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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hut | Humla | 2,393 (2000). | Seti Zone, Bajura District; Karnali Zone, Humla District. | Probably a separate language from Tibetan. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 25%, 2 30%, 3 40%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Speakers also use Spanish or Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in Tibetan. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in Tibetan. | |
| huu | Huitoto, Murui | 1,900 in Colombia (1995 SIL). | Caraparana, Putumayo, and Leticia rivers. None left in Brazil. | Mica. | Official language. Speakers are shifting to Spanish. Recognized by Peruvian government for use in schools. Used in written and oral forms for religious services. Huitoto has more prestige in Colombia than in Peru. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 1%, 1 9%, 2 45%, 3 35%, 4 9%, 5 1%. 90% of those under 50 have routine proficiency in Spanish. Very few are monolingual. A few speak Bora. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 95% of those under 40 are literate. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. 95% of those under 40 are literate. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1978. | |
| huv | Huave, San Mateo del Mar | 12,000 (1990 census). 1,800 monolinguals. | Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, San Mateo del Mar. | Only very limited intelligibility of other Huave varieties; 88% of San Dionisio del Mar. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 1%, 1 14%, 2 40%, 3 35%, 4 10%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1972–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1972–1996. | |
| huw | Hukumina | 1 (1989 SIL). | Formerly spoken in Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts of northwest Buru Island. The present speaker is from the former village of Hukumina that used to be located behind the present village of Masarete, near the fort at Kayeli in northeast Buru. | Only very limited intelligibility of other Huave varieties; 88% of San Dionisio del Mar. | The one speaker was 80 years old in 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1972–1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Dictionary. NT: 1972–1996. | |
| hux | Huitoto, Nüpode | 100 (1991 SIL). | Formerly spoken in Hukumina, Palumata, and Tomahu districts of northwest Buru Island. The present speaker is from the former village of Hukumina that used to be located behind the present village of Masarete, near the fort at Kayeli in northeast Buru. | Only very limited intelligibility of other Huave varieties; 88% of San Dionisio del Mar. | Official language. Speakers also use Minica Huitoto or Murui Huitoto. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1961. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1961. | |
| huy | Hulaulá | 10,000 in Israel (1999 H. Mutzafi). Population total all countries: 10,300. | Also spoken in Iran, USA. | Saqiz, Kerend, Sanandaj, Suleimaniya. Very different and not intelligible with the Christian Aramaic languages or Lishana Deni. 60% to 70% intelligibility of Lishanan and Lishanid Noshan. | Many speakers use Hebrew as second language. The older speakers use Kurdish as second language. | Hebrew script. | Hebrew script. | |
| huz | Hunzib | 2,000 (1995 H. Ven den Berg). Ethnic population: 2,000. | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | A separate language from Bezhta (B. Comrie 1989). | Used in the home. 30% to 50% of children speak Hunzib. People are mildly supportive toward Hunzib. Avar is used as the literary language; bilingual proficiency undetermined. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| hva | Huastec, San Luís Potosí | 70,000 (1990 census). | San Luís Potosí, 12 villages. | Intelligibility tests indicate one Huasteco language, but sociological factors require literature in the Veracruz variety. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 40%, 2 15%, 3 10%, 4 6%, 5 4%. | Newspapers. NT: 1971. | Newspapers. NT: 1971. | |
| hvc | Haitian Vodoun Culture Language | No estimate available. | San Luís Potosí, 12 villages. | Intelligibility tests indicate one Huasteco language, but sociological factors require literature in the Veracruz variety. | Used for religion, song, dance. | Newspapers. NT: 1971. | Newspapers. NT: 1971. | |
| hve | Huave, San Dionisio del Mar | 4,944 (2000 WCD). | Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Juchitán District, San Dionisio del Mar. | 98% intelligibility of Santa María del Mar Huave, 88% of San Mateo del Mar Huave. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Newspapers. NT: 1971. | Newspapers. NT: 1971. | |
| hvn | Sabu | 110,000 (1997). Population includes 15,000 to 25,000 outside of Sabu (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Islands of Sawu and Raijua south of Flores and west of Timor, and in Sumba (especially in Waingapu and Melolo), in Ende on Flores, and the Kupang area of Timor. Administratively in Kabupaten Kupang. Airstrip is served irregularly. | Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu), Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua). Related to Dhao. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Grammar. NT: 2000. | Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| hvv | Huave, Santa María del Mar | 500 (1993 SIL). | Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Santa María del Mar. | Very limited intelligibility of other Huave, although closest to San Dionisio. | Children learn Spanish first, but learn Huave by adulthood, because adults speak Huave. | Grammar. NT: 2000. | Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| hwa | Wané | 2,100 (1993 SIL). | Southwestern coast. | Very limited intelligibility of other Huave, although closest to San Dionisio. | They do not like to be identified as Bakwe and are vocal about their identity as being separate. Some young people understand Bakwe, and they seem to understand French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| hwc | Hawai'i Creole English | 600,000 (1986 Forman). Population includes 100,000 to 200,000 who have low proficiency in Standard English and near Standard English (1986 Forman). Another 100,000 speakers on the USA mainland. | All the Hawaiian Islands, USA mainland (especially