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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kcg | Tyap | 130,000 (1993 SIL). | Kaduna State, Kachia, Saminaka, and Jema'a LGAs. | Kafanchan (Fantuan, Kpashan), Kachichere (Aticherak, Daroro), Katab (Atyap, Tyap), Kagoro (Agwolok, Agolok, Agwot, Aguro), Atakat (Atakar, Attaka, Attakar, Takat), Sholio (Asholio, Asolio, Osholio, Aholio, Marwa, Morwa, Moroa, Maruwa, Maroa). | Yoruba is lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | |
| kch | Vono | 500 (1973 SIL). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Kafanchan (Fantuan, Kpashan), Kachichere (Aticherak, Daroro), Katab (Atyap, Tyap), Kagoro (Agwolok, Agolok, Agwot, Aguro), Atakat (Atakar, Attaka, Attakar, Takat), Sholio (Asholio, Asolio, Osholio, Aholio, Marwa, Morwa, Moroa, Maruwa, Maroa). | Yoruba is lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | |
| kci | Kamantan | 10,000 (1972 Barrett). | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA. | Kafanchan (Fantuan, Kpashan), Kachichere (Aticherak, Daroro), Katab (Atyap, Tyap), Kagoro (Agwolok, Agolok, Agwot, Aguro), Atakat (Atakar, Attaka, Attakar, Takat), Sholio (Asholio, Asolio, Osholio, Aholio, Marwa, Morwa, Moroa, Maruwa, Maroa). | Yoruba is lingua franca. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | |
| kcj | Kobiana | 650 in Guinea-Bissau (2002). Ethnic population: 650. | Near Banyun. Also spoken in Senegal. | Close to Bainouk and Kasanga. | Speakers also use Mandyak. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | |
| kcm | Gula | 200 to 2,000 in Sudan (1987 SIL). | Southern Sudan at Kafia Kingi in extreme western Bahr el Ghazal Province and at Kata. | Gula (Goula), Nguru (Bubu, Koyo). | Many in Sudan are reported to be bilingual in Kresh or Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1940. | |
| kcn | Nubi | 10,000 in Kenya. Population includes 3,000 to 6,000 in Kibera. | Kibera, outside Nairobi. | Descendants of Emin Pasha's troops. Formerly a soldier language, which split off from Sudanese Pidgin Arabic about 1900.There are conflicting reports of intelligibility of Sudanese Creole Arabic. 90% of the lexicon comes from Arabic. 90% of the lexicon is from Arabic. | Speakers use Swahili for out-group communication and Nubi for in-group communication, with a stable bilingualism. 30% can also use English. Non-Nubi wives of Nubi men are expected to learn Nubi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kco | Kinalakna | 219 (1978 McElhanon). | Morobe Province. | Descendants of Emin Pasha's troops. Formerly a soldier language, which split off from Sudanese Pidgin Arabic about 1900.There are conflicting reports of intelligibility of Sudanese Creole Arabic. 90% of the lexicon comes from Arabic. 90% of the lexicon is from Arabic. | Speakers use Swahili for out-group communication and Nubi for in-group communication, with a stable bilingualism. 30% can also use English. Non-Nubi wives of Nubi men are expected to learn Nubi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kcp | Kanga | 8,000 (1989). | Northern Sudan, Miri Hills, west and southwest of Kadugli. The most southwesterly hills of the Nuba Mountains. The Kufa cluster of villages lies southeast of Miri, northeast of Lima, and north of Kanga. Four main villages in Kufa: Toole, Lenyaguyox, Bilenya, and 'Dologi. Toole was the main centre. | Abu Sinun, Chiroro-Kursi, Kanga, Kufa-Lima, Krongo Abdalla. Lexical similarity 85% with Tumma (closest). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kcr | Katla | 14,208 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, Katla Hills 35 miles southwest of Dilling. | Bombori, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, Karoka, Koldrong, Julud (Gulud). Related to Tima. The dialects listed are place names where variations are spoken. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kcs | Koenoem | 3,000 (1973 SIL). | Plateau State, Shendam LGA. | Bombori, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, Karoka, Koldrong, Julud (Gulud). Related to Tima. The dialects listed are place names where variations are spoken. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kct | Kaian | 322 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Bombori, Kateik, Kiddu, Kirkpong, Karoka, Koldrong, Julud (Gulud). Related to Tima. The dialects listed are place names where variations are spoken. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| kcx | Kachama-Ganjule | 4,072 (1998 census). 1,002 monolinguals including 816 Kachama, 186 Ganjule. Population includes 2,682 Kachama,1,390 Ganjule; 419 second-language speakers including 223 Kachama, 196 Ganjule. Ethnic population: 3,886 (1998 census) including 2,740 Kachama, 1,146 Ganjule. | Kachama is on Gidicho Island in Lake Abaya. Ganjule originally on a small island in Lake Chamo. Ganjule have recently relocated to Shela-Mela on the west shore of Lake Chamo. | Ganjule (Ganjawle), Ganta, Kachama. Lexical similarity 46% with Wolaytta. | Some also use Wolaytta. | Literacy rate in second language: Kachama: 35.2%. | Literacy rate in second language: Kachama: 35.2%. | |
| kcy | Korandje | No estimate available. | Tabelbala oasis. | Ganjule (Ganjawle), Ganta, Kachama. Lexical similarity 46% with Wolaytta. | Some also use Wolaytta. | Literacy rate in second language: Kachama: 35.2%. | Literacy rate in second language: Kachama: 35.2%. | |
| kda | Worimi | Extinct. | Between Hunter and Hastings rivers, from Port Macquarie to Hawkesbury River, New South Wales. | Ganjule (Ganjawle), Ganta, Kachama. Lexical similarity 46% with Wolaytta. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: Kachama: 35.2%. | Literacy rate in second language: Kachama: 35.2%. | |
| kdd | Yankunytjatjara | 200 to 300 (1985 Cliff Goddard). | Yalata, Musgrave, and Everard Ranges, and the eastern part of Pitjantjatjara freehold lands and surrounding areas, South Australia. | Ganjule (Ganjawle), Ganta, Kachama. Lexical similarity 46% with Wolaytta. | Speakers also use Pitjantjatjara. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kdi | Kumam | 112,629 (1991 census). | South of Lake Kwania, western Teso District. | Lexical similarity 82% with Dhopaluo, 81% with Lango, 77% with Acholi. | Speakers also use Pitjantjatjara. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. | |
