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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hdy | Hadiyya | 923,958 (1998 census). 595,107 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 927,933 (1998 census). | Gurage, Kambaata, Hadiyya Region, between the Omo and Billate rivers, in and around Hosaina town. | Leemo, Soro. Lexical similarity 82% with Libido, 56% with Kambaata, 54% with Alaba, 53% with Sidamo. | 150,889 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 34.4%. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 34.4%. NT: 1992. | |
| hea | Hmong, Northern Qiandong | 900,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). | Northeast Yunnan and upper Cingshuiho River area of southeast Guizhou (southeast, south, and southwest Guizhou Autonomous areas, Songtao County, Guanling County, Ziyun County). | Not intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. Corresponds more or less to Ma's Central Miao and Purnell's Eastern Miao. Hmu was chosen by the government as the standard variety. It is based on Yanghao, but with some similarities to other varieties. | 150,889 second-language speakers. Speakers also use Amharic. | Dictionary. NT: 1934. | Dictionary. NT: 1934. | |
| heb | Hebrew | 4,847,000 in Israel (1998). Population total all countries: 5,055,000. | Also spoken in Australia, Canada, Germany, Palestinian West Bank and Gaza, Panama, United Kingdom, USA. | Standard Hebrew (General Israeli, Europeanized Hebrew), Oriental Hebrew (Arabized Hebrew, Yemenite Hebrew). Not a direct offspring from Biblical or other varieties of Ancient Hebrew, but an amalgamation of different Hebrew strata plus intrinsic evolution within the living speech. | Official language. Some who use it as primary language now in Israel learned it as their second language originally. Spoken by all Israelis as first or second language. There is a Hebrew Language Academy. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1599–1877. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1599–1877. | |
| hed | Herdé | 40,000 (1999 SIL). | Southwest, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Pala and Léré subprefectures. Around Pala and Lamé. Near the Pevé, west of the Ngueté. | Standard Hebrew (General Israeli, Europeanized Hebrew), Oriental Hebrew (Arabized Hebrew, Yemenite Hebrew). Not a direct offspring from Biblical or other varieties of Ancient Hebrew, but an amalgamation of different Hebrew strata plus intrinsic evolution within the living speech. | Official language. Some who use it as primary language now in Israel learned it as their second language originally. Spoken by all Israelis as first or second language. There is a Hebrew Language Academy. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| heg | Helong | 14,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Ethnic population: 15,000 to 20,000. | Western tip of Timor Island near the port of Tenau (4 villages), in and around Kupang, extending across the island to the Amarasi Region, and most villages on Semau Island. | Helong Pulau (Semau, Island Helong), Helong Darat (Bolok), Funai (Land Helong). 2 groups which have minor dialect differences: Helong Darat on the Timor mainland and Helong Pulau on Semau Island. | Helong Darat speakers are shifting to Kupang Malay under the influence of people from Rote and Savu. Funai dialect is endangered, with many speakers having married spouses from other ethnic groups and youth having shifted to Kupang Malay. Used for daily domestic and rural routine and traditional ceremonies. Speakers are in contact with Rote, Sabu, Dhao, Uab Meto, Kupang Malay, and Standard Indonesian. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| hei | Heiltsuk | 300 (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Ethnic population: 1,200 (1977 SIL). | Central British Columbia coast including Ooweekeeno on Rivers Inlet. | Bella Bella (Northern Heiltsuk), Ooweekeeno (Southern Heiltsuk). Related to Haisla and Kwakiutl. | Speakers are older adults. Speakers also use English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| hgm | Hai||om | 16,000 in Namibia (1995 A. Miller-Ockhuizen). | Mangetti Dune, Omataku, Grootfontein, Baghani, Tsintsabis. 'Maroelaboom' is the area of Namibia next to the Agricultural gate entering the former Bushmanland. Some moved to Kimberley, South Africa. Possibly in Angola, where they are reported to have come from. Also spoken in South Africa. | Kedi (Kedde, Keddi), Chwagga, Hain||um (Hei||om, Heikom, Heikum, Heikom Bushman). Somewhat intelligible with Kung-Tsumkwe (Ju|'hoan), but a different language. Also reported to speak a language or dialect similar to Nama and Damara. | Speakers use Afrikaans, English, Damara, or Kwangali as second languages. Afrikaans is more widely known than English, but English is now learned in school instead of Afrikaans. Used for interlanguage contact. Many men speak Afrikaans well. Many who live near the Damara or Kwangali speak those languages well or at least understand them. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in Afrikaans. | Literacy rate in second language: Low in Afrikaans. | |