the west coast, Las Vegas, and Orlando). | The basilect (heavy creole) is barely intelligible with Standard English (H. McKaughan and M. Forman 1982). | Vigorous use by 100,000 to 200,000. The native speech of a large number of those born or brought up in Hawaii, regardless of racial origin. There is a continuum of speech from the distinct creole to Standard English of Hawaii. Different speakers control different spans along the continuum; there are those whose only form of verbal communication is the creole. There are some communication problems at university level. Many second-language speakers. Used in courts by officers, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, witnesses. Creative writing in it in some schools. A growing body of serious literature. Used in schools, personal letters, local commerce, a few songs. All ages. It is accepted by many as an important part of the local culture, a distinctive local language, but looked down on by others. Some official acknowledgement of it in print and public discussion, Miranda rights. 50% of children in Hawaii do not speak English as first language when entering school. Most of these speak HCE as first language. English is used in school. Most songs are in Hawaiian or English. Other languages used are Hakka, Cantonese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, Ilocano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Portuguese, Spanish, or Samoan. | Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| hwo | Hwana | 32,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, and some in Song and Hong LGAs. | The basilect (heavy creole) is barely intelligible with Standard English (H. McKaughan and M. Forman 1982). | Speakers also use Fulfulde, Hausa, Kilba, or Gaanda. | Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 66% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 66% to 75%. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| hya | Hya | 940 in Cameroon (2002 SIL). | Tukwri, Shike, Ligwe and Gameta villages. | Close to Kamwe of Nigeria and Psikye of Cameroon. Lexical similarity 62% with Psikye. | Used in most areas of life. Speakers also use Psikye. | Positive attitude toward literacy. | Positive attitude toward literacy. | |
| hye | Armenian | 40,000 in Turkey (1980). 1,022 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 70,000 in Turkey (1980). | Many in Istanbul, and a few scattered across eastern Turkey. The Hemshin (Hamshen) are Armenian Muslims, living near the Laz. | Eastern Armenian. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Taught in Armenian private schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Taught in Armenian private schools. | |
| iai | Iaai | 1,562 (1996 census). | Ouvéa Island, Loyalty Islands. | Eastern Armenian. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. Bible: 1901. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. Bible: 1901. | |
| ian | Iatmul | 8,442 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti and Angoram districts, Sepik River villages from Tambunum to Japandai, Kundungay area. | Nyaura, Palimbei. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1975. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1975. | |
| iap | Iapama | No estimate available. | Border region of Pará and Amapá. | Nyaura, Palimbei. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1975. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1975. | |
| iar | Purari | 7,000 (1991 UBS). | Gulf Province, between Kapaina Inlet and Orokolo language, Purari River. | Iai (Namau). Apparently unrelated to other languages of Gulf Province. | 96% bilingual in Turkish. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1920. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1920. | |
| iba | Iban | 15,000 in Brunei (1995 Martin). | Western and northern Kalimantan. | Batang Lupar, Bugau, Seberuang, Kantu', Desa, Ketungau (Air Tabun, Sigarau, Sekalau, Sekapat, Banjur, Sebaru', Demam, Maung). | 600,000 second-language speakers. | Iban taught in some primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988. | Iban taught in some primary schools. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1988. | |
| ibd | Iwaidja | 150 (2000 N. Evans). | Croker Island, Northern Territory. | Iwaydja. | Some domains. Some children speakers. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ibe | Akpes | 10,000 (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Ondo State, Akoko North LGA. | Akunnu (Akpes), Ase, Daja, Efifa, Esuku (Echuku), Gedegede, Ikorom, Ibaram, Iyani. A dialect cluster. | Yoruba is the lingua franca. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ibg | Ibanag | 500,000 (1990 SIL). | Isabela and Cagayan provinces, Luzon. | North Ibanag, South Ibanag. 69% intelligibility of Itawit. | Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Ilocano: 0 5%, 1 25%, 2 30%, 3 25%, 4 10%, 5 5%. Speakers also use Tagalog as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | |
| ibi | Ibilo | 5,000. | Edo State, single town of Ibilo. | North Ibanag, South Ibanag. 69% intelligibility of Itawit. | Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Ilocano: 0 5%, 1 25%, 2 30%, 3 25%, 4 10%, 5 5%. Speakers also use Tagalog as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | |
| ibm | Agoi | 12,000 (1989 Faraclas). | Cross River State, Obubra LGA, Agoi-Ekpo, Ekom-Agoi, Agoi-Ibami, and Itu-Agoi towns. | Iko. | Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Ilocano: 0 5%, 1 25%, 2 30%, 3 25%, 4 10%, 5 5%. Speakers also use Tagalog as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. NT: 1911–1989. | |
| ibo | Igbo | 18,000,000 (1999 WA). | Abia State, Anambra State, Aguata, Anambra, Awka, Idemili, Ihiala, Njikoka, Nnewi, and Onitsha LGAs; Enugu State, Awgu, Enugu, Ezeagu, Igo-Etiti, Igbo-Eze, Isi-Uzo, Nkanu, Nsukka, Udi, and Uzo-Uwani LGAs; Imo State; Rivers State, Ikwerre, Bonny, and Ahoada LGAs; Delta State, Oshimili, Aniocha, and Ndokwa LGAs; Akwa Ibom State, Ika LGA. The states where Igbo is spoken as the only or majority language are Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo. It is also spoken in the northeast of Delta State and the southeast of Rivers State, Oyigbo LGA and the Opobo part of Opobo-Nkoro LGA, and alongside Ibani in Bonny LGA. | Owerri (Isuama), Onitsha, Umuahia, Orlu, Ngwa, Afikpo, Nsa, Oguta, Aniocha, Eche, Egbema, Oka (Awka), Bonny-Opobo, Mbaise, Nsuka, Ohuhu, Unwana. 30 dialects vary in inherent intelligibility. The standard literary form is developing based on the dialects of Owerri and Umuahia, omitting the nasality and aspiration found in those dialects. | Official language in the southwest. The main trade language of Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and Imo states. Used for government notices. | Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1906–1988. | Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1906–1988. | |
