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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iou | Tuma-Irumu | 1,500 (1998 SIL). | Morobe Province, Kaiapit District, Wantoat Subdistrict. | Enegegny (Enner). Part of a Gurage cluster of languages. | Deaf schools mainly do not use ISL, but vocational programs often do. Over 1,000,000 deaf adults, and about 500,000 deaf children (1986). Nearly all educated deaf are bilingual in a wider community language to some degree. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 75%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 75%. NT: 1997. | |
| iow | Iowa-Oto | Extinct. Ethnic population: 2,400, including 1,000 Iowa, 1,400 Oto (1986 SIL). | Formerly in north central Oklahoma and Iowa Reservation, northeast Kansas. | Iowa (Baxoje, Ioway), Oto (Jiwere, Otoe, Jiwele, Chiwere), Niutaji (Nyut'chi, Missouri, Missouria). | Iowa and Oto were a single language, with some family variations cross-cutting the tribal affiliations. Missouri dialect has been extinct for many years. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 75%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 75%. NT: 1997. | |
| ipi | Ipili | 26,000 (2002 SIL). 50% monolinguals. | Enga Province around Porgera patrol post. | Porgera, Paiela, Tipinini. The Paiela and Pogera dialects have minor lexical differences. The Tipinini dialect is more like Enga. | Vigorous. Used in the home. Positive language attitude. | Low motivation for literacy. Roman script. Bible portions: 1978. | Low motivation for literacy. Roman script. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| ipo | Ipiko | 200 (1977 SIL). | Gulf Province, 5 miles up Pie River beyond Baimuri, villages of Ipiko and Pahemuba. | Slightly related to Minanibai and Mubami. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| iqu | Iquito | 35 (2002 SIL). 1 monolingual. Ethnic population: 500. | Loreto Province, Pintoyacu, Nanay, and Chambira rivers, villages of San Antonia and Atalaya. | Pintuyacu. Was close to Cahuarano. | Official language. Speakers are older adults. Negative language attitude. Widespread use of Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 75%. Roman script. Bible portions: 1963. | Literacy rate in second language: 75%. Roman script. Bible portions: 1963. | |
| ire | Iresim | 70 (2000 Wurm). | South Cenderawasih Bay, west of Nabire and around Yamur Lake. | Pintuyacu. Was close to Cahuarano. | Official language. Speakers are older adults. Negative language attitude. Widespread use of Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 75%. Roman script. Bible portions: 1963. | Literacy rate in second language: 75%. Roman script. Bible portions: 1963. | |
| irh | Irarutu | 4,000 (1987 SIL). | East Bomberai Peninsula southwest from Arguni Bay north to Bintuni Bay, 44 villages. | 6 or 7 dialects. Lexical similarity 90% with Kuri. | Used in the home and with friends. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1992–2000. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1992–2000. | |
| iri | Irigwe | 40,000 (1985 UBS). | Plateau State, Bassa and Barakin Ladi LGAs; Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | 6 or 7 dialects. Lexical similarity 90% with Kuri. | Used in the home and with friends. | Bible portions: 1923–1935. | Bible portions: 1923–1935. | |
| irk | Iraqw | 462,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Arusha Region, Mbulu District, highlands southwest of Arusha in north. | Asa. Asa may be a separate language. | Vigorous. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| irn | Irántxe | 191 (1995 AMTB). | Mato Grosso, headwaters of the Rio Cravari, tributary of the Rio Sangue, which is a tributary of the Rio Juruena. | Münkü (Mynky, Menku, Kenkü, Myy), Irántxe. | Most also use Portuguese. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| irr | Ir | 4,420 (2000). | Saravan Province, east of Saravan town. | Closest to Ong. | Most also use Portuguese. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| iru | Irula | 200,000 (2003). | Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Periyar, Salem, Chengai Anna districts; Karnataka; Kerala, Palakkad District; Andhra Pradesh. | Irula Pallar (Urali Irula), Mele Nadu Irula (Southern Irula), Northern Irula (Kasaba, Kasava, Kasuba), Vette Kada Irula. Vette Kada had 73% intelligibility of Mele Nadu, Northern Irula had 83% intelligibility of Mele Nadu. Irula is not inherently intelligible with Tamil. Lexical similarity 78% to 86% between Mele Nadu varieties, 67% to 70% with Northern Irula, 64% to 66% with Vette Kada, 47% to 50% with Tamil. | All domains, home, village, market, politics, prayers. Positive language attitude. Nearly all speak some Tamil, 44% Kannada, 32% Badaga. Proficiency in Tamil is low. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% among adults, 50% among younger generation. Bible portions: 2001–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% among adults, 50% among younger generation. Bible portions: 2001–2002. | |
| irx | Kamberau | 1,570 (1993 Doriot). | Southeast Bomberai Peninsula around Kamrau Bay, villages of Ubia-Seramuku, Bahomia, Waho, Wamoma, Inari, Tanggaromi, Koi, Wamesa, Coa. | Close to Buruwai. Lexical similarity 60% with Buruwai. | All domains, home, village, market, politics, prayers. Positive language attitude. Nearly all speak some Tamil, 44% Kannada, 32% Badaga. Proficiency in Tamil is low. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% among adults, 50% among younger generation. Bible portions: 2001–2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% among adults, 50% among younger generation. Bible portions: 2001–2002. | |
