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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kra | Kumhali | 6,533 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 99,389. | Lumbini Zone, Nawalparasi District, south of the Darai. | Lexical similarity 54% with Dorze, 53% with Wolaytta, 52% with Gofa, 49% with Gamo, 48% with Kullo, 45% with Male. | Some are partially bilingual in Nepali. | Bible: 1933. | Bible: 1933. | |
| krb | Karkin | Extinct. | Formerly in north Central California. | Lexical similarity 54% with Dorze, 53% with Wolaytta, 52% with Gofa, 49% with Gamo, 48% with Kullo, 45% with Male. | Became extinct in the 1950s. | Bible: 1933. | Bible: 1933. | |
| krc | Karachay-Balkar | 236,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population includes 156,000 Karachay, 85,000 Balkar. Population total all countries: 241,038. | Karachi-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Karachaevsk-Cherkessk is the capital. The Balkar are isolated. Also spoken in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, USA, Uzbekistan. | Balkar, Karachay. | Used by 97% of the ethnic population. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | |
| krd | Kairui-Midiki | 2,000 (2001). Ethnic population: 2,000. | Central small mountainous area surrounded by Makasai, Waima'a, Tetun, Galoli. | Kairui, Midiki (Midik). Vocabulary is predominantly Trans-New Guinea, structure is Austronesian. Related to Waima'a and Habu. Classification needs further investigation. May be a co-dialect with Waima'a. | Used by 97% of the ethnic population. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | |
| kre | Kreen-Akarore | 122 (1995 AMTB). | Xingú Park, northern Mato Grosso. | Not a dialect of Kayapó; possibly closer to Canela. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | |
| krg | Korowai, North | 100 (1998 M. Donohue). | North of Korowai area, southeast of Siradala, west of Awimbon. | Not a dialect of Kayapó; possibly closer to Canela. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | |
| krh | Kurama | 40,284 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka and Ikara LGAs; Kano State, Tudun Waya LGA. | Not a dialect of Kayapó; possibly closer to Canela. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | Cyrillic script. NT: 1994. | |
| kri | Krio | 472,600 in Sierra Leone (1993). Population total all countries: 481,600. | Communities in Freetown, on the Peninsula, on the Banana Islands, York Island, in Bonthe, by de-tribalized Sierra Leoneans and as the lingua franca throughout the country. Also spoken in Gambia, Guinea, Senegal. | Aku. Krio and Jamaican Creole, and Krio and Sea Islands Creole may have some interintelligibility. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Spoken more in provincial towns than in villages, and for interethnic communication. Possibly half the speakers use Krio in their workplace. It is the formal language for those who do not speak English. Second-language users prefer their indigenous languages for informal situations. Possibly 4,000,000 are second-language users (1987 F. Jones). All domains, education. Dominant language of the younger generation. | Literacy rate in second language: Fewer than 15% in English. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. NT: 1986–1992. | Literacy rate in second language: Fewer than 15% in English. Taught as an elective from primary to college level. NT: 1986–1992. | |
| krj | Kinaray-A | 377,529 (1994 SIL). | Iloilo and Antique provinces, western Panay. | Pandan, Hamtik, Anini-Y, Pototan, Lambunao, Miag-Ao, Guimaras Island (Gimaras). Antique has 67% comprehension of Tagalog; 61% of Hiligaynon; Iloilo has 78% of Hiligaynon; 85% of Antique. | Speakers also use Hiligaynon. | Bible portions: 1982–1985. | Bible portions: 1982–1985. | |
| krk | Kerek | 2 (1997 M. Krauss). There were 200 to 400 speakers in 1900. Ethnic population: 400. | Cape Navarin, in Chukot villages. | Mainypilgino (Majna-Pil'ginskij), Khatyrka (Xatyrskij). Previously considered a dialect of Chukot. | Speakers are now assimilated into Chukot. | Bible portions: 1982–1985. | Bible portions: 1982–1985. | |
| krl | Karelian | 10,000 in Finland (1994). | There are two villages in Oulu Province, close to the Russian border (Northern Karelian), and others scattered around Finland (Southern Karelian). | Northern Karelian, Southern Karelian, Norgorod, Tver (Kalinin). | Northern Karelian is traditionally spoken in Oulu, though decreasingly. Southern Karelian speakers were resettled from areas ceded to the former USSR from 1940 to 1944. All are now apparently completely competent in Finnish (T. Salminen). | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| krm | Krim | 500 (1990 CR). Ethnic population: 10,000 (1990 CR). | On the coast between Sherbro and Vai, along the Krim River. | Lexical similarity 44% to 45% with Sherbro, 34% with Northern Bullom. | There are 7 or 8 towns where children and others speak Krim. Speakers also use Sherbro, and are being absorbed into the Mende group. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| krn | Sapo | 31,600 (1991 Vanderaa). | Eastern, Sinoe County, and Grand-Gedeh County (Putu). Adjacent to Eastern Krahn, Tchien dialect. | Nomopo (Nimpo), Waya (Wedjah), Juarzon, Sinkon (Senkon), Putu, Kabade (Karbardae). All Western Wè and Sapo dialects are related by 84% to 97% lexical similarity, including some Wè dialects in Côte d'Ivoire. | There are 7 or 8 towns where children and others speak Krim. Speakers also use Sherbro, and are being absorbed into the Mende group. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| krp | Korop | 7,438 in Cameroon (2000 WCD). | South West Province, Ndian Division, along Nigerian border, northwest of Mundemba. | Nomopo (Nimpo), Waya (Wedjah), Juarzon, Sinkon (Senkon), Putu, Kabade (Karbardae). All Western Wè and Sapo dialects are related by 84% to 97% lexical similarity, including some Wè dialects in Côte d'Ivoire. | There are 7 or 8 towns where children and others speak Krim. Speakers also use Sherbro, and are being absorbed into the Mende group. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| krq | Krui | 31,687 (2000 WCD). | Southern, south Benkulu Province around Krui, Sanggi, Kotajawa, and possibly into Lampung Province. | Related to Komering. Lexical similarity 84% with Ranau. Vocabulary differences with other Pesisir languages. | There are 7 or 8 towns where children and others speak Krim. Speakers also use Sherbro, and are being absorbed into the Mende group. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| krr | Kru'ng 2 | 9,368 (1982 G. Diffloth). | Northeastern, Ratanakiri Province and eastern Stung Treng. | Brao, Kravet, Krung 2 in Cambodia are inherently intelligible with each other. | Central Khmer was formerly known to a lesser extent than Lao for second-language use. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| krs | Gbaya | 16,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). | Southern Sudan, Western Bahr el Ghazal Province. At Kuru, Deim Zubeir, Raga, Angbanga, Kata, Menangba, Boro, Kafia Kingi. The Dongo are reported by Fr. Santandrea to be in Hobbinya District of Southern Dar Fur Province. Also communities in Wau and Khartoum. Largest numbers in Raga and Boro. A few refugees have settled in Central African Republic and elsewhere. Also spoken in Central African Republic. | Naka (Kresh-Boro), Gbaya-Ndogo (Kresh-Ndogo), Gbaya-Ngbongbo (Kresh-Hofra), Gbaya-Gboko, Orlo (Woro), Gbaya-Dara, Dongo. 8 tribes and dialects. Gbaya-Ndogo is prestigious and understood by all. Naka is largest and also well understood. | About 4,000 others speak Gbaya as second language. Men and those who have been to school speak Sudanese Arabic as second language for most common topics. They do not accept Standard Arabic, except for a few who have been to school. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| krt | Kanuri, Tumari | 40,000 (1998). 50% monolingual. | Tumari in N'guigmi and the other dialects in neighboring villages. | Tumari, Sugurti (Suwurti), Kubari (Kuwuri). Not the same as Kanembu in Chad, although referred to as 'Kanembu' in Niger. There is a gradual differentiation between Kanembu in Chad and Kanuri dialects. Closest to Manga Kanuri. | About half the population use Hausa as second language. A few use Dazaga. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| kru | Kurux | 2,053,000 in India (1997). Population includes 1,834,000 Oraon, 219,000 Kisan. | Bihar; Chhattisgarh, Raigarh, Surguja districts; Jharkhand Ranchi District; West Bengal, Jalpaigiri District; Orissa, Sundargarh District; Assam; Tripura. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Oraon, Kisan. Kisan and Oraon have 73% intelligibility. Oraon becoming standardized. Related to Malto. Different from Nepali Kurux. | About half the population use Hausa as second language. A few use Dazaga. | Literacy rate in first language: 23% Oraon, 17% Kisan. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 23% Oraon, 17% Kisan. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2000. | |
| krv | Kravet | 3,012 (1988 govt. figure). | Northeastern Cambodia. | Oraon, Kisan. Kisan and Oraon have 73% intelligibility. Oraon becoming standardized. Related to Malto. Different from Nepali Kurux. | About half the population use Hausa as second language. A few use Dazaga. | Literacy rate in first language: 23% Oraon, 17% Kisan. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 23% Oraon, 17% Kisan. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 2000. | |
| krw | Krahn, Western | 12,200 in Côte d'Ivoire (1993 SIL). | Western Côte d'Ivoire, around Toulépleu. | Pewa (Peewa), Biai. | About half the population use Hausa as second language. A few use Dazaga. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| krx | Karon | 9,070 in Senegal (2002). Population total all countries: 10,420. | Southwest Senegal along the coast, south of Diouloulou, and surrounding the town of Kafountine. Bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Kalisseye Inlet, on the east by the Diouloulou Marigot Estuary, and on the north by the Senegal-Gambia border. Also spoken in Gambia. | Lexical similarity 42% with the closest Jola language. | Speakers also use Jola-Fonyi or Wolof. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| kry | Kryts | 6,000 (1975 SIL). | Quba. | Kryts, Dzhek, Xaput (Khaput), Yergyudzh, Alyk. Dialects are quite distinct; perhaps separate languages. