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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| jig | Djingili | 10 (1997). | Newcastle Waters, Ash Burton Range area, Elliott, Northern Territory, Elsey Station. | Speakers of Kotoko languages in Cameroon and Chad consistently report low intelligibility of Jilbe. Not the same as Zizilivakan. | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jih | Shangzhai | 4,100 (2004). | North central Sichuan, near the confluence of the Duke River and its tributary Zhongke River in Shili, Zongke, and Puxi townships, Shangzhai District, southern Rangthang County. | Dayili, Zongke, Puxi. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Lexical similarity 75% between Eastern and Northern Jiarong, 60% between Western and Northern. | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jii | Jiiddu | 29,726 (2000 WCD). | Lower Shabeelle Bay and Middle Jubba regions, Qoryooley, Dhiinsoor, Jilib, and Buurhakaba districts. | A distinct language from Somali and Tunni, usually grouped under the Digil dialects or languages. Different sentence structure and phonology from Somali. Closer to Somali than to Baiso. Some similarities to Konsoid languages and to Gedeo, Alaba, Hadiyya, and Kambaata. | Spoken by the Jiiddu clan. Ethnic Jiiddu in Bale Province, Ethiopia speak Oromo as first language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jil | Jilim | 647 (2000 census). | Madang Province. | Related to Kwato, Ogea, Usu, Duduela, Rerau, Yangulam. | Spoken by the Jiiddu clan. Ethnic Jiiddu in Bale Province, Ethiopia speak Oromo as first language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jim | Jimi | 3,500 (1982 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, on Nigerian border in and around Bourrha. | Djimi, Zumo (Zumu, Zomo, Zame), Jimo, Wadi (Wa'i), Malabu. Close to Gude. | Speakers also use Fulfude or French. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jio | Jiamao | 52,300 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Near Wuzhi Mountain in southern Hainan Province, Baoting, Lingshui, and Qiongzhong counties. | Very different from Hlai dialects in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. | Speakers also use Fulfude or French. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jiq | Guanyinqiao | 50,000 (1993 Lin). | North central Sichuan, along the tributaries of the Jinchuan River in the southwestern tip of Maerkang County, northwestern Jinchuan County, and southeastern Rangtang County. | Xiaoyili, Siyaowu, Muerzong, Guanyingqiao, Ergali, Taiyanghe, Ere, Yelong. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Western and Northern Jiarong have 60% lexical similarity. | Speakers also use Fulfude or French. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jiu | Jinuo, Youle | 13,000 (2000). Most speakers are monolingual. | South Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, 53 kilometers east of Jinghong. Youle Mountains. 40 villages. Over 3,000 square kilometers. | The two 'dialects' (Youle and Buyuan) are not inherently intelligible with each other. Their speakers use Chinese to communicate with each other. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Some speakers also use Dai or Chinese. Chinese is used in education. | Literacy rate in second language: 49%. Roman script. Films. | Literacy rate in second language: 49%. Roman script. Films. | |
| jiv | Shuar | 46,669 (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 15,000 to 50,000 (Montaluisa). | Southeastern jungle, Morona-Santiago Province. | The two 'dialects' (Youle and Buyuan) are not inherently intelligible with each other. Their speakers use Chinese to communicate with each other. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 14%, 1 30%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 1%. | NT: 1976–1983. | NT: 1976–1983. | |
| jiy | Jinuo, Buyuan | 1,000 (1994). Most are monolingual. Ethnic population: 18,021 (1990 census). | South Yunnan, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, near Laos and Myanmar borders, 53 kilometers east of Jinghong. Youle Mountains. 40 villages. Over 3,000 square kilometers. | The two 'dialects' (Buyuan and Youle) are not inherently intelligible with each other. Their speakers use Chinese for communication. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Some speakers also use Dai or Chinese. | Literacy rate in second language: 49%. Roman script. | Literacy rate in second language: 49%. Roman script. | |
| jko | Kubo | 1,000. | Western Province, Lake Murray District, northern half of Upper Strickland Census District, east of Strickland River, north of the Samo. | Related to Samo and Gobasi. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Some speakers also use Dai or Chinese. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | |
| jku | Labir | Ethnic population: 11,386 (2000 WCD). | Bauchi State, Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs. | Related to Samo and Gobasi. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Some speakers also use Dai or Chinese. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | |
| jle | Ngile | 38,000 (1982 SIL). Population includes Dajik. | Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, in Mesakin Hills on some outlying hills. | Aheima (El Akheimar), Daloka (Taloka), Masakin Gusar (Mesakin Qusar, Masakin Buram), Masakin Tuwal (Tiwal, Towal). | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Some speakers also use Dai or Chinese. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | |
| jma | Dima | 754 (2001 SIL). 15% monolinguals. | Milne Bay Province, along the coast east of Moi Bay almost to Posaposa Harbor, and along the Ruaba River. | Lexical similarity 41% with Daga (closest). | All domains. Used in the home if both parents are Dima, cultural events if no nonspeakers present. All ages. All Dima speakers learn at least the nearest neighboring language which might be Anuki, Gapapaiwa, Maiwa, Are, or Doga. The older generation also uses Motu while the younger generation uses English and some Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | |
| jmb | Zumbun | 2,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Darazo LGA, Jimbim settlement. | Lexical similarity 41% with Daga (closest). | All domains. Used in the home if both parents are Dima, cultural events if no nonspeakers present. All ages. All Dima speakers learn at least the nearest neighboring language which might be Anuki, Gapapaiwa, Maiwa, Are, or Doga. The older generation also uses Motu while the younger generation uses English and some Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. One vernacular primary school. Bible portions: 1996–1999. | |
| jmd | Yamdena | 25,000 (1991 SIL). Ethnic population: 35,000 to 40,000 (1991 SIL). | Southeast Maluku, eastern coast of Yamdena, Adaut village on northern tip of Selaru, and one of the two languages spoken in Latdalam village, southwest Yamdena. 35 villages. | North Yamdena, South Yamdena. Dialect chaining from north to south, but with considerable morphological and phonological differences. The southern dialect is more prestigious. Lexical similarity 90% between the north and south dialects, 47% with Fordata. | Vigorous except for some villages, especially in the north. Speakers also use Ambonese Malay, or Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jmi | Jimi | 1,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Ganjuwa LGA, Jimi village. | Zumo. | Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 2% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jmk | Jamtska | 30,000 (2000 J. Persson). | Jämtland and scattered elsewhere in Sweden. | Perhaps 95% lexical similarity to other Norwegian or Swedish dialects, other loans from German, Danish, and French. | 60,000 or more second-language speakers. Many parents do not teach it to their children. | Bible portions: Christmas story. | Bible portions: Christmas story. | |
| jml | Jumli | 800,000 (2003). | Karnali Zone, Jumla District. | Assi, Chaudhabis, Paachsai, Sinja. 73% to 89% intelligible with standard Nepali. Not sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Lexical similarity 73% to 80% with standard Nepali. | Used in the home. Positive language attitude. Some are embarrassed by their own speech. Men who travel and those who are educated speak more Nepali. Lamas speak Bhote. Some use Hindi as a second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | |
| jms | Mashi | 1,000. | Taraba State, near Takum. | Assi, Chaudhabis, Paachsai, Sinja. 73% to 89% intelligible with standard Nepali. Not sufficient to understand complex and abstract discourse. Lexical similarity 73% to 80% with standard Nepali. | Used in the home. Positive language attitude. Some are embarrassed by their own speech. Men who travel and those who are educated speak more Nepali. Lamas speak Bhote. Some use Hindi as a second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | |
| jmx | Mixtec, Western Juxtlahuaca | 25,000 (1992 SIL). 7,000 monolinguals (1990 census). Population includes 7,000 in San Martín Peras, 2,000 in Santa Cruz Yucucani, 2,000 in San José Yoxocaño. | Oaxaca-Guerrero border due west of Juxtlahuaca. In Oaxaca: San Martín Peras. Other municipios: Río Frijol, Santa Cruz Yucucani, San José Yoxocaño (all towns in these municipios). In Guerrero: Malvabisco, Rancho Limón, Río Aguacate, Boca de Mamey. | San Martín Peras, Coicoyán, San Juan Piñas. 82% intelligibility of Metlatonoc, 80% of Silacayoapan, 65% of Juxtlahuaca, 19% of Cuatzoquitengo, 16% of Zacatepec. | Very little comprehension or use of Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | |
| jna | Jangshung | 1,990 (1998). | Himachal Pradesh, Kinnaur District, Jangi, Lippa, and Asrang villages in Morang Tahsil. | Closest to Shumcho and Sunam. Lexical similarity 70% with Shumcho, 65% with Sunam, 51% with Chitkuli, 49% with Lower Kinnauri. | Very little comprehension or use of Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | Literacy rate in second language: 22% to 32%. | |
| jnd | Jandavra | 5,000 (1998). | Southern Sindh Province from Hyderabad to east of Mirpur Khas. Reported to be many more in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. | Lexical similarity 74% with Bagri and Katai Meghwar, 68% with Kachi Koli. | All ages. Men tend to be conversant in Sindhi and Urdu, at least on a basic level, but women are not. | Literacy rate in second language: No literates. | Literacy rate in second language: No literates. | |
| jng | Yangman | Extinct. Ethnic population: 50 (1983 Black). | Elsey Creek, Northern Territory, and Katherine. | Very close to Wardaman. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English or Kriol. | Literacy rate in second language: No literates. | Literacy rate in second language: No literates. | |
| jni | Janji | 1,150 (2000 WCD). | Plateau State, Bassa LGA. | Very close to Wardaman. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English or Kriol. | Literacy rate in second language: No literates. | Literacy rate in second language: No literates. | |
| jnj | Yemsa | 81,613 (1998 census). Ethnic population: 165,184 (1998 census). | Oromo Region, recognized as separate district, northeast of Jimma, southwestern Ethiopia, Fofa, and mixed with the Oromo in their villages; Sokoru, Saja, Deedoo, Sak'a, Jimma. | Fuga of Jimma, Toba. Fuga of Jimma may be a separate language. Lexical similarity 24% with Mocha language. | 4,356 second-language speakers. Some negative attitudes toward Oromo. Speakers want literature in their language. Young people also use Amharic, older adults use Oromo. | Literacy rate in second language: 24.2%. | Literacy rate in second language: 24.2%. | |