| ibu | Ibu | 35 (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). Ethnic population: 50 to 200 in the ethnic group (1984). | North Maluku, northern Halmahera Island, mouth of Ibu River, villages of Gamlamo and Gamici. | May be inherently intelligible with Sahu. | Speakers are older adults (1987). | Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1906–1988. | Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1906–1988. | |
| iby | Ibani | 60,000 (1989 UBS). | Rivers State, Bonny. | A member of Koin cluster within the Ijo cluster. | Speakers are older adults (1987). | Bible portions: 1892–1986. | Bible portions: 1892–1986. | |
| ica | Ede Ica | 63,000 (2002 SIL). | Zou Province, Bante subprefecture. | Ica, Ilodji (Ife). A member of the Ede language cluster. Lexical similarity 83% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo. | All domains. French used in schools and government. Yoruba, French, and Ica are used in churches. Yoruba and Arabic are used at mosque. Good comprehension of standard Yoruba. Standard Yoruba literacy materials are used. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% in French. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% in French. | |
| ich | Etkywan | 50,167 (2000 WCD). | Taraba State, Takum, Sardauna, Bali, and part of Wukari LGAs. | Ica, Ilodji (Ife). A member of the Ede language cluster. Lexical similarity 83% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo. | Some speak Hausa as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% in French. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 40% in French. | |
| icl | Icelandic Sign Language | No estimate available. | Taraba State, Takum, Sardauna, Bali, and part of Wukari LGAs. | Ica, Ilodji (Ife). A member of the Ede language cluster. Lexical similarity 83% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo. | Some speak Hausa as second language. | TV. Dictionary. | TV. Dictionary. | |
| icr | Islander Creole English | 12,000 to 18,000 (1981 SIL). | San Andrés and Providencia Islands. | There is reported to be a 'deep Creole'. Very close to Belize Creole English. | Probably the first language of the majority of the Islanders. Creole is considered appropriate for oral purposes only in popular thinking. Standard English is used among the most highly educated. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% Spanish, 80% English. Bible portions: 1999. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% Spanish, 80% English. Bible portions: 1999. | |
| idb | Indo-Portuguese | 700 monolinguals in Korlai (1977 Theban). | Maharashtra, Korlai near Bombay, Daman and Diu; Vypeen Island, and Cochin area. | Similar to Tamil in phonology and syntax. Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, China. See also Malaccan Creole Portuguese (Peninsular Malaysia), Macao Creole Portuguese (Hongkong), Ternateño (Maluku, Indonesia), Timor Pidgin (East Timor). | Active use among Catholic citizens in Daman (1982 Jackson). Some communities in India have become extinct. | NT: 1826–1852. | NT: 1826–1852. | |
| idc | Idon | 5,000. | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA. | Similar to Tamil in phonology and syntax. Varieties of creole Portuguese were also spoken in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, China. See also Malaccan Creole Portuguese (Peninsular Malaysia), Macao Creole Portuguese (Hongkong), Ternateño (Maluku, Indonesia), Timor Pidgin (East Timor). | Active use among Catholic citizens in Daman (1982 Jackson). Some communities in India have become extinct. | NT: 1826–1852. | NT: 1826–1852. | |
| idd | Ede Idaca | 100,000 (2002 SIL). | Collines Province (northern half of former Zou Province), Dassa-Zoume and Glazoué subprefectures. | One of 8 languages that make up the Ede language cluster (Yorboid) that spreads over southwestern Nigeria, southern and central Benin, and into southern and central Togo. The cluster also includes Ede Cabe, Ede Ica, Ife, Ede Ije, Ede Nago, Kura Ede Nago, Manigri-Kambole Ede Nago. The various people groups seek to maintain their individual identities yet recognize the wider 'Yoruba' community. | All domains. In government offices French may be used. In school classrooms French is used. In markets some Yoruba or Fon may be used. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 59% read Yoruba, 39% write Yoruba; 44% read and write French. The ongoing literacy program covers the whole language area due to high motivation. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 59% read Yoruba, 39% write Yoruba; 44% read and write French. The ongoing literacy program covers the whole language area due to high motivation. Radio programs. | |
| ide | Idere | 5,000 (1988). | Akwa Ibom State, Itu LGA. | Listed separately in Crozier and Blench 1992. Probably Central Lower Cross, related to Anaang. Close to Eki (B. Connell 1998). | All domains. In government offices French may be used. In school classrooms French is used. In markets some Yoruba or Fon may be used. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 59% read Yoruba, 39% write Yoruba; 44% read and write French. The ongoing literacy program covers the whole language area due to high motivation. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 59% read Yoruba, 39% write Yoruba; 44% read and write French. The ongoing literacy program covers the whole language area due to high motivation. Radio programs. | |
| idi | Idi | 1,608 (2000 census). Population includes 774 Idi, 834 Tame. | Western Province, northwest of Agob, east of Nambo language. | Tame, Idi. One end of a dialect cluster stretching to Agob. Distinct from but close to Agob. | All domains. In government offices French may be used. In school classrooms French is used. In markets some Yoruba or Fon may be used. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | |
| ids | Idesa | 5,693 (2000 WCD). | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Related to Oloma. | All domains. In government offices French may be used. In school classrooms French is used. In markets some Yoruba or Fon may be used. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | |
| idt | Idaté | 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 5,000. | Central East Timor, mountains of part of the Laclubar area, surrounded by the Mambae, Galoli, Kairui, and Tetun. | Closest to Lakalei and Galoli. | All domains. In government offices French may be used. In school classrooms French is used. In markets some Yoruba or Fon may be used. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. | |
| idu | Idoma | 600,000 (1991 UBS). | Benue State, Otukpo and Okpokwu LGAs. | Idoma Central (Oturkpo, Akpoto), Idoma West, Idoma South (Igumale, Igwaale, Ijigbam), Okpogu. Dialect cluster. | Official language. Used in adult education. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1970. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1970. | |
| ifa | Ifugao, Amganad | 27,100 (2000 SIL). 8,000 monolinguals. 167,503 all Ifugao (1990 census). | Central Ifugao Province, Luzon. | Burnay Ifugao, Banaue Ifugao. Burnay has 81% intelligibility of Amganad. Burnay has 83% lexical similarity of Amganad. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in religious services and traditional ceremonies. Used in administration, commerce relations and traditional ceremonies. All ages. Positive language attitude. 10,000 use Ilocano or English as second language. 8,000 others also use a little Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 65%. 17,550 read it, 16,000 write it. Oral in lower grades. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Videos. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 65%. 17,550 read it, 16,000 write it. Oral in lower grades. Roman script. Radio programs. TV. Videos. NT: 1980. | |
| ifb | Ifugao, Batad | 43,000 (1987 SIL). | Ifugao Province, Luzon. | Ayangan Ifugao, Batad Ifugao, Ducligan Ifugao. Intelligibility of Batad: Ayangan 87%; Mayoyao 86% to 94%. Lexical similarity with Batad, with Ayangan 81%, with Ducligan 89%, with Mayoyao 79%. | Vigorous. All domains. Used in religious services and traditional ceremonies. Used in administration, commerce relations and traditional ceremonies. All ages. Positive language attitude. 10,000 use Ilocano or English as second language. 8,000 others also use a little Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 55% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1977. | Literacy rate in first language: 55% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 55% to 60%. Dictionary. NT: 1977. | |
| ife | Ifè | 80,000 in Benin (1990 SIL). | Collines Province (northern part of former Zou Province), Savalou Subprefecture, Tchetti is main center. | Tschetti, Djama, Dadja. A member of the Ede language cluster. Lexical similarity 78% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo, 87% to 91% with Ede Nago. | Some bilingualism in Éwé in the south and Yoruba in the north. Some also know French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| iff | Ifo | Extinct. | Erromanga Island, southern Vanuatu. | Tschetti, Djama, Dadja. A member of the Ede language cluster. Lexical similarity 78% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo, 87% to 91% with Ede Nago. | Some bilingualism in Éwé in the south and Yoruba in the north. Some also know French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ifk | Ifugao, Tuwali | 30,000 (2000 SIL). | Southern Ifugao Province, Luzon. | Hapao Ifugao, Hungduan Ifugao, Lagawe Ifugao. 77% intelligibility of Amganad Ifugao, 78% of Batad. Hapao has 88% intelligibility of Kiangan, Hungduan has 85% of Kiangan. Lexical similarity 80% with Amganad Ifugao, 72% with Batad Ifugao, 78% with Hapao, 86% with Hungduan. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages use it in trading and if married to a speaker. All domains. Court, religion, commerce. All ages. Positive toward Tuwali use in home and market, preferring English for school and church. All speakers also use English, Ilocano, Tagalog, or Amganad Ifugao. Those over 40 use more English than others. All members of the community are multilingual by high school. Tuwali used in grade school as transition to English, Ilocano, or Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 83%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 83%. Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. NT: 1991. | |
| ifu | Ifugao, Mayoyao | 40,000 (1998 SIL). | Ifugao Province, Luzon. | 86% to 94% intelligibility of Batad. Grammatical markers are different. Lexical similarity 79% with Batad Ifugao, 85% with Ayangan. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages use it in trading and if married to a speaker. All domains. Court, religion, commerce. All ages. Positive toward Tuwali use in home and market, preferring English for school and church. All speakers also use English, Ilocano, Tagalog, or Amganad Ifugao. Those over 40 use more English than others. All members of the community are multilingual by high school. Tuwali used in grade school as transition to English, Ilocano, or Tagalog. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 60%. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 60%. Bible portions: 1994–1999. | |
| igb | Ebira | 1,000,000 (1989 J. Adive). About 90% are monolingual. | Kwara State, Okene, Okehi, and Kogi LGAs; Nasarawa State, Nasarawa LGA; Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Okene (Hima, Ihima), Igara (Etuno), Koto (Igu, Egu, Ika, Bira, Biri, Panda). A dialect cluster. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages use Ebira to communicate with Ebira people. Taught as a subject at the College of Education. All domains. Used in administration, commerce, oral and written use in religious services. Positive language attitude. 10% bilingual in Yoruba, Hausa, English, or Igara. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. High literacy motivation. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25%. High literacy motivation. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1981. | |