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children speak Kryts. Positive language attitude. Azerbaijani is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| krz | Kanum, Sota | 100 (1996 Mark Donohue). | South coast border area, east of Merauke, bordering Southeast Marind on the east: Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Sota, Kondo, Onggaya, north and west of Smärky language. | Intelligible to other Kanum variety speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home and in hunting camps. All ages. They use Moraori or Indonesian as trade languages, Indonesian for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| ksa | Shuwa-Zamani | 1,000 (1973 SIL). | Bauchi State, Toro LGA. | Intelligible to other Kanum variety speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home and in hunting camps. All ages. They use Moraori or Indonesian as trade languages, Indonesian for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| ksc | Kalinga, Southern | 13,000 (2000 SIL). 58% are monolingual. | Kalinga Province, Luzon. 13 villages. Some are in Tabuk, the provincial capital. | Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, Tinglayan. Intelligibility of Guinaang Kalinga 63%, Mangali 51%. | Vigorous. All domains. Written use in religious services. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Ilocano or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 65%. Literacy rate in second language: 65%. Language of instruction. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 65%. Literacy rate in second language: 65%. Language of instruction. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| ksh | Kölsch | 250,000 (1997 Holger Jakobs). | Cologne (Köln) and surrounding areas. | Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, Tinglayan. Intelligibility of Guinaang Kalinga 63%, Mangali 51%. | Used in theaters, literature, and an academy for teaching it. All ages. Nearly all use Standard German as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| ksi | Krisa | 421 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province near coast. | Related to Rawo, Puari, Warapu. | Used in theaters, literature, and an academy for teaching it. All ages. Nearly all use Standard German as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 99%. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| ksj | Uare | 1,300 (1996 SIL). | Central Province, Rigo Inland District, on the coast south of Port Moresby, Kemp Welsh and Hunter rivers. | Garihe (Garia), Uare (Kwale). Lexical similarity 65% to 74% with Humeme (closest). | Used in theaters, literature, and an academy for teaching it. All ages. Nearly all use Standard German as second language. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| ksk | Kansa | 19 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 250 (1986 SIL). | Oklahoma, north central. | Close to Omaha, Osage, Ponca, Quapaw. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| ksn | Kasiguranin | 10,000 (1975 SIL). | Casiguran, Aurora Province, Luzon. | 82% intelligibility of Paranan. Lexical similarity 52% with Tagalog, 75% with Paranan. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| kso | Kofa | No estimate available. | Adamawa State, Song LGA, north of Betul road, north of Yola. | Reported to be a separate language from Bura-Pabir. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| ksp | Kaba | 11,000 in Chad (1971 Welmers). | Southwest, Logone Oriental Prefecture, Goré Subprefecture, around Goré and to the southeast. | Reported to be a separate language from Bura-Pabir. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| ksq | Kwaami | 10,000 (1990). | Bauchi State, Gombe LGA. | Reported to be a separate language from Bura-Pabir. | Speakers also use Tagalog. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ksr | Borong | 2,069 (2000 census). | Morobe Province, Finschhafen District, 5 villages and 5 hamlets in the central Huon Peninsula between the Kuat and Burum rivers, south of Mindik airstrip. Burum and Kuat are tributaries of the Mongi River. Many live in Lae and other towns. | Kosorong, Yangeborong. | Vigorous. Used in religious services. Use of Tok Pisin is increasing and Kâte decreasing as second language. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| kss | Kisi, Southern | 85,000 in Sierra Leone (1995). | Lofa County, extreme northwest corner of Liberia. Also spoken in Sierra Leone. | Luangkori, Tengia, Warn. Different from Northern Kissi of Guinea. | Vigorous. Used in religious services. Use of Tok Pisin is increasing and Kâte decreasing as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| ksu | Khamyang | 50 (2003). | Assam, Tinsukia District, Pawaimukh village. | Similar to Phake of Assam and Shan of Myanmar. | Speakers are shifting to the Assamese language and script. Old people still read and write Tai language which is mainly used for religion. | Literacy rate in second language: 58% Assamese (1981 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 58% Assamese (1981 census). | |