| jnl | Rawat | 2,926 in India (2000 WCD). | Uttaranchal, Pithoragarh District, north of Askot Maila, 9 villages. | Very close to Raute and Raji. Related to Rongpo. Gurung says it is Indo-aryan but vocabulary includes Tibetan elements. | Speakers also use Kumauni. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Younger generation taking interest in literacy. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Younger generation taking interest in literacy. | |
| jns | Jaunsari | 97,000 (1997). | Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun District, Chakrata tahsil, Jaunsar-Bawar Division; Himachal Pradesh. | Srinagar dialect is considered to be the standard by a community organization. May be intelligible with Mahasu Pahari or Garhwali. Grierson said it was also close to western Hindi. It is perceived by some as a dialect of Garhwali. Lexical similarity 63% to 70% with Garhwali dialects, 64% with Kumauni, 66% with Hindi. | Speakers also use Kumauni. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | |
| jor | Jorá | Extinct. | Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun District, Chakrata tahsil, Jaunsar-Bawar Division; Himachal Pradesh. | Srinagar dialect is considered to be the standard by a community organization. May be intelligible with Mahasu Pahari or Garhwali. Grierson said it was also close to western Hindi. It is perceived by some as a dialect of Garhwali. Lexical similarity 63% to 70% with Garhwali dialects, 64% with Kumauni, 66% with Hindi. | Adelaar reports 5 to 10 speakers (1991). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | |
| jos | Jordanian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Uttaranchal, Dehra Dun District, Chakrata tahsil, Jaunsar-Bawar Division; Himachal Pradesh. | Srinagar dialect is considered to be the standard by a community organization. May be intelligible with Mahasu Pahari or Garhwali. Grierson said it was also close to western Hindi. It is perceived by some as a dialect of Garhwali. Lexical similarity 63% to 70% with Garhwali dialects, 64% with Kumauni, 66% with Hindi. | Adelaar reports 5 to 10 speakers (1991). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | |
| jow | Jowulu | 10,000 in Mali (2002). Population total all countries: 11,000. | 3rd Region, Prefecture of Kadiolo, Subprefecture of Loulouni. Also spoken in Burkina Faso. | Srinagar dialect is considered to be the standard by a community organization. May be intelligible with Mahasu Pahari or Garhwali. Grierson said it was also close to western Hindi. It is perceived by some as a dialect of Garhwali. Lexical similarity 63% to 70% with Garhwali dialects, 64% with Kumauni, 66% with Hindi. | The men speak Bambara fairly well. The few who have been to school speak and read French. A few use Supyire or Duungooma as a second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1895–1904. | |
| jpn | Japanese | 121,050,000 in Japan (1985). Population total all countries: 122,433,899. | Throughout the country. Also spoken in American Samoa, Argentina, Australia, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Germany, Guam, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, New Zealand, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, USA. | Western Japanese, Eastern Japanese. Possibly related to Korean. The Kagoshima dialect is 84% cognate with Tokyo dialect. | Trade language. 10,000 second-language users in Taiwan (1993). Used among a few older adult aboriginal speakers. | Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Grammar. Bible: 1883–1987. | Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Grammar. Bible: 1883–1987. | |
| jpr | Dzhidi | 60,000 in Israel (1995). | Also spoken in Iran. | Close to Bukharic, Western Farsi. | Many are speakers of Western Farsi. | Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Grammar. Bible: 1883–1987. | Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Grammar. Bible: 1883–1987. | |
| jqr | Jaqaru | 736 (2000 W. Adelaar). Population includes 725 Jaqaru, 11 Kawki. Ethnic population: 2,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Lima Department, Yauyos Province, Tupe village (Jaqaru) and Cachuy village (Cauqui). | Cauqui (Kawki, Cachuy). Lexical similarity 73% with Aymara, 79% between Kawki and Aymara. | Official language. Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Adult speakers. Most or all use Spanish as second language. There may still be a few monolinguals, all women. | Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Grammar. Bible: 1883–1987. | Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji (Chinese character) writing systems. Grammar. Bible: 1883–1987. | |
| jra | Jarai | 15,000 in Cambodia (1998). | Ratanakiri Province, principally the districts of Bokeo, Andons, Meas, O Yadou, along northeast border near Viet Nam. | Puan, Hodrung (Hdrung), Jhue, Aráp, Habau (Ho-Bau), To-Buan, Sesan, Chuty, Pleikly, Golar. | Official language. Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Adult speakers. Most or all use Spanish as second language. There may still be a few monolinguals, all women. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | |
| jrr | Jiru | 3,416 (2000 WCD). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA. | Puan, Hodrung (Hdrung), Jhue, Aráp, Habau (Ho-Bau), To-Buan, Sesan, Chuty, Pleikly, Golar. | Official language. Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Adult speakers. Most or all use Spanish as second language. There may still be a few monolinguals, all women. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | |
| jrt | Jorto | 17,284 (2000). | Plateau State, Shendam LGA, at Dokan Kasuwa. | Puan, Hodrung (Hdrung), Jhue, Aráp, Habau (Ho-Bau), To-Buan, Sesan, Chuty, Pleikly, Golar. | Official language. Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Adult speakers. Most or all use Spanish as second language. There may still be a few monolinguals, all women. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | |
| jru | Japrería | 90 to 100 (2002 SIL). Ethnic population: 152 (2000 WCD). | Northern region of Sierra de Perija, Zulia State. | Not inherently intelligible with other Carib languages of the area (M. Durbin). Low lexical similarity with Yukpa (Luis Oquendo: U. of Zulia). | Official language. Cauqui dialect is nearly extinct. Adult speakers. Most or all use Spanish as second language. There may still be a few monolinguals, all women. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1974. | |
| jsl | Japanese Sign Language | 317,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Northern region of Sierra de Perija, Zulia State. | Related to Taiwanese and Korean sign languages. | Over 95% of the deaf understand Japanese Sign Language. 107 deaf schools. The first school was in Kyoto in 1878. | TV. | TV. | |
| jua | Júma | 4 (1998). There were 300 in 1940. | Amazonas, Rio Açuã, tributary of the Mucuim. | Related to Taiwanese and Korean sign languages. | Over 95% of the deaf understand Japanese Sign Language. 107 deaf schools. The first school was in Kyoto in 1878. | TV. | TV. | |
| jub | Wannu | 4,000. A few thousand (1998 Storch). | Gongola State, Makurdi Division, Iharev District at Abinsi town. | A member of the Kororofa language cluster. | Over 95% of the deaf understand Japanese Sign Language. 107 deaf schools. The first school was in Kyoto in 1878. | TV. | TV. | |
| juc | Jurchen | Extinct. | Gongola State, Makurdi Division, Iharev District at Abinsi town. | Related to Manchu. | Over 95% of the deaf understand Japanese Sign Language. 107 deaf schools. The first school was in Kyoto in 1878. | TV. | TV. | |
| juh | Hõne | 7,000 (1999 Anne Storch). Population includes 6,250 in Gwana area, 750 in Pindiga area. Ethnic population: Much more than 7,000 (1999 Anne Storch). | Gombe State, Akko LGA. One dialect is in Pindiga and adjacent villages (Tumu, Kashere, Futuk, Kaltanga), the other in Gwana and adjacent villages (Kasan Dare, Gobirawa, Katagum, Kwaya, Dizi, Digare, Jukon, Konan Kuka, Andamin). | Pindiga, Gwana. Gwana and Pindiga dialects are intelligible to each other's speakers with difficulty. Close to Wãpha, Jiba, Wapan, Jukun Takum, Jibu, but not intelligible with them. | A few hundred Jiba (Kona, Jukun of Kona) speak it occasionally as second language. Used in the home. Few children. Almost entirely above 30 in Pindiga area, but also below 30 in Gwana area. Gwana is historically more important, but Pindiga currently holds more political power. They appear to have shame toward Hõne. Negative attitudes toward Tangale and Fulbe for historical reasons. They speak Hausa, English, or Fulfulde for official purposes, at school, at Emir's palace; Tangale, Bole, Pero, or Jiba for trade. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% in Hausa or English. Motivation to read is high. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% in Hausa or English. Motivation to read is high. | |
| juk | Wapan | 100,000 (1994 UBS). | Taraba State, Wukari LGA; Plateau State, Shendam and Langtang LGAs; Nasarawa State, Lafia and Awe LGAs. | Wukan. A member of the Kororofa language cluster. | A few hundred Jiba (Kona, Jukun of Kona) speak it occasionally as second language. Used in the home. Few children. Almost entirely above 30 in Pindiga area, but also below 30 in Gwana area. Gwana is historically more important, but Pindiga currently holds more political power. They appear to have shame toward Hõne. Negative attitudes toward Tangale and Fulbe for historical reasons. They speak Hausa, English, or Fulfulde for official purposes, at school, at Emir's palace; Tangale, Bole, Pero, or Jiba for trade. | NT: 1994. | NT: 1994. | |
| jul | Jirel | 4,919 (2001 census). | Janakpur Zone, Dolakha District, Jiri and Sikri valleys, eastern hills. Jiri is the main area. Others include Chhyatrapa; Lumbini and Nawalparasi districts. | Accent differences, but not real dialects. Some comprehension of Lhasa Tibetan and some Tibetan dialects. Lexical similarity 67% with Sherpa, 65% with Helambu Sherpa, 62% with Dolpo and Lowa, 60% with Kyerung, 57% with Nubri, Lhomi, and Walungge, 54% with Lhasa Tibetan. | All ages. Karsa and Kharok accents are more prestigious, more educated. Nepali viewed as prestigious, needed for education, work, talking to non-Jirel people. Bilingual level estimates for Nepali: 0 few%, 1 5%, 2 40%, 3 40–50%, 4 5–10%, 5 0%. A few know some Sherpa, very few some Tamang and Sunwar. Some know enough Nepali only for trade (mainly women). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people (1991 census). People literate in Nepali can read Jirel. Devanagari script. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people (1991 census). People literate in Nepali can read Jirel. Devanagari script. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| jum | Jumjum | 50,374 (2000 WCD). | Northern Upper Nile Province, along Khor Jumjum on Jebels Tunga, Terta, and Wadega. | Accent differences, but not real dialects. Some comprehension of Lhasa Tibetan and some Tibetan dialects. Lexical similarity 67% with Sherpa, 65% with Helambu Sherpa, 62% with Dolpo and Lowa, 60% with Kyerung, 57% with Nubri, Lhomi, and Walungge, 54% with Lhasa Tibetan. | All ages. Karsa and Kharok accents are more prestigious, more educated. Nepali viewed as prestigious, needed for education, work, talking to non-Jirel people. Bilingual level estimates for Nepali: 0 few%, 1 5%, 2 40%, 3 40–50%, 4 5–10%, 5 0%. A few know some Sherpa, very few some Tamang and Sunwar. Some know enough Nepali only for trade (mainly women). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people (1991 census). People literate in Nepali can read Jirel. Devanagari script. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 30% adults, 60% younger people (1991 census). People literate in Nepali can read Jirel. Devanagari script. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| jun | Juang | 50,000 (2000). | Orissa, southern Keonjhar, northern Angul, and eastern Dhenkanal districts. | Not closely related to other languages. Lexical similarity 20% to 22% with Kharia. | Used in the home, community. Positive language attitude. Comprehension and use of Oriya is limited. Proficiency is higher among men and the educated. | Literacy rate in second language: 8% (14.5% males, 1.7% females). Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 8% (14.5% males, 1.7% females). Grammar. | |
