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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| khe | Korowai | 700 (1998 M. Donohue). | South coast area, north of Boma, east of Senggo. | Intelligible to other Kanum variety speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home. Younger speakers use Indonesian as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| khf | Khuen | 1,000 in China (1993). | Luang Namtha Province, Nale, Sing, and Viangphoukha districts. Near the Lamet people. Also spoken in China, USA. | Intelligible to other Kanum variety speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home. Younger speakers use Indonesian as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| khg | Tibetan, Khams | 1,487,000 (1994). Population includes 996,000 Eastern, 135,000 Southern, 158,000 Western, 91,000 Northern, 77,000 Jone, 30,000 Hbrugchu. | Northeastern Tibet, Changdu (Qamdo) and Naqu (Nagqu) districts; Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan; Diqing (Dêqên) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in northwestern Yunnan Province; and Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in southwestern Qinghai Province. | Eastern Khams, Southern Khams, Western Khams, Northern Khams, Hbrugchu, Jone. Dialects listed may be separate languages; differences are reported to be large. Lexical similarity 80% with Dbusgtsang (Central Tibetan). | Used in the home. Younger speakers use Indonesian as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| khh | Kehu | 25 (2002 SIL). | Area between Auye and Dao who live in the foothills, and the Wapoga River. | Eastern Khams, Southern Khams, Western Khams, Northern Khams, Hbrugchu, Jone. Dialects listed may be separate languages; differences are reported to be large. Lexical similarity 80% with Dbusgtsang (Central Tibetan). | Used in the home. Younger speakers use Indonesian as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| khj | Kuturmi | 10,521 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA. | Eastern Khams, Southern Khams, Western Khams, Northern Khams, Hbrugchu, Jone. Dialects listed may be separate languages; differences are reported to be large. Lexical similarity 80% with Dbusgtsang (Central Tibetan). | Used in the home. Younger speakers use Indonesian as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| khk | Mongolian, Halh | 2,095 in Russia (2000 WCD). | Buryat. | Khalkha (Halh), Dariganga, Urat, Ujumuchin. | National language. Ethnic Zahchin (Dzakhachin, Jakhachin, 24,700 or 1.3%), Mingat (possibly 4,000; 1984), Bayad (Bayit, Bait, 39,900 or 2.1%), Oold (Oolet, Olot, 11,400 or .6%) are bilingual in Halh Mongolian. | Ethnic Zahchin, Mingat, Bayad, Oold are literate in Halh. Cyrillic script. NT: 1990. | Ethnic Zahchin, Mingat, Bayad, Oold are literate in Halh. Cyrillic script. NT: 1990. | |
| khm | Khmer, Central | 1,055,174 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Mainly in Hau Giang, Tra Vinh, Vinh Long, Kien Giang, An Giang, Bac Lieu, Ca Mau, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Binh Phuoc, and Tay Ninh provinces and Ho Chi Minh City. | Central Khmer, Southern Khmer. | Official language. 1,000,000 second-language speakers. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | |
| khn | Khandesi | 1,579,000 (1997). | Maharashtra, Dhule District, Sakri tahsil, Nasik District, Satna tahsil, Nandurbar district, Nandurbar and Shahada tahsils; Gujarat. | Dangri, Kunbi (Kunbau), Rangari, Khandesi, Kotali Bhil. All varieties of Khandesi tested at 90% or higher intelligibility of each other. | Vigorous. A group of Kukna in Dhule district speak Khandesi. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Kukna and Marathi. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | |
| khp | Kapori | 30 to 40 (2000 Wurm). | Village of Pagai on north bank of upper Idenburg River. | Dangri, Kunbi (Kunbau), Rangari, Khandesi, Kotali Bhil. All varieties of Khandesi tested at 90% or higher intelligibility of each other. | Vigorous. A group of Kukna in Dhule district speak Khandesi. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Kukna and Marathi. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | 35% of the population over 15 cannot read or write Khmer. Script derived from a southern Indian alphabet. First written during the period of Indian influence. Grammar. Bible: 1954–1998. | |
| khq | Songhay, Koyra Chiini | 200,000 (1999 SIL). | On the Niger River from Djenné to just east of Timbuktu. | Koyra Chiini, Djenné Chiini. The main dialect division is between Timbuktu and the upriver towns from Diré to Niafunké. A very distinct dialect is in Djenné city. Closely related languages: Koyraboro Senni Songhay, Humburi Senni Songhay, Zarma, Dendi. Lexical similarity 77% between Gao and Timbuktu dialects, 50% lexical similarity with Tadaksahak. | All ages. Timbuktu has more prestige than other West Songhoy dialects. In Timbuktu they are mainly monolingual, some French, Tamasheq, Arabic; In Djenné most are bilingual or multilingual in French, Bambara, or other languages. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1936. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1936. | |