| ksw | Karen, S'gaw | 300,000 in Thailand (1987 E. Hudspith). | Tak, Maehongson, Chiangmai, and Chiangrai provinces, near the Myanmar border. | Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). | Speakers are shifting to the Assamese language and script. Old people still read and write Tai language which is mainly used for religion. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ksx | Kedang | 30,000 (1997 N. Johnston). | Northeast Lembata (Lomblen) Island, Lesser Sundas. All modern villages located on a ring road around the base of a volcano. | Panapu, Palakhi (Palachi). | Speakers are shifting to the Assamese language and script. Old people still read and write Tai language which is mainly used for religion. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ksy | Kharia Thar | No estimate available. | Jharkhand; Orissa, Mayurbhanj District; West Bengal, Bankura, Medinipur districts. | Grierson classifies it as Western subdialect of Bengali. | Speakers are shifting to the Assamese language and script. Old people still read and write Tai language which is mainly used for religion. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ksz | Koraku | No estimate available. | Chhattisgarh, Surguja District; some in Jharkhand, Palamau District. | A subgroup of the Korwa (Parkin). | Men also speak Hindi or Kurux. Women are monolingual (Parkin). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| kta | Katua | 3,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Gia Lai-Cong Tum Province, around Mang Buk, west of the Kayong language. | A subgroup of the Korwa (Parkin). | Men also speak Hindi or Kurux. Women are monolingual (Parkin). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ktb | Kambaata | 606,241 (1998 census). 345,797 monolinguals including 278,567 Kambaata, 51,541 Timbaro, 15,689 Qebena (1998 census). Population includes 487,655 Kambaata, 82,803 Timbaro, 35,783 Qebena. Ethnic population: 621,407 (1998 census). | Southwest Gurage, Kambaata, Hadiyya Region. Durame is the main town. | Tambaro, Timbaro (Timbara, Timbaaro), Qebena (Qabena, Kebena, K'abena). Qebena may be a separate language. Lexical similarity 95% with Timbaro dialect, 81% with Allaaba, 62% with Sidamo, 57% with Libido, 56% with Hadiyya. | 83,750 second-language speakers including 68,607 Kambaata, 10,715 Timbaro, 4,428 Qebena. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 43.7%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 43.7%. NT: 1992. | |
| ktc | Kholok | 2,500 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, near Didango. | Tambaro, Timbaro (Timbara, Timbaaro), Qebena (Qabena, Kebena, K'abena). Qebena may be a separate language. Lexical similarity 95% with Timbaro dialect, 81% with Allaaba, 62% with Sidamo, 57% with Libido, 56% with Hadiyya. | 83,750 second-language speakers including 68,607 Kambaata, 10,715 Timbaro, 4,428 Qebena. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 43.7%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 43.7%. NT: 1992. | |
| ktd | Kokata | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | South Australia, Pimba, Mt. Eba, Coober Peby. | Different from Kukatja. | 83,750 second-language speakers including 68,607 Kambaata, 10,715 Timbaro, 4,428 Qebena. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 43.7%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 43.7%. NT: 1992. | |
| kte | Nubri | 3,776 (2000). | Gandaki Zone, North Gorkha District, along the upper reaches of the Buri Gandaki River, west of and including Prok village, between Himal Chuli and Manaslu Himal on the west and Ganesh Himal on the east. The local people view Sama as regional center. | Sama, Lho, Namrung, Prok. Only moderately intelligible with Kyirong Tibetan (74%) and Tsum (32%). Lexical similarity 78% to 93% among dialects. Prok is more distinct. 71% to 78% with Tsum, 66% to 74% with Kyirong Tibetan; 67% with Dolpo; 65% with Lowa, 59% to 64% with Lhasa Tibetan; 64% with Olangchung Gola (Walungge) and Lhomi; 61% with Helambu Sherpa; 57% with Jirel; 55% with Sherpa, 21% to 27% with Northern Ghale, 20% to 23% with Southern Ghale, 14% to 31% with Kutang Ghale, 14% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang, Western Gurung, and Banspur Tamang. | Vigorous. Nearly every domain. Positive attitudes toward Nubri. Tibetan viewed favorably in the religious domain, Nepali for education and potential advancement. Speakers have minimal bilingual proficiency in Nepali and Tibetan. Nepali is used to outsiders. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| ktg | Kalkutung | Extinct. | Mt. Isa area, Queensland. | Sama, Lho, Namrung, Prok. Only moderately intelligible with Kyirong Tibetan (74%) and Tsum (32%). Lexical similarity 78% to 93% among dialects. Prok is more distinct. 71% to 78% with Tsum, 66% to 74% with Kyirong Tibetan; 67% with Dolpo; 65% with Lowa, 59% to 64% with Lhasa Tibetan; 64% with Olangchung Gola (Walungge) and Lhomi; 61% with Helambu Sherpa; 57% with Jirel; 55% with Sherpa, 21% to 27% with Northern Ghale, 20% to 23% with Southern Ghale, 14% to 31% with Kutang Ghale, 14% with Eastern Gorkha Tamang, Western Gurung, and Banspur Tamang. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| kth | Karanga | 10,000 (1999 SIL). Population includes 4,696 Karanga and 1,419 Bakha. | East, Ouaddaï Prefecture, Abéché and Am Dam subprefectures. Around Am Dam and between Am Dam and Abéché, south of the Maba. The Bakha are southwest of Am Dam, and the Karanga and the Koniéré are northeast of Am Dam. The Kashmere are south of Abéché and north of the Karanga. | Karanga (Kurunga), Kashmere (Kachmere), Bakha (Baxa, Bakhat, Faala, Fala), Koniéré (Konyare, Kognere, Mooyo, Moyo). Lexical similarity 73% with Maba, 94% between Karanga and Kashmere dialects. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| kti | Muyu, North | 8,000 (2002 SIL). | South coast border area just north of where Fly River forms border between Papua, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. | Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | Literacy rate in second language: below 10%. | |