| iry | Iraya | 10,000 (1991 OMF). | Northern Mindoro. | Abra-De-Ilog, Alag-Bako, Pagbahan, Palauan-Calavite, Pambuhan, Santa Cruz. | Many speak Tagalog in the home. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| isa | Isabi | 280 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related languages: Biyom, Tauya, Faita. | Many speak Tagalog in the home. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| isc | Isconahua | 82 (2000 WCD). | Callaria River. | Most closely related to Shipibo. | Official language. They live close to the Shipibo and also use Shipibo. | NT: 1991. | NT: 1991. | |
| isd | Isnag | 30,000 (1994 SIL). | Northern Apayao, Luzon. | Bayag, Dibagat-Kabugao, Calanasan, Karagawan (Daragawan), Talifugu-Ripang (Tawini). Intelligibility testing: Calanasan: 94% of Dibagat, 88% of Ilocano; Talifugu-Ripang: 89% of Dibagat, 71% of Ilocano. | Speakers also use Ilocano. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1980. | |
| ise | Italian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Northern Apayao, Luzon. | Partially intelligible with French Sign Language. Not intelligible with American Sign Language. Regional differences, but signers from different regions seem to communicate fluently. | All domains except school classroom. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. NT: 1980. | |
| isg | Irish Sign Language | No estimate available. | Dublin and elsewhere. | In 1816 British signs were brought in. In 1846 Irish signs developed in the girls' school, in 1857 Irish signs brought into the boys' school. Related to French Sign Language. There are informal male and female sign systems. Females learn the male system during dating and marriage. The informal system is referred to as 'Deaf Sign Language'. Irish Sign Language is a new unified system, a manual code for English. It has structural features such as directional verbs. It has influenced sign languages in South Africa and Australia. | It originated between 1846–1849. Several deaf schools with 750 to 800 students in each. There is a committee on national sign language and an organization for sign language teachers. | TV. | TV. | |
| ish | Esan | 200,000 (1973 SIL). Population includes 7,000 Ekpon in 7 villages (1998). | Edo State, Agbazko, Okpebho, Owan, and Etsako LGAs. | Ekpon, Igueben. | Used in initial primary education. 90% speak or understand Nigerian Pidgin English. English and possibly Ika are also used as second languages. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1974. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1974. | |
| isi | Nkem-Nkum | 34,500 (1987 Asinya). Population includes 18,000 Nkem, 16,500 Nkum. | Cross River State, Ogoja LGA. | Nkem (Nkim, Ogoja, Ishibori, Isibiri, Ogboja), Nkum. Dialect cluster. | Used in initial primary education. 90% speak or understand Nigerian Pidgin English. English and possibly Ika are also used as second languages. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1974. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1974. | |
| isl | Icelandic | 230,000 in Iceland (1980 WA). Population total all countries: 239,768. | Also spoken in Canada, USA. | No appreciable dialect differences (Nida 1972). Not inherently intelligible with Faroese. | National language. | Bible: 1584–1981. | Bible: 1584–1981. | |
| iso | Isoko | 423,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Delta State, Isoko and Ndokwa LGAs. | Ozoro, Ofagbe, Emede, Owe (Owhe), Elu, Aviara, Iyede, Imiv, Enhwe, Ume, Iwire (Igbide), Olomoro, Iyede-Ami, Unogboko, Itebiege, Uti, Iyowo, Ibiede, Oyede, Uzere, Irri (Iri) Ole (Oleh). | Used in initial primary education. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. Bible: 1977. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. Bible: 1977. | |
| isr | Israeli Sign Language | 5,000 users including some hearing persons (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Delta State, Isoko and Ndokwa LGAs. | Not derived from and relatively little influence from other sign languages. No special signs have been introduced from outside by educators. Minor dialect variation. | Not all deaf use ISL. Interpreters are provided in courts. Some interpretation for college students. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many sign language classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language, and an organization for sign language teachers. The sign language used in classrooms and that by deaf adults outside is different. | Employs the Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation system. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Employs the Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation system. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ist | Istriot | 1,000 (2000 Salminen). | Western coast of Istrian Peninsula, now only in the towns of Rovinj (Rovigno) and Vodnjan (Dignano). | Reported to be an archaic Romance language, often confused with Istro-Rumanian. Perhaps closer to Friulian or Dalmatian than to Istro-Rumanian. | Some children speakers. | Employs the Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation system. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | Employs the Eshkol-Wachmann movement notation system. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ita | Italian | 1,000 in Vatican State (2004). | Istria. | Tuscan, Abruzzese, Pugliese, Umbrian, Laziale, Central Marchigiano, Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano, Molisano. Regional varieties coexist with the standard language; some are inherently unintelligible (Nida) to speakers of other varieties unless they have learned them. Aquilano, Molisano, and Pugliese are very different from the other Italian 'dialects'. Piemontese and Sicilian are distinct enough to be separate languages (F. B. Agard 1981, personal communication). Venetian and Lombard are also very different (Philippe Cousson 1981, personal communication). Neapolitan is reported to be unintelligible to speakers of Standard Italian. Northern varieties are closer to French and Occitan than to standard or southern varieties (Agard, N. Vincent). Lexical similarity 89% with French, 87% with Catalan, 85% with Sardinian, 82% with Spanish, 78% with Rheto-Romance, 77% with Rumanian. | Official language. People in all of the Italian cantons speak Italian as first or second language. Used for education in Italian and Ticino (Lombard) speaking areas. | Grammar. Bible: 1471–1985. | Grammar. Bible: 1471–1985. | |
| itb | Itneg, Binongan | 7,500 (2003 SIL). 46,405 in all Itneg varieties (1990 census). | Ba-ay Valley and Licuan Abra Province, Luzon. | Lexical similarity 69% with Ilocano, 79% with Masadiit Itneg. | Vigorous. Used in the home and community. All ages. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Speakers also use Tagalog and English. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| ite | Itene | Extinct. Ethnic population: 108 (2000 W. Adelaar). | North central Beni Department at junction of Mamoré and Itenez rivers. | Itoreauhip. Related languages: Chapacura, Quitemoca, Cujuna, Cumana, Mataua, Uanham, Urunumacan; probably all extinct. | Children were not speaking Itene and only some of the older people were actively using it 30 years ago. Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| iti | Itneg, Inlaod | 9,000 (2003 SIL). | Northern Luzon, southwest of Binongan Itneg, northwest of Masadiit Itneg; Abra Province, a few barangays of Penarubia, Lagangilang, Danglas, and Langiden. | Lexical similarity Inlaod of Langiden 73% with Ilocano; Inlaod of Danglas 71% with Ilocano, 75% to 77% with Binongan Itneg, 75% to 76% with Masadiit of Sallapadan, 74% to 75% with Moyadan Itneg. Inlaod of Langiden and Inlaod of Danglas 86% with each other. | Vigorous in some communities. Used in the home and community. Use among children is decreasing. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Some speakers also use Tagalog or English. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| itk | Judeo-Italian | 200. | Northern Luzon, southwest of Binongan Itneg, northwest of Masadiit Itneg; Abra Province, a few barangays of Penarubia, Lagangilang, Danglas, and Langiden. | Lexical similarity Inlaod of Langiden 73% with Ilocano; Inlaod of Danglas 71% with Ilocano, 75% to 77% with Binongan Itneg, 75% to 76% with Masadiit of Sallapadan, 74% to 75% with Moyadan Itneg. Inlaod of Langiden and Inlaod of Danglas 86% with each other. | More commonly spoken two generations ago. Used in Passover song. Perhaps 4,000 occasionally use elements of it in their speech (10% of Italy's 40,000 Jews). | Hebrew script. OT. | Hebrew script. OT. | |
| itl | Itelmen | 60 (2000). Ethnic population: 2,481 (1989 census). | Southern Kamchatka Peninsula, Koryak Autonomous District, Tigil Region, primarily in Kovran and Upper Khairiuzovo villages, west coast of the Kamchatka River. | Sedanka, Kharyuz, Itelmen, Xajrjuzovskij, Napanskij, Sopocnovskij. | Speakers are shifting to Russian. Used in the home. Taught in school through fourth grade. Speakers are primarily older adults. People are neutral to mildly supportive. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1996. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| ito | Itonama | 10 (2000 Crevels). Ethnic population: 5,090 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Beni Department and Itonamas River. | Ruhlen classifies it as Paezan. | Speakers are shifting to Spanish. Speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| itr | Iteri | 475 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Rocky Peak Mountains. | Ruhlen classifies it as Paezan. | Some speakers also use Ama. | NT: 2000. | NT: 2000. | |
| its | Isekiri | 510,000 (1991 UBS). | Delta State, Warri, Bomadi, and Ethiope LGAs. | Close to Yoruba. | Used in initial primary education. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| itt | Itneg, Maeng | 18,000 (2003 SIL). Ethnic population: 18,000. | Luzon, southern Abra Province, Luba, Tubo, Villavisciosa municipalities. | Lexical similarity Tubo 60% with Ilocano, 68% with Northern Kankanaey; Villavisciosa 76% with Ilocano, 61% with Northern Kankanaey. | Vigorous. Used in the home and community. All ages. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Some speakers use Tagalog or English. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| itu | Itutang | 220 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Sepik Province. | Related to Romkun, Breri, Kominimung, Akrukay, Igana, Inapang. | Vigorous. Used in the home and community. All ages. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Some speakers use Tagalog or English. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| itv | Itawit | 134,126 (1990 census). Population includes 119,584 Itawit, 14,542 Malaweg. | Luzon, southern Cagayan. | Malaweg (Malaueg), Itawis. Related to Ibanag. 72% intelligibility of South Ibanag; 68% of Ilocano. Lexical similarity 53% with Ilocano. | Speakers also use Ilocano. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| itx | Itik | 80 (2000 Wurm). | North coast east of Tor River, along upper Biri River. | Ittik, Ittik-Tor. | 40% of the ethnic group speaks Itik. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| ity | Itneg, Moyadan | 12,000 (2003 SIL). | Luzon, Abra Province. | Lexical similarity 68% with Ilocano, 85% with Masadiit Sallapadan, 80% with Masadiit Boliney, 76% with Binongan, 75% with Inlaod Danglas, 74% with Inlaod Langiden, 73% with Maeng of Tubo. | Moderately vigorous. Used in the home and community. All ages. Positive language attitude. Most speakers have high proficiency in Ilocano. Speakers also use Tagalog or Spanish. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| itz | Itza' | 12 (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,800 (2001). | North central, north of Lake Petén Itzá in San José Petén, 15 minutes by auto from Flores. The language is extinct in Belize. | Lexical similarity 68% with Ilocano, 85% with Masadiit Sallapadan, 80% with Masadiit Boliney, 76% with Binongan, 75% with Inlaod Danglas, 74% with Inlaod Langiden, 73% with Maeng of Tubo. | The language is nearly extinct in Guatemala, but the ethnic group retains the Indian culture. 60 bilingual nonfluent speakers (1991 A. Hofling). The ethnic group in Belize now speaks Spanish. Speakers are older adults. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| ium | Iu Mien | 350,000 in Viet Nam (1999 H. Purnell). | Throughout the highland regions of northern Viet Nam, about 16,000 in Dac Lak Province in the south. | Dao Do, Deo Tien, Dao Lan Tien, Dao Lo Gang, Cham, Quan Chet, Quan Trang. | The language is the same as in Thailand and Laos. Not all ethnic Yao speak Mien; many speak Chinese. Part of the population figure given for Viet Nam may be for Kim Mun. | Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1975–1991. | Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1975–1991. | |
| ivb | Ibatan | 1,350 (2000 SIL). | Babuyan Island, north of Luzon; Northern Luzon (a few students). | Intelligibility of Itbayaten Ivatan 64%; Basco Ivatan 31%. Lexical similarity 72% with Itbayaten Ivatan, 74% with Basco Ivatan. | Speakers are shifting to Ilocano. All domains. Used in religious services and ceremonies, local commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. All speakers use Ilocano as second language. 10% also use Pilipino (Tagalog) or Chinese (Taiwanese or Mandarin). Schooling is in Tagalog or English, but Ibatan is used periodically to ensure student comprehension. | Literacy rate in first language: 77%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. 1,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 77%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. 1,000 can read and write it. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. NT: 1996. | |
| ivv | Ivatan | 35,000 (1998 SIL). Population includes 3,448 Itbayatan (1996 census). | Batanes Islands. Many relocated on Mindanao near boundary of Bukidnon, Lanao del Sur, and Cotabato; some in Manila, Luzon, Palawan, other countries. | Itbayaten, Basco Ivatan, Southern Ivatan. | Vigorous. The very young and very old use only Ivatan. Not used in schools. All domains, home, administration, religion, commerce, labor relations, letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Only preschool children are monolingual. 90% use Tagalog as second language. Some can use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 91.8%. Literacy rate in second language: 91.8%. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 91.8%. Literacy rate in second language: 91.8%. Roman script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1984. | |
| iwm | Iwam | 3,000 (1998 NTM). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Mowi and Iyomempwi villages on the Sepik River and villages on the May River and surrounding lakes and tributaries as far as Premai village. | Close to Amal and Sepik Iwam. | Vigorous. The very young and very old use only Ivatan. Not used in schools. All domains, home, administration, religion, commerce, labor relations, letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Only preschool children are monolingual. 90% use Tagalog as second language. Some can use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | |
| iwo | Iwur | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | Border area in valley of Iwur River, Ok Iwur, and east to Ok Denom. | Close to Amal and Sepik Iwam. | Vigorous. The very young and very old use only Ivatan. Not used in schools. All domains, home, administration, religion, commerce, labor relations, letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Only preschool children are monolingual. 90% use Tagalog as second language. Some can use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1990–1998. | |
| iws | Iwam, Sepik | 2,500 (1987 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District. Villages along the Sepik River, and on lagoons north and south of the river, from Iniok village downstream to the Leonard Schultze River. | Close to Amal and Sepik Iwam. | Vigorous. The very young and very old use only Ivatan. Not used in schools. All domains, home, administration, religion, commerce, labor relations, letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Only preschool children are monolingual. 90% use Tagalog as second language. Some can use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1989. | |