| hia | Lamang | 40,000 (1993). | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; Adamawa State, Michika LGA. | North Laamang, Central Laamang, South Laamang. Speakers have 37% intelligibility of Mabas, 31% of Hedi. Subdialects of North Lamang: Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuba, Leghva (Luhuva), Gwoza-Wakane; of Central Lamang: Hedkala (Hidkala, Xidkala, Hitkala, Hitkalanchi), Waga (Waha, Woga, Wagga), Dlige; of South Lamang: Ghudavan. Lexical similarity 64% with Hedi and Mabas, 50% with Gevoko. | Speakers use Afrikaans, English, Damara, or Kwangali as second languages. Afrikaans is more widely known than English, but English is now learned in school instead of Afrikaans. Used for interlanguage contact. Many men speak Afrikaans well. Many who live near the Damara or Kwangali speak those languages well or at least understand them. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| hib | Hibito | Extinct. | Bobonaje River, tributary of Jelache, tributary of Huayabamba, coming into Huallaga on the west side. | North Laamang, Central Laamang, South Laamang. Speakers have 37% intelligibility of Mabas, 31% of Hedi. Subdialects of North Lamang: Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuba, Leghva (Luhuva), Gwoza-Wakane; of Central Lamang: Hedkala (Hidkala, Xidkala, Hitkala, Hitkalanchi), Waga (Waha, Woga, Wagga), Dlige; of South Lamang: Ghudavan. Lexical similarity 64% with Hedi and Mabas, 50% with Gevoko. | Speakers use Afrikaans, English, Damara, or Kwangali as second languages. Afrikaans is more widely known than English, but English is now learned in school instead of Afrikaans. Used for interlanguage contact. Many men speak Afrikaans well. Many who live near the Damara or Kwangali speak those languages well or at least understand them. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| hid | Hidatsa | 100 (1986 SIL). 6 monolinguals. 25 to 50 semifluent speakers. Ethnic population: 1,200 (1986 SIL). | Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota. | Close to Crow. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most speakers are older adults (1998). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1992. | |
| hif | Hindustani, Fijian | 380,000 in Fiji (1991 UBS). | Also spoken in Australia, USA. | No significant regional variation. A type of Awadhi, also influenced by Bhojpuri. | Official language. Spoken by all of Indian ancestry in Fiji, including ethnic Tamil (6,663), Gujarati (6,203), Urdu, Telugu (2,008), Gurmukhi (Panjabi, 1,167), Bengali (17,875), Malayalam. A small Gujarati community speak Gujarati at home, and a few others, mainly older people, speak their traditional languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible portions. | Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible portions. | |
| hig | Kamwe | 300,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Michika LGA, in the Mandara Mountains. | Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sina, Futu, Tili Pte, Fali of Kiriya, Fali of Mijilu, Modi, Humsi. Close to Psikye and Hya of Cameroon. | Official language. Spoken by all of Indian ancestry in Fiji, including ethnic Tamil (6,663), Gujarati (6,203), Urdu, Telugu (2,008), Gurmukhi (Panjabi, 1,167), Bengali (17,875), Malayalam. A small Gujarati community speak Gujarati at home, and a few others, mainly older people, speak their traditional languages. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | |
| hih | Pamosu | 1,503 (2000 SIL). | Madang Province, north central, Adelbert Range. | Related to Kowaki (nearly extinct). | Vigorous. All ages. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. Some of older generation can speak Pal. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | |
| hii | Hinduri | 138 (1961 census). | Himachal Pradesh, Shimla and Solan districts. | May be a dialect of Mahasu Pahari. Masica (1991:429) says it is "transitional between Panjabi and West Pahari of Mahasui type". | Vigorous. All ages. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. Some of older generation can speak Pal. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1999. | |
| hil | Hiligaynon | 7,000,000 in the Philippines (1995). | Iloilo and Capiz provinces, Panay, Negros Occidental, Visayas. Also spoken in USA. | Hiligaynon, Kawayan, Bantayan, Kari. | Language of wider communication. Speakers also use Tagalog. | Bible: 1912–2002. | Bible: 1912–2002. | |
| hin | Hindi | 2,200 in Uganda (1994). | Mainly in Natal. | Formal vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit, de-Persianized, de-Arabicized. Literary Hindi, or Hindi-Urdu, has four varieties: Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi); Urdu; Dakhini; Rekhta. State language of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh. Languages and dialects in the Western Hindi group are Hindustani, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli; see separate entries. | Language of wider communication. 489,578 second-language speakers in Nepal (1991 census). | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1818–2000. | Devanagari script. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1818–2000. | |
| hio | Tsoa | 3,536 in Zimbabwe (2000 WCD). | Central District, especially Mahalapye, Serowe subdistricts; Northeast District. Primarily on cattleposts and in 'settlements'. Also spoken in Zimbabwe. | Formal vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit, de-Persianized, de-Arabicized. Literary Hindi, or Hindi-Urdu, has four varieties: Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi); Urdu; Dakhini; Rekhta. State language of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh. Languages and dialects in the Western Hindi group are Hindustani, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli; see separate entries. | Many children speak only Tswana, some only Tsoa, some both. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 25% in Tswana, 20% in English; 30 to 54 years 2% in Tswana, 2% in English; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 25% in Tswana, 20% in English; 30 to 54 years 2% in Tswana, 2% in English; 55+ years 0%. | |
| hir | Himarimã | 40. | Amazonas, Tapayá Valley, near the Jamamadi and Jarawara. | Formal vocabulary is borrowed from Sanskrit, de-Persianized, de-Arabicized. Literary Hindi, or Hindi-Urdu, has four varieties: Hindi (High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, Literary Hindi, Standard Hindi); Urdu; Dakhini; Rekhta. State language of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh. Languages and dialects in the Western Hindi group are Hindustani, Haryanvi, Braj Bhasha, Kanauji, Bundeli; see separate entries. | Many children speak only Tswana, some only Tsoa, some both. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 25% in Tswana, 20% in English; 30 to 54 years 2% in Tswana, 2% in English; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 25% in Tswana, 20% in English; 30 to 54 years 2% in Tswana, 2% in English; 55+ years 0%. | |
