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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grr | Taznatit | 40,000 (1995). | Isolated, around Timimoun, near the Touat Region and around 400 miles southwest of the Mzab. | Gourara (Gurara), Touat (Tuat, Tuwat). Related to Tumzabt, Tagargrent, Temacine Tamazight, but not as close as they are to each other. Low intelligibility of other Tamazight speech forms, including Tumzabt and Tagargrent. | Vigorous. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grs | Gresi | 2,500 (1987 SIL). | West of Lake Sentani, southeast of Genyem, in villages of Hawa, Bring, Tabangkwari, Yansu, Ibub, Sunna, Klaysu. | Lexical similarity 80% with Kemtuik. | Speakers also use Indonesian. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grt | Garo | 102,000 in Bangladesh (1993). | Northeastern, Mymensingh plains, Tangail Shripur, Jamelpur, Netrakara, Sylhet, Dhaka. | Abeng, Achik. | All ages. Parents want their children to read and write Garo. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Bengali. | Literacy rate in second language: 90% in Bengali. | |
| gru | Kistane | 254,682 (1998 census). Ethnic population: 363,867 (1998 census) including 4,000 Gogot. | Gurage, Kambaata, Hadiyya Region, just southwest of Addis Ababa. | Soddo (Aymallal, Aymellel, Kestane, Kistane), Dobi (Dobbi, Gogot, Goggot). Not intelligible with Silte or West Gurage. Dobi speakers' comprehension of Soddo is 76%, and Soddo speakers' comprehension of Dobi is 90%. | 60,538 second-language speakers. People along the roads have contact with Amharic; some men are partially bilingual. People in the interior are not generally bilingual (B. Denboba 1989). | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | |
| grv | Grebo, Central | 29,131 (2000 WCD). | Eastern border, including Barrobo. | Globo, Nyenebo, Dorobo, Borobo, Trembo. Distinct from Gboloo. Dialects may be quite distinct. | 60,538 second-language speakers. People along the roads have contact with Amharic; some men are partially bilingual. People in the interior are not generally bilingual (B. Denboba 1989). | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | |
| grx | Guriaso | 162 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District. | Globo, Nyenebo, Dorobo, Borobo, Trembo. Distinct from Gboloo. Dialects may be quite distinct. | 60,538 second-language speakers. People along the roads have contact with Amharic; some men are partially bilingual. People in the interior are not generally bilingual (B. Denboba 1989). | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | |
| gry | Grebo, Barclayville | 23,700 (1991 Vanderaa). 387,000 all Grebo languages in Liberia (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Grand Gedeh County. Southeast coast and inland, between Klao and Jabo Grebo. | Wedebo, Kplebo. A dialect cluster. Dialects are quite distinct. Many phonological differences with Jabo, which would make literacy difficult if they were combined. | They identify with Klao, but understand Grebo better. There are strong ethnocentric attitudes between subgroups. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 21.5%. | |
| gsc | Gascon | 3,814 in Spain (1991 linguistic census). Ethnic population: 5,552 (1991). | Aran Valley, headwaters of the Garona River in the northwest corner of the autonomous region of Catalonia, Pyrenees Mountains The capital is Viella. | Baish Aranés, Mijaranés Aranés, Naut Aranés. | Officially recognized in Spain. The Center of Linguistic Normalization is dedicated to the promotion of its use. It is an official language within the valley. The spelling has been standardized. 60% of the valley's inhabitants always or usually speak Aranese, over 10% speak it as a second language. 1,283 understand it, but do not speak it. Vigorous. Most domains. Speakers in Spain: 532 ages 2 to 14, 775 ages 15 to 29, 733 ages 30 to 44, 750 ages 45 to 64, 609 over 65, 9 without age indicated. Over half the speakers are fluent in French, Spanish, Catalan, or Occitan. Catalan and Spanish are taught in school. About half of those in Spain also speak French because of commercial traffic both ways across the border. 96.4% can understand Catalan, 73.3% can speak it. | Literacy rate in first language: 51% read Aranese; 18.6% write it (1991). Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100% in Spanish, 50% in Catalan. Taught regularly in school since 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 51% read Aranese; 18.6% write it (1991). Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100% in Spanish, 50% in Catalan. Taught regularly in school since 1984. | |