| kdj | Karamojong | 370,000 (1994 UBS). Population includes 50,000 Jie (1986 MARC). | East and northeast, Karamojo District around Moroto. | Karamojong, Jie (Jiye), Dodos (Dodoth). The dialects have 83% to 95% lexical similarity. Lexical similarity 85% with Turkana, 75% with Teso. | People are friendly with the Toposa; unfriendly to the Turkana. | Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1974. | Radio programs. Dictionary. NT: 1974. | |
| kdl | Tsikimba | 100,000 (2004 SIL). | Niger State, Magama and Mariga LGAs, Auna and Wara areas, just west of Kainji Lake on the Niger River. | Agaunshe, Ashen. A member of the Kambari cluster, which includes Tsishingini and Cishingini. | All ages. Speakers also use Hausa, English, or other Kambari languages. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Hausa. Bible portions: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% Hausa. Bible portions: 2001. | |
| kdm | Kagoma | 25,391 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA. | Agaunshe, Ashen. A member of the Kambari cluster, which includes Tsishingini and Cishingini. | All ages. Speakers also use Hausa, English, or other Kambari languages. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| kdp | Kaningdon-Nindem | 2,291 (1934). | Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA. | Kaningdom (Kaninkon, Kaningkwom, Kaningkon), Nindem (Inidem, Nidem). Dialect cluster. | All ages. Speakers also use Hausa, English, or other Kambari languages. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| kdq | Koch | 23,000 in India (1997). | Meghalaya, West Garo Hills District; Assam; Tripura; Manipur; West Bengal; Bihar. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Banai, Harigaya, Satpariya, Tintekiya, Wanang. | Koch of Meghalaya can speak Bengali, Assamese, Garo; educated speak English and Hindi. | Show a growing interest toward education (Singh). Assamese script. | Show a growing interest toward education (Singh). Assamese script. | |
| kdr | Karaim | 3 (2000). Ethnic population: 5,000 in Lithuania. | Meghalaya, West Garo Hills District; Assam; Tripura; Manipur; West Bengal; Bihar. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Eastern Karaim, Northwestern Karaim, Trakay, Galits. Close to Karachay and Kumyk. | National language of the Karaim. | Cyrillic and Hebrew scripts. OT: 1842. | Cyrillic and Hebrew scripts. OT: 1842. | |
| kds | Lahu Shi | 6,874 all Lahu (Yellow, Black, White) in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Lai Chau Province, just to the west of Muong Te City on the Son Da (Black River). | Difficult intelligibility of Black Lahu. A distinct language from Nyi (Red Lahu). | National language of the Karaim. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| kdt | Kuy | 51,180 in Laos (2000). 80% monolingual. | Savannakhet, Saravan, Sedone provinces. A large group on both sides of the Mekong in southern Laos. | Antra, Na Nhyang. | Speakers also use Central Khmer. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | |
| kdu | Kadaru | 12,360 (2000 WCD). | Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba mountains, Kadaru Hills between Dilling and Delami. | Kadaru (Kodur), Kururu (Tagle), Kafir (Ka'e), Kurtala (Ngokra), Dabatna (Kaaral), Kuldaji (Kendal). Lexical similarity 93% with Dilling, 92% to 87% with Debri, 60% with Birked. | Speakers also use Central Khmer. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | |
| kdv | Kado | 225 in Laos (2000). | Phongsali Province. | Kadu, Ganaan (Ganan), Andro, Sengmai, Chakpa, Phayeng. | Speakers also use Central Khmer. | Bible portions: 1939. | Bible portions: 1939. | |
| kdw | Koneraw | 200 (2000 Wurm). | South coast of Frederik Hendrik Island. | Kadu, Ganaan (Ganan), Andro, Sengmai, Chakpa, Phayeng. | Speakers also use Central Khmer. | Bible portions: 1939. | Bible portions: 1939. | |
| kdx | Kam | 5,000 (1993). | Taraba State, Bali LGA, 2 villages between Mayo Kam and Garba Chede. | Kadu, Ganaan (Ganan), Andro, Sengmai, Chakpa, Phayeng. | Speakers also use Hausa or Fulfulde. | Bible portions: 1939. | Bible portions: 1939. | |
| kdy | Keder | 180 (2000 Wurm). Ethnic population: 600 (1973 SIL). | North coast east of Tor River mouth. | Lexical similarity 45% with Berik. | Speakers also use Hausa or Fulfulde. | Bible portions: 1939. | Bible portions: 1939. | |
| kea | Kabuverdianu | 393,943 in Cape Verde Islands (1998 S. Graham). Population includes 255,101 in Sotavento or 65% of the speakers, 138,842 in Barlavento or 35% of the speakers. Population total all countries: 926,078. | Sotavento dialect is on Santiago, Maio, Fogo, and Brava islands; Barlavento dialect is on Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Sal, and Boa Vista islands. Also spoken in France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, Spain, USA. | Sotavento, Barlavento. There is a creole continuum and some decreolization. Lexical similarity 59% with the Gulf of Guinea creoles. | National language. 29% are comfortable in Portuguese, 36% uncomfortable, 34% not functional. Since independence in 1975, the domains of spoken Portuguese have receded in favor of Creole. Portuguese used primarily on TV and radio, in Congress, classrooms, churches, and with foreigners. Portuguese is the primary language of instruction in 12 grades. | Literacy rate in second language: 29% Portuguese. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936. | Literacy rate in second language: 29% Portuguese. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936. | |