| khr | Kharia | 292,000 in India (1997). Population total all countries: 293,575. | Primarily Jharkhand, Ranchi District, Simdega subdivision, Thethaitangar Anchal and Kolebira Anchal in Khunti subdivision; West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum; also Chhattisgarh, Raigarh, Jashpur, Durg, Bilaspur, Raipur districts; Orissa, Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Mayurbhanj districts; Assam; Tripura; West Bengal; Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Dhelki Kharia are centered in Raigarh district. Hill Kharia are centered in Singhbhum districts. Also spoken in Nepal. | Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Mirdha-Kharia. | All ages. Timbuktu has more prestige than other West Songhoy dialects. In Timbuktu they are mainly monolingual, some French, Tamasheq, Arabic; In Djenné most are bilingual or multilingual in French, Bambara, or other languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% Hindi. Devanagari and Roman scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. NT. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% Hindi. Devanagari and Roman scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. NT. | |
| khs | Kasua | 600 (1990 SIL). | Southern Highlands Province, east and south of Mt. Bosavi, northeastern corner of Western Province, and northwestern corner of Gulf Province, 6 villages. | Dhelki Kharia, Dudh Kharia, Mirdha-Kharia. | All ages. Timbuktu has more prestige than other West Songhoy dialects. In Timbuktu they are mainly monolingual, some French, Tamasheq, Arabic; In Djenné most are bilingual or multilingual in French, Bambara, or other languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% Hindi. Devanagari and Roman scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. NT. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% Hindi. Devanagari and Roman scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. NT. | |
| kht | Khamti | 8,879 in India (2000 WCD). | Assam, Lakimpur District; Arunachal Pradesh, Siang and Lohit districts, Chakham, Memong, Barpathar, Mime, Kheram, M.Pong, Man Khao villages within the Namsai subdivision. Also possibly in China. | Assam Khamti, North Burma Khamti, Sinkaling Hkamti. | Speakers also use Burmese or Jingpho. | Literacy rate in second language: 16.1%; 24% male, 7.8% female (1997). | Literacy rate in second language: 16.1%; 24% male, 7.8% female (1997). | |
| khv | Khvarshi | 500 (1990). Ethnic population: 500 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Xvarshi, Inxokvari. Dialects are quite distinct. | All domains. 50% to 60% of children speak Khvarshi. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in second language: 16.1%; 24% male, 7.8% female (1997). | Literacy rate in second language: 16.1%; 24% male, 7.8% female (1997). | |
| khw | Khowar | 19,200 in India (2000). | Chitral; Shandur Pass to Fupis in Ghizr Valley, Yasin and Ishkhoman valleys in Gilgit Agency, Ushu in northern Swat Valley, and large communities in Peshawar and Rawalpindi. Also spoken in India. | North Khowar, South Khowar, East Khowar, Swat Khowar. The northern dialect is considered to be more 'pure'. Related to Kalasha, but different. Lexical similarity 86% to 98% among dialects. | Trade language. The most important language of Chitral. Urdu schools; some girls go through fifth grade or higher. Different second languages used in different areas: Pashto in the south, Shina and Burushaski in the Gilgit Agency, Kalami and some Pashto in Swat, Urdu and English among the educated. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20% men, 1% women. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20% men, 1% women. Radio programs. | |
| kia | Kim | 15,354 (1993 census). | Southwest, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Bongor Subprefecture, Logone River area, southeast of Bangor. | Garap (Éré), Gerep (Djouman, Jumam), Kolop (Kilop, Kolobo), Kosop (Kwasap, Kim). Dialects listed may be closely related languages. Formerly classified as Chadic. | Trade language. The most important language of Chitral. Urdu schools; some girls go through fifth grade or higher. Different second languages used in different areas: Pashto in the south, Shina and Burushaski in the Gilgit Agency, Kalami and some Pashto in Swat, Urdu and English among the educated. | NT: 1955. | NT: 1955. | |
| kib | Koalib | 44,258 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, southern Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, around Delami, including Umm Berumbita and Turum (Nguqwurang), south and southwest of Abri around Koalib range (Ngunduna), at and around Nyukwur, also at Umm Heitan and Hadra (Nginyukwur), in villages scattered over the plain around Abri (Ngirere). | Nguqwurang, Ngunduna, Nginyukwur, Ngirere, Ngemere. Lexical similarity 75% with closest Heiban languages. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | NT: 1967–1994. | NT: 1967–1994. | |
| kic | Kickapoo | 300 in Mexico (1992 SIL). | Coahuila: Nacimiento de Kikapú, 25 miles northeast of Muzquiz. | Possibly intelligible with Sac and Fox (Mesquakie). | Vigorous in Mexico. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Spanish, 45% English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Spanish, 45% English. | |
| kid | Koshin | 1,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, Village of Koshin. | Possibly intelligible with Sac and Fox (Mesquakie). | Vigorous in Mexico. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Spanish, 45% English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Spanish, 45% English. | |
| kie | Kibet | 18,500 (1983 Bender). | East, Salamat Prefecture, Am Timan Subprefecture, and Ouaddaï Prefecture, Goz Beïda Subprefecture. Northeast of Am Timan and southwest of Goz Beïda. | Dagel (Daggal), Murru (Muro, Mourro), Kibet. Close to Runga. The dialects listed, including Murru, may be separate languages. Not a Tama variety, as reported in some sources. | The majority also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Spanish, 45% English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% Spanish, 45% English. | |