| ktj | Krumen, Plapo | 100 (2004). | Southwest corner of Côte d'Ivoire, between Bapo and Honpo dialects of Tepo Krumen. | Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| ktk | Kaniet | Extinct. | Manus Province, Anchorite and Kaniet Islands, western. | Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). | Extinct since 1950. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| ktl | Koroshi | 160 to 200 (1992 Mohamedi). 40 to 50 families. | Fars Province. | Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). | Extinct since 1950. | NT: 2002. | NT: 2002. | |
| ktn | Karitiâna | 200 (2000 SIL). | Rondônia, Candeias River, tributary of the upper Madeira River. | Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). | Extinct since 1950. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981. | |
| kto | Kuot | 2,400 (2002 SIL). | New Ireland Province, northwest coast. 9 villages. | Kanggewot, Toemoetoe (Are). | Vigorous on the west coast. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | |
| ktp | Kaduo | 5,292 in China (2000 WCD). | South central Yunnan Province, Hexi District of Tonghai County. | No information on intelligibility of other Lolo languages. No significant dialect differences. | Vigorous on the west coast. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | |
| ktq | Katabaga | Extinct. | Bondoc Peninsula, Luzon. | No information on intelligibility of other Lolo languages. No significant dialect differences. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | |
| ktr | Kota Marudu Tinagas | 1,250 (1985 SIL). | Southern Kota Marudu and Parong, a migrant village in northern Kota Marudu. | No information on intelligibility of other Lolo languages. No significant dialect differences. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | |
| kts | Muyu, South | 4,000 (2002 SIL). | South coast border area just north of where Fly River forms border between Papua, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. | Metomka. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | |
| ktt | Ketum | 100 (2001 SIL). 99% monolinguals. | Arimbit village, plus some in forest. | Lexical similarity 49% with Wambon. | Used in the home with family and friends. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 95%. NT: 2001. | |
| ktu | Kituba | 4,200,000 (1990 UBS). | Bas-Congo and southern Bandundu provinces. | Ikeleve, Western Kituba, Eastern Kituba. A creole based on the Kongo dialect spoken in Manianga area (Bas-Congo), but unintelligible to speakers of it or other Kongo dialects. Influenced by Lingala, French, restructured Swahili, Portuguese, and other local dialects. Kituba of Congo is closely related. | Means of communication among various language groups. 800,000 second-language speakers. | Bible: 1990. | Bible: 1990. | |
| ktv | Katu, Eastern | 50,458 (1999 census). | Quang Nam and Thua Thien provinces. | A different language variety and orthography in Laos. | Means of communication among various language groups. 800,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1978. | |
| ktw | Kato | Extinct. Ethnic population: 92 (1982 SIL). | Formerly on the Laytonville Reservation, northwestern California. | A different language variety and orthography in Laos. | Means of communication among various language groups. 800,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1978. | |
| ktx | Kaxararí | 220 (1995 AMTB). | Alto Rio Marmelo, tributary of Rio Abuna, Acre, Rondônia, Amazonas. | A different language variety and orthography in Laos. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1978. | |
| ktz | Ju|'hoan | 25,000 to 30,000 in Namibia together with the Vasekela, the !Xung, and the =|Kx'au||ein (1998 J. F. Maho, p.113). | Northeast. | Dzu'oasi (Ssu Ghassi, Zhu'oase), Nogau (Agau). | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Nyaenyae Development Trust is teaching reading in Namibia. | Nyaenyae Development Trust is teaching reading in Namibia. | |
| kub | Kutep | 1,400 in Cameroon (1986 R. Breton). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Furu-Awa Subdivision, Baji and Lubu villages near the Nigerian border. | Jenuwa, Lissam, Fikyu, Kunabe, Kentin. | High bilingualism in Jukun Takum. Cameroon Pidgin is also spoken in the area. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| kue | Kuman | 80,000 (1994 SIL). 10,000 monolinguals. | Simbu Province, northern third, overlapping into Minj Subprovince of Western Highlands Province. | Kuman, Nagane (Genagane, Genogane), Yongomugi. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Major language of the area. All domains. Oral use in local administration, in the first 3 grades in school, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 70,000 use Tok Pisin as second language. 20,000 can also use English or various neighboring languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 12%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. 10,000 can read and write it. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1968–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 12%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. 10,000 can read and write it. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1968–1995. | |