| ixc | Ixcatec | 119 (1983 Jorge Suárez). | Santa María Ixcatlán, Oaxaca is the original town, surrounded by Mixtec speakers. | Different from San Pedro Ixcatlán Mazatec. | Vigorous. The very young and very old use only Ivatan. Not used in schools. All domains, home, administration, religion, commerce, labor relations, letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Only preschool children are monolingual. 90% use Tagalog as second language. Some can use English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ixi | Ixil, Nebaj | 35,000 (1991 SIL). | Nebaj area, Quiché Department. | Different from San Pedro Ixcatlán Mazatec. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1960–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 7%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1960–1997. | |
| ixj | Ixil, Chajul | 18,000 (1998 SIL). | Quiché Department. | Ilom. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1981–1999. | |
| ixl | Ixil, San Juan Cotzal | 16,000 (1998 SIL). | Quiché Department. | 70% to 75% intelligibility among the three Ixil languages. | All ages. Little bilingualism in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2001. | |
| iya | Iyayu | 24,651 (2000 WCD). | Ondo State, one-quarter of Idoani town. | 70% to 75% intelligibility among the three Ixil languages. | All ages. Little bilingualism in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2001. | |
| iyo | Mesaka | 14,000 (1982 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, on the Nigerian border northeast of Akwaya, in an isolated area. | Batomo (Babasi). Batomo may be a separate language, or may be the same as Motomo (Oliti, Matchi), a dialect of Iceve-Maci. Lexical similarity 70% with Tiv. | Speakers also use Tiv or Cameroon Pidgin. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Taught in primary schools. NT: 2001. | |
| izh | Ingrian | 302 (1989 census). Ethnic population: 820 (1989 census). | Baltic area, Kingisepp and Lomonosov areas of St. Petersburg Oblast. | Soykin, Khava, Lower Luzh, Oredezh (Upper Luzh). Close to Karelian but the government considers them separate languages. | No children speakers. People neutral to mildly supportive. Russian is used for most domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| izi | Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo | 593,000 (1973 SIL). Population includes 200,000 Izi, 180,000 Ezaa, 150,000 Ikwo, 63,000 Mgbo. | Ebonyi State, Abakaliki, Ezza, Ohaozara, and Ishielu LGAs; Benue State, Okpokwu LGA. | Izi (Izzi), Ezaa (Eza), Ikwo, Mgbo (Ngbo). Dialect cluster within the Igbo language cluster. | No children speakers. People neutral to mildly supportive. Russian is used for most domains. | Grammar. Bible: 2002. | Grammar. Bible: 2002. | |
| jaa | Jamamadí | 195 (1994 SIL). Population includes 12 Mamoria. | Amazonas, scattered over 200,000 square miles. | Bom Futuro, Jurua, Pauini, Mamoria (Mamori), Cuchudua (Maima), Tukurina. Other groups are called 'Jamamadí' which are closer to Culina or Dení. Tukurina may be a separate language. Dialects or related languages: Araua, Pama, Sewacu, Sipo, Yuberi. | No children speakers. People neutral to mildly supportive. Russian is used for most domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible portions: 1991. | |
| jab | Hyam | 100,000 (1994 UBS). | Kaduna State, Kachia and Jema'a LGAs. | A dialect cluster. | No children speakers. People neutral to mildly supportive. Russian is used for most domains. | Bible portions: 1921–1923. | Bible portions: 1921–1923. | |
| jac | Jakalteko, Eastern | 11,000 (1998 SIL). | Huehuetenango Department near Mexico border, Concepción Huista area. | A dialect cluster. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 28%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 28%. NT: 1997. | |
| jaf | Jara | 46,251 (2000 WCD). | Borno State, Biu and Kwaya-Kusar LGAs; Gombei State, Akko and Yamaltu-Deba LGAs. | A dialect cluster. | Jara is being replaced by Fulfulde and Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 28%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 28%. NT: 1997. | |
| jah | Jah Hut | 2,442 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 2,442 (2000 D. Bradley). | Just south of main body of Semai, Kuala Krau, Pahang. | Kerdau, Krau, Ketiar Krau (Tengganu), Kuala Tembeling, Pulau Guai, Ulu Ceres (Cheres), Ulu Tembeling. | Jara is being replaced by Fulfulde and Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 28%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 28%. NT: 1997. | |
| jai | Jakalteko, Western | 10,300 in Mexico (1991 Schumann). Population includes 1,300 long-term residents (1990 census) and 10,000 refugees. | Concepción Saravia near the municipio of Comalapa de la Frontera, and Amatenango de la Frontera, Chiapas. | Eastern and Western Jakalteko understand each other's spoken languages, but not written text. | Mexican group is bilingual in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. NT: 1979. | |
| jak | Jakun | 9,799 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East coast and inland, Pairang River, Pekan to Sri Gading, east to Benut, northwest to around middle Muat River. | Eastern and Western Jakalteko understand each other's spoken languages, but not written text. | Mexican group is bilingual in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. NT: 1979. | |