| kif | Parbate, Eastern | 3,000 (1988). | Dhaulagiri Zone, Baglung District, Nishel in 3 villages of Nisi, Bhalkot, Budhathok; Bhujel live in villages Kuku, Diza, Kang, Masbang, Musuri, and Sukurdung. | Bhujel Kham. Partially intelligible with Western Parbate dialects. Lexical similarity 79% with Bhujel Kham (closest), 71% with Western Parbate, 55% with Gamale, 44% with Sheshi. | Vigorous. Some speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kig | Kimaama | 3,000 (1987 SIL). | Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island west of southeast Papua. Ngolar II, village 10 km east of Marauke, is all Kimaama. | Bhujel Kham. Partially intelligible with Western Parbate dialects. Lexical similarity 79% with Bhujel Kham (closest), 71% with Western Parbate, 55% with Gamale, 44% with Sheshi. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kih | Kilmeri | 2,823 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Vanimo District near Ossima. 15 villages. | Western Kilmeri (Isi), Eastern Kilmeri (Ossima). | Speakers are using Tok Pisin primarily. | Bible portions: 1880. | Bible portions: 1880. | |
| kii | Kitsai | Extinct. Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 Scott DeLancey). | Formerly in west central Oklahoma among the Caddo, Caddo County. | Closer to Pawnee than to Wichita. | Speakers are using Tok Pisin primarily. | Bible portions: 1880. | Bible portions: 1880. | |
| kil | Kariya | 2,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Ganjuwa LGA, Kariya village near Miya town. | Closer to Pawnee than to Wichita. | Speakers are using Tok Pisin primarily. | Bible portions: 1880. | Bible portions: 1880. | |
| kim | Karagas | 25 to 30 (2001). Ethnic population: 730 (1989 census). | Siberia, Irkutsk Region. | Closer to Pawnee than to Wichita. | 20% to 40% of the ethnic group speaks Karagas. Used in the home. Speakers are older adults. People neutral to mildly supportive toward Karagas. Speakers also use Russian. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kio | Kiowa | 1,092 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 6,000 (1977 SIL). | Oklahoma, west central. | Closer to Pawnee than to Wichita. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| kip | Kham, Sheshi | 20,000 (2003). | Rapti Zone, Rukum and Rolpa districts, western hills, Jangkot, Kotgaon (Tapnang), Rimsek, Korcabang, Dangdung, Hwama, Dhangsi, Bhabang, and Ghapa villages. | Tapnanggi, Jangkoti. Lexical similarity 55% with Gamale Kham (closest), 51% with Western Parbate, 46% with Bhujel, 44% with Eastern Parbate. | Vigorous. Some speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kiq | Kosadle | 250 (1993 Doriot). | Hulu Atas just west of juncture of Nawa and Idenburg rivers. | Tapnanggi, Jangkoti. Lexical similarity 55% with Gamale Kham (closest), 51% with Western Parbate, 46% with Bhujel, 44% with Eastern Parbate. | Vigorous. Some speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kir | Kirghiz | 1,137 in Turkey (1982). | Van and Kars provinces. | Southern Kirghiz, Northern Kirghiz. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Uyghur or Chinese. | Literacy rate in first language: 80% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 59%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 80% to 85%. Literacy rate in second language: 59%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. | |
| kit | Agob | 2,436 (2000 census). Population includes 1,437 Agob, 542 Ende, 457 Kawam. | Western Province, along the Pahoturi River and southern coast. | Agob, Ende, Kawam. One end of a dialect chain stretching to Idi. Ende and Kawam are closest to Agob. Distinct from, but related to Idi (Tame) and Waia. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Uyghur or Chinese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| kiu | Kirmanjki | 140,000 in Turkey. Population includes 100,000 in 182 villages in Tunceli Province, 40,000 in 13 or more villages in Erzincan Province (1972). | Tunceli Province, Tunceli Merkez, Hozat, Nazmiye, Pülümür, and Ovacik subprovinces; Erzincan Province, Erzincan and Cayirli subprovinces; 8 or more villages in Elazig Province, Elazig Merkez and Karakoqan subprovinces; 3 villages in Bingöl Province, Kigi and Karkiova subprovinces; 46 villages in Mush Province, Varto Subprovince; 15 or more villages in Sivas Province, Zara, Imranli, Kangal, and Divrigi subprovinces; 11 or more villages in Erzerum Province, Hinis and Tekman subprovinces; and in many major cities of Turkey. Also spoken in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom. | Tunceli, Varto. Closest to Dimli. Lexical similarity 70% with Dimli. | Some Kurmanji know Kirmanjki as second language. Abroad they use Kirmanjki for close relationships. In Turkey Kirmanjki is used for conversations with family, friends, and neighbors. All ages, most between 20 and 50. Women over 50 in outlying villages in Tunceli Province and children under 7 are monolingual. Turkish is used for religious ceremonies and for official purposes. Most men know some Turkish. Abroad they use Turkish for religious ceremonies, wedding celebrations. All who live abroad learn the national languages to some degree and use them for communication with nationals. | Literacy rate in second language: School-age children to 30 years old, Turkish. Poetry. Magazines. | Literacy rate in second language: School-age children to 30 years old, Turkish. Poetry. Magazines. | |