| kec | Keiga | 6,072 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills area, Jebel Demik, north of Miri, western part of Kadugli Province. Three areas: Ambong (villages: Ambong, Ambongadi, Kandang, Kuluwaring, Tingiragadi, Lakkadi, Taffor, Arungekkaadi, Bila Ndulang, Roofik, Saadhing); Lubung (villages: Kuwaik, Tungunungunu, Miya Ntaarang, Miya Ntaluwa, Miya Ndumuru, Semalili); Tumuro (villages: Koolo, Kayide, Jughuba, Tumuro). | Demik (Rofik), Keiga (Aigang). Lexical similarity 60% with closest Kadugli languages. | Most domains. About half the children learn the language. Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 29% Portuguese. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936. | Literacy rate in second language: 29% Portuguese. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1936. | |
| kee | Keres, Eastern | 4,580. Population includes 463 Zia, 229 Santa Ana, 1,560 San Felipe, 1,888 Santo Domingo, 384 Cochiti. Ethnic population: 5,701 including 602 Zia, 374 Santa Ana, 1,789 San Felipe, 2,140 Santo Domingo, 796 Cochiti. | North central New Mexico. | Zia, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Cochiti. | Vigorous in some pueblos; in others some younger people prefer English. Percentage of persons under 18 who are speakers: 47.7%, including Laguna 32.3%, Acoma 67.9%; above 18: 75.1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1933–1936. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1933–1936. | |
| kef | Kpessi | 4,000 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 4,000. | Central Togo, in the East Mono Prefecture, Kpessi and Nyamassila cantons and in Blitta Prefecture, Langabou Canton. | Zia, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo, Cochiti. | Most domains, home, formal village functions, prayer and announcements in church. All ages. Very positive language attitude and attempts by leaders to keep language in use and insure that children are learning it. Good comprehension of Éwé and Gen. Éwé language used in literacy. Some also speak French, Ifè, Tem, or Kabiye. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| keg | Tese | 1,400 (1971 Welmers). | Northern Sudan, Nuba Hills, Keiga Jirru west of Debri, and in 6 villages, northeast of Kadugli. | Lexical similarity 67% with Temein. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| kei | Kei | 85,000 (2000 Ed Travis). 4,500 monolinguals. | Kei Kecil, Kei Besar, and surrounding islands, except the villages of Banda Eli and Banda Elat on Kei Besar, and the Kur Islands, where Kei is used as a lingua franca. About 207 villages in the major part of 10 islands. Southeast Maluku. | Kei Kecil, Kei Besar, Tayando, Tanimbar Kei (Atnebar), Ta'am. Kei Kecil is the city dialect that has prestige. Kei Besar people usually know the Kei Kecil dialect, but not vice versa. Kei Besar is closer to Fordata than the other Kei dialects. Tanimbar Kei is spoken in only one village. Lexical similarity 60% with Fordata. | Trade language of speakers of Banda and Kur, and outsiders like the ethnic Chinese and Butonese who live in Kei. Fairly vigorous. Banda and Kur speakers use Kei as second language. All domains, songs in church, local commerce, oral literature. Children usually use a second language, but they also speak Kei. Positive language attitude. 95% speak Indonesian at some level. About 2,000 speak Kei, Indonesian, and Banda. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 100 can read it, 10 can write it. Used informally in school for explanations. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 100 can read it, 10 can write it. Used informally in school for explanations. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kej | Kadar | 2,265 (1981 census). | Kerala, Ernakulam, Palakkad, and Trichur districts; Andhra Pradesh; Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, Tiruchchirappalli and Thanjavur districts. | Close to Malayalam (Thundyil 1975:246). Close to Tamil (Singh 1994). A variant form of Tamil, mixed with Malayalam elements (Shashi). | They speak Malayalam or Tamil with outsiders. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| kek | Q'eqchi' | 12,286 in El Salvador. | Southern Belize. | Only slight dialect differences. Prestige dialect is Cobán, Alta Verapaz. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 22%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 22%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988–2001. | |
| kem | Kemak | 50,000 in Indonesia (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 50,000. | North central Timor Island, border area between West Timor and East Timor, mostly on eastern side. | Nogo (Nogo-Nogo), Kemak. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 22%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 22%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988–2001. | |
| ken | Kenyang | 65,000 (1992 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, Mamfe Central Subdivision and Upper Banyang Subdivision, around and southwest of Mamfe; Kupe-Muanenguba Division, western corner of Nguti Subdivision. | Upper Kenyang (Haut-Kenyang), Lower Kenyang (Bas-Kenyang), Bakoni (Upper Balong, Northern Balong, Manyemen, Kicwe, Kitwii, Twii, Manyeman). | All ages. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 2001. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 2001. | |
| keo | Kakwa | 40,000 in Sudan (1978 SIL). | Southern Sudan, Yei District, extending into Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west at Aba and in the south around Mahagi. | Dialects of Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda differ little (Nida). Very different from other Eastern Nilotic languages of Uganda. | People are friendly with the Toposa; unfriendly to the Turkana. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. Bible: 1983. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. Bible: 1983. | |
| kep | Kaikadi | 11,846 (1971 census). | Maharashtra, Jalgaon District; Karnataka. | Dialects of Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda differ little (Nida). Very different from other Eastern Nilotic languages of Uganda. | People are friendly with the Toposa; unfriendly to the Turkana. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. Bible: 1983. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. Bible: 1983. | |
