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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aln | Albanian, Gheg | 600,000 in Macedonia (2002). | Northern Albania. | Mandrica, Ship (Kosove), Scutari, Elbasan-Tirana. | Speakers may be bilingual in Standard Albanian. | Newspapers. NT: 1869–1990. | Newspapers. NT: 1869–1990. | |
| alq | Algonquin | 2,275 (1998 Statistics Canada). Less than 10% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 5,000 (1987 SIL). | Southwestern Quebec, northwest of Ottawa and in adjacent areas of Maniwaki and Golden Lake, Ontario. | Several dialects. The southern (Miniwaki) and northern varieties (several varieties) are very different. | Some usage in religious services. Only used in administration and commerce at local community level. Some use of Algonquin as a teaching medium in kindergarten. In the east, Algonquin is the principal means of communication, and spoken by the majority of all ages. In the west, most adults speak Algonquin, young adults may prefer the national language, and children prefer the national language, although some may speak Algonquin. Positive language attitude. Most are bilingual with many (over 25%) multilingual. Speakers use English, French, or Southern East Cree. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Taught in primary schools. Spoken and written forms are studied some in secondary school. Roman script. NT: 1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Taught in primary schools. Spoken and written forms are studied some in secondary school. Roman script. NT: 1998. | |
| alr | Alutor | 100 to 200 (2000 A. E. Kibrik). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1997 M. Krauss). | Koryak National District, northeast Kamchatka Peninsula, many in Vyvenka village, 2 families in Rekinniki, and individual families in Tilichiki and Tymlyt. Some speakers are separated at considerable distances and without regular contact. | Alutorskij (Alutor Proper), Karaginskij (Karaga), Palanskij (Palana). Considered a dialect of Koryak until recently. | Speakers are shifting to Russian. Used in the home. Older adults speak Alutor actively and some are monolinguals; the middle aged know it passively; those younger than 35 know only Russian (1997). | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| als | Albanian, Tosk | 15,000 in Turkey (1980). 1,075 monolinguals (1965 census). Ethnic population: 65,000 in Turkey. | Scattered in western Turkey. | Arbanasi (Zadar), Srem (Syrmia), Camerija, Korca. Reported to be inherently unintelligible with Gheg Albanian and partially intelligible with Arvanitika Albanian of Greece. Not intelligible with Arbëreshë of Italy. Tosk has been the basis of the official language for Standard Albanian since 1952. | 96% of speakers can use Turkish as second language. | Grammar. Bible: 1993. | Grammar. Bible: 1993. | |
| alt | Altai, Southern | 20,000 (1993 Janhunen). Ethnic population: 68,686. | Gorno-Altai Ao mountains, bordering on Mongolia and China. | Altai Proper (Altai-Kizhi, Altaj Kizi, Maina-Kizhi, Southern Altai), Talangit (Talangit-Tolos, Chuy). Northern Altai and Southern Altai are not inherently intelligible, although there is a dialect cluster between them. | Traditional domains. Written Altai is based on Southern Altai, but is rejected by Northern Altai children. Russian is used as the second language by all except older adults as a contact language, for literature, and urban professional and cultural life. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1910–1996. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1910–1996. | |
| alw | Alaba | 126,257 (1998 census). 95,388 monolinguals (1998 census). Ethnic population: 125,900 (1998 census). | Rift Valley southwest of Lake Shala. Separated by a river from the Kambatta. | Lexical similarity 81% with Kambaata, 64% with Sidamo, 56% with Libido, 54% with Hadiyya. | 25,271 second-language users. There is interest in using Alaba for primary education. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | |
| alx | Alatil | 176 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. | Lexical similarity 81% with Kambaata, 64% with Sidamo, 56% with Libido, 54% with Hadiyya. | 25,271 second-language users. There is interest in using Alaba for primary education. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 8.6%. | |
| aly | Alyawarr | 1,500 (1991 Hoogenrad). | Sandover and Tennant Creek areas, Northern Territory and Queensland. | Related to Arrernte, Arrernte Akerre, Anmatyerre, Kaytetye. | Speakers have low proficiency in English. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| ama | Amanayé | Ethnic population: 60 (2000 C. Jensen). | Pará, On the Capim River in São Domingos do Capim Minicipality. | Related to Arrernte, Arrernte Akerre, Anmatyerre, Kaytetye. | Probably extinct. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| amb | Ambo | 1,000. | Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, 1 village east of Baissa. | Related to Arrernte, Arrernte Akerre, Anmatyerre, Kaytetye. | Probably extinct. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 40%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996–2002. | |
| amc | Amahuaca | 220 in Brazil (1995). | Amazonas. | Inuvaken, Viwivakeu. | Official language. The group is disintegrating and losing its identity due to intermarriage with non-Amahuaca speakers. Used in the home and with neighbors. Children not learning Amahuaca (1999). Some speakers over 50 and some former students in bilingual schools. Negative language attitude. 60% can speak Spanish fairly well. Most speak some Spanish, Yaminahua, or Sharanahua. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1963–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1963–1997. | |