| hix | Hixkaryána | 600 (2000 SIL). Population includes 89 Xereuyana (1986 SIL). Ethnic population: 600 (2000). | Amazonas, upper Nhamunda River to Mapuera and Jatapú rivers. | Close to Waiwai. No dialectal variation. The Sherewyana speak the same language but some live with the Waiwai. | Bilingual level estimates for Portuguese: 0 85%, 1 10%, 2 5%, 3 0%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1976. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1976. | |
| hlb | Halbi | 500,000 (2000). | Madhya Pradesh, Balaghat District; Chhattisgarh, open plains in Bastar District; Maharashtra; Orissa, Koraput District; Andhra Pradesh. | Adkuri, Bastari, Bhunjia, Chandari, Gachikolo, Kawari, Mehari, Muri (Muria), Sundi. Bhunjia, Kawari are considered to be more divergent dialects. Reported to be a creole language. Grierson called it a dialect of Marathi for convenience, but noted similarities to Bhatri, a dialect of Oriya. Mehari intelligible only with difficulty. | Trade language. 200,000 second-language speakers (Thomas 2001). Men who have been to school use Hindi as second language for trading and common topics. Some use Bhatri as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 8% or less. Government literacy program using Hindi primers. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1989. | Literacy rate in second language: 8% or less. Government literacy program using Hindi primers. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1989. | |
| hld | Halang Doan | 2,346 in Laos (2000). | Attopeu Province, Kasseng Plateau, Sanxai District, on the left banks of the Kamane and Dak Robay rivers, near the Viet Nam border. | May be intelligible with Takua, Kayong, Halang Daksut, or Rengao. | Trade language. 200,000 second-language speakers (Thomas 2001). Men who have been to school use Hindi as second language for trading and common topics. Some use Bhatri as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 8% or less. Government literacy program using Hindi primers. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1989. | Literacy rate in second language: 8% or less. Government literacy program using Hindi primers. Devanagari script. Bible portions: 1989. | |
| hlt | Nga La | 20,000 in India (2000). | Mizoram. | Haltu, Thui Phum. | Many are bilingual in Chin Haka. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | |
| hma | Hmong, Southern Mashan | 7,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Southwestern Guizhou, southern portions of Ziyun, Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo counties. | Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. | All domains. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | |
| hmb | Songhay | 15,000 in Mali (1999 Heath). | Hombori area, halfway between Gao and Mopti. | Djenne Chiini. | All ages. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| hmc | Hmong, Central Huishui | 30,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Gaopa, Huishui, Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City Region, central portion. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. 30 to 40 different Hmong (Miao) languages in China. Linguistic differences are great (Joakim Enwall 1993). | All domains. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| hmd | Hmong, Northeastern Dian | 200,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Northwestern Guizhou, northeast and central Yunnan provinces. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | |
| hme | Hmong, Eastern Huishui | 20,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Gaopa, Huishui, Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City Region, eastern portion. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | |
| hmf | Hmong Don | No estimate available. | Ha Giang Province, Hua Binh, YenBai, Nghia Lo. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | |
| hmg | Hmong, Southwestern Guiyang | 50,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Suburbs of Guiyang City, Pingba, Zhenning, Kaiyang, Guiding, Qingzhen, and Anshun counties or towns, southwestern portion. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | |
| hmh | Hmong, Southwestern Huishui | 40,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Gaopa, Huishui, Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City Region, southwestern portion. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | |
| hmi | Hmong, Northern Huishui | 50,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Gaopa, Huishui, Guiding, Changshun, Ziyun, and Pingba counties, Guiyang City Region, northern portion. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | Dictionary. NT: 1917–1936. | |
| hmj | Hmong, Chonganjiang | 70,000 (1982). | Kaili City, Chong'an township, Huangping county, east central Guizhou. | Gejiahua (Ge, Gedou Miao, Keh-Deo, Getou, Gedang, Huadou Miao). Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. Gedou may be separate from Chong'anjiang. | All domains. | Bible portions: 1937. | Bible portions: 1937. | |
| hml | Hmong, Luopohe | 40,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Fuquan, Guiding, Longli, Kaiyang, and Kaili counties east of Guiyang, central Guizhou. | Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. | All domains. | Bible portions: 1937. | Bible portions: 1937. | |
| hmm | Hmong, Central Mashan | 50,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Southwestern Guizhou, Ziyun, Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo counties, central portion. | Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. | All domains. | Bible portions: 1937. | Bible portions: 1937. | |