| ige | Igede | 250,000 (1991 UBS). | Benue State, Oju, Otukpo, and Okpokwu LGAs; Cross River State, Ogoja LGA. | Ito, Oju (Central Igede), Worku, Gabu. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages use Ebira to communicate with Ebira people. Taught as a subject at the College of Education. All domains. Used in administration, commerce, oral and written use in religious services. Positive language attitude. 10% bilingual in Yoruba, Hausa, English, or Igara. | Grammar. NT: 1981. | Grammar. NT: 1981. | |
| igg | Igana | 200 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, west of Josephstaal. | Related to Romkun, Breri, Kominimung, Akrukay, Itutang, Inapang. | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages use Ebira to communicate with Ebira people. Taught as a subject at the College of Education. All domains. Used in administration, commerce, oral and written use in religious services. Positive language attitude. 10% bilingual in Yoruba, Hausa, English, or Igara. | Grammar. NT: 1981. | Grammar. NT: 1981. | |
| igl | Igala | 800,000 (1989 UBS). | Kogi State, Ankpa, Idah, Dekina, and Bassa LGAs; Edo State, Oshimili LGA; Anambra State, Anambra LGA. | Ebu, Idah, Ankpa, Ogugu, Ibaji, Ife, Anyugba. | Agatu, Idoma, and Bassa people use Igala for attending Ika Bible School. All domains. Used in initial primary education. | Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1968. | Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1968. | |
| igm | Kanggape | 1,082 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, west of Tanggu. | Related to Andarum, Tangu, Tanguat. | Agatu, Idoma, and Bassa people use Igala for attending Ika Bible School. All domains. Used in initial primary education. | Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1968. | Taught in primary schools. Bible: 1968. | |
| ign | Ignaciano | 4,500 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 20,805 with Trinitario (2000 W. Adelaar). | South central Beni. | Limited intelligibility of Trinitario, similar to Spanish and Portuguese, with vowel reduction. | Ignaciano used in town meetings unless outsiders present. Many use Ignaciano in daily life. Ignaciano a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 20%, 2 34%, 3 19%, 4 2%, 5 0%. Spanish is the language of instruction in schools. By the 1980s, fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30. Most women can converse in Spanish. Much Spanish influence. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| igo | Isebe | 913 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, northern bank of Gum River, west of Madang Town. | Isebe, Urukun, Mirkuk. Related to Sihan, Gumalu, Amele, Bau, Panim. | Ignaciano used in town meetings unless outsiders present. Many use Ignaciano in daily life. Ignaciano a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 20%, 2 34%, 3 19%, 4 2%, 5 0%. Spanish is the language of instruction in schools. By the 1980s, fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30. Most women can converse in Spanish. Much Spanish influence. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| igw | Igwe | 47,845 (2000 WCD). | Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. | Isebe, Urukun, Mirkuk. Related to Sihan, Gumalu, Amele, Bau, Panim. | Ignaciano used in town meetings unless outsiders present. Many use Ignaciano in daily life. Ignaciano a required subject in the lower school grades, one session per week. Perhaps half of the children learn Ignaciano. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 25%, 1 20%, 2 34%, 3 19%, 4 2%, 5 0%. Spanish is the language of instruction in schools. By the 1980s, fewer than 100 monolinguals, all older than 30. Most women can converse in Spanish. Much Spanish influence. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| ihb | Iha Based Pidgin | No estimate available. | Bomberai Peninsula, far west end around Fak Fak and north. | Isebe, Urukun, Mirkuk. Related to Sihan, Gumalu, Amele, Bau, Panim. | Trade language. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| ihi | Ihievbe | No estimate available. | North and east of Afuze, Owan LGA, villages of Ihievbe Ogbe, Ebetse, and Iyakhora. | Isebe, Urukun, Mirkuk. Related to Sihan, Gumalu, Amele, Bau, Panim. | Trade language. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| ihp | Iha | 5,500 (1987 SIL). | Bomberai Peninsula, far west end around Fak Fak and north. | Close to Baham. | Trade language. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | RC school. Other schools since the 1930s. Dictionary. NT: 1980. | |
| iii | Yi, Sichuan | 1,600,000 (1991 EDCL). | Mainly in Greater and Lesser Liangshan Mountains, southern Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan. Spoken in over 40 counties. | Yishengzha Yi, Yinuo Yi, Butuo Yi, Huili Yi. | Written Chinese is also used. | Has an official script, the Yi syllabary based on the traditional Sichuan Yi script and on the syllable inventory of a variety of Shengzha Yi spoken in Xide county, used in the Liangshan area both in southern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. The traditional writing system for Sichuan Yi is related to but distinct from the traditional orthographies used by some other Yi languages. Scholars disagree on whether traditional Yi orthographies are more phonetic or more ideographic. Perhaps they can be described as inconsistent syllabaries that fit the ancient syllable inventories better than they fit the present day syllable inventories. The traditional orthography is still in use in many villages, passed from father to son by certain priestly clans. Individual priests invent symbols of their own, so that the traditional orthography varies from village to village. However, there is a core of symbols that all the priests are likely to know. Dictionary. | Has an official script, the Yi syllabary based on the traditional Sichuan Yi script and on the syllable inventory of a variety of Shengzha Yi spoken in Xide county, used in the Liangshan area both in southern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. The traditional writing system for Sichuan Yi is related to but distinct from the traditional orthographies used by some other Yi languages. Scholars disagree on whether traditional Yi orthographies are more phonetic or more ideographic. Perhaps they can be described as inconsistent syllabaries that fit the ancient syllable inventories better than they fit the present day syllable inventories. The traditional orthography is still in use in many villages, passed from father to son by certain priestly clans. Individual priests invent symbols of their own, so that the traditional orthography varies from village to village. However, there is a core of symbols that all the priests are likely to know. Dictionary. | |