| amd | Amapá Creole | 25,000 (1995 SIL). | Throughout State of Amapá, concentrated around the capital, Macapá. | Inuvaken, Viwivakeu. | Official language. The group is disintegrating and losing its identity due to intermarriage with non-Amahuaca speakers. Used in the home and with neighbors. Children not learning Amahuaca (1999). Some speakers over 50 and some former students in bilingual schools. Negative language attitude. 60% can speak Spanish fairly well. Most speak some Spanish, Yaminahua, or Sharanahua. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1963–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1963–1997. | |
| ame | Yanesha' | 9,831 (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 10,000 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Central and eastern Pasco Region and Junín, western jungle, headwaters of the Pachitea and Perene rivers. | Inuvaken, Viwivakeu. | Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 15%, 2 40%, 3 20%, 4 10%, 5 10%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1978. | |
| amf | Hamer-Banna | 42,838 (1998 census). 38,354 monolinguals (1998 census). Ethnic population: 42,466 (1998 census). | South Omo Region, near the Omo River, and north of Lake Turkana, in the southwest corner, near the Kenya, Uganda, Sudan borders. | Hamer and Banna are separate ethnic groups who speak virtually the same language. | 7,120 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.4%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.4%. | |
| amg | Amarag | 5. | Goulburn Island, Oenpelli, Northern Territory. | Hamer and Banna are separate ethnic groups who speak virtually the same language. | May be extinct (Black 1983). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.4%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 1.4%. | |
| amh | Amharic | 40,000 in Israel (1994 H. Mutzafi). | North central Ethiopia, Amhara Region, and in Addis Ababa. Also spoken in Egypt, Israel, Sweden. | Hamer and Banna are separate ethnic groups who speak virtually the same language. | Speakers also use Hebrew. | Literacy rate in first language: 28.1%. Literacy rate in second language: 28.1%. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1840–1988. | Literacy rate in first language: 28.1%. Literacy rate in second language: 28.1%. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1840–1988. | |
| ami | Amis | 137,651 (2002 Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan, ROC). Ethnic population: 137,651. | Plains in the valley along the railroad between Hualien and Taitung, and on the east coast near the sea between Hualien and Taitung. | Central Amis (Haian Ami, Hsiukulan Ami), Tavalong-Vataan (Kwangfu, Kuangfu), Southern Amis (Peinan, Hengch'un Amis, Taitung), Chengkung-Kwangshan, Northern Amis (Nanshi Amis). The Chengkung-Kwangshan dialect is closest to Central Amis. | Speakers also use Japanese or Mandarin. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | |
| amj | Amdang | 41,069 (2000 WCD). | East, Biltine Prefecture, Biltine Subprefecture, Southeast of Biltine. | Central Amis (Haian Ami, Hsiukulan Ami), Tavalong-Vataan (Kwangfu, Kuangfu), Southern Amis (Peinan, Hengch'un Amis, Taitung), Chengkung-Kwangshan, Northern Amis (Nanshi Amis). The Chengkung-Kwangshan dialect is closest to Central Amis. | Speakers also use Japanese or Mandarin. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1997. | |
| aml | War | 12,000 in India (2000 SIL). | Meghalaya, Jaintia Hills, in and around Amlarem Block. | War-Jaintia (Amwi), War-Khasi. | Vigorous. Used in the home, community. All ages. Age and gender are not significant factors in ability to understand standard Khasi. Education is a slight factor but some uneducated understand some standard Khasi. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Bengali; many are literate in standard Khasi. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% Bengali; many are literate in standard Khasi. Grammar. | |
| amm | Ama | 475 (1990 census). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Waniap Creek, south of the Sepik River, south of Namia. Villages: Ama (Wopolu I), Wopolu II (Nokonufa), Kauvia (Kawiya), Yonuwai; all on hills rising from the swamp. | Dialects have converged into one. | Vigorous. Used in the home, community. All ages. Age and gender are not significant factors in ability to understand standard Khasi. Education is a slight factor but some uneducated understand some standard Khasi. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1990. | |
| amn | Amanab | 4,419 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District. Not in Papua, Indonesia. | Dialects have converged into one. | Vigorous. Used in the home, community. All ages. Age and gender are not significant factors in ability to understand standard Khasi. Education is a slight factor but some uneducated understand some standard Khasi. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 2001. | |
| amo | Amo | 12,263 (2000 WCD). | Plateau State, Bassa LGA; Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Not close to other languages. | Vigorous. Used in the home, community. All ages. Age and gender are not significant factors in ability to understand standard Khasi. Education is a slight factor but some uneducated understand some standard Khasi. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| amp | Alamblak | 1,527 (2000 census). | East Sepik Province, Angoram District. 9 villages (900 speakers) on Middle Karawari and Wagupmeri rivers. Another dialect has 4 villages (400 speakers) near Kuvanmas Lake. | Kuvenmas, Karawari. | Vigorous. Used in the home, community. All ages. Age and gender are not significant factors in ability to understand standard Khasi. Education is a slight factor but some uneducated understand some standard Khasi. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 2003. | |