| hmo | Motu, Hiri | Very few first-language speakers (1992 T. Dutton). | Central Province, in and around Port Moresby area, also throughout Oro, Central, Gulf, and part of Milne Bay provinces, some in Western Province. | Austronesian Hiri Motu, Papuan Hiri Motu. Linguistically a pidginization of True Motu. Also influenced by English, Tok Pisin, and Polynesian languages. Speakers of Hiri Motu cannot understand Motu. There are phonological and grammatical differences. Lexical similarity 90% with Motu. | Official language. 120,000 second-language speakers (1989 J. Holm). Papuan Hiri Motu is more widespread and considered as the standard. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Dictionary. Bible: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Dictionary. Bible: 1994. | |
| hmp | Hmong, Northern Mashan | 25,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Southwestern Guizhou, Ziyun, northern portions of Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo counties. | Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. | Official language. 120,000 second-language speakers (1989 J. Holm). Papuan Hiri Motu is more widespread and considered as the standard. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Dictionary. Bible: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Dictionary. Bible: 1994. | |
| hmq | Hmong, Eastern Qiandong | 200,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). | Qiandongnan Miao Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou, and eastward into Hunan Province. | Not intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. Corresponds more or less to Ma's Central Miao and Purnell's Eastern Miao. | Official language. 120,000 second-language speakers (1989 J. Holm). Papuan Hiri Motu is more widespread and considered as the standard. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1928. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1928. | |
| hmr | Hmar | 50,000 (1997). | Assam, North Cachar and Cachar districts; Manipur, south, Tipaimukh, Churachandpur, 35 villages; Mizoram, Aizawl, Cachar, North Cachar districts; Tripura. | Close to Zomi. | Speakers also use Assamese. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1968–1987. | Literacy rate in second language: 90%. Taught in primary schools. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1968–1987. | |
| hms | Hmong, Southern Qiandong | 300,000 (1987 Zhang and Cao). | Qiandongnan Miao Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, and southward into Guangxi Province. | Not intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. Corresponds more or less to Ma's Central Miao and Purnell's Eastern Miao. | Speakers also use Assamese. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| hmt | Hamtai | 45,000 (1998 Tom Palmer). | Gulf Province, Kukipi District, along the Tauri River inland east to the Ladedamu River; Morobe Province, Lae District, Kodama Range into Bulolo-Watut divide, across to Mt. Grosse and north to Mt. Taylor. | Wenta, Howi, Pmasa'a, Hamtai, Kaintiba. | Speakers also use Assamese. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| hmu | Hamap | 1,294 (2000 WCD). | Kalabahi Bay, across from Kalabahi city, around Moru town. 2 villages. Migration in 1947 from Mo'eng, a few kilometers to the south. Still on their traditional land, but now in an interethnic community with Kui speakers. 18 km by road from Kalabahi. | Said to be intelligible with the Adang-Aimoli dialect of Kabola, but 'Kabola' is associated with the Bird's Head area of Alor. Structural and lexical differences with Kabola. | Speakers also use Assamese. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| hmv | Hmong Dô | No estimate available. | Ha Giang Province, Dong Van and Meo Vae districts; Lao Cai Province, Bac Ha District. | Largely intelligible with Hmong Daw. Lexical similarity 80% with Hmong Daw. | Speakers also use Assamese. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| hmw | Hmong, Western Mashan | 10,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Southwestern Guizhou, Ziyun, Changshun, Luodian, Huishui, and Wangmo counties, western portion. | Not inherently intelligible with other varieties of Hmong. | All domains. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| hmy | Hmong, Southern Guiyang | 20,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Suburbs of Guiyang City, Pingba, Zhenning, Kaiyang, Guiding, Qingzhen, and Anshun counties or towns, southern portion. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| hmz | Hmong Shua | 60 (2003). | Ha Giang Province, 3 villages. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| hna | Mina | 10,987 (2000 WCD). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Hina Subdivision, south of Mokolo, 20 villages. | Besleri, Jingjing (Dzumdzum), Gamdugun. | Vigorous. All ages. Fulfulde is used at the market. French is learned in school, but few children attend school. Speakers are not generally bilingual in Daba. | Positive towards literacy. | Positive towards literacy. | |
| hnd | Hindko, Southern | 625,000 (1981 census). | Attock District, Punjab Province, and into the southernmost portion of Hazara Division, NWFP; Kohat and Peshawar districts, NWFP. Rural and urban. | Peshawar Hindko (Peshawari), Attock Hindko (Attock-Haripur Hindko), Kohat Hindko (Kohati), Rural Peshawar Hindko. The dialect in Dera Ismail Khan, sometimes called 'Hindko', is apparently closer to Siraiki. | Most have some proficiency in Urdu, Pashto, Panjabi, or other languages. Urdu is known by educated speakers. | Perso-Arabic script. Radio programs. TV. | Perso-Arabic script. Radio programs. TV. | |