| juo | Jiba | 2,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Taraba State, Wukari and Karim Lamido LGAs; Plateau State, Langtang and Wase LGAs; Bauchi State, Alkaleri and Akko LGAs; villages north and west of Kalingo. | A member of the Kororofa language cluster. | Used in the home, community. Positive language attitude. Comprehension and use of Oriya is limited. Proficiency is higher among men and the educated. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | |
| jup | Hupdë | 150 in Colombia (1991 SIL). | Papurí and Tiquié river systems. | Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup. Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligibility among Yahup, Tuhup, and Nëhup needs investigation. Tuhup and Nëhup may be extinct. | Possibly half the speakers use Tucano or another Tucano language as second language. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | |
| jur | Jurúna | 181 (1998 SIL). | Xingú Park, northern Mato Grosso, near mouth of the Maritsauá-Mitau River, 2 villages. | Hupdë, Tuhup, Nëhup. Ruhlen and others classify it as Puinave, Macro-Tucanoan. Intelligibility among Yahup, Tuhup, and Nëhup needs investigation. Tuhup and Nëhup may be extinct. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | |
| jut | Jutish | No estimate available. | German-Danish border area, Southern Jutland on the Danish side, and in northern Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Also spoken in Germany. | The westernmost and southernmost dialects differ so much from Standard Danish that many people from the Eastern Islands have great difficulty understanding it. From the viewpoint of inherent intelligibility, it could be considered a separate language (Norbert Strade). | All inhabitants in Rudbol village are reported to be able to speak 5 languages: Danish, Jutish, North Frisian, Low Saxon, and German. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | |
| juu | Ju | 900 (1993). | Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Ju village. | The westernmost and southernmost dialects differ so much from Standard Danish that many people from the Eastern Islands have great difficulty understanding it. From the viewpoint of inherent intelligibility, it could be considered a separate language (Norbert Strade). | All inhabitants in Rudbol village are reported to be able to speak 5 languages: Danish, Jutish, North Frisian, Low Saxon, and German. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | |
| juw | Wãpha | 1,605 (2000 WCD). | Plateau State, Shendam, Wase LGA, Wase Tofa village, and Kumbur village, Langtang LGA. | The westernmost and southernmost dialects differ so much from Standard Danish that many people from the Eastern Islands have great difficulty understanding it. From the viewpoint of inherent intelligibility, it could be considered a separate language (Norbert Strade). | All inhabitants in Rudbol village are reported to be able to speak 5 languages: Danish, Jutish, North Frisian, Low Saxon, and German. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | |
| juy | Juray | 801,096 (2000 WCD). | Orissa. | Closest to Sora. | All inhabitants in Rudbol village are reported to be able to speak 5 languages: Danish, Jutish, North Frisian, Low Saxon, and German. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | Bible portions: 1927–1950. | |
| jvn | Javanese, Caribbean | 60,000 in Suriname (1986). | Coastal area. | Significantly different from the Javanese of Indonesia. | Most are bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. NT: 1999. | |
| jya | Jiarong | 83,000 (1999 Sun Hongkai). 25,000 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 151,197 including 139,000 in Situ Jiarong, 12,197 in Chabao and Sidaba (1993 Lin). | North central Sichuan. Situ is in the traditional territory of four chieftaincies: Zhuokeji, Suomo, Songgang, Dangba. Chabao is in the northeastern corner of Maerkang county, at Longerjia, Dazang, and Shaerzong townships in Chabao District. Sidaba is in Caodeng, Kangshan, and Ribu townships in Sidaba District of Maerkang County. Some outlying Sidaba communities are to the north in certain villages of Kehe and Rongan townships, at the southwesten corner of the Aba County, and to the west along the middle Duke River between Wuyi and Shili townships in Rangtang County, spilling over to a small area near the confluence of the Seda and Duke rivers in Seda County. | Chabao (Dazang, Northeastern Jiarong), Sidaba (Caodeng, Northwestern Jiarong), Situ (Eastern Jiarong). Subdialects of Situ are: Maerkang, Lixian, Jinchuan, Xiaojin; of Sidaba Caodeng and Ribu. Phonologically Western and Northern are fairly similar and differ greatly from Eastern. Lexical similarity 75% between Eastern and Northern Jiarong, 60% between Western and Northern 60%, 13% between Situ and Horpa. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude, but intellectuals are worried about diminishing use of the language. 56,000 use Chinese, 950 Tibetan, 50 Qiang as second language. | Radio programs. Dictionary. | Radio programs. Dictionary. | |