| kiw | Kiwai, Northeast | 4,400 (1986 Foley). Population includes 1,300 in Kope, 700 in Gibaio, 1,700 in Urama, 700 in Arigibi. | Gulf Province. | Gibaio, Kope (Gope, Era River), Urama, Arigibi (Anigibi). | Some Kurmanji know Kirmanjki as second language. Abroad they use Kirmanjki for close relationships. In Turkey Kirmanjki is used for conversations with family, friends, and neighbors. All ages, most between 20 and 50. Women over 50 in outlying villages in Tunceli Province and children under 7 are monolingual. Turkish is used for religious ceremonies and for official purposes. Most men know some Turkish. Abroad they use Turkish for religious ceremonies, wedding celebrations. All who live abroad learn the national languages to some degree and use them for communication with nationals. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| kiy | Kirikiri | 250 (1982 SIL). Most are monolingual. | West of juncture of the Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers, villages at Dofu Wahuka, Paniai. | Kirikiri, Faia. | Vigorous. All ages. Most are functionally bilingual in Fayu or Edopi. No Indonesian spoken. 5% functional in Irian Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. | |
| kja | Mlap | 300 (2000 Wurm). | West of Lake Sentani, just north of Gresi language. | Lexical similarity 60% with Kemtuik. | Most speakers use Indonesian as second language. Many or most speak or understand Kemtuik. There is a lot of intermarriage with Kemtuik speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. | |
| kjb | Q'anjob'al, Eastern | 77,700 in Guatemala (1998). | Huehuetenango Department, Santa Eulalia. Also spoken in USA. | Lexical similarity 60% with Kemtuik. | Few speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 26%. Bible: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 26%. Bible: 1989. | |
| kjc | Konjo, Coastal | 125,000 (1991 SIL). Population includes 50,000 Kajang, 10,000 Tiro. | South Sulawesi, southeast corner of the southern tip of the peninsula; parts of Sinjai, Bulukumba, and Bantaeng districts. | Konjo Pesisir (Ara, Bira), Tana Toa (Tana Towa, Black Konjo, Kajang, Kadjang), Bantaeng (Bonthain). Tana Toa is at the northern end of the dialect cluster. Lexical similarity 76% with Makassar. Tana Toa is within 10% lexical similarity of the other coastal dialects. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 26%. Bible: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 26%. Bible: 1989. | |
| kjd | Kiwai, Southern | 9,700 (1975 Wurm). Population includes 3,800 in Coast, 1,000 in Daru, 4,500 in Island Kiwai, 400 in Doumori. | Western Province, Fly River Delta. | Doumori, Coast Kiwai, Southern Coast Kiwai, Daru Kiwai, Eastern Kiwai, Island Kiwai. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1960. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1960. | |
| kje | Kisar | 20,000 (1995 SIL). | Kisar Island northeast of Timor Island, 19 villages, villages of Hila and Likagraha (Solath) on Roma Island, 3 villages on Wetar Island (Amau, Naumatan, Hi'ai), and several hundred in Ambon city, Dili, and Kupang. Used as a second language by a handful of Oirata speakers on Kisar. South Maluku. | Not related to Oirata, which has sometimes been called a dialect. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1997. | |
| kjf | Khalaj | 42,107 in Iran (2000 WCD). | Also spoken in Azerbaijan. | Related to Kurdish and Talysh. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1997. | |
| kjg | Khmu | 56,542 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Son La, Lai Chau, Nghe An, and Yen Bai provinces. | Yuan, Khroong (Krong), Luang Prabang, Sayabury, Lyy, Rok, U, Hat. | Trade language. | Duota script in China. Bible portions: 1918. | Duota script in China. Bible portions: 1918. | |
| kjh | Khakas | 10 in China (1982 census). Ethnic population: 875 in ethnic group in China (1982 census). | Fuyu County, north of Qiqihar, in Heilongjiang Province. | Sagai, Beltir, Kacha, Kyzyl, Shor, Kamassian. | Only about 10 very old people speak fluently, others use some words, but mainly Mongolian. The young people are monolingual in Chinese. Speakers also use Mongolian or Chinese. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1995. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| kjj | Khinalugh | 1,500. | Quba. | The most divergent Lezgian language. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children speak Khinalugh. Positive language attitude. Azerbaijani is used as the literary language. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1995. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| kjk | Konjo, Highland | 150,000 (1991 SIL). | South Sulawesi, central mountain area, Sinjai, Bone, Gowa, Bulukumba districts. | Lexical similarity 75% with Coastal Konjo. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children speak Khinalugh. Positive language attitude. Azerbaijani is used as the literary language. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1995. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1995. | |
| kjl | Parbate, Western | 46,466 (2000 WCD). | Rapti Zone, Rukum, Rolpa districts, west central Nepal. Taka-Shera is the center. Some in Dhaulagiri Zone, Baglung District. | Takale, Lukumel, Wale, Thabanggi. Greatest similarities between Takale Kham and Nisi Kham. The Parbate, Sheshi, and Gamale groups are all inherently unintelligible. Mahatale and Miruli are 2 dialects whose position within the Kham linguistic group has not been decided. Lexical similarity 71% with Gamale Kham, Eastern Parbate; 58% with Bhujel Kham, 51% with Sheshi. 25% lexical similarity with Magar and Gurung, slightly below 25% with the Tibetan group, 15% with the Rai and Limbu groups. | Trade language for Kham area. All domains. All ages. Speakers use Nepali only when outside their homeland. Young men are most proficient, older adult women the least. Most can discuss common topics in Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: Some. Literacy rate in second language: Some. Devanagari script. | Literacy rate in first language: Some. Literacy rate in second language: Some. Devanagari script. | |