| amr | Amarakaeri | 500 (1987 SIL). | Madre de Dios and Colorado rivers. | Kisambaeri. The Harakmbet languages are not Arawakan. | Official language. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 30%, 2 40%, 3 5%, 4 5%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1986. | |
| ams | Amami-Oshima, Southern | 1,800 (2004). | Northern Okinawa; southern Amami-oshima, Kakeroma, Yoro, and Uke islands. | Inherent intelligibility is low with other Ryukyuan languages and Japanese. | Those over 50 use the vernacular at home among themselves, but understand and use Standard Japanese. Those 20 to 50 understand the vernacular, but mainly speak Japanese. The younger the generation, the more fluently they speak Japanese (Hattori in Wurm and Hattori 1981). Those under 20 are monolingual in Japanese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1986. | |
| amt | Amto | 200 (2000 S. Wurm). Ethnic population: 200 to 300. | Sandaun Province, Amanab District and Rocky Peak District, south of the Upper Sepik River, toward the headwaters of the Left May River on the Samaia River. Villages: Amto, Habiyon (Sernion). | Amto, Siawi. | All ages. Speakers also use Sinou, most speak Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Bible portions: 1992–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 20% to 25%. Bible portions: 1992–1998. | |
| amu | Amuzgo, Guerrero | 23,000 (1990 census). 10,000 monolinguals (1990 census). | Southeastern Guerrero, Xochistlahuaca municipio, Zacoalpan, Cochoapa, Huehuetonoc, Tlacoachistlahuaca, Guadalupe Victoria, Cozoyoapan, Huistepec, and Rancho del Cura. The Santa Catarina River separates the Guerrero variety from the Oaxaca varieties. | 67% intelligibility of San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo. | Vigorous. Spanish, Nahuatl, and Mixtec speakers living among them learn to speak it. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in religion. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 37%, 2 10%, 3 2.5%, 4 .5%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% adults, 15% children. Literacy rate in second language: 30% adults, 40% children. 5,000 read it and 500 write it. Bilingual school system grades 1 to 6. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973–2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% adults, 15% children. Literacy rate in second language: 30% adults, 40% children. 5,000 read it and 500 write it. Bilingual school system grades 1 to 6. Radio programs. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1973–2001. | |
| amv | Ambelau | 5,700 (1989 SIL). Ethnic population: 5,700. | Ambelau Island off the southeastern coast of Buru Island. Wae Tawa village on the coast of Buru, opposite Ambelau. 8 villages. Central Maluku. | Not intelligible with Buru. | Vigorous. Spanish, Nahuatl, and Mixtec speakers living among them learn to speak it. All domains. Oral use in local administration, commerce. Oral and written use in religion. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 37%, 2 10%, 3 2.5%, 4 .5%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| amw | Western Neo-Aramaic | 15,000 (1996 Maalula Home Page, Internet). Population includes 8,000 in Maaloula. | Qalamoun Mountains, 30 miles north of Damascus. Villages of Ma`lula, Bakh`a, and Jubb `Adin. Only in Syria. | Ma`lula (Maalula, Maaloula, Ma`lu:la), Bakh`a (Bax`a), Jub-`adin (Jubb `Adi:n). Little dialect variation. | Used in the home and as a literary and religious language. Speakers also use Syrian Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| amx | Anmatyerre | 800 (1983 Black). | Northern Territory, Mt. Allen, Northwest Alice Springs Region. | Eastern Anmatyerre, Western Anmatyerre (Kalenthelkwe, Kelenthwelkere, Kelentheyewelrere). | Used in the home and as a literary and religious language. Speakers also use Syrian Arabic. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| amy | Ami | 30 to 35 (1983 Black). | Northern Territory, Coast along Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. | May be intelligible with Wadjiginy. | Speakers also use Kriol. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| amz | Atampaya | 4 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, extreme northern Cape York Peninsula, Eliot Creek. | May be intelligible with Wadjiginy. | Speakers also use Kriol. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| ana | Andaqui | Extinct. | Southern highlands. | May be intelligible with Wadjiginy. | Speakers also use Kriol. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| anb | Andoa | Extinct. | Pastaza River. None in Ecuador. | A distinct language from Záparo (Kayapwe) of Ecuador, which is now extinct in Peru. | The ethnic group speaks Pastaza Quechua. Integrated with the Quechua. Some also use Spanish. Last known speaker died 1993. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| anc | Ngas | 400,000 (1998 SIL). | Plateau State, Pankshin, Kanam, and Langtang LGAs. | Hill Angas, Plain Angas. | The ethnic group speaks Pastaza Quechua. Integrated with the Quechua. Some also use Spanish. Last known speaker died 1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1979. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1979. | |