| ijc | Izon | 1,000,000 (1989 Williamson). Population includes 100,000 Kolokuma (1991 UBS). 1,770,000 all Ijo languages. | Bayelsa State, Yenagoa, Southern Ijaw, Kolokuma-Opokuma, Ekeremor,and Sagbama LGAs; Delta State, Burutu, Warri, and Ughelli LGAs; Ondo State, Ilaje Ese-Odo LGAs; Ekiti State, Ikole LGA. | Arogbo, Furupagha, Egbema, West Olodiama, Oporoza (Gbaranmatu), Ogulagha, Iduwini, Ikibiri, Ogboin, West Tarakiri, Kabo(Kabowei), Kumbo(Kumbowei), Mein, Operemo, Tuomo, Ogbe Ijo, Gbarain, Kolokuma-Opokuma, Ekpetiama, Apoi, Koluama, Basan (Bassan), East Olodiama, East Tarakiri, Oyiakiri, Oporomo (Oporoma), Bumo (Boma). The Ijo (Ijaw) cluster is made up of seven separate languages. Izon has about 30 inherently intelligible dialects. | The Kolokuma dialect is used in adult and primary education. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1924. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1924. | |
| ije | Biseni | 4,800 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Bayelsa State, Biseni-Okordia LGA. | Not fully intelligible with other languages in the Ijo language cluster. | Use Kolokuma for wider communication. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1924. | Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1912–1924. | |
| ijj | Ede Ije | 50,000 (2000 SIL). | Plateau Province (northern part of former Oueme Province), subprefectures of Pobe and Ketou. Zou Province, Ouihni Subprefecture. In general, the rural districts between the towns of Ketou and Pobe, extending westward to the Oueme River. There is also a group of Ije villages in the Zou Province, Zogbodome Subprefecture, south of the town of Zogbodome. | A member of the Ede language cluster. 99% comprehension of Yoruba, narrative text. There is a very high comprehension of Yoruba due to the linguistic and cultural closeness. Lexical similarity 85% with Yoruba of Porto-Novo, 91% with Ede Nago. | All domains. In schools, French is used, some French used in government offices, Yoruba, and in some cases Fon, used in churches, Yoruba and Arabic used at mosque. | Basic literacy program using Yoruba expanded to include post-literacy. | Basic literacy program using Yoruba expanded to include post-literacy. | |
| ijn | Kalabari | 257,764 (1989 Jenewari). | Rivers State, Degema, Asaritoru, and Port Harcourt LGAs. | Mutually intelligible with Bile (Bille), Okrika, and Ibani within East Ijo. | All domains. In schools, French is used, some French used in government offices, Yoruba, and in some cases Fon, used in churches, Yoruba and Arabic used at mosque. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1991. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1980–1991. | |
| ijs | Ijo, Southeast | 71,500 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Population includes 66,600 Nembe, 4,900 Akassa. | Bayelsa State, Brass LGA. | Nembe (Nimbe), Akassa (Akaha). | All domains. In schools, French is used, some French used in government offices, Yoruba, and in some cases Fon, used in churches, Yoruba and Arabic used at mosque. | Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. Bible: 1956. | Literacy rate in second language: 60%. Dictionary. Bible: 1956. | |
| ike | Inuktitut, Eastern Canadian | 14,000 (1991 L. Kaplan). Ethnic population: 17,500 (1991 L. Kaplan). | West of Hudson Bay and east through Baffin Island, Quebec, and Labrador. | "Baffinland Eskimo", "Labrador Eskimo", "Quebec Eskimo". | Vigorous except in Labrador, where less than half are speakers. In Labrador the youngest speakers average over 20 years old, except for possibly a few children at Nain. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1826–1871. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Bible: 1826–1871. | |
| ikk | Ika | 22,772 (2000 WCD). | Delta State, Ika LGA. | A separate language in the Igbo language cluster. The dialect around Agbor, the administrative and commercial center, appears to be developing into a standard form. Further east and south from there, the varieties become more similar to Igbo (Report of the Committee on Languages of Midwestern State: 12). | Vigorous except in Labrador, where less than half are speakers. In Labrador the youngest speakers average over 20 years old, except for possibly a few children at Nain. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ikl | Ikulu | 50,000 (1998). | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA. | A separate language in the Igbo language cluster. The dialect around Agbor, the administrative and commercial center, appears to be developing into a standard form. Further east and south from there, the varieties become more similar to Igbo (Report of the Committee on Languages of Midwestern State: 12). | Vigorous except in Labrador, where less than half are speakers. In Labrador the youngest speakers average over 20 years old, except for possibly a few children at Nain. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ikp | Ikpeshi | 5,317 (2000 WCD). | Bendel State, Etsako LGA. | A separate language in the Igbo language cluster. The dialect around Agbor, the administrative and commercial center, appears to be developing into a standard form. Further east and south from there, the varieties become more similar to Igbo (Report of the Committee on Languages of Midwestern State: 12). | Vigorous except in Labrador, where less than half are speakers. In Labrador the youngest speakers average over 20 years old, except for possibly a few children at Nain. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ikt | Inuktitut, Western Canadian | 4,000 (1981). All Inuit first-language speakers in Canada 18,840 (1981 census). Ethnic population: 7,500 (1981 census). | Central Canadian Arctic, and west to the Mackenzie Delta and coastal area, including Tuktoyaktuk on the Arctic coast north of Inuvik (but not Inuvik and Aklavik, and coastal area). | Copper Inuktitut ("Copper Eskimo", Copper Inuit), "Caribou Eskimo" (Keewatin), Netsilik, Siglit. Caribou dialect may need separate literature. | Vigorous in Caribou and Netsilik. In Commer and farther west, parent and grandparent generations speak the language (M. Krauss 1995). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1983. | |