| keq | Kamar | 23,456 (1981 census). | Madhya Pradesh, Rewa District; Chhattisgarh, Raipur District; Maharashtra. | Dialects of Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda differ little (Nida). Very different from other Eastern Nilotic languages of Uganda. | Singh 1994 reports they speak Chhattisgarhi among themselves and Hindi with others. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. Bible: 1983. | Literacy campaign in progress. Radio programs. Bible: 1983. | |
| ker | Kera | 6,000 in Cameroon. | Far North Province, Mayo-Danay Division, Southeast of Doukoula. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | Singh 1994 reports they speak Chhattisgarhi among themselves and Hindi with others. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| kes | Kugbo | 2,000 (1973 SIL). | Rivers State, Brass LGA. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | Singh 1994 reports they speak Chhattisgarhi among themselves and Hindi with others. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 25%. | |
| ket | Ket | 550 to 990 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,222 (2000). | Upper Yenisei Valley, Krasnoyarski krai, Turukhansk, and Baikitsk regions, Sulomai, Bakhta, Verkhneimbatsk, Kellog, Kangatovo, Surgutikha, Vereshchagino, Baklanikha, Farkovo, Goroshikha, and Maiduka villages. East of the Khanti and Mansi, eastern Siberia. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | Under 10% of the ethnic group speaks Ket. No other extant related languages: the Arin, Assan, and Kott peoples became extinct in the 19th century. Used in the home. All speakers are older adults. People are negative to mildly supportive toward Ket. Speakers also use Russian. | Taught in 5 schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in 5 schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| keu | Akebu | 56,400 (2002 SIL). | South, Canton Akebou of Prefecture de Wawa and into Ghana. Main centers Kougnohou, Veh-Nkougna, Kamina. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | All domains except schools and with outsiders. Positive language attitude. Some speakers bilingual in Éwé or Gen. Some also know French. In the churches Éwé is used extensively. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| kev | Kanikkaran | 25,000 (1982 GR). | Kerala, Kozhikode, Ernakulam, Koliam, Trivandrum districts, Neyyattinkara and Nedumangadu taluks; Tamil Nadu, Kanniyakumari, and Tirunelveli districts, Tirunelveli District. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | 90% also use Malayalam. 10% also use Tamil. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Malayalam. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Malayalam. | |
| kew | Kewa, West | 45,000 (2000 census). | Southern Highlands Province, Kagua and Mendi districts. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | 90% also use Malayalam. 10% also use Tamil. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973–2004. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973–2004. | |
| kex | Kukna | 570,419 (1981 census). | Gujarat, Dangs, and Valsad districts; Maharashtra, Dhule, Nasik, and Thane districts; Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Karnataka, Dakshina Kannada (Kanara) District; Rajasthan. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | Trade language. 100,000 second-language speakers (1998). | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Some literacy work being done. Gujarati and Devanagari scripts. Radio programs. NT: 1977–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Some literacy work being done. Gujarati and Devanagari scripts. Radio programs. NT: 1977–2002. | |
| key | Kupia | 4,000 (1983 SIL). | Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam and East Godavari districts. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kwang. | Used only in the home. Speakers use Telegu in the market, work, travel. | NT: 1983. | NT: 1983. | |
| kfa | Kodagu | 122,000 (1997). | Karnataka, Coorg (Kodagu) District, around Mercara, bordering on Malayalam to the south. | May be more than one language. 66% intelligibility of Malappuram Paniya. Lexical similarity 72% with Malappuram Paniya. | Vigorous. First language of the Airi, Male-Kudiya, Meda, Kembatti, Kapal, Maringi, Heggade, Kavadi, Kolla, Thatta, Koleya, Koyava, Banna, Golla, Kanya, Ganiga, Malaya. Used in the home and for community gatherings. First language used as a symbol of identity. 80% of speakers also use Kannada. Some also use Malayalam, Hindi, or English. | Kannada script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. | Kannada script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. | |
| kfb | Kolami, Northwestern | 50,000 (1989 F. Blair). All Kolami 115,000 (1997). | Maharashtra, Yavatmal, Wardha, and Nanded districts; Andhra Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh. | Madka-Kinwat, Pulgaon, Wani, Maregaon. Northwestern and Southeastern Kolami are not inherently intelligible. Kolami is probably not intelligible with Parji, Gadaba, or Pottangi Ollar. Lexical similarity 61% to 68% with Southeastern Kolami. | Kolami is used within the caste; the state language for outside communication. Nearly all adults have some proficiency in Marathi, Telugu, or Gondi. Proficiency is very limited in Marathi; actually a nonstandard Marathi, also used by first-language Marathi speakers in the region. | Literacy rate in first language: 4.2%. | Literacy rate in first language: 4.2%. | |
| kfc | Konda-Dora | 15,000 (2000). | Konda-Dora in Andhra Pradesh, Visianagaram, Srikakulam, East Godavari districts; Kubi in Orissa, Koraput District; Assam. | Konda-Dora (Konda), Kubi. Lexical similarity 83% between Konda and Kubi, 28% to 36% with Telugu. | A few speakers also use Telugu. Many speakers along roads through Araku are competent in Adivasi Oriya, others are more limited. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% (1981 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 10% (1981 census). | |