| anf | Animere | 700 (2003). | East central, Kecheibi and Kunda villages, remote location. None in Togo. | Hill Angas, Plain Angas. | Reported as not being passed on to children any longer. Twi may be the second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| anh | Nend | 2,000 (1991 UBS). | Madang Province, between the Ramu and Sogeram rivers, around Pasinkap village. | Hill Angas, Plain Angas. | Reported as not being passed on to children any longer. Twi may be the second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. | |
| ani | Andi | 10,000 (1993 UBS). Ethnic population: 20,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Munin, Rikvani, Kvanxidatl, Gagatl, Zilo. Dialects appear to be quite divergent. | 30% to 50% of children speak Andi. Positive language attitude. Russian used for most key domains. Avar is used as the literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| anj | Anor | 981 (2000). | Madang Province. | Munin, Rikvani, Kvanxidatl, Gagatl, Zilo. Dialects appear to be quite divergent. | 30% to 50% of children speak Andi. Positive language attitude. Russian used for most key domains. Avar is used as the literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ank | Goemai | 200,000 (1995). | Plateau State, Shendam; Nasarawa State, Lafia and Awe LGAs. | Munin, Rikvani, Kvanxidatl, Gagatl, Zilo. Dialects appear to be quite divergent. | Hausa is used as lingua franca. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| anl | Anu | 700. | Plateau State, Shendam; Nasarawa State, Lafia and Awe LGAs. | Munin, Rikvani, Kvanxidatl, Gagatl, Zilo. Dialects appear to be quite divergent. | Hausa is used as lingua franca. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| anm | Anal | 13,853 in India (2001 census). | Also possibly in Bangladesh. | Laizo, Mulsom. Closest to Lamgang (Kuki Naga). | Speakers also use Meitei. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Roman script. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Roman script. NT: 1983. | |
| ann | Obolo | 200,000 (1996 National Population Commission). | Rivers State, Andoni LGA; Akwa Ibom State, Ikot Abasi LGA, islands off southern coast. Bounded on the east and northeast by the Ibibio, on the northwest by the Ogoni, on the west by the Ibani, on the south by the Atlantic Ocean. | Ngo, Ataba, Unyeada, Okoroete, Ibot Obolo. Ngo (in the Central area) is the prestige dialect. | In the east there is a movement toward establishing a stronger Obolo ethnic identity and getting rid of borrowed words from Ibibio. Ibibio and Igbo are the trade languages. English is learned in school. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. There are church adult literacy classes throughout the area. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Magazines. Grammar. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. There are church adult literacy classes throughout the area. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Magazines. Grammar. NT: 1991. | |
| ano | Andoque | 619 (2000 WCD). 50 monolinguals. Extinct in Peru (1992 SIL). There were 10,000 in 1908 (Landaburu 1979). | Aduche River (tributary of Caquetá) 15 km downriver from Araracuara, Amazonas. | Mason (1950:246 with disclaimer), Tax (1960:433), and Kaufman (1990:43 tentatively) say this is Witotoan. Tovar (1961:150), Witte (1981:1), and Aschmann (1993:2) say it is an isolate. | 80% have routine proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. There are church adult literacy classes throughout the area. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Magazines. Grammar. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. There are church adult literacy classes throughout the area. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Magazines. Grammar. NT: 1991. | |
| anp | Angika | 15,892 in Nepal (2001 census). | Terai. | 79% inherent intelligibility of Brahmin Maithili. Lexical similarity 81% (Brahmin) to 87% (non-Brahmin) with Darbhanga Maithili. | Used in the home, community. All ages. Negative language attitude. Hindi is used for trading, government, praying. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| anq | Jarawa | 300 (2001 CIIL). 300 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 300 (1999 report). | Andaman Islands, interior and south central Rutland Island, central interior and south interior South Andaman Island, Middle Andaman Island, west coast, 70 square km reserve. | Different from Önge and Sentinel. | Used in the home, community. All ages. Negative language attitude. Hindi is used for trading, government, praying. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| anr | Andh | 80,000 (1991). | Maharashtra, Akola, Aurangabad, Buldana, Nanded, Parbhani, Yeotmal districts; Andhra Pradesh, Adilabad, Hyderabad; Madhya Pradesh. | Different from Önge and Sentinel. | Used in the home, community. All ages. Negative language attitude. Hindi is used for trading, government, praying. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ans | Anserma | Extinct. | Maharashtra, Akola, Aurangabad, Buldana, Nanded, Parbhani, Yeotmal districts; Andhra Pradesh, Adilabad, Hyderabad; Madhya Pradesh. | Related to Cauca, Arma (both extinct), and Caramanta. | Used in the home, community. All ages. Negative language attitude. Hindi is used for trading, government, praying. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ant | Antakarinya | 50 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeast area of South Australia. | Closest to Warnman and Western Desert Language. | People generally speak Kriol. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| anu | Anuak | 45,646 in Ethiopia (1998 census). 34,311 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 45,665 (1998 census). | Gambela Region in the southwest. Along the Baro, Alworo, and Gilo rivers and on the right bank of the Akobo River. Gambela town is the main center. | Adoyo, Coro, Lul, Opëno. | 2,114 second-language users. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | Literacy rate in second language: 37%. | |