| jam | Jamaican Creole English | 268,435 in Panama (2000 WCD). | Bocas del Toro, Colón, and Rio Abajo in Panama City. | The basilect (extreme varieties) and Standard English are inherently unintelligible to each other's speakers (Voegelin and Voegelin, LePage, Adler). It may be partly intelligible to speakers of Cameroon Pidgin and Krio of Sierra Leone, spoken by descendants of Jamaicans repatriated between 1787 and 1860. Inherently intelligible to speakers of creoles in Panama and Costa Rica. Reported to be very close to Belize Creole, close to Grenada, Saint Vincent, different from Tobago, very different from Guyana, Barbados, Leeward and Windward islands. Lexical similarity 25% with Guyanese, 13% with Belizean, 9% with Trinidadian, 8% with Barbadian, 5% with Nicaraguan. | Formerly education was in English, but is now in Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: High in English. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: High in English. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| jao | Yanyuwa | 70 to 100 (1990 Schmidt). Ethnic population: 113 (2000 WCD). | Borroloola, Northern Territory and Doomadgee, Queensland. | The basilect (extreme varieties) and Standard English are inherently unintelligible to each other's speakers (Voegelin and Voegelin, LePage, Adler). It may be partly intelligible to speakers of Cameroon Pidgin and Krio of Sierra Leone, spoken by descendants of Jamaicans repatriated between 1787 and 1860. Inherently intelligible to speakers of creoles in Panama and Costa Rica. Reported to be very close to Belize Creole, close to Grenada, Saint Vincent, different from Tobago, very different from Guyana, Barbados, Leeward and Windward islands. Lexical similarity 25% with Guyanese, 13% with Belizean, 9% with Trinidadian, 8% with Barbadian, 5% with Nicaraguan. | Speakers intermarry with the Garawa or Mara. Wives learn the husband's language but use their own with members of their own group. Children usually speak the mother's language, but boys at puberty learn and then speak the father's language. All speak Kriol or English, and some speak Garawa as second language. | Bible portions: 1980. | Bible portions: 1980. | |
| jap | Jaruára | 155 (2000 SIL). | Amazonas, Lábrea Minicipality, near the Jamamadí, 7 villages. | Formerly considered a dialect of Jamamadí. | Vigorous. Used in school, religious services, letters. All ages. Everyone speaks some Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| jaq | Yaqay | 10,000 (1987 SIL). | South coast area north of Odamun River and along Miwamon River southeast of Sawuy and Kaygir languages. | Oba-Miwamon, Nambiomon-Mabur, Bapai. | Used in the home, religious services. Many becoming bilingual in Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| jar | Jarawa | 150,000 (1978 MARC). Population includes 20,000 Bankal, 19,000 Gingwak. | Bauchi, Adamawa, and Plateau States. | Bankal (Bankala, Baranci, Zhar), Ligri, Kanam, Bobar, Gingwak (Gwak, Jarawan Bununu, Jaracin Kasa). Dialect cluster. | Most men speak Hausa but most women understand little Hausa. | Bible portions: 1940. | Bible portions: 1940. | |
| jas | Javanese, New Caledonian | 6,750 (1987). | Noumea. | Bankal (Bankala, Baranci, Zhar), Ligri, Kanam, Bobar, Gingwak (Gwak, Jarawan Bununu, Jaracin Kasa). Dialect cluster. | Young people understand Javanese, but speak French. | Bible portions: 1940. | Bible portions: 1940. | |
| jat | Jakati | 1,365 in Afghanistan (2000 WCD). | Kabul (25 families); Jalalabad (50 families); Charikar (15 families). | Related to Western Panjabi. | Young people understand Javanese, but speak French. | Bible portions: 1940. | Bible portions: 1940. | |
| jau | Yaur | 350 (1978 SIL). | Lower end of Cenderawasih Bay, west of Iresim. | Related to Western Panjabi. | Young people understand Javanese, but speak French. | Bible portions: 1940. | Bible portions: 1940. | |
| jav | Javanese | 800 in Singapore (1985). Ethnic population: 21,230. | Central Java, eastern third of west Java, southwestern half of east Java. Also resettlements in Papua, Sulawesi, Maluku, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. Also spoken in Malaysia (Sabah), Netherlands, Singapore. | Jawa Halus, Cirebon (Tjirebon, Cheribon), Tegal, Indramayu, Solo, Tembung, Pasisir, Surabaya, Malang-Pasuruan, Banten, Manuk. West Javanese dialects: Banten, Cirebon, Tegal; central Javanese dialect: Solo in Yogyakarta; East Javanese dialects: Surabaya, Malang-Pasuruan. High Javanese (Jawa Halus) is the language of religion, but the number of people that can control that form is diminishing. The Javanese in Suriname and in New Caledonia have changed sufficiently to be only partially intelligible with difficulty. Javanese in New Caledonia are reported to not be able to use High Javanese (Koentjaraninggrat). Several dialects in Sabah. | Young people understand Javanese, but speak French. | Traditional Javanese script. Bible: 1854–1994. | Traditional Javanese script. Bible: 1854–1994. | |
| jax | Malay, Jambi | 890,000 (1989). | Southeastern Sumatra, Jambi Province. | Suku Batin (Batin), Ilir, Ulu. | Young people understand Javanese, but speak French. | Traditional Javanese script. Bible: 1854–1994. | Traditional Javanese script. Bible: 1854–1994. | |
| jay | Jarnango | 40 (1983 Black). | Two of the most western Crocodile Islands, adjacent to Cape Stewart, Maningrida and Milingimbi, Northern Territory. | Garmalangga, Gurjindi. | People generally speak Djambarrpuyngu, Gupapuyngu, or Burarra. | Traditional Javanese script. Bible: 1854–1994. | Traditional Javanese script. Bible: 1854–1994. | |