| gse | Ghanaian Sign Language | No estimate available. | Aran Valley, headwaters of the Garona River in the northwest corner of the autonomous region of Catalonia, Pyrenees Mountains The capital is Viella. | Related to American and Nigerian sign languages. Brought in 1957 by missionary Andrew Foster. Differs from American Sign Language in lexicon. There are new and local signs, and some modified from ASL. | 9 deaf schools. Other deaf people use home signs. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1957. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Little research. Some sign language classes for hearing people. | Literacy rate in first language: 51% read Aranese; 18.6% write it (1991). Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100% in Spanish, 50% in Catalan. Taught regularly in school since 1984. | Literacy rate in first language: 51% read Aranese; 18.6% write it (1991). Literacy rate in second language: Nearly 100% in Spanish, 50% in Catalan. Taught regularly in school since 1984. | |
| gsg | German Sign Language | 50,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Population includes 22,000 members of German Deaf Association. | Western Germany. | Many regional lexical variations. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. | 9 deaf schools. Other deaf people use home signs. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1957. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Little research. Some sign language classes for hearing people. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| gsm | Guatemalan Sign Language | No estimate available. | Western Germany. | Many regional lexical variations. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. | 9 deaf schools. Other deaf people use home signs. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1957. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Little research. Some sign language classes for hearing people. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| gsn | Gusan | 794 (1980 census). | Morobe Province. | Many regional lexical variations. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. | 9 deaf schools. Other deaf people use home signs. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1957. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Little research. Some sign language classes for hearing people. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| gsp | Wasembo | 586 (1980 census). | Morobe Province, west of Ufim. | Many regional lexical variations. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. | 9 deaf schools. Other deaf people use home signs. Elementary schools for deaf children since 1957. Sign language interpreters are required for deaf people in court. Little research. Some sign language classes for hearing people. | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| gss | Greek Sign Language | 42,600 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). | Morobe Province, west of Ufim. | Many regional lexical variations. Some similarity to French and other European sign languages. Relation to sign languages of eastern Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is not known. More than one sign language used in eastern Germany. | 12,000 children and 30,000 active adult users (1996). | Bible portions: 1998. | Bible portions: 1998. | |
| gsw | Schwyzerdütsch | 29,000 in Liechtenstein. | Southwestern, southern Baden-Wuerttemberg. | High Alemannisch. | Spoken by the majority of the people in the country. Speakers also use Standard German. | Grammar. NT: 1984. | Grammar. NT: 1984. | |
| gta | Guató | 40 (1993 SIL). Ethnic population: 382 (1993 SIL). | Mato Grosso do Sul and Bolivian border, banks of the Paraguai and going up the São Lourenço rivers. | High Alemannisch. | Spoken by the majority of the people in the country. Speakers also use Standard German. | Grammar. NT: 1984. | Grammar. NT: 1984. | |
| gua | Shiki | No estimate available. | Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA. Gubi and Guru towns north of Bauchi town. | Gubi, Guru. | All speakers are older adults (CAPRO 1995:153). Speakers also use Gera or Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% or less. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% or less. | |
| gub | Guajajára | 15,000 (2000 SIL). | Maranhco, Pindaré, Grajaú, Mearim, and Zutiua rivers, 81 villages. | Pindare, Zutiua, Mearim, Tembe of Gurupi. | Speakers have some proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Grammar. NT: 1985. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Grammar. NT: 1985. | |
| guc | Wayuu | 170,000 in Venezuela (1995 SIL). | Zulia State, Guajira Peninsula. | Pindare, Zutiua, Mearim, Tembe of Gurupi. | Speakers have some proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 2002. | |