| ikv | Iku-Gora-Ankwa | No estimate available. | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA. | Copper Inuktitut ("Copper Eskimo", Copper Inuit), "Caribou Eskimo" (Keewatin), Netsilik, Siglit. Caribou dialect may need separate literature. | Vigorous in Caribou and Netsilik. In Commer and farther west, parent and grandparent generations speak the language (M. Krauss 1995). | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1983. | |
| ikw | Ikwere | 200,000 (1973 SIL). | Rivers State, Ikwerre, Port Harcourt, and Obio-Akpor LGAs. | Apani, Akpo-Mgbu-Tolu, Ogbakiri, Emowhua, Ndele, Elele, Omerelu, Egbedna, Aluu, Igwuruta, Ibaa, Isiokpo, Omagwna, Ubima, Ipo, Omudioga, Obio, Rumuji. A separate language in the Igbo language cluster. | Vigorous in Caribou and Netsilik. In Commer and farther west, parent and grandparent generations speak the language (M. Krauss 1995). | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | |
| ikx | Ik | 2,000 (1972 C. Turnbull). | Northeast part of Karamoja. | It is very different from other Eastern Sudanic languages. | Speakers are reported to use Karamojong as second language. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | |
| ila | Ile Ape | No estimate available. | North Lembata (Lomblen Island), including Ile Ape volcanic peninsula and nearby mainland Lembata. North Ile Ape is on the peninsula, South Ile Ape is on the mainland. | North Ile Ape, South Ile Ape. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | |
| ilg | Garig-Ilgar | 4 (2003 N. Evans). Population includes 3 Ilgar, 1 Garig. | Mainland of Cobourg Peninsula, around Port Essington, Northern Territory. | Ilgar, Garig. | Speakers also use Lamaholot. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | |
| ili | Ili Turki | 120 in China (1980 R. F. Hahn). | Ili Valley near Kuldja, Xinjiang, China. There may be none in Kazakhstan. | Ilgar, Garig. | Speakers are older adults. Younger people understand Ili Turki, but are adopting Kazakh or Uyghur and intermarrying with neighboring groups. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | Considerable local interest in language and literacy. Grammar. | |
| ilk | Ilongot | 50,786 (1990 census). | Eastern Nueva Vizcaya, Western Quirino, Luzon. | Abaka (Abaca), Egongot, Ibalao (Ibilao), Italon, Iyongut. | Speakers are older adults. Younger people understand Ili Turki, but are adopting Kazakh or Uyghur and intermarrying with neighboring groups. | NT: 1982. | NT: 1982. | |
| ill | Iranun | 12,000 (2003). | 17 villages around Lahad Datu and Kota Belud districts; also reported to be in Kudat and Marudu. | Most closely related to Maranao of the Philippines (85% intelligibility). Related to, but distinct from, Iranun and Maguindanao of the Philippines. | Speakers are older adults. Younger people understand Ili Turki, but are adopting Kazakh or Uyghur and intermarrying with neighboring groups. | NT: 1982. | NT: 1982. | |
| ilo | Ilocano | 8,000,000 in the Philippines (1991 UBS). | Northwestern Luzon, La Union and Ilocos provinces, Cagayan Valley, Babuyan, Mindoro, Mindanao. Also spoken in USA. | There is a Pidgin Ilocano used in northern Luzon highlands. | Language of wider communication. | Roman script. Bible: 1909–1996. | Roman script. Bible: 1909–1996. | |
| ilu | Ili'uun | 1,400 (1990 SIL). | Wetar Island coast, villages of Telemar, Karbubu, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Erai (Eray), Nabar, and Esulit on the west end of Wetar, and Istutun village on Lirang Island off the southwest tip of Wetar, southwest Maluku. | Telemar, Karbubu, Ustutun, Klishatu, Ilmaumau, Eray, Nabar, Esulit. All speakers now speak the Ili'uun dialect. Lexical similarity 93% to 97% among dialects. Lexical similarity 73% with Tugun, 69% with Aputai, 67% with Perai, 51% with Talur. | Jeh and Juru are extinct. Many also use regional Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ilw | Talur | 675 (1990 SIL). | Hiay, Ilputih (a), and Ilwaki villages in south central Wetar Island, 60 km north of East Timor, in southwest Maluku. | Ilputih, Ilwaki (Iliwaki), Hiay. Lexical similarity 94% to 98% between dialects. Lexical similarity 86% with Galoli in East Timor, 57% with Aputai, 52% with Tugun, 51% with Perai and Ili'uun. | Most also use regional Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ime | Imeraguen | 534 (2000). | Near Nouakchott, the region stretching from Cape Timiris to Nouadhibou. | The language is reported to be a variety of Hassaniyya structured on an Azer (Soninke) base. | Most also use regional Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| imi | Anamgura | 1,253 (1990 census). | Madang Province, northwest of Josephstaal. | The language is reported to be a variety of Hassaniyya structured on an Azer (Soninke) base. | Most also use regional Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| imn | Imonda | 250 (1994 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District, near Imonda airstrip. | The language is reported to be a variety of Hassaniyya structured on an Azer (Soninke) base. | Most also use regional Malay. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| imo | Imbongu | 42,500 (2000 census). 15% monolingual. | Southern Highlands Province, Ialibu District. | Awa (Aua, Au). | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages also speak it. All domains. Used in local administration, commerce, oral and written use in religion, beginning in education, personal letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Tok Pisin, Kewa, Wiru, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1997. | |