| kfd | Koraga, Korra | 15,000 (1981 census). Ethnic population: Total ethnic Koraga: 16,665 (1981 census). | Karnataka, Dakshina Kannada District; Kerala, Kannur, and Kasargod districts; Tamil Nadu. | Ande, Mudu, Onti, Tappu. Related to Tulu and Bellari. Not intelligible with Mudu Koraga, Tulu, or Kannada. Structural differences in phonology with Mudu Koraga. According to Bhat there are 4 dialects, Onti (spoken in Udipi), Tappu (spoken in Hebri), Mudu (spoken in Coondapur), Ande (spoken in Mangalore). | Speakers also use Tulu. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% (1981 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 10% (1981 census). | |
| kfe | Kota | 2,000 (1992). | Tamil Nadu, Madras; Nilgiri Hills, Trichikadi village and a few others around Kokkal Kotagiri. | Ko Bashai. | Speakers also use Tulu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Tamil script. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Tamil script. | |
| kff | Koya | 330,000 (1997). Population includes 24,320 Dorli (1972 census). Estimates up to 10,000,000 speakers. | Andhra Pradesh, south of the Godavari River and in adjoining districts north of the river; Maharashtra; Chhattisgarh, Bastar District; Orissa, Koraput District, Malkangiri Subdivision; 300 km east to west, 200 km north to south. | Malakanagiri Koya, Podia Koya (Gotte Koya), Jaganathapuram Koya (Gommu Koya, Godavari Koya), Dorli (Chintoor Koya, Korla, Dora, Dor Koi, Dora Koi, Dorla Koitur, Dorla Koya). Chintoor is the linguistic center. The Malkangiri and Podia varieties are more divergent. A separate language from Gondi. | Telugu is their second language but proficiency is low. | Literacy rate in second language: 7%. Literacy centers. Some Telugu materials available. Literacy classes. Telugu, Oriya, and Devanagari scripts. Roman script reportedly preferred by Koya leaders. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in second language: 7%. Literacy centers. Some Telugu materials available. Literacy classes. Telugu, Oriya, and Devanagari scripts. Roman script reportedly preferred by Koya leaders. NT: 1997. | |
| kfg | Kudiya | 2,462 (1981 census). | Kerala, Kannur, Kasargod districts; Karnataka, Coorg and Dakshina Kannada districts; Tamil Nadu. | Malakanagiri Koya, Podia Koya (Gotte Koya), Jaganathapuram Koya (Gommu Koya, Godavari Koya), Dorli (Chintoor Koya, Korla, Dora, Dor Koi, Dora Koi, Dorla Koitur, Dorla Koya). Chintoor is the linguistic center. The Malkangiri and Podia varieties are more divergent. A separate language from Gondi. | Tulu, Kodagu, Kannada, Malayalam spoken with outsiders. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% (1981 census). Kannada and Malayalam scripts. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% (1981 census). Kannada and Malayalam scripts. | |
| kfh | Kurichiya | 29,375 (1981 census). | Kerala, Wynad, Kannur, Kozhikode districts; Tamil Nadu, Dharampuri District. | Malakanagiri Koya, Podia Koya (Gotte Koya), Jaganathapuram Koya (Gommu Koya, Godavari Koya), Dorli (Chintoor Koya, Korla, Dora, Dor Koi, Dora Koi, Dorla Koitur, Dorla Koya). Chintoor is the linguistic center. The Malkangiri and Podia varieties are more divergent. A separate language from Gondi. | Speakers are shifting to Malayalam in Kerala and Kannada in Tamil Nadu. The Central Institute of Indian Languages lists this as an endangered language. Further study is being done at Annamalai University. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| kfi | Kurumba | 179,793 (2000 WCD). | Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore District, Pollachi, Western Fields, Western Gate Hills; Dharmapuri, South Arcot, and Chingalpattu districts; in pockets in Salem and North Arcot districts; Theni District, Cumbari Valley; Dindukat District, Sirumalai, Senkuruchi Hillocks, Palani; Karnataka; Andhra Pradesh. | Malakanagiri Koya, Podia Koya (Gotte Koya), Jaganathapuram Koya (Gommu Koya, Godavari Koya), Dorli (Chintoor Koya, Korla, Dora, Dor Koi, Dora Koi, Dorla Koitur, Dorla Koya). Chintoor is the linguistic center. The Malkangiri and Podia varieties are more divergent. A separate language from Gondi. | Low bilingual proficiency in Tamil and Standard Kannada. | Younger generation over 50% literate, older generation less. Tamil script. | Younger generation over 50% literate, older generation less. Tamil script. | |
| kfj | Kemiehua | 1,000 (1991). | Jinghong County, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, southwestern Yunnan Province. | Malakanagiri Koya, Podia Koya (Gotte Koya), Jaganathapuram Koya (Gommu Koya, Godavari Koya), Dorli (Chintoor Koya, Korla, Dora, Dor Koi, Dora Koi, Dorla Koitur, Dorla Koya). Chintoor is the linguistic center. The Malkangiri and Podia varieties are more divergent. A separate language from Gondi. | Low bilingual proficiency in Tamil and Standard Kannada. | Younger generation over 50% literate, older generation less. Tamil script. | Younger generation over 50% literate, older generation less. Tamil script. | |
| kfk | Kinnauri | 48,778 in Kinnaur District in India. | Himachal Pradesh, Kinnaur, and Lahul-Spiti districts, from Chauhra to Sangla and north along the Satluj River to Morang and several villages of the upper Ropa River Valley; Uttar Pradesh; Punjab; Kashmir. | Nichar has 79% inherent intelligibility of Sangla. All other varieties have functional intelligibility of each other. Related languages: Kanashi, Chitkuli, Tukpa, Jangshung. Lexical similarity 76% to 90% among varieties. | Trade language. Vigorous. 15,000 to 20,000 second-language speakers in Kinnaur District. Speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%: men 51.5%, women 21.8%. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1909–1917. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%: men 51.5%, women 21.8%. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1909–1917. | |