| gud | Dida, Yocoboué | 101,600 (1993 SIL). Population includes 7,100 Guitry, 94,500 Divo. | Southern Department, Guitry Subprefecture, area around town of Guitry. | Lozoua (Guitry, Yocoboue, Yokouboué, Gakpa, Goudou, Kagoué), Divo. Lakota Dida is marginally intelligible with Yocoboué. | Guitry is prestigious. Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1930–1972. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1930–1972. | |
| gue | Gurinji | 250 (1983 Black). Population includes 400 partial speakers. | Victoria River and Wave Hill, Kalkaringi, Northern Territory. | Malngin, Wanyjirra (Wandjirra). | All also use Kriol. | Bible portions: 1981–1986. | Bible portions: 1981–1986. | |
| guf | Gupapuyngu | 450 (1983 Black). 500 in other Dhuwal varieties besides those listed. | Milingimbi, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, and Elcho Islands. | Gupapuyngu, Madarrpa, Manggalili, Munyuku, Wubulkarra, Walangu. About 45 related dialects. Close to Gumatj. | 950 second-language speakers. Children are learning Djambarrpuyngu. Others use that, Gumaj or other Aboriginal languages as second language. | Bible portions: 1967. | Bible portions: 1967. | |
| gug | Guaraní, Paraguayan | 4,648,000 in Paraguay (1995). Population total all countries: 4,848,000. | Also spoken in Argentina. | Jopará (Yopará). One speaker of Chiripá indicated it was bilingualism rather than linguistic closeness that made Paraguayan Guaraní intelligible to him. Jopará is the colloquial form mixed with Spanish loanwords, used by 90% of the population in and around Asunción. Lexical similarity 80% with Chiriguano and 75% lexical similarity with Mbyá. | Official language. 52% of rural Paraguayans are monolingual in Guaraní. Used some in education. All ages. | Bible: 1997. | Bible: 1997. | |
| guh | Guahibo | 5,000 in Venezuela. | Orinoco River from Caicaro de Orinoco on the upper Orinoco, Amazonas, and Apure states. | Guahibo (Sikuani), Amorua (Rio Tomo Guahibo), Tigrero. The Guahiban languages may not be within Arawakan. | Official language. 52% of rural Paraguayans are monolingual in Guaraní. Used some in education. All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Primary schools in most areas. Secondary schools in some areas. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 45%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. Primary schools in most areas. Secondary schools in some areas. Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| gui | Guaraní, Eastern Bolivian | 304 in Paraguay (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 1,006 to 1,707 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Chaco. | Chané, Izoceño (Izocenyo, Isocenio). | Chané is a group that formerly spoke an Arawakan language, but now speak a variety of Western Argentine Guaraní. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 2001. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 2001. | |
| guj | Gujarati | 12,000 in Zambia (1985 IEM). | Small communities. | Standard Gujarati (Saurashtra Standard, Nagari, Bombay Gujarati, Patnuli), Gamadia (Gramya, Surati, Anawla, Brathela, Eastern Broach Gujarati, Charotari, Patidari, Vadodari, Ahmedabad Gamadia, Patani), Parsi, Kathiyawadi (Jhalawadi, Sorathi, Holadi, Gohilwadi, Bhawnagari), Kharwa, Kakari, Tarimuki (Ghisadi). Some Pakistani dialects are closer to standard Gujarati than others. Pakistani Gujarati is probably a subdialect of Patani (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). The Memoni ethnic group in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, and other parts of Pakistan are reported to speak a variety closer to Gujarati, while those in India are reported to speak a variety of Kachchi. | Vigorous. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% (1974). Gujarati script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1823–2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 30% (1974). Gujarati script. Newspapers. Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1823–2002. | |
| guk | Gumuz | 40,000 in Sudan. | Northern Sudan, east of Er Roseires, around Famaka and Fazoglo on the Blue Nile and northwards along the Ethiopia border. | Disoha (Desua), Dakunza (Degoja, Dukunza, Gunza, Ganza, Dukuna, Dugunza), Sai, Sese (Saysay), Dekoka, Dewiya, Kukwaya, Gombo, Jemhwa, Modea. | 4,379 second-language speakers. Limited comprehension of Oromo. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 6.2%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 6.2%. | |
| gul | Sea Island Creole English | 250,000 (2000). 7,000 to 10,000 monolinguals. Population includes 10,000 in New York City (1989 Holm). Ethnic population: 250,000. | Coastal region from Jacksonville, North Carolina to Jacksonville, Florida, and especially on the Sea Islands off the Georgia coast. Small clusters in New York City and Detroit. | Northeast Florida Coast, Georgia, South Carolina. Intelligibility of other English-based creoles is undetermined. Very close to Bahamas Creole and Afro-Seminole. Lexical similarity 90% with Afro-Seminole. | Vigorous. Barely understandable with Standard English. Government bilingual education program begun. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1994. | |