| kjm | Kháng | 3,921 (1985 F. Proschan). | Son La and Lai Chau provinces in northern Viet Nam. | Kháng Clau, Kháng Ai (Xa Khao, Xa Cau, Sakau). Related to Puoc and Phong-Kniang in Laos. | Trade language for Kham area. All domains. All ages. Speakers use Nepali only when outside their homeland. Young men are most proficient, older adult women the least. Most can discuss common topics in Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: Some. Literacy rate in second language: Some. Devanagari script. | Literacy rate in first language: Some. Literacy rate in second language: Some. Devanagari script. | |
| kjn | Kunjen | 20 to 25 (1991 Bruce Sommer). 40 with some knowledge. Ethnic population: 300 (1991 Bruce Sommer). | Wrotham Park, Kowanyama, Edward River, Queensland. | Ulkulu, Oykangand (Olgol, Olgolo, Olgel, Ogondyan). | Speakers are shifting to Torres Strait Creole. Most also use other Aboriginal languages, English, or Kriol. | Bible portions: 1967. | Bible portions: 1967. | |
| kjo | Kinnauri, Harijan | 6,331 (1998). | Himachal Pradesh, spoken by Scheduled Caste communities in villages throughout Kinnaur District. | Ulkulu, Oykangand (Olgol, Olgolo, Olgel, Ogondyan). | Speakers are shifting to Torres Strait Creole. Most also use other Aboriginal languages, English, or Kriol. | Bible portions: 1967. | Bible portions: 1967. | |
| kjp | Karen, Pwo Eastern | 50,000 in Thailand (1998). | Tak (Mae Sot south), Ulthaithani, Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, Ratchaburi, Phetchaburi, and Prachuapkhirikhan (Huahin District) provinces. Kanchanaburi dialect is northern, Ratchaburi-Phetchaburi dialect is southern. | Kanchanaburi Pwo Karen, Ratchaburi Pwo Karen (Phetchaburi Pwo Karen). | Speakers are shifting to Torres Strait Creole. Most also use other Aboriginal languages, English, or Kriol. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 50%. | |
| kjq | Keres, Western | 3,391 (1980 census). Population includes 1,695 Laguna, 1,696 Acoma. Ethnic population: 5,880, including 3,526 Laguna, 2,354 Acoma (1980 census). | New Mexico, north central. | Acoma (Laguna). | In Acoma most adults speak the language but some younger people prefer English and many children do not speak the language. In Laguna most or all speakers are middle aged or over. Percentage under 18 years old who are speakers: 47.7%, including Laguna 32.3%, Acoma 67.9%; above 18: 75.1% (1998). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1966–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1966–1997. | |
| kjs | Kewa, East | 45,000 (2000 census). | Southern Highlands Province, Ialibu and Kagua districts. | Acoma (Laguna). | In Acoma most adults speak the language but some younger people prefer English and many children do not speak the language. In Laguna most or all speakers are middle aged or over. Percentage under 18 years old who are speakers: 47.7%, including Laguna 32.3%, Acoma 67.9%; above 18: 75.1% (1998). | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2004. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2004. | |
| kjt | Karen, Phrae Pwo | No estimate available. | Northern Thailand, eastern provinces including Phrae Province. | Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen languages. Lexical similarity 87% with Northern Pwo Karen of Thailand, 67% to 71% with other Pwo Karen varieties. | Most use Northern Thai and S'gaw Karen as second languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| kju | Kashaya | 45 (1994 L. Hinton). | Northern Thailand, eastern provinces including Phrae Province. | Not intelligible with other Pwo Karen languages. Lexical similarity 87% with Northern Pwo Karen of Thailand, 67% to 71% with other Pwo Karen varieties. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| kjx | Ramopa | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Bougainville Province, northwest Bougainville Island, south of Rapoisi. | Lexical similarity 19% with Rapoisi. | Few also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| kjy | Erave | 10,000 (2000 census). | Southern Highlands Province. | Lexical similarity 19% with Rapoisi. | Few also use Tok Pisin. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| kjz | Bumthangkha | 30,000 (1993 Van Driem). | Central. Bumthang and in the whole of central Bhutan. Mangdikha is in Mangdi District around Tongsa. Tsamangkha is on the east northeast border of Kurto. Salabekha is in the Yangtse District and Tawang and southeast Tibet. | Ura, Tang, Chogor, Chunmat. Khengkha and Bumthangkha are reported by one source to be intelligible with each other. Cuona Monpa is the same as, or closely related to, Bumthangkha (see Moinba in India and China). Lexical similarity 92% with Khengkha. 47% to 52% with Dzongkha, 62% to 65% with Adap, 40% to 50% with Sharchagpakha. | Few also use Tok Pisin. | Uchen script. Bible portions: 1938. | Uchen script. Bible portions: 1938. | |
| kka | Kakanda | 20,000 (1989 Blench). | Niger State, Agaie and Lapai LGAs; Kwara State, Kogi LGA, and communities along the Niger River centered on Budã. | Budon Kakanda, Gbanmi-Sokun Kakanda. | Few also use Tok Pisin. | Uchen script. Bible portions: 1938. | Uchen script. Bible portions: 1938. | |
| kkb | Kwerisa | 15 to 50 (2000 Wurm). | At village of Kaiy on lower Rouffaer River. | Lexical similarity 60% with Biritai. | About 20% to 30% of the ethnic group speaks Kwerisa. Used in the home. There may be a few older adult speakers (1987). Most or all now speak Kaiy. | Uchen script. Bible portions: 1938. | Uchen script. Bible portions: 1938. | |
| kkc | Odoodee | 486 (2002 SIL). | Western Province from south bank of middle Rentoul River past the middle Tomu River to Wawoi Falls. Villages of Tulusi (Hesif), Hasalibi, Kalamo (Wawoi Falls). | Closest to Samo-Kubo and Konai. | About 20% to 30% of the ethnic group speaks Kwerisa. Used in the home. There may be a few older adult speakers (1987). Most or all now speak Kaiy. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | |
| kkd | Kinuku | 500 (1973 SIL). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Closest to Samo-Kubo and Konai. | About 20% to 30% of the ethnic group speaks Kwerisa. Used in the home. There may be a few older adult speakers (1987). Most or all now speak Kaiy. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | |
| kkg | Kalinga, Mabaka Valley | No estimate available. | Luzon, southeastern Kalinga-Apayao Province. | Closest to Samo-Kubo and Konai. | Bilingual in Limos Kalinga. 79% average comprehension among the speakers tested. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | |
| kkh | Khün | 6,281 in Thailand (2000 WCD). | Chiangrai, Chiangmai. May not be in Thailand. | Close to Lü and Northern Tai or southern Shan. Lanna and Khun spoken dialects are considered close by their speakers. | Bilingual in Limos Kalinga. 79% average comprehension among the speakers tested. | Script close to that of the Lanna. Bible portions: 1938. | Script close to that of the Lanna. Bible portions: 1938. | |
| kkl | Yale, Kosarek | 2,300 (1993 Doriot). Nearly 100% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 2,300. | Eastern highlands, just east of Yali of Ninia, northwest of Nipsan, east of Dani, a little north of Yali of Angguruk. | Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Close to Nipsan, Nalca, and Gilika. Lexical similarity 78% with Nipsan, 59% with Nalca. | Vigorous. All domains, home, sermons and songs in church, local commerce. Speakers think it is inferior to Indonesian. Some speakers also use Indonesian with outsiders, in school, and in church. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kkm | Kiong | 100 (2004). Ethnic population: 569 (2000 WCD). | Cross River State, Odukpani and Akampka LGAs. | Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Close to Nipsan, Nalca, and Gilika. Lexical similarity 78% with Nipsan, 59% with Nalca. | Speakers are older adults; the younger generation speaks Efik. For several generations before now, the people were bilingual in Kiong and Efik. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kkn | Kon Keu | 6,300 (2000 WCD). | Cross River State, Odukpani and Akampka LGAs. | Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Close to Nipsan, Nalca, and Gilika. Lexical similarity 78% with Nipsan, 59% with Nalca. | Speakers are older adults; the younger generation speaks Efik. For several generations before now, the people were bilingual in Kiong and Efik. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kko | Karko | 12,986 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Kordofan, in Karko Hills 20 miles west of Dilling, including Dulman. May also be spoken on Abu Jinik to the west (1,000) and El Tabaq southwest of Katla (800). | Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Close to Nipsan, Nalca, and Gilika. Lexical similarity 78% with Nipsan, 59% with Nalca. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kkp | Gugubera | 15 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 50 (1990 Schmidt). | Around the mouth of Mission River, Mitchell River, Queensland. | Kosarek, Gilika (Kilika), Tiple. Close to Nipsan, Nalca, and Gilika. Lexical similarity 78% with Nipsan, 59% with Nalca. | Most use Kunjen as second language, some use Torres Strait Creole. The ethnic group has poor comprehension of English. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kkr | Kir-Balar | 3,050 (1993). | Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Kir Bengbet and Kir Bajang'le villages. | Kir, Balar (Larbawa). | Most use Kunjen as second language, some use Torres Strait Creole. The ethnic group has poor comprehension of English. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kks | Giiwo | 14,000 (1998 SIL). | Bauchi State, Alkaleri, Bauchi, and Darazo LGAs. | Kir, Balar (Larbawa). | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kkt | Koi | 2,641 (2001 census). | Sagarmatha Zone, northeastern Khotang District, Sungdel Panchayat near the headwaters of the Rawakhola, 2 villages. | Sungdel, Behere. Closest to Dumi and Khaling. | Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kku | Tumi | 2,266 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Sungdel, Behere. Closest to Dumi and Khaling. | Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kkv | Kangean | 21,209 (2000 WCD). | Eastern Madura area. | Barely intelligible with East Madura. A separate language (Stevens 1968). Lexical similarity 75% with Madura. | Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kkx | Kohin | 8,000 (2003). | Central Kalimantan, Kotawaringin Timur District, along the central and northern Seruyan River. 10 villages. | Lexical similarity 69% with Katingan, 60% to 65% with Dohoi, 50% to 62% with Ngaju. | Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1992–1996. | |
| kky | Guguyimidjir | 20 to 30 (1991 Wayne Rosendale). 200 to 300 know and understand the language but prefer English. Ethnic population: 400 (1990 Schmidt). | Hopevale, Queensland. | Lexical similarity 69% with Katingan, 60% to 65% with Dohoi, 50% to 62% with Ngaju. | Children understand Guguyimidjir, but speak only a little, and mainly speak Aboriginal English. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1940. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1940. | |