| imr | Imroing | 450 (1989 SIL). | Village of Imroing, southwest Babar Island, south Maluku. | Awa (Aua, Au). | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages also speak it. All domains. Used in local administration, commerce, oral and written use in religion, beginning in education, personal letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Tok Pisin, Kewa, Wiru, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ina | Interlingua | No estimate available. | Village of Imroing, southwest Babar Island, south Maluku. | Awa (Aua, Au). | Vigorous. Speakers of other languages also speak it. All domains. Used in local administration, commerce, oral and written use in religion, beginning in education, personal letters. All ages. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Tok Pisin, Kewa, Wiru, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| inb | Inga | 12,000 in Colombia (2000 SIL). Population total all countries: 16,000. Ethnic population: 17,860. | Sibundoy Valley, in and around Santiago, San Andrés, and Colón; Aponte, Department of Nariño. 1,000 in Bogotá, small numbers in regional capitals. None in Ecuador. Also spoken in Venezuela. | Santiago Inga, San Andrés Inga, Aponte Inga. Partially intelligible with Imbabura Quichua of Ecuador. Aponte Inga may need separate literature. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 20%, 4 40%, 5 20%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1996. | |
| ind | Indonesian | 22,803,774 in Indonesia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 23,143,354. | Used in all regions of Indonesia. Also spoken in Netherlands, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, USA. | Santiago Inga, San Andrés Inga, Aponte Inga. Partially intelligible with Imbabura Quichua of Ecuador. Aponte Inga may need separate literature. | Official language. Over 140,000,000 second-language speakers. | Roman and Arabic scripts. Grammar. Bible: 1974–2000. | Roman and Arabic scripts. Grammar. Bible: 1974–2000. | |
| ing | Degexit'an | 20 to 30 (1997 Sharon Hargus). Ethnic population: 250 to 300 (1997 M. Krauss). | Alaska, Shageluk, Anvik, and Athapaskans at Holy Cross, below Grayling on the Yukon River. | Santiago Inga, San Andrés Inga, Aponte Inga. Partially intelligible with Imbabura Quichua of Ecuador. Aponte Inga may need separate literature. | Speakers are shifting to English. Speakers are older adults. | Roman and Arabic scripts. Grammar. Bible: 1974–2000. | Roman and Arabic scripts. Grammar. Bible: 1974–2000. | |
| inh | Ingush | 230,315 in Russia (1989 census). Ethnic population: 237,438. | Chechen Ingushetia, northern Caucasus, west of the Chechen. Vladikavkaz (Ordzhhonikidze) is the main city. Nazran in the lowlands is an important market town. 64.6% live in rural areas. Since 1992 up to 60,000 Ingush refugees are reported to be in Ingushetia. Also spoken in Uzbekistan. | Somewhat intelligible with Chechen, more so with contact. | Many speak Russian as second language. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. | Cyrillic script. Grammar. | |
| inj | Inga, Jungle | 9,141 (2000 WCD). | Upper Caquetá and Putumayo rivers. | Yunguillo-Condagua, Guayuyaco. Closest to Highland Inga. Distinct from Napo Quechua. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| inl | Indonesian Sign Language | Ethnic population: 2,000,000 deaf people (1993). | Upper Caquetá and Putumayo rivers. | Yunguillo-Condagua, Guayuyaco. Closest to Highland Inga. Distinct from Napo Quechua. | 94 schools for the deaf use the oral method for instruction. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| inn | Isinai | 5,524 (1990 census). | Luzon: Bambang, Dupax, and Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya. | Not close to other languages. Lexical similarity 47% with Ilocano. | Positive language attitude. Speakers have routine proficiency in Ilocano. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ino | Inoke-Yate | 10,000 (1993 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Okapa District. | Not close to other languages. Lexical similarity 47% with Ilocano. | Positive language attitude. Speakers have routine proficiency in Ilocano. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1992. | |
| inp | Iñapari | 4 (1999 SIL). | Piedras River, at the mouth of Sabaluyo, near Puerto Maldonado. Extinct in Bolivia. | Not close to other languages. Lexical similarity 47% with Ilocano. | Official language. No children. All are reported to be bilingual in Spanish. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ins | Indian Sign Language | 2,680,000 in India (2003). | All over the country. Also used in Bangladesh, Pakistan. | Delhi Sign Language, Calcutta Sign Language, Bangalore-Madras Sign Language, Bombay Sign Language, Bangalore-Chennai-Hyderabad Sign Language, Mumbai-Delhi Sign Language. Over 75% of signs from all regions are related. Mumbai-Delhi dialect is the most influential. Some influence from British Sign Language in the fingerspelling system and a few other signs. Developed indigenously in India. Related to Nepalese Sign Language. | Deaf schools mainly do not use ISL, but vocational programs often do. Over 1,000,000 deaf adults, and about 500,000 deaf children (1986). Nearly all educated deaf are bilingual in a wider community language to some degree. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| int | Intha | 90,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Near Inle Lake in the southern Shan State. | One of the better-known varieties of nonstandard Burmese with profound pronunciation and vocabulary differences from Burmese. | Deaf schools mainly do not use ISL, but vocational programs often do. Over 1,000,000 deaf adults, and about 500,000 deaf children (1986). Nearly all educated deaf are bilingual in a wider community language to some degree. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| inz | Ineseño | Extinct. | Formerly in southern California, near Santa Barbara. | Was not intelligible with other Chumash varieties. | Deaf schools mainly do not use ISL, but vocational programs often do. Over 1,000,000 deaf adults, and about 500,000 deaf children (1986). Nearly all educated deaf are bilingual in a wider community language to some degree. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | |
| ior | Inor | 280,000. Population includes 50,000 Endegeny. | West Gurage Region, Innemor and Endegeny woredas. | Enegegny (Enner). Part of a Gurage cluster of languages. | Deaf schools mainly do not use ISL, but vocational programs often do. Over 1,000,000 deaf adults, and about 500,000 deaf children (1986). Nearly all educated deaf are bilingual in a wider community language to some degree. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: below 2%. Male literacy rate is higher than female as men are more likely to attend school. TV. Videos. Dictionary. |
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