| kuf | Katu, Western | 14,700 (1998). | Upper Xe Kong River, high basin of Song Boung River watershed along the Vietnamese border, Sekong, Saravan, and Champassak provinces. | A different language variety and orthography from Viet Nam. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Major language of the area. All domains. Oral use in local administration, in the first 3 grades in school, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 70,000 use Tok Pisin as second language. 20,000 can also use English or various neighboring languages. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kug | Kupa | 20,000 (1998 Blench). | Kwara State, Kogi LGA, around Abugi. 52 villages. | A different language variety and orthography from Viet Nam. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Major language of the area. All domains. Oral use in local administration, in the first 3 grades in school, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 70,000 use Tok Pisin as second language. 20,000 can also use English or various neighboring languages. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kuh | Kushi | 11,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Billiri, and Kaltungo LGAs, Kushi village. | A different language variety and orthography from Viet Nam. | Language of wider communication. Vigorous. Major language of the area. All domains. Oral use in local administration, in the first 3 grades in school, religion, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 70,000 use Tok Pisin as second language. 20,000 can also use English or various neighboring languages. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kui | Kuikúro-Kalapálo | 526 (1995 AMTB). Population includes 277 Kuikúro and 249 Kalapálo. | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso, three villages along the Culuene River. | The Kuikúro and the Kalapálo speak the same language, but are separate ethnically. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kuk | Kepo' | 10,605 (2000 WCD). | Central Flores, between Manggarai and Rembong, with a separate enclave between Manggarai and Wae Rana. | May be intelligible with one of the surrounding languages. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | 'Liek' script. | 'Liek' script. | |
| kul | Kulere | 15,570 (1990). | Plateau State, Bokkos LGA. | Tof, Richa, Kamwai-Marhai. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| kum | Kumyk | 282,000 in Russia (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 282,554. | A few villages. | Khasav-Yurt, Buinak, Khaidak. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in first language: Higher in Kumyk where the majority speak Kumyk. Literacy rate in second language: High in Russian. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1888–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: Higher in Kumyk where the majority speak Kumyk. Literacy rate in second language: High in Russian. Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1888–1996. | |
| kun | Kunama | 107,000 in Eritrea (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population includes 1,000 in Ilit, 600 in Odasa. Population total all countries: 108,883. | Western Eritrea, on the Gash and Setit rivers, Sudan border and into Tigray Province. Barka is south of Barentu; Marda is north, northeast, and east of Barentu and in Barentu; Aimara is west of Barentu; Laki-Tukura is south of Aimara, west of Barka; Tika is south of Laki-Tukura, west of Barka. None in Sudan. Also spoken in Ethiopia. | Barka (Berka), Marda, Aimara (Aaimasa, Aymasa, Odasa), Tika (Tiika, Lakatakura-Tika), Ilit (Iliit, Iiliit, Iilit), Bitama (Bitaama), Sokodasa (Sogodas, Sogadas), Takazze-Setiit (Setiit, Setit), Tigray. Bitama and Ilit are nearly unintelligible to speakers of other Kunama. Barka is the largest dialect and intelligible to speakers of all others. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. NT: 1927. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. NT: 1927. | |
| kuo | Kumukio | 552 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province. | Barka (Berka), Marda, Aimara (Aaimasa, Aymasa, Odasa), Tika (Tiika, Lakatakura-Tika), Ilit (Iliit, Iiliit, Iilit), Bitama (Bitaama), Sokodasa (Sogodas, Sogadas), Takazze-Setiit (Setiit, Setit), Tigray. Bitama and Ilit are nearly unintelligible to speakers of other Kunama. Barka is the largest dialect and intelligible to speakers of all others. | Language of wider communication. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. NT: 1927. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. NT: 1927. | |
| kup | Kunimaipa | 11,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 1,429 in Morobe Province (1978 McElhanon). | Central Province, northern Goilala District; Morobe Province, Wau District. | Karuama, Kâte (Hate), Gajili (Gajila, Gazili, Hazili). | Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1990. | |
| kuq | Karipuná | 12 to 15 (2000 SIL). | Rondônia, Acre, banks of Jaru, Jamery, Urupa, Cabecciras, Candeias, and Jaciparana rivers. | Jacaria, Pama (Pamana). Loukotka identified this as Panoan. | They may be bilingual in Tenharim. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1990. | |