| kfm | Khunsari | 21,099 (2000 WCD). | Esfahan Province, Kashan and Esfahan areas. | Khunsari may be only one of a large complex of dialects in Esfahan Province. Other Northwestern dialects that have been described in the same area and which may be very closely related include those of Vonishun, Qohrud, Keshe, Zefre, Sedeh, Gaz, Kafran, Mahallat, So, Mejme, and Djaushaqan. | Trade language. Vigorous. 15,000 to 20,000 second-language speakers in Kinnaur District. Speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%: men 51.5%, women 21.8%. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1909–1917. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%: men 51.5%, women 21.8%. Devanagari script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1909–1917. | |
| kfp | Korwa | 66,000 (1997). | Jharkhand, Palamau and Gumla districts; Chhattisgarh, Surguja, Raigarh, Bilaspur districts; Orissa, Mayurbhanj and Sundargarh districts; Uttar Pradesh, Mirzapur District; West Bengal; Andhra Pradesh; Maharashtra. | Majhi-Korwa. | Ethnic Kodaku speak Korwa as first language. Some ethnic Korwa speak Sadri or Chhattisgarhi as first language. Rapid shift to Sadri. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| kfq | Korku | 478,000 (1997). | Southern Madhya Pradesh, southern Betul District, north of and around Betul city, Hoshangabad District, East Nimar (Khandwa) District; northern Maharashtra, Amravati, Buldana, Akola districts. | Bouriya, Bondoy, Ruma, Mawasi (Muwasi, Muasi). Dialects in northern Maharashtra and south central Madhya Pradesh constitute one language; 82% to 97% intelligibility among them. Bouriya is most widely understood. Lexical similarity of dialects with Laki Bouriya is 76% to 82%. | Positive language attitude. Bilingualism in Hindi and Marathi is low. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy program in some villages in Chikaldara field. 50 literates reported. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1900–1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy program in some villages in Chikaldara field. 50 literates reported. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1900–1981. | |
| kfr | Kachchi | 50,000 in Pakistan (1998). | Cities. | Jadeji. | Speakers use Kachchi 52% of the time, Gujarati 14%, English 26%. | Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1834. | Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1834. | |
| kfs | Bilaspuri | 295,387 (1991 census). | Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur District. | 95% intelligibility of Mandeali, 94% of Kangri. Lexical similarity 90% with Kangri of Palampur, 86% with Mandeali, 84% with Chambeali. | Used in the home, community, agricultural and religious domains. All ages. Hindi is used for instruction in school and politics. Middle aged and older women have limited comprehension of Hindi. Some speak Panjabi as second language. Urdu is also spoken by older educated people. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| kft | Kanjari | 55,386 (1971 census). | Andhra Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, Farrukhabad, Etawah, Sitapur, Kheri districts; Rajasthan. | Kuchbandhi. It may be in the Panjabi group. | Used in the home, community, agricultural and religious domains. All ages. Hindi is used for instruction in school and politics. Middle aged and older women have limited comprehension of Hindi. Some speak Panjabi as second language. Urdu is also spoken by older educated people. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| kfu | Katkari | 4,951 (1961 census). | Maharashtra, Raigad and Thane districts, along the foothills of the Sahayadri Range; Rajasthan, northwest, Onga, Samicha Parebati, Mubusha, Jhadol police station areas; Gujarat, Surat, Bharuch, Sabarkantha, Dang districts; Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Amboli and Dapada Panchayat areas. | Northern Katkari, Central Katkari, Southern Katkari. Referred to as a dialect of Marathi. 89% to 96% intelligibility between dialects. Lexical similarity 67% to 75% with Marathi, 77% to 90% among dialects. | Vigorous. Used in the home and within the community. Majority also use Marathi. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| kfv | Kurmukar | 3,000 in India (2000). | Assam, Barpeta, Goalpara, Dhubri districts; Tripura, West Bengal, Bihar, a few in Madhya Pradesh. Also spoken in Nepal. | Northern Katkari, Central Katkari, Southern Katkari. Referred to as a dialect of Marathi. 89% to 96% intelligibility between dialects. Lexical similarity 67% to 75% with Marathi, 77% to 90% among dialects. | Speakers have high proficiency in Assamese; educated speak Hindi and English. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| kfw | Naga, Kharam | 1,400 (2000 SIL). | Manipur, Senapati District, Phaijol, Laikot, Thuisenpai villages (15–22 km northeast of Imphal), Kharam Pallen village (37 km northwest of Imphal). | Lexical similarity 71% to 73% with Purum, 58% to 60% with Kom, 64% with Koireng. | All ages. Would not use materials written in Purum. All speak Meitei. Can read and understand Purum. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% Meitei, English, Hindi. Some can read Bengali and Devanagari script. Older people would like to learn to read. Most 5- to 20-year-olds have learned to read in school. Roman script. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% Meitei, English, Hindi. Some can read Bengali and Devanagari script. Older people would like to learn to read. Most 5- to 20-year-olds have learned to read in school. Roman script. | |
| kfx | Pahari, Kullu | 109,000 (1997). All Pahari 2,173,000 (1997). | Himachal Pradesh, Kullu District. | Inner Siragi (Inner Seraji, Siragi, Siraji, Saraji), Kllui, Outer Seraji. Inner Siraji is apparently different from Siraji-Kashmiri. Lexical similarity 85% or higher among dialects. | Some speakers also use Hindi. Panjabi, Urdu, Lahuli, or Nepali. | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1932–1980. | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1932–1980. | |