| hne | Chhattisgarhi | 11,535,000. Population includes 11,456,000 Chhattisgarhi (1997), 79,000 Laria (1997). | Chhattisgarh; Bihar; Orissa; and possibly in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tripura. | Surgujia, Sadri Korwa, Baigani (Baiga, Bega, Bhumia, Gowro), Binjhwari, Kalanga, Bhulia, Chhattisgarhi Proper, Kavardi, Khairagarhi. Most closely related to Awadhi and Bagheli. Surgujia in the Surguja and Raigarh districts of Chhattisgarh; Sadri Korwa spoken by Korwa people of Jashpur tahsil of Raigarh District; Baigani in Balaghat, Raipur, and Bilaspur districts of Chhattisgarh, and Sambalpur District of Orissa; Binjhwari is spoken in Raipur and Raigarh districts of Chhattisgarh; Kalanga and Bhulia are spoken in Patna District of Bihar; Chhattisgarhi Proper is spoken in Raipur, Durg, Bilaspur, and other districts of Chhattisgarh. | Spoken as first language by the Kawari. Nearly all domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. Oriya also used. | Devanagari script. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1904–1952. | Devanagari script. Poetry. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1904–1952. | |
| hnh | ||Ani | 1,000 (1997 Brenzinger). | Northwest District, Khwai River, Mababe. Near the Khwe. | Related to Khwe. | Spoken as first language by the Kawari. Nearly all domains. Positive language attitude. Speakers have low proficiency in Hindi. Oriya also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 70% Tswana, 50% English; 30 to 54 years 40% Tswana, 10% English. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 70% Tswana, 50% English; 30 to 54 years 40% Tswana, 10% English. | |
| hni | Hani | 17,535 in Viet Nam (1999 census). | Lai Chau and Lao Cai provinces in northern Viet Nam. One variety is east, one west of Muong Te City. Not in Thailand. | Haya, Haohai, Bika. Divided into three dialect groups depending on whether and to what degree they have vowels with 'clear-muddy' vowel contrasts (P. B. Denlinger 1974). Sang Kong (Sangkong; 2,000) in Jing Hong Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous State, Yunnan, is officially under Hani, and may be a separate language. Kaduo is reported to be a separate language. Haya is the standard dialect. | Vigorous. Some speakers of nearby languages also speak Hani. Taught at Kunming Institute. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 40% of the others can also use Chinese. A few can also speak Yi or Lü. Written Chinese is in common use. | 40,000 who can read and write it. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | 40,000 who can read and write it. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Films. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| hnn | Hanunoo | 13,020 (2000 WCD). | Southern Oriental Mindoro. | Gubatnon (Gubat, Sorsogonon), Binli, Kagankan, Waigan, Wawan, Bulalakawnon. | Vigorous. Some speakers of nearby languages also speak Hani. Taught at Kunming Institute. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 40% of the others can also use Chinese. A few can also speak Yi or Lü. Written Chinese is in common use. | NT: 1985. | NT: 1985. | |
| hno | Hindko, Northern | 1,875,000 (1981 census). Total Hindko in Pakistan 3,000,000 (1993). | Hazara Division, Mansehra and Abbotabad districts, Indus and Kaghan valleys and valleys of Indus tributaries, NWFP. Rural and urban. | Also related to Panjabi, Siraiki, and Pahari-Potwari; which have all been called 'Greater Panjabi', forming part of 'Lahnda'. Lexical similarities within Northern Hindko dialects are 82% to 92%, between Northern and Southern Hindko varieties 67% to 82%. | Second languages are Urdu for the educated, with varied proficiency, and Pashto or Panjabi. For most speakers proficiency is low. | Literacy rate in second language: below 20%. Perso-Arabic script. Poetry. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1991. | Literacy rate in second language: below 20%. Perso-Arabic script. Poetry. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1991. | |
| hns | Hindustani, Caribbean | 15,633 in Trinidad and Tobago (1996). Ethnic population: East Indians are 41% of the population. | Coastal region. Also spoken in Guyana, Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago. | Trinidad Bhojpuri, Sarnami Hindustani (Sarnami Hindi, Aili Gaili). Closer to Bhojpuri than to Hindi. Similar dialect to Trinidad-Tobago. | Speakers are older adults. 90% or more of the Hindustanis are reported to speak English or Trinidadian Creole English as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | |
| hnu | Hung | 700 in Viet Nam (1996 Ferlus). | Pong dialect in Tam Thai commune, Tuong Duong District, Nghe An Province, and Dan Lai and Ly Ha dialects in Mon Son and Luc Da communes, Con Cuong District. | Pong (Poong, Phong, Tay Pong, Toum Phong, Khong Kheng, Xa La Vang, Pong 1, Pong 2), Dan Lai, Ly Ha. | Speakers are older adults. 90% or more of the Hindustanis are reported to speak English or Trinidadian Creole English as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | Literacy rate in second language: 70%. | |
| hoc | Ho | 1,077,000 in India (1997). Population includes 444,000 in Singhbhum, 200,000 in Oriya (1990 UBS). | Jharkhand, mainly in Singhbhum District; Orissa, Mayurbhanj and Koenjhar districts; West Bengal. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Lohara, Chaibasa-Thakurmunda. Most speakers understand the Chaibasa and Thakurmunda dialects well, at 90% to 92% on narrative discourse. 'Kherwari' (Khanwar, Kharar, Kharoali, Kharwari) is a group name for Ho, Mundari, and Santali, which are closely related languages, and some other smaller languages or dialects. Lexical similarity 85% between most dialects, except for three on the southern and eastern edges of the Ho area. | Vigorous. Positive language attitude. Oriya, Santali, or Hindi are used in limited domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| hod | Holma | Extinct. | Adamawa State, north of Sorau on the Cameroon border. | Related to Nzanyi. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| hoe | Horom | 1,500 (1998 Blench). | Plateau State, Bokkos LGA. | Related to Nzanyi. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| hoh | Hobyót | 100 in Oman (1998 Hezy Mutzafi). | Near the Yemen border. Also spoken in Yemen. | Related to Mehri and Jibbali. Possibly a mixed language from Shehri and Mehri. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| hoi | Holikachuk | 12 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 200 (1995 M. Krauss). | Village of Grayling on lower Yukon River, Alaska. | Related to Mehri and Jibbali. Possibly a mixed language from Shehri and Mehri. | Speakers are shifting to English. All speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Literacy program in progress. Devanagari script used in Bihar; Oriya script in Orissa. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1997. | |
| hoj | Harauti | 886,000 (2002). | Rajasthan, Kota, Jhalawar, Bundi, Baran districts; Madhya Pradesh. | Sipari, Harauti. 45% of standard Marwari. Lexical similarity 73% to 81% between dialects, 57% to 67% with Merwari, 58% to 66% with Shekhawati, 44% to 67% with Godwari, 61% to 71% with Mewari, 64% to 73% with Dhundari, 52% to 70% with Mewati, 55% to 62% with Bagri. | First language of the ethnic Saharia and Aheri of Rajasthan. | Devanagari script. NT: 1822. | Devanagari script. NT: 1822. | |
| hop | Hopi | 5,264 (1990 census). 40 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,500 (1977 SIL). | Several villages in northeast Arizona, with small numbers in Utah and New Mexico. | Sipari, Harauti. 45% of standard Marwari. Lexical similarity 73% to 81% between dialects, 57% to 67% with Merwari, 58% to 66% with Shekhawati, 44% to 67% with Godwari, 61% to 71% with Mewari, 64% to 73% with Dhundari, 52% to 70% with Mewati, 55% to 62% with Bagri. | Vigorous. Young speakers prefer English. All ages, 5,264 were over 5 years old, 989 of those were 5 to 17, 3,390 were 18 to 54, 388 were 55 to 64, 578 were 65 and older (1990). | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | |
| hor | Horo | Extinct. | Béhor north of Sarh on the Chari River. | Sipari, Harauti. 45% of standard Marwari. Lexical similarity 73% to 81% between dialects, 57% to 67% with Merwari, 58% to 66% with Shekhawati, 44% to 67% with Godwari, 61% to 71% with Mewari, 64% to 73% with Dhundari, 52% to 70% with Mewati, 55% to 62% with Bagri. | Extinct. Members of the ethnic group now speak the Kle dialect of Ngam. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | |
| hos | Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language | No estimate available. | Ho Chi Minh City. | Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Haiphong, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. | Extinct. Members of the ethnic group now speak the Kle dialect of Ngam. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | |
| hov | Hovongan | 1,000 (1991 NTM). | North central near Sarawak border, 2 areas. | Hovongan, Semukung Uheng. Lexical similarity 69% with Kereho, 67% with Aoheng. | Extinct. Members of the ethnic group now speak the Kle dialect of Ngam. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | |
| how | Honi | 100,000 (1990 Svantesson). | Yunnan, near the Hani. May also be in Viet Nam. | Baihong. | Extinct. Members of the ethnic group now speak the Kle dialect of Ngam. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | Dictionary. NT: 1972. | |
| hoy | Holiya | 8,000 (1984 GR). | Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra; Karnataka. | Baihong. | Extinct. Members of the ethnic group now speak the Kle dialect of Ngam. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% Kannada. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% Kannada. | |
| hoz | Hozo | 3,000 (1995 SIL). | Western Oromo Region, Begi area, 50 or more villages. | Related to Bambassi (Bender 1975). | Western Oromo is the lingua franca of the area, but there are some negative attitudes toward it. Bilingual proficiency in Amharic and Arabic is low. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.1%. | |
| hpo | Hpon | A few hundred speakers (1997 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 2,254 (2000 WCD). | Gorges of the upper Irrawaddy, north of Bhamo. | North Hpon, South Hpon. | Both dialects are moribund (no children speaking them) and may be nearly extinct. All speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.1%. | |
| hps | Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language | A few users out of about 6,000 profoundly deaf people in Hawaii (1987 Honolulu Star-Bulletin), 72,000 deaf or hard-of-hearing people in Hawaii (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). | Hawaiian Islands. | North Hpon, South Hpon. | 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place names and cultural items (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Speakers are older adults. American Sign Language is also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5.1%. | |
| hra | Hrangkhol | 18,665 in India (2000 WCD). | Manipur; Assam; Tripura. | Hadem. | 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place names and cultural items (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Speakers are older adults. American Sign Language is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| hre | Hre | 113,111 (1999 census). | Quang Ngai and Binh Dinh provinces. | Rabah (Tava), Creq (Kare, Kre), Hre. Closest to Sedang. | 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place names and cultural items (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Speakers are older adults. American Sign Language is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1967–1975. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1967–1975. | |
