers understand Sindangan (85%), but not vice versa. | Low comprehension of Cebuano. | NT: 1982. | NT: 1982. | |
| lac | Lacandon | 1,000 (2000 SIL). 178 monolinguals (1942). Population includes 69 at Lake Metzaboc, Chiapas. Ethnic population: 1,000 (2000). | Southeastern Chiapas, Najá, Lacanjá San Quintín, Metzaboc, Betel. | Lacanjá, Najá. | All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Tzeltal: 0 49%, 1 20%, 2 20%, 3 10%, 4 1%, 5 0%. Speakers also use Chol, Spanish. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | Dictionary. NT: 1978. | |
| lae | Pattani | 11,000 (1997). | Himachal Pradesh, Lahul Valley, Pattan, Chamba-Lahul, and lower Mayar valleys. | Chamba-Lahuli (Western Pattani), Eastern Pattani, Central Pattani. Western Pattani has 63% to 55% lexical similarity with Tinani, 39% to 26% with Bunan, 37% with Shumcho, 35% with Jangshung, 33% with Sunam, 31% with Chitkuli and Kanauri, 25% with Puh and Kinnaur District varieties (Kinnaur Bhoti) of Tibetan, 22% with Nesang, 18% with Lhasa Tibetan, 14% to 15% with the Spiti and Stod varieties of Tibetan. | Language of wider communication. 5,000 second-language speakers (1997). Used in the home, village, religion. Positive language attitude. Hindi is used in education and trade. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Poetry. Bible portions: 1907–1914. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Poetry. Bible portions: 1907–1914. | |
| laf | Lafofa | 600 (2000 Brenzinger). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, central Eliri range, and on two hills to the south and east. | Jebel El Amira (El Amira), Jebel Tekeim (Jebel, Tekeim, Tegem), Lafofa. Lexical similarity 25% with closest languages. | Language of wider communication. 5,000 second-language speakers (1997). Used in the home, village, religion. Positive language attitude. Hindi is used in education and trade. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Poetry. Bible portions: 1907–1914. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Poetry. Bible portions: 1907–1914. | |
| lan | Laru | 5,000 (1995 Jones). | Niger State, Borgu LGA, on the banks of the Niger River, Karabonde, Monnai, Leshigbe, Luma, Sansanni, Shagunu villages. | Jebel El Amira (El Amira), Jebel Tekeim (Jebel, Tekeim, Tegem), Lafofa. Lexical similarity 25% with closest languages. | Language of wider communication. 5,000 second-language speakers (1997). Used in the home, village, religion. Positive language attitude. Hindi is used in education and trade. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Poetry. Bible portions: 1907–1914. | Literacy rate in second language: High. Poetry. Bible portions: 1907–1914. | |
| lao | Lao | 3,000,000 in Laos (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 3,188,577. | Mekong River Valley from Luang Prabang south to the Cambodian border. The Lao Kao went to Thailand and are in Nan, Loei, Saraburi, and elsewhere; the Lao-Khrang are in the Nakhonsawan and Nakhon Pathom area. May also be in Viet Nam. Also spoken in Australia, Cambodia, Canada, France, Thailand, USA. | Luang Prabang, Vientiane (Wiang Jan), Savannakhet (Suwannakhet), Pakse, Lao-Kao, Lao-Khrang. Dialect cluster with Northeastern Tai of Thailand. | Official language. 800,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1932. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Bible: 1932. | |
| lap | Laka | 2,050 in Central African Republic (1996). | Bocaranga Subprefecture, 9 villages at the Chad border. | Mang, Bémour, Maïngao, Goula, Paï. Some consider it to be a dialect of Ngambai. | Official language. 800,000 second-language speakers. | NT: 1960. | NT: 1960. | |
| laq | Qabiao | 307 in China (1990 Zhang Junru). 58 households. | Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Malipo County, Tiechang, Matong, Punong, Pucha, and Pufeng towns. | Lexical similarity 38% with Gelo, 33% with Lati, 38% with Buyang, 30% with Northern Zhuang, 29% with Dong, 23% with Laka, 26% with Hlai, 10% with Hmong, 7% with Mien. | Nearly 30% of the younger generation speak Laqua. Generally everyone can also speak Southwestern Mandarin. Those at Pialong can speak Southern Zhuang. Those near Matong can speak Hmong. | NT: 1960. | NT: 1960. | |
| lat | Latin | No estimate available. | Yunnan Province, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Malipo County, Tiechang, Matong, Punong, Pucha, and Pufeng towns. | Lexical similarity 38% with Gelo, 33% with Lati, 38% with Buyang, 30% with Northern Zhuang, 29% with Dong, 23% with Laka, 26% with Hlai, 10% with Hmong, 7% with Mien. | National language. Used in Roman Catholic liturgy. There is an effort to revive it. The Vatican Latin Foundation was established in 1976. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1385–1906. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1385–1906. | |
| lau | Laba | 2,000 (1991 SIL). | North Maluku, 4 villages to the interior of the south end of Loloda District. | Phonology like Galela, 70% intelligibility, 75% of Loloda. Lexical similarity 75% with Galela, 78% with Loloda. | National language. Used in Roman Catholic liturgy. There is an effort to revive it. The Vatican Latin Foundation was established in 1976. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1385–1906. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1385–1906. |
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