| anv | Denya | 11,200 (1982 SIL). | South West Province, Manyu Division, central and southern parts of Akwaya Subdivision and northern part of Mamfe Central Subdivision. Partially in Takamanda Forest Reserve. | Basho, Bitieku, Takamanda, Bajwo. Dialect cluster. Kendem is linguistically between Denya and Kenyang. Lexical similarity 70% to 80% among dialects. | 2,114 second-language users. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| anz | Anem | 550 (2003 SIL). | West New Britain Province, northwest coast and inland. | Basho, Bitieku, Takamanda, Bajwo. Dialect cluster. Kendem is linguistically between Denya and Kenyang. Lexical similarity 70% to 80% among dialects. | Speakers in one village among the Bariai use Bariai as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| aoa | Angolar | 5,000 (1998 S. and T. Graham). | Angolar is spoken on the southern tip of São Tomé Island. Most are around the town of São João dos Angolares, and some in the southern region of Caué. | The substratum was largely Kwa and Western Bantu languages; quite distinct from the creoles of Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Gambia, and Cape Verde. The 33% of the Angolar lexicon not shared with São Tomense is largely of Bantu origin, apparently Kimbundu of Angola, with some from Kongo, Bini, and Ndingi. Lexical similarity 70% with São Tomense, 67% with Principense, 53% with Annobonese. | Used in the home and community. Some Angolares speak São Tomense also, and are tending to be absorbed into the Forros. Many speak Portuguese, but many of those are not comfortable in speaking it. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Grammar. | |
| aob | Abom | 15 (2002 SIL). | Western Province, a few older adult speakers in Tewara, Lewada, and Mutam villages. | Lexical similarity 14% with Bitur, 12% with Baramu, 11% with Makayam, 9% with Were, 4% with Idi and Agob. | All speakers are older adults (2002). Middle-aged generation understand only rudiments. Children do not speak or understand Abom. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 50% Portuguese. Grammar. | |
| aoc | Pemon | 475 Arekuna in Guyana, (1990 J. Forte). Ethnic population: 500. | Paruima Settlement. | Camaracoto, Taurepan (Taulipang), Arecuna (Aricuna, Arekuna, Jaricuna). | In some areas most children have Spanish as first language. Some children can understand Pemon but do not speak it. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| aod | Andarum | 1,084 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Related to Kanggape. | In some areas most children have Spanish as first language. Some children can understand Pemon but do not speak it. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1990. | |
| aoe | Angal Enen | 22,000 (1995 UBS). | Southern Highlands Province, 10 to 12 km south of Nipa, north of the Erave River, east of Lake Kutubu, west of Lai Valley. | Megi. | In some areas most children have Spanish as first language. Some children can understand Pemon but do not speak it. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | |
| aof | Bragat | 460 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, 4 villages. | Most closely related to Aru. | In some areas most children have Spanish as first language. Some children can understand Pemon but do not speak it. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | |
| aog | Angoram | 8,215 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, along lower Sepik River, Angoram District. | Most closely related to Aru. | Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | |
| aoh | Arma | Extinct. | East Sepik Province, along lower Sepik River, Angoram District. | Most closely related to Aru. | People spoke either Cenu or Cauca (both extinct). | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1968–1996. | |
| aoi | Anindilyakwa | 1,000 (1983 Black). | Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Gulf of Carpenteria. | Most closely related to Aru. | Most young people also use English. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1976–1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1976–1993. | |
| aoj | Mufian | 11,000 (1998 SIL). Population includes 6,000 Filifita (1999 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Maprik District, Torricelli Mountains, west of Maprik. 36 villages. | Supari, Balif, Filifita (Ilahita), Iwam-Nagalemb, Nagipaem. | Most young people also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: Filifita 15% to 25%; Mufian: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: Filifita 50% to 75%; Mufian 50% to 75%. NT: 1988–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: Filifita 15% to 25%; Mufian: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: Filifita 50% to 75%; Mufian 50% to 75%. NT: 1988–1998. | |
| aol | Alor | 25,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | West and south of Bird's Head of Alor, north Ternate Island, pockets along northern Pantar and adjacent islands. | Speakers oriented toward Lembata and Adonara, but Alor is not inherently intelligible with those languages. | Speakers use Lamaholot as language of wider communication, so it was formerly thought to be a dialect of Lamaholot. | Literacy rate in first language: Filifita 15% to 25%; Mufian: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: Filifita 50% to 75%; Mufian 50% to 75%. NT: 1988–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: Filifita 15% to 25%; Mufian: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: Filifita 50% to 75%; Mufian 50% to 75%. NT: 1988–1998. | |