| gum | Guambiano | 15,596 (2000 WCD). Less than 10% monolinguals. Ethnic population: 12,000 to 15,000 (2000). | Central Andes Range near Popayán, Cauca, in concentrated areas. | Northeast Florida Coast, Georgia, South Carolina. Intelligibility of other English-based creoles is undetermined. Very close to Bahamas Creole and Afro-Seminole. Lexical similarity 90% with Afro-Seminole. | Vigorous. All domains. Administration, commerce, labor relations. Positive language attitude. Over 90% also use some Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 2,000 or more read Guambiano, a few can write it. The orthography lacks agreement. It is taught in the schools to some degree. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 2,000 or more read Guambiano, a few can write it. The orthography lacks agreement. It is taught in the schools to some degree. Roman script. Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| gun | Guaraní, Mbyá | 8,000 in Paraguay (2000 Dooley). | Departamentos de Caaguazú, Guairá, Caazapá, San Pedro, Concepción, Canindeyú, Itapúa, and other scattered locations. | Tambéopé, Baticola. Lexical similarity 75% with Paraguayan Guaraní. | All ages. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1987. | Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1987. | |
| guo | Guayabero | 1,237 (1993 census). Ethnic population: 1,237 (1993). | Upper Guaviaré River, Metá and Guaviaré states. | Tambéopé, Baticola. Lexical similarity 75% with Paraguayan Guaraní. | Young children and older women are monolingual in Guayabero. Others know varying degrees of Spanish. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 33%, 1 50%, 2 15%, 3 2%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. Available in most villages. Bible portions: 1961–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: Few. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 20%. Available in most villages. Bible portions: 1961–1995. | |
| gup | Gunwinggu | 1,511 (2000 WCD). | Oenpelli, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Maningrida, Croker Island. | Gumadir, Muralidban, Gunei, Gundjeipme, Naiali. | Some Ngalkbun use this as a second language. Many domains. Some children speakers. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1942–1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1942–1993. | |
| guq | Aché | 1,500 (2002). | Eastern, Alto Paraná, Caaguazú, Chopa Pou, Cerro Moroti, and Puerto Barra reservations, and Tupa Renda. | Reported to be four dialects, one of which is nearly extinct. | Speakers are becoming bilingual in Paraguayan Guaraní. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| gus | Guinean Sign Language | No estimate available. | Conakry. | Reported to be four dialects, one of which is nearly extinct. | Used in the deaf school in Conakry. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| gut | Maléku Jaíka | 750 (2000). Ethnic population: 1,074 (2000). | Northern. | Reported to be four dialects, one of which is nearly extinct. | 70% of the ethnic group are speakers. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 0%, 1 0%, 2 4%, 3 58%, 4 37%, 5 1%. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| guu | Yanomamö | 1,943 in Brazil. | Amazonas, upper tributaries of Rio Negro. | Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco). | Most speakers monolingual. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| guv | Gey | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,900 (1982 SIL). | North Province, Benoue Division, east of Pitoa. | Eastern Yanomami (Parima), Western Yanomami (Padamo-Orinoco). | Members of the ethnic group now speak Fulfulde. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| guw | Gun | 258,804 in Nigeria (2000 WCD). | Lagos State, Badagry LGA. | Alada (Alada-Gbe), Asento, Gbekon, Gun (Gu, Egun, Goun), Phela, Savi, Weme, Seto. | Speakers also use Fon or French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Radio programs. Bible: 1923–1972. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Radio programs. Bible: 1923–1972. | |
| gva | Guana | 55 (2002 Adelaar). Ethnic population: 406 to 3,000 (2000 Adelaar). | Boquerón, Salado River, south of Chamacoco, north of Sanapaná, Loma Plata. | Layana (Niguecactemigi), Echoaldi (Echonoana, Chararana). Close to Sanapaná. | Increasing use of Paraguayan Guaraní as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Radio programs. Bible: 1923–1972. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Radio programs. Bible: 1923–1972. | |