| kkz | Kaska | 400 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 900 (1995 M. Krauss). | Southeastern Yukon Territory Watson Lake, Ross River, and Lower Post, and northern British Columbia border area, Lower Post, Fireside, Good Hope Lake, Dease Lake, and Muncho Lake. | Close to Tahltan. | Speakers are nearly middle aged, except at Ross River, where there may be younger speakers. Speakers also use English. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| kla | Klamath-Modoc | 1 (1998 N.Y. Times, April 9, p. A20). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 Scott DeLancey). | Oregon, south central, around and to the east and north of Klamath and Agency lakes; Modoc directly to the south. | Closest to Molala and Sahaptian. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| klb | Kiliwa | 24 to 32 (1994 SIL). | Arroyo León (4 or 5 houses), Agua Escondida (1 house), La Parra (1 or 2 houses) southeast of Ensenada, Baja California Norte. South of the Paipai, Tipai, and Cocopa. | Linguistically distinct from Paipai, Tipai, Cocopa (A. Wares). | A Kiliwa population sample understood Paipai at 87%, but a Paipai sample understood no Kiliwa. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| klc | Kolbila | 2,500 (1997 Lars Lode). | North Province, Faro Division, Bantadje Canton, southeast of Poli, and some to the east on the main road between Ngaoundere and Garoua. Not in Nigeria. | Related to Chamba Leko. | Speakers also use French. | Bible portions: 1982–1985. | Bible portions: 1982–1985. | |
| kld | Gamilaraay | 3 (1997 Coonabarabran Public School). | Barwon, Bundarra, Balonne rivers, Liverpool Plains and upper Hunter River, central northern New South Wales. | Related to Chamba Leko. | Members of one family still speak the language and teach in schools as community visitors. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| kle | Kulung | 18,686 in Nepal (2001 census). | Sikkim; West Bengal, Jalpaiguri District; Uttaranchal, Dehradun. | Sotang (Sotaring, Sottaring), Mahakulung, Tamachhang, Pidisoi, Chhapkoa, Pelmung, Namlung, Khambu. Intelligibility between Kulung and Sota Ring is 100% because only some words are pronounced differently. Related to Sangpang and Nachereng. | Attitudes among dialects from positive to unfriendly. Up to 50% of the population can understand some Nepali at a basic level. Only Kulung who live on the border with other language groups speak the other language. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 50% adults, 10% women. High motivation for literacy. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 50% adults, 10% women. High motivation for literacy. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| klf | Kendeje | 1,859 (2000 WCD). | East, Ouaddaï Prefecture, rural Abéché and Adré subprefectures, north and west of Hadjer Hadid. | Yaali, Faranga. Lexical similarity 89% between the dialects with little contact between them. | Reported high bilingualism in Maba and Masalit. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 50% adults, 10% women. High motivation for literacy. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 50% adults, 10% women. High motivation for literacy. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| klg | Kalagan, Tagakaulu | 71,356 (2000 WCD). 40,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 100,000. | Southern Mindanao, Sarangani Province and Davao Del Sur. | Related to Mandaya, Kalagan, and Kamayo. About 85% intelligibility of Mansaka. | All ages. Speakers also use Cebuano or Hiligaynon. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | |
| klh | Weliki | 200 (1990 SIL). | Morobe Province, lower Timbe River valley. 2 villages. | Related to Mandaya, Kalagan, and Kamayo. About 85% intelligibility of Mansaka. | Those in one village are highly proficient in Timbe. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | |
| kli | Kalumpang | 12,000 (1991 SIL). | South Sulawesi, southeast Mamuju District, Kalumpang Subdistrict. | Karataun, Mablei, Mangki (E'da), Bone Hau (Ta'da). There are other small dialects not listed. Lexical similarity 78% with Mamasa, 78% with Rongkong, 74% with Toraja-Sa'dan. Between Karataun and Bone Hau dialects: average 82%. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | |
| klj | Khalaj, Turkic | 42,107 (2000 WCD). | Northeast of Arak in Central Province. | Not a dialect of Azerbaijani, as previously supposed. An independent language distinct from other extant Turkish languages (Doerfer 1971). | Some children know only Farsi. Most also use Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | |
| klk | Kono | 5,522 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA, Kona village. | Not a dialect of Azerbaijani, as previously supposed. An independent language distinct from other extant Turkish languages (Doerfer 1971). | Some children know only Farsi. Most also use Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 30%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1964–2002. | |
| kll | Kalagan, Kagan | 6,000 (1981 SIL). | Davao City, Mindanao. | Related to Kalagan; 82% intelligibility of Piso dialect. | Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Cebuano. | Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 60%. Bible portions: 1980. | Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 60%. Bible portions: 1980. | |
| klm | Kolom | 472 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Kalagan; 82% intelligibility of Piso dialect. | Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Cebuano. | Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 60%. Bible portions: 1980. | Literacy rate in second language: Perhaps 60%. Bible portions: 1980. | |
| kln | Kalenjin | 2,458,123 (1989 census). Population includes 471,459 Kipsigis, 261,969 Nandi, 110,908 Keiyo, 130,249 Tugen (1980 Heine and Möhlig). | Mainly Nandi, Kericho, and Uasin Gishu districts, Rift Valley Province. | Nandi (Naandi, Cemual), Terik (Nyang'ori), Kipsigis (Kipsiikis, Kipsikis, Kipsikiis), Keiyo (Keyo, Elgeyo), South Tugen (Tuken), Cherangany. Lexical similarity 60% with Omotik, 50% with Datooga. | Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible: 1939–1969. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible: 1939–1969. | |