| hro | Haroi | 35,000 (1998). | Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces. | Rabah (Tava), Creq (Kare, Kre), Hre. Closest to Sedang. | 9,600 deaf people in Hawaii now use American Sign Language with a few local signs for place names and cultural items (1998 Honolulu Advertiser). Speakers are older adults. American Sign Language is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1967–1975. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions: 1967–1975. | |
| hrt | Hértevin | 1,000 (1999 H. Mutzafi). | Originally Siirt Province. They have left their villages, most emigrating to the West, but some may still be in Turkey. | Hértevin Proper (Arton), Umraya, Jinet. Considerable differences from other Northeastern Aramaic varieties, and not intelligible with any or most of them. | Speakers also use Kurdish, and some are multilingual. | Syriac script. | Syriac script. | |
| hru | Hruso | 4,000 (1997 Breton). | Arunachal Pradesh, Kameng District, Thrizino circle, 15 villages, mainly in villages of Dijungania, Jamiri, Puragaon; between Monpa on the west and the Tani languages on the east. | Hruso, Levai (Bangru). No wider affiliation within Tibeto-Burman is apparent. These varieties are sometimes grouped under Tibeto-Burman as 'Hruish'. The names listed as dialects may be separate languages. | Many are fluent in Miji, Monpa, Assamese, Hindi (Singh). | Syriac script. | Syriac script. | |
| hrv | Croatian | 3,500 in Italy (N. Vincent in B. Comrie 1987). | Molise, southern, villages of Montemitro, San Felice del Molise, Acquaviva-Collecroce. | Croatian. | Official language in one municipality. There are efforts to revive the use of Croatian literature. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. | |
| hrz | Harzani | 28,132 (2000 WCD). | West Azerbaijan Province: Qalingie, between Marand and Jolfa, northwest of Tabriz; related varieties in Galin Qaya, Babra, and Dizmar. | Close to Karingani and Talysh. | Official language in one municipality. There are efforts to revive the use of Croatian literature. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. | |
| hsb | Sorbian, Upper | 15,000 (1996). Ethnic population: 70,000 to 110,000 with Lower Sorbian (1999 Ken Sasahara). | Upper Saxony, eastern Germany, principal towns Bautzen (Budysin, Catholic) and Kamenz (Protestant). Perhaps a few in Texas, USA. | Bautzen, Kamenz. | Zgusta (1974) says Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian are two standard languages. Use of Sorbian is authorized in local government and schools. Increasing literature production. Now accepted as a minority language. 40,000 to 45,000 others have some knowledge of it. Most speakers are older adults. Most of the monolinguals are the very young (Stephens 1976). Nearly all also use German. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1728–1797. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1728–1797. | |
| hsf | Huastec, Southeastern | 1,749 (1990 census). | Northern Veracruz, directly east of Huasteco Veracruz, including Cerro Azul on the southeastern edge, Tepetzintla on the southern edge, Tantima on the northern edge, Santa María Ixcatepec on the western edge, San Francisco Chontla, Tancoco, Amatlán Tuxpan, Galeana y Zaragoza Vieja, Tamiahua. | 80% intelligibility of Veracruz Huastec. | Children do not speak the language. Speakers also use Spanish or Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1728–1797. | Taught in primary schools. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1728–1797. | |
| hsh | Hungarian Sign Language | 60,000 deaf (1999 National Association for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing). | Used throughout Hungary. May also be used in western Romania. | Budapest, Sopron, Miskolc, Debrecen, Szeged, Eger. Related to Austrian Sign Language and German Sign Language. May be related to Yugoslavian Sign Language. Dialects have some different signs for lexical items, similar or same grammar. | 300,000 hard-of-hearing people use it as second language. All ages. Budapest dialect is viewed as the standard. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| hsl | Hausa Sign Language | No estimate available. | Used throughout Hungary. May also be used in western Romania. | Budapest, Sopron, Miskolc, Debrecen, Szeged, Eger. Related to Austrian Sign Language and German Sign Language. May be related to Yugoslavian Sign Language. Dialects have some different signs for lexical items, similar or same grammar. | 300,000 hard-of-hearing people use it as second language. All ages. Budapest dialect is viewed as the standard. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| hsn | Chinese, Xiang | 36,015,000 (1984). | Hunan Province, over 20 counties in Sichuan, and parts of Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. | Changyi, Luoshao, Jishu. Linguistically between Mandarin and Wu Chinese and marginally intelligible with them. | Sufficiently bilingual in Standard Chinese to use that literature. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| hss | Harsusi | 1,000 to 2,000 (1998 H. Mutzafi). | Jiddat al-Harasis, Dhofar Province, south central Oman. | Close to Mehri, but usually considered to be a separate language. | It is reported that they are increasing in use of Mehri and proficiency in it, and also bilingual in Arabic. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| hti | Hoti | 10 (1987 SIL). | East Seram, central Maluku. | Close to Mehri, but usually considered to be a separate language. | All speakers are older adults (1987). | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| hto | Huitoto, Minica | 5 in Peru (1995 SIL). | Upper Igara-Parana. Caquetá River at Isla de los Monos, Caguan River near Sanvicente del Caguan. Also spoken in Peru. | Close to Mehri, but usually considered to be a separate language. | Official language. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| hts | Hadza | 800 (2000 Brenzinger). Ethnic population: 800. | Some distance northwest of the Sandawe, southeast of Lake Victoria, Singida, Arusha, and Shinyanga regions, near Lake Eyasi. | Bali may be a dialect. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Literacy rate in first language: 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 85%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| hub | Huambisa | 9,333 (2000 WCD). | Morona and Santiago rivers. | Close to Aguaruna and Achuar-Shiwiar. | Official language. Trade language. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 20%, 1 25%, 2 25%, 3 20%, 4 9%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| huc | =|Hua | 200 (2004 Cook). | Southern Kalahari Desert, Kweneng District. Sasi are in southwestern Mahalapye Subdistrict of the Central District. | =|Hua, Sasi. Related to !Xóõ. | Diminishing in number of speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| hud | Huaulu | 300 (1987 SIL). | East Seram, central Maluku, northwest of Manusela, 10 villages. | Lexical similarity 64% to 72% with Manusela dialects. | Diminishing in number of speakers. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| hue | Huave, San Francisco del Mar | 900 (1990 census). 30% to 40% monolingual in the old village. Ethnic population: 3,900 (1990 census). | Southeastern coast, Oaxaca, Juchitán District, San Francisco del Mar, old town and new town. | 38% intelligibility of San Mateo del Mar Huave. The most divergent variety of Huave. Only fishermen were tested, and they are familiar with the other varieties. | Younger speakers use Spanish as second language. 2,000 to 3,000 in the new San Francisco town have shifted from Huave to Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| huf | Humene | 935 (2000). | Central Province, lower edge of Sogeri Plateau and adjacent plain between Gaire and Kapakapa villages. Manugoro is principal village. | Lagume (Lakume, Manukolu), Humene. Lexical similarity 65% to 74% with Kwale (closest). | Some speakers know Hiri Motu and Motu, some English. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| hug | Huachipaeri | 311 (2000 WCD). Population includes 12 Sapiteri, 10 Toyeri, 20 Arasairi, 50 Manuquiari, 36 to 50 Pukirieri (Puncuri). | Upper Madre de Dios and Keros rivers. | Huachipaire, Sapiteri, Toyeri (Toyoeri, Tuyuneri), Arasairi. Close to Amarakaeri but they probably cannot use the same literature. The Sapiteri are integrating with the Amarakaeri. Toyeri is similar to Sapiteri. Some Kisambaeri (Amarakaeri dialect) have integrated with the Toyeri and others with the Sapiteri. Manuquiari may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Huachipaeri. Pukirieri may be a subgroup of Toyeri or Arasairi. Arasairi is distinct from Amarakaeri or Huachipaeri; similar to Sapiteri. | Official language. Speakers have some proficiency in Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| huh | Huilliche | 2,000 (1982 SIL). | South of the Mapuche, Tenth Region, from Valdivia to Chiloé. | Tsesungún. Related to Mapudungun, but barely intelligible with it. | Few domains. Speakers are older adults. Most of the ethnic group speaks Spanish as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50%. Dictionary. NT: 1975–1997. | |
| hui | Huli | 70,000 (1991 UBS). | Southern Highlands Province around Tari, and southern fringe of Enga Province. | Tsesungún. Related to Mapudungun, but barely intelligible with it. | Few domains. Speakers are older adults. Most of the ethnic group speaks Spanish as first language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible: 2003. | |
| huj | Hmong, Northern Guiyang | 60,000 (1987 Wurm et al.). | Suburbs of Guiyang City, Pingba, Zhenning, Kaiyang, Guiding, Qingzhen, and Anshun counties or towns, northern portion. | Inherently unintelligible to speakers of other Hmong varieties. | All domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. Bible: 2003. | |
| hun | Hungarian | 176,000 in Ukraine (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Transcarpathian Ukraine. | Oberwart. | 95% speak it as first language. | Newspapers. Grammar. Bible: 1590–1991. | Newspapers. Grammar. Bible: 1590–1991. | |
| huo | Hu | 1,000 (1984 Svantesson). | Southwestern Yunnan Province, Mengla, Jinghong, 5 villages. | Oberwart. | 95% speak it as first language. | Newspapers. Grammar. Bible: 1590–1991. | Newspapers. Grammar. Bible: 1590–1991. | |
| hup | Hupa | 8 (1998 Brook). Ethnic population: 2,000. | Hoopa Valley Reservation, northwestern California. | Whilkut. | Speakers have shifted to English. Language revitalization effort is in progress. Adult classes, language immersion camps. Speakers are older adults. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| huq | Tsat | 3,800 (1999 Zheng Yiqing). Ethnic population: 5,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Southern Hainan, villages of Huixin and Huihui in the Yanglan suburban district of Sanya City. | Closest to Northern Roglai, but very different. Tsat is structurally changed to be like Chinese. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Others speak second-languages Fukienese or Cantonese Chinese for commerce, or Mandarin Chinese for school. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| hur | Halkomelem | 25 in the USA (1997 Galloway). Ethnic population: 5,267 (1997 Galloway). | Washington. | Chiliwack, Cowichan, Musqueam, Nanaimo. | Speakers have shifted to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| hus | Huastec, Veracruz | 50,000 (1990 census). | Northern Veracruz, 60 villages. | 84% intelligibility of San Luís Potosí Huastec. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 5%, 1 25%, 2 30%, 3 40%, 4 0%, 5 0%. Speakers also use Spanish or Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. Bible portions: 1994–2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. Bible portions: 1994–2000. |
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