| kfy | Kumauni | 2,360,000 in India (1998). | Mahakali Zone, Kanchanpur District. | Central Kumauni, Northeastern Kumauni, Southeastern Kumauni, Western Kumauni. People report the eastern dialects to be different. Names sometimes listed for dialects or subgroups are: Askoti, Bhabari of Rampur, Chaugarkhiya, Danpuriya, Gangola, Johari, Khasparjiya, Kumaiya Pachhai, Pashchimi, Phaldakotiya, Kumaoni, Rau-Chaubhaisi, Sirali, Soriyali. Most closely related to Garwhali and Nepali. | Used in the home and villages. All ages. The Southeast dialect is reported to be 'sweet'. The Central one is the most accepted. Hindi valued as the language of education and progress. English valued as the gateway to success. Hindi used in towns and markets. Spoken by most men, the few women who have been to school, and school-aged children. Men can converse about common topics, some women only about trade. | Literacy rate in second language: 58% (73% men, 41% women). Motivation not high. Kumauni script. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1825–1876. | Literacy rate in second language: 58% (73% men, 41% women). Motivation not high. Kumauni script. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1825–1876. | |
| kfz | Koromfé | 100 in Mali. | Near Burkina Faso border southeast of Dinangourou (east of Sangha) including Yoro, Kindi, Bougal, Nassouwele, Youmnetao, Ouri, Boutou, Lou, Tidore, Boulagadji, Kalalgaobe. | Eastern Koromfe, Western Koromfe. | They use Mòoré or Fulfulde as second language. | Literacy program in progress. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy program in progress. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kgb | Kawe | 600 (2001 Remijsen). | West end of Waigeo Island off west coast of Bird's Head, Raja Ampat Islands, villages of Salio, Selepele, Bianci, Menyefun. | Related to Maya, Maden, Palamul, Matbat. | They use Mòoré or Fulfulde as second language. | Literacy program in progress. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy program in progress. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kgc | Kasseng | 1,200 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 6,000 (2000). | Southern Laos near Viet Nam border, Boloven Plateau area north of Attopeu, and between the Jeh, Alak, Laven, and Tareng peoples. | Related to Maya, Maden, Palamul, Matbat. | They use Mòoré or Fulfulde as second language. | Literacy program in progress. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy program in progress. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kgd | Kataang | 107,350 (2000). | Southern Laos near the Ta'oih and Bru people, around Muong Nong, in Saravan, Savannakhet, Sekong, and Champassak provinces, around Toumlahn District, 2 villages in Khong Chiem, Ubon Ratachatani District, Thailand. | Related to Maya, Maden, Palamul, Matbat. | They use Mòoré or Fulfulde as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | |
| kge | Komering | 700,000 (1989). Population includes 20,000 in Jakarta (1992). | Southeastern Sumatra, Martapura, Kangkung, nearly to Kayuagung, and east to the coast. | Lexical similarity 70% with Kalianda, 74% with Sungkai (closest). | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | |
| kgf | Kube | 6,000 (1987 SIL). | Morobe Province, Dindiu District, at the eastern headwaters of the Mongi River, on the eastern slopes of the lower Kua River valley and Foris River Valley. | Kurungtufu, Yoangen (Yoanggeng). | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | |
| kgg | Kusunda | Extinct. Ethnic population: 164. | Gandaki Zone, Tanahu District, western hills, Satto Bhatti west of Chepetar, and possibly jungle south of Ambhu. Kireni, near Kumhali. | Kurungtufu, Yoangen (Yoanggeng). | 3 speakers reported in 2001. Their descendants do not speak the language. In 2001, a second-hand report of a speaker in Surket. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. | |
| kgh | Kalinga, Upper Tanudan | 3,000 (1991 SIL). | Luzon, Kalinga-Apayao Province, southern end of the Tanudan Valley. | Kurungtufu, Yoangen (Yoanggeng). | Language attitudes require separate literature from Lower Tanudan Kalinga. | Literacy rate in first language: 52%. Literacy rate in second language: 70% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 52%. Literacy rate in second language: 70% to 75%. | |
| kgi | Selangor Sign Language | No estimate available. | Selangor and elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia. | Kurungtufu, Yoangen (Yoanggeng). | American signs were introduced in the late 1960s to a class for deaf children. They were promoted by the club for deaf adults which was started at the YMCA in 1973. Many former users of Penang Sign Language now use Selangor Sign Language. Uses predominantly American signs in a mixture of English and Malay word order. | Literacy rate in first language: 52%. Literacy rate in second language: 70% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 52%. Literacy rate in second language: 70% to 75%. | |
| kgj | Kham, Gamale | 10,000 (1988). | Rapti Zone, Rukum and Rolpa districts, western hills, Gam Khola. | Tamali, Ghusbanggi. Lexical similarity 71% with Western Parbate (closest), 55% with Eastern Parbate and Sheshi, 45% with Bhujel. | Vigorous. Most have limited bilingualism in Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| kgk | Kaiwá | 512 in Argentina. | Northeast Argentina. | Teüi, Tembekuá, Kaiwá. Somewhat intelligible with Paraguayan Guaraní. Lexical similarity 70% with Pai Tavytera of Paraguay. | Vigorous. Most have limited bilingualism in Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | |
| kgl | Kunggari | 10. | Upper Nebine and Mungallala Creeks, Queensland. | Related to Birria, which may be extinct. | Vigorous. Most have limited bilingualism in Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | |
| kgm | Karipúna | Extinct. | Territory of Amapá, on French Guiana border. | Related to Birria, which may be extinct. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Karipúna Creole French. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | |
| kgn | Karingani | 17,583 (2000 WCD). | East Azerbaijan Province, Dizmar District, Keringan village, and Hasanu District, northeast of Tabriz. | Various dialects. Very close to Harzani. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Karipúna Creole French. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1986. | |
| kgo | Krongo | 21,688 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Krongo Hills, south of Masakin range and west of Talodi, Kordofan Province. Mainly in Tabanya, Toroji and Angolo, and also in Damaguto, Dimadragu, Dimodongo, and Dar. | Fama-Teis-Kua. Lexical similarity 85% with Tumtum. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Grammar. NT: 1963. | Grammar. NT: 1963. | |
| kgp | Kaingáng | 18,000 (1989 SIL). | São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul; 21 locations. Central Kaingang is in São Paulo and Santa Catarina. | Paraná Kaingang, Central Kaingang, Southwest Kaingang, Southeast Kaingang. | Speakers have some proficiency in Portuguese. | Dictionary. NT: 1977. | Dictionary. NT: 1977. | |
| kgq | Kamoro | 8,000 (1987 SIL). | South coast from Etna Bay to Mukamuga River. | Tarya, Yamur, Nanesa. 4 other dialects. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Dictionary. NT: 1977. | Dictionary. NT: 1977. | |
| kgr | Abun | 3,000 (1995 SIL). | North coast and interior of central Bird's Head, north and south of Tamberau ranges. Sorong Kabupaten, Ayamaru, Sausapor, and Moraid kecamatans. About 20 villages. | Abun Tat (Karon Pantai), Abun Ji (Madik), Abun Je. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| kgs | Kumbainggar | 10 (2000). | New South Wales, Grafton and north coast. | Also related to Yaygirr. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| kgu | Kobol | 716 (2000 census). | Madang Province. | Related to Pal. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| kgv | Karas | 100 (2000 Wurm). | Karas Island, off southwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula, southeast from Fak Fak. | Related to Pal. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| kgw | Karon Dori | 5,000 (1987 SIL). | Central Bird's Head north of Brat, villages of Pef, Asses, Sunopi, Siakwa. | Close to Mai Brat. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| kgx | Kamaru | 2,000 (1979 Bhurhanuddin). | Southeastern Buton Island, southeast Sulawesi. | Lexical similarity 68% with Lasalimu, 67% with Wolio, 54% with Cia-Cia, 51% with Pancana, 49% with Tukang Besi, 45% with Muna. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| kgy | Kyerung | 100 in China (2002). | Tibet. | Close to Lhasa Tibetan. Lexical similarity 68% with Dolpo, Walungge, Lhomi, and Lowa, 65% with Nubri and Lhasa Tibetan, 63% with Helambu Sherpa, 60% with Jirel, 57% with Sherpa. | Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1991–1995. | |
| kha | Khasi | Very few speakers of standard Khasi. | Moulvibazar District, near Fenchuganj, Madhabkunda, Barlekha, Goalbari, Fultala, Alinagar, Islampur, Khajori, Rashidpur, Satgoan, Kamalganj, and Alinagar; Sylhet District, near Jaflong, Tamabil, Jaintiapur and north of Raipur; Hobiganj District. | Khasi (Cherrapunji), Lyngngam (Lngngam). | Speakers also use Bengali. | Literacy rate in second language: 29% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1891. | Literacy rate in second language: 29% (1971). Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1891. | |
| khb | Lü | 4,964 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Lai Chau Province, northern Viet Nam in the Binh Lu area. | Mu'ang Yong and dialects in the Lanna area may converge phonologically with Lanna (Diller 1990). Low intelligibility of Shan (Dehong). Different from Tai Nüa, each having their own traditions. Most closely related to Khun. Lexical similarity 88% with Northern Thai, 74% with Central Thai. | All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Central Thai is used in schools and on the radio. Northern Thai is the language used in town for trade, employment, and with Northern Thai speakers. Many thousands of Lü speakers, including men and women, younger and older people understand very little Central Thai. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. High in Central Thai in Thai script. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. High in Central Thai in Thai script. | |
| khc | Tukang Besi North | 120,000 in Indonesia (1995 SIL). Population includes 60,000 in Maluku. | Northern islands of Tukang Besi Archipelago, Kaledupa and Wanci, off Southeast Sulawesi; several hundreds in Singapore and Baubau city; on Bacan, Taliabu, Mongole, Buru, Sulabesi, Seram, and Ambon islands in Maluku; Papua; and Sumbawa. Most speakers in Nusa Tenggara and Maluku have a lot of movement and are mixed with Tukang Besi South. Also spoken in Singapore. | Kaledupa (Kahedupa), Wanci (Wanji, Wantji, Wanje, Wangi- Wangi). Lexical similarity 80% between Kaledupa and Wanci; they may be separate languages. 70% to 75% with Tukang Besi South, 48% with Lasalimu, 47% with Cia-Cia, 40% with Kamaru, an average of 35% with other nearby languages. | All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Central Thai is used in schools and on the radio. Northern Thai is the language used in town for trade, employment, and with Northern Thai speakers. Many thousands of Lü speakers, including men and women, younger and older people understand very little Central Thai. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| khd | Kanum, Bädi | 10 (1996 Mark Donohue). | South coast border area, east of Merauke, bordering Southeast Marind on the east: Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Sota, Kondo, Onggaya, north and west of Smärky language. | Intelligible to other Kanum variety speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home and in hunting camps. All ages. They use Moraori or Indonesian as trade languages, Indonesian for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. |
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