| klo | Kapya | 200 (2004). | Taraba State, Takum LGA, at Kapya. | Related to Kutep. | Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Cebuano. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible: 1939–1969. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible: 1939–1969. | |
| klp | Kamasa | 7 (2003 SIL). | Morobe Province, in part of the Katsiong census unit. | Related to Kutep. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible: 1939–1969. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible: 1939–1969. | |
| klq | Rumu | 1,000 (1985 UBS). | Gulf Province, Kikori District, north of Kikori on the Kikori, Sirebi, and Tiviri rivers. | Related to Kutep. | Used in the home. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1965–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1965–1993. | |
| klr | Khaling | 9,288 in Nepal (2001 census). | Darjeeling and Sikkim, scattered. | Closest to Dumi and Koi. | Not used in Sikkim. They speak Nepali amongst themselves and with others. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1994. | |
| kls | Kalasha | 5,029 (2000 WCD). | Southern Chitral District. The largest village is Balanguru in Rumbur Valley. Southern Kalasha is in Urtsun Valley; Northern Kalasha in Rumbur, Bumboret, and Birir valleys. | Southern Kalasha (Urtsun), Northern Kalasha (Rumbur, Bumboret, Birir). There may be an eastern dialect on the east side of the Chitral River south of Drosh. Related to Khowar. Little contact between Northern and Southern dialects. The southern dialect has 75% lexical similarity with the northern dialects. | Used in the home and for in-group communication in the north. In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the group. Speakers have low proficiency in Khowar; in Birir some men do not speak Khowar. Women are learning Khowar, and some learning Urdu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1994. | |
| klt | Nukna | 850 (2003 SIL). | Morobe Province, lower Timbe River valley. | Southern Kalasha (Urtsun), Northern Kalasha (Rumbur, Bumboret, Birir). There may be an eastern dialect on the east side of the Chitral River south of Drosh. Related to Khowar. Little contact between Northern and Southern dialects. The southern dialect has 75% lexical similarity with the northern dialects. | Used in the home and for in-group communication in the north. In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the group. Speakers have low proficiency in Khowar; in Birir some men do not speak Khowar. Women are learning Khowar, and some learning Urdu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1994. | |
| klu | Klao | 8,000 in Sierra Leone (1989 TISLL). | Freetown. Originally from Liberia. | Western Klaoh, West Central Klaoh, Central Klaoh, Eastern Klaoh. | Used in the home and for in-group communication in the north. In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the group. Speakers have low proficiency in Khowar; in Birir some men do not speak Khowar. Women are learning Khowar, and some learning Urdu. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| klw | Lindu | 2,000 (1990 SIL). | Central Sulawesi, Kulawi Subdistrict; villages of Anca, Tomado, Langko, near Lake Lindu. | Western Klaoh, West Central Klaoh, Central Klaoh, Eastern Klaoh. | Used in the home and for in-group communication in the north. In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the group. Speakers have low proficiency in Khowar; in Birir some men do not speak Khowar. Women are learning Khowar, and some learning Urdu. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| kly | Kalao | 500 (1988 SIL). | South Sulawesi, eastern Kalao Island, south of Selayar Island. | Related to Laiyolo (lexical similarity 76%) and Wotu. | Used in the home and for in-group communication in the north. In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the group. Speakers have low proficiency in Khowar; in Birir some men do not speak Khowar. Women are learning Khowar, and some learning Urdu. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| klz | Kabola | 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). | Northwestern (Bird's Head) Alor Island in the Lesser Sundas. | Pintumbang, Tang'ala, Meibuil, Otvai, Kebun Kopi. The names and locations of the dialect in Wurm and Hattori (1981) are disputed by native speakers. May be more than one language. On the basis of linguistic differences and social identity, is best considered a separate language from Adang. | Used in the home and for in-group communication in the north. In the south Khowar or Kati are sometimes used in the home and within the group. Speakers have low proficiency in Khowar; in Birir some men do not speak Khowar. Women are learning Khowar, and some learning Urdu. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| kmc | Dong, Southern | 1,000,000. 68% of the 1,463,000 Dong speakers speak Southern Dong. | Area where southeastern Guizhou (Yuping Autonomous County), western Hunan, and northern Guangxi provinces meet, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 20 contiguous counties. | Close to Mulam. Lexical similarity 93% within Southern Dong, 71% between Northern Dong and Southern Dong. Lexical similarity 49% with Northern Zhuang, 46% with Laka, 29% with Laqua, 28% with Buyang, 26% with Hlai, 24% with Gelo, 22% with Lati, 6% with Hmong, 4% with Mien. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers view it as superior to Hmong, but inferior to Chinese. Speakers of Northern Dong are more bilingual than those of Southern Dong. Speakers use Mandarin for literature. | Magazines. Dictionary. | Magazines. Dictionary. |
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