| kut | Kutenai | 6 in the USA (2002). | Northern Idaho, Flathead Reservation, Montana. | Jacaria, Pama (Pamana). Loukotka identified this as Panoan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Kutenai is offered as a second language course (1991). All speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kuu | Kuskokwim, Upper | 40 (1995 Krauss). 3 households (1997). Ethnic population: 160 (1995 Krauss). | Nikolai, Telida, McGrath, Upper Kuskokwim River, central Alaska. | Jacaria, Pama (Pamana). Loukotka identified this as Panoan. | Speakers are shifting to English. Youngest speakers, average age 30. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kuv | Kur | 3,181 (2000 WCD). | Kur Island and nearby islands, western Kei Kecil District, south Maluku. | Separate language from Kei. Survey needed to determine boundaries of intelligibility of dialects to the north and the central dialect, and of Teor. Lexical similarity 47% to 50% with Kei, 71% to 83% with Teor, 41% with Watubela, 38% with Geser. | Vigorous. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kux | Kukatja | 300 (1983 Black). | Balgo, Lake Gregory and area to the east, south of Halls Creek, Western Australia. | Different from Kokata. | Bilingual in Pintupi-Luritja, Ngaanyatjarra, Martu Wangka, or Walmajarri. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kuy | Kuuku-Ya'u | 100 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, northeastern Cape York Peninsula south of Temple Bay. | Different from Kokata. | Speakers also use Torres Strait Creole. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kuz | Kunza | Extinct. A few speakers were located in 1949 and since by anthropologists. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Peine, Socaire (Salar de Atacama), and Caspana. | Greenberg places it in Macro-Chibchan. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| kva | Bagvalal | 2,000 (1990). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Tlisi. Close to Tindin. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Bagvalal. People are strongly supportive toward Bagvalal. Avar is used as a literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kvb | Kubu | 10,000 (1989). | Spread across Jambi, Riau and south Sumatra, eastern swamp region. | Lalang, Bajat, Ulu Lako, Tungkal, Tungkal Ilir, Dawas, Supat, Djambi, Ridan, Nomadic Kubu. Related to Lubu. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Bagvalal. People are strongly supportive toward Bagvalal. Avar is used as a literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kvd | Kui | 4,242 (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Alor Island in scattered enclaves. Kui dialect is on the south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga; Batulolong dialect is in Sibera and Kapebang. Kui is also in Moru in Kalabahi Bay, interspersed with Hamap speakers. | Kui (Lerabaing, Buraga), Kiramang (Kramang), Batulolong. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Bagvalal. People are strongly supportive toward Bagvalal. Avar is used as a literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kve | Kalabakan | 2,229 (2000 WCD). | Tawau District along the Kalabakan River. | Kui (Lerabaing, Buraga), Kiramang (Kramang), Batulolong. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Bagvalal. People are strongly supportive toward Bagvalal. Avar is used as a literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kvf | Kabalai | 17,885 (1993 census). | Southwest Chad, Tandjile Prefecture, Lai Subprefecture; Lai and to the south on the eastern bank of the Logone River. Not in Central African Republic. | May be intelligible with Nancere. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Bagvalal. People are strongly supportive toward Bagvalal. Avar is used as a literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kvg | Kuni-Boazi | 2,500 (2001 SIL). | Western Province, Lake Murray District. None now in Papua, Indonesia (1978 SIL). | Kuni, Wamak, Khoamak, Sengeze, Ingias, Aewa. Related to Zimakani and Marind. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Bagvalal. People are strongly supportive toward Bagvalal. Avar is used as a literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. 14 vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1997–2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. 14 vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1997–2003. | |
| kvh | Komodo | 700 (2000 WCD). | Komodo Island and west coast of Flores. Not on Timor. | Considered a separate language from Manggarai by Verheijen. | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Bagvalal. People are strongly supportive toward Bagvalal. Avar is used as a literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. 14 vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1997–2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. 14 vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1997–2003. | |