| jye | Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni | 1,000 in Yemen (1995 H. Mutzafi). | Also spoken in Yemen. | San`a, `Aden, Be:da, Habban. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude, but intellectuals are worried about diminishing use of the language. 56,000 use Chinese, 950 Tibetan, 50 Qiang as second language. | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| jyy | Jaya | 2,200 (1993 census). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Bitkine Subprefecture, 50 km north-northwest of Bitkine. | Lexical similarity 44% with Naba. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude, but intellectuals are worried about diminishing use of the language. 56,000 use Chinese, 950 Tibetan, 50 Qiang as second language. | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| kaa | Karakalpak | 2,000 in Afghanistan. | North of Jalalabad, also some south of Mazar-i Sharif. | Northeast Karakalpak, Southwest Karakalpak. | Speakers also use Eastern Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| kab | Kabyle | 2,537,000 in Algeria (1995). Estimates by some sources are up to 6,000,000 in Algeria (1998). 49,000 in Belgium. Population total all countries: 3,123,000. | Grande Kabylie Mt. range, western Kabylia. Also spoken in Belgium, France. | Greater Kabyle, Lesser Kabyle. | Used in the home and market. Speakers have pride in Kabyle and resistance to Arabic. French is often used by men in trade and correspondence. Arabic is also used as second language, after French. | Roman script. NT: 1901–1995. | Roman script. NT: 1901–1995. | |
| kac | Jingpho | 40,000 in China (1999 Xu Xijian). 50% monolingual. Ethnic population: 119,209 in China (1990 census). | Western Yunnan, Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yingjiang County (Shidan dialect; Enkun dialect elsewhere in Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture). | Enkun, Shidan, Hkaku (Hka-Hku), Kauri (Hkauri, Gauri), Dzili (Jili), Dulong. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area speak Jingpho as second language. Taught at Kunming Institute. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Zaiwa, Lashi, Maru, or Chinese. Chinese is used in some secondary schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Dictionary. Bible: 1927. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Dictionary. Bible: 1927. | |
| kad | Kadara | 40,000 (1972 Barrett). | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA; Niger State, Chanchaga LGA. | Kajuru (Ajure), Minna, Kachia, Iri. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area speak Jingpho as second language. Taught at Kunming Institute. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Zaiwa, Lashi, Maru, or Chinese. Chinese is used in some secondary schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| kae | Ketangalan | Extinct. | North central, around Panchiao and to the northwest, west, and southeast. | Kajuru (Ajure), Minna, Kachia, Iri. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages in the area speak Jingpho as second language. Taught at Kunming Institute. All domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Zaiwa, Lashi, Maru, or Chinese. Chinese is used in some secondary schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| kag | Kajaman | 500 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Near Belaga on the Baloi River in central Sarawak, 7th Division. | Kajuru (Ajure), Minna, Kachia, Iri. | Limited comprehension of Iban. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| kah | Kara | 4,800 (1996). | Birao Subprefecture. | Kajuru (Ajure), Minna, Kachia, Iri. | Limited comprehension of Iban. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| kai | Karekare | 150,000 to 200,000 (1993 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Gamawa and Misau LGAs; Yobe State, Fika and Nangere LGAs. | Jalalam (West Karekare), Birkai, Kwarta Mataci. | Limited comprehension of Iban. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| kaj | Jju | 300,000 (1988 SIL). | Kaduna State, Kachia and Jema'a LGAs. | Jalalam (West Karekare), Birkai, Kwarta Mataci. | Limited comprehension of Iban. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Literacy program in progress. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Literacy program in progress. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| kal | Inuktitut, Greenlandic | 7,000 on Denmark mainland (1990 L. D. Kaplan). | Greenland. About 80 communities of populations over 10. Also spoken in Denmark. | West Greenlandic, East Greenlandic, "Polar Eskimo" (North Greenlandic, Thule Inuit). Dialects border on being different languages (M. Krauss 1995). | National language. Vigorous in Greenland. Speakers also use Danish. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Bible: 1900. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. Bible: 1900. | |
| kan | Kannada | 35,346,000 (1997). | Karnataka; Andhra Pradesh; Tamil Nadu; Maharashtra. | Bijapur, Jeinu Kuruba, Aine Kuruba. About 20 dialects; Badaga may be one. | State language of Karnataka. 9,000,000 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Kannada script. Bible: 1831–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Kannada script. Bible: 1831–2000. | |
| kap | Bezhta | 3,000 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 4,000 (1990 Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Bezhta, Tlyadaly, Khocharkhotin. A separate language from Hunzib (B. Comrie 1989). | 50% to 60% of children speak Bezhta. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language; bilingual proficiency undetermined. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Kannada script. Bible: 1831–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Kannada script. Bible: 1831–2000. | |
| kaq | Capanahua | 387 (2000 WCD). No monolinguals. Ethnic population: 400 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Tapiche-Buncuya rivers area. | Pahenbaquebo. Closest language is Shipibo. Lexical similarity 50% to 60% with Shipibo. | Official language. Almost no children speak the language. Used by adults in the home. Use of Spanish to a Capanahua by a Capanahua can be interpreted as rejecting the other person as an outsider. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 15%, 3 50%, 4 30%, 5 5%. Capanahua is used to some degree in two bilingual schools. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1978. | |