| jbe | Judeo-Berber | 2,000 (1992 Podolsky). | Formerly High Atlas range, Tifnut, and other communities. Speakers went to Israel from 1950 to 1960. | Garmalangga, Gurjindi. | Speakers are older adults. Monolingual communities may have disappeared before 1930 in Morocco. Speakers also formerly used Judeo-Arabic (J. Chetrit 1985). | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| jbj | Arandai | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | Southern Bird's Head, east and west of the Wariaga River and around the Sebyar (Timoforo) River, Manokwari Kabupaten, Bintuni Kecamatan. | Kemberano (Tomu), Dombano (Arandai). Related to Kampong Baru. Kemberano and Dombano appear to have 71% lexical similarity with each other in preliminary wordlists; probably 2 separate languages. | Speakers are older adults. Monolingual communities may have disappeared before 1930 in Morocco. Speakers also formerly used Judeo-Arabic (J. Chetrit 1985). | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| jbn | Nafusi | 26,000 in Tunisia (1998). | Southeastern Tunisia on Mediterranean islands (Jerba), isolated villages south of Jerba, southern Tunisia, and Pacha, old Medina, and Bab Souika streets in Tunis (Tamezret), Tamezret village near Zeraoua and Taoujjout, south of Gabès (Tamezret). | Jbali-Tamezret (Duwinna), Jerba (Djerbi, Guelili). | Spoken only in the home. | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| jbt | Jabutí | 5 (1990). | Rio Branco Post, Rondônia. | Jbali-Tamezret (Duwinna), Jerba (Djerbi, Guelili). | Spoken only in the home. | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| jbu | Jukun Takum | 2,438 in Cameroon (2000 WCD). | Taraba State, Takum, Sardauna, and Bali LGAs. | Takum, Donga (Akpanzhi). | Trade language. Second-language speakers in Nigeria: 40,000 (1979 UBS). No first-language speakers in Nigeria. | Literacy program in progress. | Literacy program in progress. | |
| jcs | Jamaican Country Sign Language | No estimate available. | Taraba State, Takum, Sardauna, and Bali LGAs. | There is no standardized sign language, but 'Country Sign' differs from region to region. | It is used for all communication needs outside the classroom. Signed English is used in at least one deaf school, but students do not understand many of the function words. | Literacy program in progress. | Literacy program in progress. | |
| jct | Judeo-Crimean Tatar | No estimate available. | Uzbekistan (most), Georgia, Kazakhstan. Also spoken in Georgia, Kazakhstan. | There is no standardized sign language, but 'Country Sign' differs from region to region. | There are few speakers left (T. Salminen 1993). | Literacy program in progress. | Literacy program in progress. | |
| jda | Jad | 300 (2001 Roland-Breton). | Uttaranchal, Uttarkashi district, Jadang and Nilang villages in Harsil subdivision in the gorges of the Jad Ganga. | Close to Spiti Bhoti. | Used in the home and with friends. All ages. Low prestige. High degree of bilingualism in Garhwali. Some speakers also use Hindi or Tibetan. | Hindi is used for all written communication. | Hindi is used for all written communication. | |
| jdg | Jadgali | 100,000 in Pakistan (1998). | Southeast Balochistan Province, southwest Sind. Also spoken in Iran. | Close to Spiti Bhoti. | Used in the home and with friends. All ages. Low prestige. High degree of bilingualism in Garhwali. Some speakers also use Hindi or Tibetan. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| jdt | Judeo-Tat | 7,000 in Russia (1989 census). | Dagestan ASSR, Nalchik in Kabardino-Balkar ASSR, in villages and ancient cities of the Caucasus mountains (Derbent, Makhachkale, Nalchik, Majalis, Pyatigorsk). Until recently they were in Grozny in Checheno-Ingush. None in Iran. | Derbend. | Tats holding to the Gregorian (Armenian) church used to live in Madrasa village until the late 1980s, and spoke a variety of Tat similar to Judeo-Tat. They may have gone to Armenia or Russia. | Hebrew, Cyrillic, and Roman scripts. Bible portions: 1980. | Hebrew, Cyrillic, and Roman scripts. Bible portions: 1980. | |
| jeb | Jebero | Ethnic population: 2,000 to 3,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). | District of Jebero. | Derbend. | Official language. Speakers are older adults. Interest in language revival. Widespread use of Spanish. | Bible portions: 1959. | Bible portions: 1959. | |
| jee | Jerung | 1,914 (2000). | Janakpur Zone, Sindhuli District, around and above the mouth of the Melungkhola River. | Madhavpur, Balkhu-Sisneri, Ratnawati (Sindhuli). Linguistically closest to Wambule. | Use is declining. (Winter 1991). Used mainly by older adults. Young people appear to not speak Jerung. Speakers also use Nepali. | Bible portions: 1959. | Bible portions: 1959. | |
| jeg | Jeng | 7,320 (2000). | Attopeu Province, Samakkhixai and Sanamxai districts, 6 villages north of Attopeu town. | Related to Oy, Sapuan, Sok. | Use is declining. (Winter 1991). Used mainly by older adults. Young people appear to not speak Jerung. Speakers also use Nepali. | Bible portions: 1959. | Bible portions: 1959. | |
| jeh | Jeh | 8,013 in Laos (1995 census). | Southern Laos, Xekong Province, Dakchung District; Attopeu Province, Sanxai District, basin of Poko, Kamane, and Dak Main rivers. | Jeh Bri La, Jeh Mang Ram. | Use is declining. (Winter 1991). Used mainly by older adults. Young people appear to not speak Jerung. Speakers also use Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| jei | Yei | 900 (1996 M. Donohue). Ethnic population: 1,100 (1996 M. Donohue). | Border area of south coast, east of Marind along Maro River, 6 villages. | Upper Yei, Lower Yei. The dialects are inherently intelligible with each other only with difficulty. | Used in the home. Most are proficient in Papuan Malay or Marind. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| jek | Jeri Kuo | 1,500 (1990 Kastenholz). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1990 Kastenholz). | Mainly to the southwest and some to the north of Korhogo. | Related to Jogo (Ligbi) of Ghana and Tongon, an extinct blacksmith language of the Djimini Senoufo. | Used in the home. Most are proficient in Papuan Malay or Marind. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| jel | Yelmek | 400 (1978 SIL). | South coast area on east side of Marianne Strait between Kolopom (Frederik Hendrik) Island and mainland. | Closest to Maklew. | Used in the home. Most are proficient in Papuan Malay or Marind. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| jen | Dza | 20,131 (2000 WCD). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, and Adamawa State, Numan LGA, Jen town, east of Karim-Lamido town, south of Bambuka town, by the Benue River bank. | Kaigama, Laredo (Ardido), Jaule (Joole). | Used in the home. Most are proficient in Papuan Malay or Marind. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| jer | Jere | 64,850 (1998 CAPRO). Population includes 15,000 Buji (1998), 15,000 Gusu (1998), 30,000 Jere (1998), 4,000 Ribina (1996 CAPRO), 850 Gurrum (1936). | Plateau State, Bassa LGA; Bauchi State, Toro LGA; Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Buji (Eboze, Anabeze), Gusu (Gusawa, Gussum, Gesawa, Guzawa, Isanga, Asanga, Anibau, Anosangobari), Jere (Jeriyawa, Ezelle, Azelle, Jengre), Ribina (Rebina, Bunu, Ibunu, Narabunu, Anorubuna, Gurrum, Anegorom). A dialect cluster. For Ezelle dialect, a speaker is 'Ozelle' or 'Bajere'; the speakers are 'Azelle' or 'Jarawa'. For Eboze dialect, a speaker is 'Unabeze', speakers are 'Anabeze'. | Used in the home. Most are proficient in Papuan Malay or Marind. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| jet | Manem | 400 in Indonesia (1978 SIL). | Northeast border area south of Jayapura, villages of Wembi, Yeti, Kiba. | Lexical similarity 50% with Waris. | Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | |
| jeu | Jonkor Bourmataguil | 1,500 (1993 SIL). | Salamat Prefecture, Abou Deïa Subprefecture, west of Abou Deïa. Originally centered in Bourmataguil village, now centered in Ader-Ader. | Dougne, Musunye. Relationship with other Dangla languages needs investigation, especially Toram and Mogum. | A large number of the ethnic group have given up the traditional language for Chadian Arabic, but in two villages the children still learn Jonkor Bourmataguil. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | |
| jge | Judeo-Georgian | 20,000 in Georgia (1995). | Some have gone elsewhere in the former USSR and to other countries. | Oriental and Ashkenazic Jews in Georgia live separately. Judeo-Georgian speakers live separately from non-Jewish Georgian speakers. May not be a separate language from Georgian, but a dialect using various Hebrew loanwords. | A large number of the ethnic group have given up the traditional language for Chadian Arabic, but in two villages the children still learn Jonkor Bourmataguil. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | |
| jhi | Jehai | 1,250 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 1,375 (2000 D. Bradley). | Northeastern Perak and western Kelantan. | Jehai, Batek Teh. | A large number of the ethnic group have given up the traditional language for Chadian Arabic, but in two villages the children still learn Jonkor Bourmataguil. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | |
| jia | Jina | 1,500 (2004 SIL). | Far North Province, Logone-and-Chari Division, near the south of Logone-Birni Subdivision, around Zina and east of Waza. | Jina (Zine), Sarassara, Tchide (Sede), Muxule (Muxuli, Ngodeni), Mae. People in Zina say they understand Lagwan and Musgu better than Muxule. | Lagwan is used as a second language. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | Literacy rate in second language: Significant level. | |
| jib | Jibu | 30,000 (1997 SIL). | Taraba State, Gashaka and Bali LGA. | Gayam, Garbabi, Galamjina. | Some living near the main roads also speak Fulfulde and Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 7%. Few have finished secondary school. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 3%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 7%. Few have finished secondary school. NT: 1996. | |
| jic | Tol | 350 (1997). Ethnic population: 593 (1990 Educación Comunitaria para la Salud-Honduras). Also 19,000 ethnic Tolpan in the Department of Yoro. | Montaña de la Flor, northern Francisco Morazán Department, north central Honduras, some in Yoro. | No distinct dialects. It may be distantly related to Subtiaba of Nicaragua (extinct linguistically), Malinaltepec Tlapanec of Mexico, or the Hokan languages. | All ages. Varying degrees of proficiency in Spanish; adult male leaders are more fluent, women and children have low proficiency. Ethnic Tolpan who do not speak Tol speak Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1993. | |
| jid | Bu | 6,000 (1999 R. Blench). Population includes 4,000 Bu and 2,000 Ninkada. | Nasarawa State, Akwanga LGA, 4 villages. | Bu (Abu), Ninkada (Jida). The 2 dialects are ethnically and geographically distinct, but linguistically similar. | All ages. Varying degrees of proficiency in Spanish; adult male leaders are more fluent, women and children have low proficiency. Ethnic Tolpan who do not speak Tol speak Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1993. | |
| jie | Jilbe | 100 (1999 H. Tourneux). | Borno State, Jilbe town, on the border of Cameroon across from the town of Dabanga. 1 village only. | Speakers of Kotoko languages in Cameroon and Chad consistently report low intelligibility of Jilbe. Not the same as Zizilivakan. | All ages. Varying degrees of proficiency in Spanish; adult male leaders are more fluent, women and children have low proficiency. Ethnic Tolpan who do not speak Tol speak Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1993. |
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