| kvi | Kwang | 16,805 (1993 census). Population includes 10,000 or more Kwang, 2,000 Mobou, 250 Aloa. | Southwest Chad, Tandjilé Prefecture, Laï Subprefecture. North of Laï, east of Bongor, southwest of Bousso. The Mobou are in Mobou, south of Bousso. The Aloa are in Mogo. | Kwang, Mobou (Mobu), Ngam (Gam, Modgel), Tchagin (Tchakin), Aloa, Kawalké, Gaya, Mindéra. The dialects listed are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. Includes Midigil village, sometimes erroneously listed as a language named 'Modgel' (Medegel) in some sources. Lexical similarity 42% with Kera. | The Aloa are Muslim and fully bilingual in Bagirmi. The Ngam use Sara as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. 14 vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1997–2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% to 50%. 14 vernacular primary schools. Bible portions: 1997–2003. | |
| kvj | Psikye | 12,000 in Nigeria (1992). | Adamawa State, north and east of Michika, south of Madagali, in the Mandara Mountains. | Psikye (Kapsiki, Kamu), Zlenge, Wula (Oula, Ula-Xangku, Lying). | The Aloa are Muslim and fully bilingual in Bagirmi. The Ngam use Sara as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | Literacy rate in second language: Low. | |
| kvk | Korean Sign Language | No estimate available. | Adamawa State, north and east of Michika, south of Madagali, in the Mandara Mountains. | Related to Japanese and Taiwanese sign languages. | Used since 1889. Signed interpretation required in court, used at important public events, in social services programs. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | |
| kvl | Karen, Brek | 16,600 (1983). All Karen languages in Myanmar 2,600,000. | Southwestern Kayah State. | Related to Japanese and Taiwanese sign languages. | Used since 1889. Signed interpretation required in court, used at important public events, in social services programs. There is sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | |
| kvm | Kendem | 1,500 (2001 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, partly in Tinto Subdivision and partly in Upper Bayang Subdivision, villages of Kendem, Kekpoti, and Bokwa east of Mamfe. | Higher lexical similarity with Denya but higher intelligibility of Kenyang. | Some also use Kenyang and certain dialects of Denya or Cameroon Pidgin. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | Primary schools for deaf children using sign language since 1908. TV. Dictionary. | |
| kvn | Kuna, Border | 700 in Panama (1991 SIL). | Southeastern Panama, villages of Paya and Pucuro. | Classification of Kuna is uncertain; it may be an isolate with certain Chibchan features. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 70%, 2 7%, 3 3%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| kvo | Dobel | 8,000 (2000 SIL). Population includes 6,500 plus 1,000 outside the area; 2,700 in Northern Dobel, 1,800 in Straits Dobel, 1,400 in Southeast Dobel. | Aru Islands, along the whole east coast of Kobror Island, one village in southeast Wokam Island, 4 villages on both sides of the eastern half of Barakai Strait (on both Kobror Islands and Koba Island), and 2 villages in central Kobror Island. 18 villages. Southeast Maluku. Also in Dobo and Ambon. | Northern Dobel, Straits Dobel, Southeast Dobel. At least three dialects. Related to Lola and Lorang. Lexical similarity 78% to 86% with Koba. | Vigorous. All Lorang speakers use Dobel as second language. Some Chinese merchants who are speakers of Dobo Malay and the older ones of Hokkien learn Dobel. All domains, family, social interaction, local activities, talking to local Chinese, traditional and political village meetings. Children play and interact in Dobel, a little use in some religious services. Some letters written in it. Some speakers have written stories. Oral literature. All ages. Positive language attitude. Dobo Malay, a dialect of Ambonese Malay, is used with outsiders and in the classroom. Some preschool children do not know Dobo Malay. Dobo Malay-flavored Indonesian used for speaking to non-Maluku people, opening and closing local political meetings, school classrooms, religious services, and formal religious activities. Stable bilingualism with Dobo Malay and Indonesian used for certain domains, Dobel for others. Few can speak Standard Indonesian. Some also speak Manombai. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991–2004. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991–2004. | |
| kvp | Kompane | 330 (1995 SIL). | Northeast Aru in Kompane village on the east coast of Kongan Island, south of Kola and north of Wokam islands, south Maluku. | Close to Kola, linguistically between Kola and Batuley. Intelligibility of Kola is good, but some adaptation of literature may be needed. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991–2004. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991–2004. | |
| kvq | Karen, Geba | 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Northern Kayah State and southern Shan State. | May be part of the same dialect cluster with Bwe and Brek. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991–2004. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1991–2004. | |
| kvr | Kerinci | 300,000 in Indonesia (1989). Population total all countries: 325,000. | Western mountains of Jambi Province around Sungaipenuh and north and west. Also spoken in Bahrain. | Ulu, Mamaq, Akit, Talang, Sakei. | Vigorous. | Traditional script. | Traditional script. |
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