| kas | Kashmiri | 105,000 in Pakistan (1993). | Jammu and Kashmir, south of Shina. | Bakawali, Bunjwali, Standard Kashmiri, Kishtwari (Kashtawari, Kistwali, Kashtwari, Kathiawari), Miraski, Poguli, Rambani, Riasi, Shah-Mansuri, Siraji of Doda, Siraji-Kashmiri, Zayoli, Zirak-Boli. Transitional dialects to Panjabi. Kashtawari dialect is standard, other dialects are influenced by Dogri. | Poor language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: 88% male 12% female over 35 years of age (Koul and Schmidt). Literacy rate in second language: Men 36.3%, women 15.9%; rural 21.6%, urban 45.5% (1981 census). Persian-based script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Grammar. Bible: 1899. | Literacy rate in first language: 88% male 12% female over 35 years of age (Koul and Schmidt). Literacy rate in second language: Men 36.3%, women 15.9%; rural 21.6%, urban 45.5% (1981 census). Persian-based script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. Grammar. Bible: 1899. | |
| kat | Georgian | 40,000 in Turkey (1980). 4,042 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 91,000. | Villages in Artvin, Ordu, Sakarya, and other provinces of north and northwest Anatolia. | Imerxev. | 95% also use Turkish. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | |
| kav | Katukína | 1 (1976 SIL). Ethnic population: 360. | Acre. | Cutiadapa (Kutia-Dyapa). | 95% also use Turkish. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | Mkhedruli script. Grammar. Bible: 1743–1989. | |
| kax | Kao | 403 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, interior North Halmahera, around the town of Kao, near the mouth of the Kao River. | Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu, but relates uniquely to other languages in the Kao River subbranch. | Membership in the ethnic group is expressed by knowing the language. Children learn Kao when they become teenagers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| kay | Kamayurá | 279 (1995 AMTB). | Xingú Park, Mato Grosso. | Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu, but relates uniquely to other languages in the Kao River subbranch. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| kaz | Kazakh | 600 in Turkey (1982). | Salihli town in Manisa Province, and an unknown number in Istanbul city; 308 in Kayseri Province; refugees from Afghanistan, now Turkish citizens. | Northeastern Kazakh, Southwestern Kazakh. | Vigorous. Speakers of nearby languages use Kazakh as second language. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 15% can also use Chinese. | Literacy rate in second language: 72%. | Literacy rate in second language: 72%. | |
| kba | Kalarko | Extinct. | Fraser and Bremer ranges area, Western Australia. | Northeastern Kazakh, Southwestern Kazakh. | Vigorous. Speakers of nearby languages use Kazakh as second language. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 15% can also use Chinese. | Literacy rate in second language: 72%. | Literacy rate in second language: 72%. | |
| kbb | Kaxuiâna | 434 (1986 SIL). Population includes 300 Warikyana, 134 Kaxuiâna. | Imabu River near perimetral norte, on Trombetes River near junction with Mapuwera, northwestern Para. A few are living with the Hixkaryána; most with the Trió. | Pawiyana (Pawixi). | Some speakers have routine proficiency in Trió. | Literacy rate in second language: 72%. | Literacy rate in second language: 72%. | |
| kbc | Kadiwéu | 1,200 (1995 SIL). | Mato Grosso do Sul, around Serra da Bodoquena. 3 villages. | Pawiyana (Pawixi). | Some speakers have routine proficiency in Trió. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1999. | |
| kbd | Kabardian | 550,000 in Turkey (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Most around Kayseri. 1,000 villages of Kabardian and Adyghe in Turkey. | Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Cherkes, Beslenei (Beslenej). Close to Adygey. | Some speakers have routine proficiency in Trió. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | |
| kbe | Kanju | 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Central Cape York, Queensland. | Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Cherkes, Beslenei (Beslenej). Close to Adygey. | Some speakers have routine proficiency in Trió. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | |
| kbf | Kakauhua | Extinct. | Central Cape York, Queensland. | Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Cherkes, Beslenei (Beslenej). Close to Adygey. | Some speakers have routine proficiency in Trió. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | Cyrillic script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993. | |
| kbg | Khamba | 1,333 (1991). | Arunachal Pradesh, West Siang District, Singa circle, Yang Sang Chu valley, Nyering, Nuykkang, Yortung, Mankota, Tashigong villages. | Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Cherkes, Beslenei (Beslenej). Close to Adygey. | Some speakers have routine proficiency in Trió. | Hingna script. | Hingna script. | |
| kbh | Camsá | 4,022 (1998 Arango and Sánchez). Ethnic population: 4,020. | Sibundoy Valley, Putumayo Region. | Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Cherkes, Beslenei (Beslenej). Close to Adygey. | Some speakers have routine proficiency in Trió. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. NT: 1990. | |