| aom | Ömie | 800 (1993 SIL). 400 monolinguals. | Oro Province, Kokoda, Upper Kumusi, and Afore districts, northwest of Managalasi, Mamama River, and Upper Kumusi Valley. | Asapa, Zuwadza, Gora-Bomahouji. | Some speakers use Hiri Motu or English as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1991. | |
| aon | Arapesh, Bumbita | 4,335 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Maprik District, Torricelli Mountains, south of Wom, 13 villages. | Bonahoi, Urita, Timingir, Weril, Werir. Weril and Werir are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. Lexical similarity 21% with Southern Arapesh, 30% with Bukiyip. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Bumbita. Middle-aged and older speakers use Bumbita, and in 2 villages younger members use it. Elsewhere younger members mainly use Tok Pisin. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | |
| aos | Taikat | 500 (2000 Wurm). | Northeast border area, straight south of Jayapura. | Closest to Awyi. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Bumbita. Middle-aged and older speakers use Bumbita, and in 2 villages younger members use it. Elsewhere younger members mainly use Tok Pisin. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | |
| aot | A'tong | No estimate available. | Assam. | Most closely related to Koch and Rabha. | Not inherently intelligible with Garo, but many A'tong speak Garo as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | |
| aox | Atorada | Few speakers in Brazil (2000). | Roraima. | Lexical similarity 50% with Wapishana, 20% with Mapidian. | Speakers are older than 50 years. Speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. For beginning literacy Weril and Werir use different materials. | |
| aoz | Uab Meto | 586,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). | Western Timor Island. | Amfoan-Fatule'u-Amabi (Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatule'u, Amabi), Amanuban-Amanatun (Amanuban, Amanubang, Amanatun), Mollo-Miomafo (Mollo, Miomafo), Biboki-Insana (Biboki, Insanao), Kusa-Manlea (Kusa, Manlea). Much dialect variation. Ethnological and linguistic differences in nearly every valley. Close to Amarasi. | Speakers are older than 50 years. Speakers also use Portuguese. | Bible: 2000. | Bible: 2000. | |
| apc | Arabic, North Levantine Spoken | 3,900,000 in Lebanon (1991). | Throughout Lebanon. | North Lebanese Arabic, South Lebanese Arabic (Shii, Metuali), North-Central Lebanese Arabic (Mount Lebanon Arabic), South-Central Lebanese Arabic (Druze Arabic), Standard Lebanese Arabic, Beqaa Arabic, Sunni Beiruti Arabic, Saida Sunni Arabic, Iqlim-Al-Kharrub Sunni Arabic, Jdaideh Arabic. | National language. | Radio programs. TV. | Radio programs. TV. | |
| apd | Arabic, Sudanese Spoken | 15,000,000 in Sudan (1991). Population total all countries: 18,986,000. | Northern Sudan primarily. Also spoken in Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia. | Khartoum, Western Sudanese, North Kordofan Arabic, Ja'ali, Shukri. | Trade language. | NT: 1978. | NT: 1978. | |
| ape | Bukiyip | 16,233 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, west Yangoru District, Torricelli Mountains. | Coastal Arapesh, Bukiyip (Mountain Arapesh). Lexical similarity 60% with Mufian. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1994. | |
| apg | Ampanang | 30,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East central, southeast of Tunjung, around Jambu and Lamper. | Coastal Arapesh, Bukiyip (Mountain Arapesh). Lexical similarity 60% with Mufian. | Trade language. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1994. | |
| aph | Athpariya | 2,000 (1995 Ebert). 439,312 all Rai languages (1991 census). | Kosi Zone, Dhankuta District, north of the Tamur, between the Dhankutakhola in the west and the Tangkhuwa in the east; Dhankuta and Bhirgaon panchayats. | Athpare from Dhankuta and Belhara are very similar, but not inherently intelligible to each other's speakers (Bickel 1996:21). Reported to be close to Limbu, but not inherently intelligible with it. The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 speech varieties, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible to each other. | Used by all, including educated speakers. Low bilingualism in Nepali. Some speakers also use Chhilinge or Limbu. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | |
| api | Apiacá | 2 (1986 Rodrigues). Ethnic population: 90 (2000 C. Jensen). | Northern Mato Grosso, upper Rio Tapajos, near confluence of São Manoel, near the border between Pará and Mato Grosso. | Athpare from Dhankuta and Belhara are very similar, but not inherently intelligible to each other's speakers (Bickel 1996:21). Reported to be close to Limbu, but not inherently intelligible with it. The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 speech varieties, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible to each other. | Used by all, including educated speakers. Low bilingualism in Nepali. Some speakers also use Chhilinge or Limbu. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | |
| apj | Apache, Jicarilla | 812 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 2,000 (1977 SIL). | Northern New Mexico, area of Dulce. | Athpare from Dhankuta and Belhara are very similar, but not inherently intelligible to each other's speakers (Bickel 1996:21). Reported to be close to Limbu, but not inherently intelligible with it. The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 speech varieties, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible to each other. | Children and most young adults prefer English. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | |
| apk | Apache, Kiowa | 18 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL). | Western Oklahoma, Caddo County. | Athpare from Dhankuta and Belhara are very similar, but not inherently intelligible to each other's speakers (Bickel 1996:21). Reported to be close to Limbu, but not inherently intelligible with it. The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 speech varieties, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible to each other. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | |
| apl | Apache, Lipan | 2 or 3 (1981 R. W. Young). Ethnic population: 100 (1977 SIL). | New Mexico, Mescalero Reservation. | Athpare from Dhankuta and Belhara are very similar, but not inherently intelligible to each other's speakers (Bickel 1996:21). Reported to be close to Limbu, but not inherently intelligible with it. The term 'Kiranti' covers about 21 speech varieties, of which fewer than half are even partially intelligible to each other. | May be extinct. Speakers have shifted to English. All speakers were older adults in 1981. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. Devanagari script. Grammar. | |
| apm | Apache, Mescalero-Chiricahua | 1,800 (1977 SIL). Population includes 279 Chiricahua speakers (1990 census). Ethnic population: 2,395 (2000). | Mescalero Reservation, New Mexico. A small number of Chiricahua at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma. | Chiricahua, Mescalero. | In Oklahoma most or all speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| apn | Apinayé | 800 (1994 SIL). | Tocantins, near Tocantinópolis, 6 villages. | Chiricahua, Mescalero. | Some speakers also use Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| apq | A-Pucikwar | 24 (2000 Verma). | Andaman Islands, Boratang Island, south coast of Middle Andaman Island, northeast coast of South Andaman Island. | Chiricahua, Mescalero. | Speakers are shifting to Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| apt | Apatani | 23,000 (1997). | Assam; Arunachal Pradesh, Subansiri District, 7 villages in and around Hapoli and Zirol; Nagaland. | It may be intelligible with Nisi. | Speakers also use Assamese, Hindi, or Nefamese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 6%; 11% Male, 1% Female (1997). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 6%; 11% Male, 1% Female (1997). | |
| apu | Apurinã | 2,000 (1994 SIL). | Amazonas, Acre; scattered over a thousand miles of the Purus River from Rio Branco to Manaus. | It may be intelligible with Nisi. | Speakers also use Assamese, Hindi, or Nefamese. | Bible portions: 1993. | Bible portions: 1993. | |
| apw | Apache, Western | 12,693 (1990 census). 303 in San Carlos. | East central Arizona, several reservations. | White Mountain, San Carlos, Cibecue, Tonto. | Vigorous. | Dictionary. NT: 1966. | Dictionary. NT: 1966. | |
| apx | Aputai | 150 (1990 Hinton). | Wetar Island coast, Ilputih village, south central Wetar coast, and Lurang village, north central Wetar coast, southwest Maluku. | Ilputih, Lurang, Welemur. Lexical similarity 79% with Perai, 74% with Tugun, 69% with Ili'uun, 57% with Talur. Lexical similarity 93% among dialects. | Welemur dialect is extinct. Ilputih speakers use Talur as second language. All Aputai speakers are bilingual to some extent in regional Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| apy | Apalaí | 450 (1993 SIL). 100 monolinguals. | Pará, mainly on the Paru Leste River with fringe groups on the Jari and Citare rivers. 20 villages. | Ilputih, Lurang, Welemur. Lexical similarity 79% with Perai, 74% with Tugun, 69% with Ili'uun, 57% with Talur. Lexical similarity 93% among dialects. | 75% bilingual in Wayana. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 37%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1986. | |
| apz | Safeyoka | 2,388 (1980 census). | Morobe Province, Kaiapit, Lae-Wamba, and Menyamya districts. | Aiewomba, Wajakes (Wocokeso). | Speakers also use Tok Pisin or Yabem. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1989. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1989. | |
| aqc | Archi | 1,000 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1990 A. E. Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan. | One of the most divergent of the Lezgian languages. | Used in the home. Not a written language. 30% to 50% of children speak Archi. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aqg | Arigidi | 48,000 (1986 in Crozier and Blench 1992). Population includes 45,000 Igasi, 3,000 Uro. | Ondo State, Akoko North LGA; Kogi State, Kogi LGA. | Oyin, Uro, Arigidí, Erúsú (Erushu), Ojo, Udo (Ido, Òwòn Ùdò, Oke-Agbe), Afa (Affa, Òwòn Àfá), Òge (Òwòn Ògè), Aje, Ese (Òwòn Èsé), Igasi (Ìgàshí, Òwòn Ìgásí). A dialect cluster. | Used in the home. Not a written language. 30% to 50% of children speak Archi. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aqm | Atohwaim | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | South coast on the Cook and Kronkel rivers, between the Sawi and Kaygir languages. Merauke Kabupaten, Pantai Kasuari Kecamatan. | Oyin, Uro, Arigidí, Erúsú (Erushu), Ojo, Udo (Ido, Òwòn Ùdò, Oke-Agbe), Afa (Affa, Òwòn Àfá), Òge (Òwòn Ògè), Aje, Ese (Òwòn Èsé), Igasi (Ìgàshí, Òwòn Ìgásí). A dialect cluster. | About 50% are bilingual in Indonesian, Sawi, or Kaygir. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aqn | Alta, Northern | 200 (2000 Wurm). | Eastern Luzon, Aurora Province, Bayanihan, San Luis; Diteki, the first settlement along the road after coming through the mountains from Cabanatuan. | Not close to other languages (Lawrence Reid). Lexical similarity 34% with Southern Alta. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Alta. Used in the home. A few children speak Alta. Neutral language attitude. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| aqp | Atakapa | Extinct. | Southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas. | Not close to other languages (Lawrence Reid). Lexical similarity 34% with Southern Alta. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speaks Alta. Used in the home. A few children speak Alta. Neutral language attitude. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| arb | Arabic, Standard | 206,000,000 first-language speakers of all Arabic varieties (1999 WA). | Middle East, North Africa. | Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Literary Arabic), Classical Arabic (Koranic Arabic, Quranic Arabic). Preserves the ancient grammar. | National language. Used for education, official purposes, formal speeches. | Arabic script in Algeria. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1984–1991. | Arabic script in Algeria. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Bible: 1984–1991. | |
| ard | Arabana | 8 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | South Australia, west side of Lake Eyre to Stuart Range, Maree, Port Augusta. | Modern Standard Arabic (Modern Literary Arabic), Classical Arabic (Koranic Arabic, Quranic Arabic). Preserves the ancient grammar. | National language. Used for education, official purposes, formal speeches. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| are | Arrarnta, Western | 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Alice Springs area, Hermannsburg. | Western Aranda, Akerre (Akara), Southern Aranda. Close to Alyawarr and Gaididj. Wurm and Hattori (1981) and Ruhlen (1987) treat Western Arrarnta and Eastern Arrernte as separate languages. | Southern Aranda is nearly extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1956. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1956. | |
| arf | Arafundi | 733 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | East Sepik Province, on the Arafundi River. | Meakambut. | Southern Aranda is nearly extinct. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1956. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1956. | |
| arg | Aragonese | 11,000. Ethnic population: 2,000,000 (1994). | Zaragoza, Uesca Province. The northern limit is the Pyrenean border, separating Aragon from Occitania; the western limit is the border of Navarra; the eastern limit is north of Montsó. Western Aragonese includes the towns of Ansó, Echo, Chasa, Berdún, and Chaca; Central Aragonese the towns of Panticosa, Biescas, Torla, Broto, Bielsa, Yebra, and L'Ainsa; Eastern Aragonese the towns of Benás (Benasque, Benasc, Patués), Plan, Bisagorri, Campo, Perarruga, Graus, Estadilla; Southern Aragonese the towns of Agüero, Ayerbe, Rasal, Bolea, Lierta, Uesca, Almudébar, Nozito, Labata, Alguezra, Angüés, Pertusa, Balbastro, Nabal. | Western Aragonese (Ansotano, Cheso), Central Aragonese (Belsetán, Tensino, Pandicuto, Bergotés), Eastern Aragonese (Benasqués, Grausino, Ribagorzano, Fobano, Chistabino), Southern Aragonese (Ayerbense, Semontanés). There are local varieties. Different from the local variety of Spanish (also called 'Aragonese', which is influenced by High Aragonese). Eastern Aragonese is transitional to Catalan. Similarities to Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon. | Official language in Aragon. 20,000 people use it as second language (1993 Counsel of the Aragonese Language). There is an Aragonese Speakers' League (Ligallo de Fablans de l'Aragonés) in Zaragoza, and a Council of the Aragonese Language (Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa) in Uesca. There are 5 magazines in Aragonese, and at least 6 organizations of first-language speakers working in the language. The written language is based on Central and Eastern Aragonese. Speakers include 500 older adult monolinguals (1993). Speakers use Spanish (Castilian) in varying degrees, depending on their education; generally they use it well. Used with outsiders. | Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100%. Grammar. | |
| arh | Arhuaco | 14,301 (1998 Arango and Sánchez). 90% are monolingual. Ethnic population: 14,301. | Southern slopes of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. | Western Aragonese (Ansotano, Cheso), Central Aragonese (Belsetán, Tensino, Pandicuto, Bergotés), Eastern Aragonese (Benasqués, Grausino, Ribagorzano, Fobano, Chistabino), Southern Aragonese (Ayerbense, Semontanés). There are local varieties. Different from the local variety of Spanish (also called 'Aragonese', which is influenced by High Aragonese). Eastern Aragonese is transitional to Catalan. Similarities to Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon. | All ages. A few use Spanish as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Grammar. | |
| ari | Arikara | 20 (1997 Parks). Ethnic population: 3,000. | Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. | Western Aragonese (Ansotano, Cheso), Central Aragonese (Belsetán, Tensino, Pandicuto, Bergotés), Eastern Aragonese (Benasqués, Grausino, Ribagorzano, Fobano, Chistabino), Southern Aragonese (Ayerbense, Semontanés). There are local varieties. Different from the local variety of Spanish (also called 'Aragonese', which is influenced by High Aragonese). Eastern Aragonese is transitional to Catalan. Similarities to Catalan, Occitan, and Gascon. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most or all speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| arj | Arapaso | 268 (1992 ALEM). | São Gabriel, Iauarete, Amazonas. | Reported to be a dialect of Tucano. | Speakers are shifting to Tucano. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. |
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