| kbk | Koiari, Grass | 1,700 (2000 Wurm). 10% monolingual. | Central Province, east of Port Moresby and to coast. | Hogeri, Lahada, Omani. Lexical similarity 60% to 65% with Koitabu (closest). | Speakers also use Hiri Motu or English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kbl | Kanembu | 389,028 (1993 census). Population includes 168,441 in Lac Prefecture, 68,032 in Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture. | Northwest, Kanem, Lac prefectures, and Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, Massakory Subprefecture, northeast of Lake Chad. | Karkawu, Mando, Nguri. There is a gradual differentiation between dialects of Kanembu and Kanuri. | The majority use Arabic as second language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| kbo | Keliko | 7,500 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (1989 SIL). | Orientale Province, northern Aru Territory, along the Sudan border. | Didi, Dogo. | The majority use Arabic as second language. | Bible portions: 2002. | Bible portions: 2002. | |
| kbq | Kamano | 63,170 (2000 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu and Henganofi districts. | Didi, Dogo. | The majority use Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1977–1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1977–1982. | |
| kbr | Kafa | 569,626. 445,018 monolinguals (1998 census). Ethnic population: 599,188 (1998 census). | Kafa Region, in and around the town of Bonga. There may be some in Sudan. | Kafa, Bosha (Garo). Related to Shekkacho. Bosha may be a separate language. Manjo is an argot based on Kafa (Bender 1983). | 46,720 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: 22%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in second language: 22%. NT: 2001. | |
| kbu | Kabutra | 1,000 (1998). | Sindh, some concentrations around Umerkot, Kunri, and Nara Dhoro. Speakers say that 90% of the people remain in the Zal area of Marwar, India. | Speakers report they have inherent intelligibility of Sansi and Sochi, and use Kabutra when speaking to them. Lexical similarity 74% with the Sochi language variety. | All ages and sexes speak Urdu for most common topics, some Sindhi. Women speak Urdu better than in most Hindu groups. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu. | |
| kbv | Dera | 687 in Papua New Guinea. | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, both sides of the Faringi River. | North Kamberataro, South Kamberataro, Mengau, Lihen, Duka-Ekor. | All ages and sexes speak Urdu for most common topics, some Sindhi. Women speak Urdu better than in most Hindu groups. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu. | |
| kbx | Ap Ma | 7,000 (1990 UBS). | Angoram District, East Sepik Province. | Kambaramba. | All ages and sexes speak Urdu for most common topics, some Sindhi. Women speak Urdu better than in most Hindu groups. | NT: 1999. | NT: 1999. | |
| kby | Kanuri, Manga | 200,000 in Nigeria (1993). | Mainly Yobe State, some in Jigawa and Bauchi states. | Dagara, Manga. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 2 bilingual primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 2 bilingual primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions. | |
| kbz | Duhwa | 800 (1973 SIL). | Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA, Kerifa village. | Dagara, Manga. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 2 bilingual primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. 2 bilingual primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions. | |
| kca | Khanty | 12,000 (1994 Salminen, 1994 Janhunen). Ethnic population: 21,000. | Khanty-Mansi National Okrug. Farther east than the Mansi, along the Ob River. | Northern Khanti, Eastern Khanti, Southern Khanti, Vach (Vasyugan). Intelligibility is difficult between geographically distant dialects. Three dialect groups. Vach is an 'archaic' dialect. The dialect used in writing is rejected by many speakers. | 20% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Khanty. Northern Khanty has 9,000 speakers out of 15,000, Eastern Khanty has 3,000 speakers out of 5,000, Southern Khanty has few or no speakers out of 1,000. Few key domains. Few children speak Khanty. Positive language attitude. Russian is used in school. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868. | |
| kcb | Kawacha | 12 (2000 Wurm). | Morobe Province, east of Ampale, in part of the Katsiong census unit. | Northern Khanti, Eastern Khanti, Southern Khanti, Vach (Vasyugan). Intelligibility is difficult between geographically distant dialects. Three dialect groups. Vach is an 'archaic' dialect. The dialect used in writing is rejected by many speakers. | 30% or less of the ethnic group speaks Kawacha. Used in the home. No children speak Kawacha. Speakers also use Yagwoia. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1868. | |
| kcd | Kanum, Ngkâlmpw | 150 (1996 Mark Donohue). | South coast border area, east of Merauke, bordering Southeast Marind on the east: Yanggandur, Tomer, Tomerau, Sota, Kondo, Onggaya to the north and west of Smärky language. | The Kanum varieties are separate languages, intelligible to each other's speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home and in hunting camps. All ages. They use Moraori or Indonesian as trade languages, Indonesian for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| kce | Kaivi | 2,323 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | The Kanum varieties are separate languages, intelligible to each other's speakers only with difficulty. Close to Yei. It has also been classified as Australian, Pama-Nyungan. | Used in the home and in hunting camps. All ages. They use Moraori or Indonesian as trade languages, Indonesian for official purposes. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| kcf | Ukaan | 18,000 (1973 SIL). | Ondo State, Akoko North LGA, towns of Kakumo-Akoko, Auga, Ishe; Edo State, Akoko Edo LGA, town of Anyaran, Kakumo-Aworo. | Ishe, Kakumo, Auga. | Yoruba is lingua franca. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. |
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