| gvc | Guanano | 450 in Colombia (1983 SIL). | Lower Vaupés River region. | Layana (Niguecactemigi), Echoaldi (Echonoana, Chararana). Close to Sanapaná. | Increasing use of Paraguayan Guaraní as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| gvf | Golin | 51,105 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Simbu Province, Gumine District. | Yuri, Kia (Kiari), Golin, Keri, Marigl. Close to Dom. | Nondiri is not a language, but a village where the Mian bush people live. They speak Golin. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | |
| gvj | Guajá | 370 (1995 AMTB). | Maranhão, babassu palm area near Gurupi and Upper Pindaré rivers, some in Serra Canastra, Tocantins, and Guamá Post in Pará. At least 6 isolated groups. | Related to Guajajára. | Speakers have low proficiency in Portuguese. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1980. | |
| gvl | Gulay | 163,271 (1993 census). Population includes 23,500 Pen in 26 villages (1995 Djarangar). | Southwest, Moyen-Chari (6 cantons), Logone Oriental (1 canton) and Tandjilé (1 canton) prefectures, between Koumra, Laï, and Doba. | Gulay, Pen (Peni). | Sar is the lingua franca. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| gvm | Gurmana | 3,000 (1989). | Niger State, Shiroro LGA, Gurmana town and nearby hamlets. | Gulay, Pen (Peni). | Sar is the lingua franca. | Bible portions: 1956. | Bible portions: 1956. | |
| gvn | Kuku-Yalanji | 700 (2000 SIL). | Wujal-Wujal, Bloomfield River, Daintree and Mossman, Queensland, between Cooktown and Mossman. Centers are Wujal-Wujal, Bloomfield River (Ayton), Daintree, and Mossman. | Kuku-Nyungkul, Kuku-Biraji. | Vigorous. Oral use in traditional religion, oral and some written use in religious services. Oral tradition. Positive language attitude. All also use English. Perhaps 25 can also speak Kuku-Yimidji. | Literacy rate in first language: 14%. 100 can read Kuku-Yalanji, 30 can write it. Limited oral use as a subject of study. Dictionary. NT: 1985. | Literacy rate in first language: 14%. 100 can read Kuku-Yalanji, 30 can write it. Limited oral use as a subject of study. Dictionary. NT: 1985. | |
| gvo | Gavião do Jiparaná | 472 (2002 SIL). | Rondônia (Gavião). | Gavião, Zoró (Panginey, Cabeça Seca). Partially intelligible with Suruí. Rodrigues lists Zoró and Cinta Larga as separate languages from Gavião (1986). | Vigorous. Oral use in traditional religion, oral and some written use in religious services. Oral tradition. Positive language attitude. All also use English. Perhaps 25 can also speak Kuku-Yimidji. | Bible portions: 1988. | Bible portions: 1988. | |
| gvp | Gavião, Pará | 180 (1995 SIL). | State of Pará, in a new village called 'Kaikoturé', near Marabá. Some live scattered in or near their original locations in Maranhão and Pará. | Related to Krikati-Timbira, Canela, Krahô. | Positive language attitude. Increasing use of regional Portuguese as second language. Schools are in Portuguese. | Bible portions: 1988. | Bible portions: 1988. | |
| gvr | Gurung, Western | 82 in India (1961 census). | West Bengal, Darjeeling. Also possibly in Myanmar. | Southern Gurung (Syangja Gurung), Northwestern Gurung (Kaski Gurung). Dialect speakers may have enough inherent intelligibility of each other to understand complex and abstract discourse. Not enough with Eastern Gurung. Related to Thakali. | 18,918 second-language speakers on all Gurung languages (1991 census). Used in the home. All ages. Positive language attitude. All ages and sexes use Nepali. Most can talk about common topics in Nepali. Nepali is viewed as necessary. School graduates speak some English, which is viewed as economically advantageous. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| gvy | Guyani | Extinct. | South Australia, south Yorke Peninsula. | Close to Narungga. | 18,918 second-language speakers on all Gurung languages (1991 census). Used in the home. All ages. Positive language attitude. All ages and sexes use Nepali. Most can talk about common topics in Nepali. Nepali is viewed as necessary. School graduates speak some English, which is viewed as economically advantageous. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1982. | |
| gwa | Mbato | 25,000 (1993 SIL). | Southern Department, Subprefecture of Petit Alépé. | Related to Ebrii. | Some bilingualism with Attié or Anyin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| gwb | Gwa | 979 (2000 WCD). | Bauchi State, Toro LGA. | Related to Lame. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| gwc | Kalami | 40,000 (1987). | Upper Swat Kohistan from between Peshmal and Kalam north to upper valleys above Kalam, also in Dir Kohistan, in Thal, Lamuti (Kinolam), Biar (Jiar), and Rajkot (Patrak) villages. People at Khata Khotan, China, are reported to be related, recognized by their clothing and language. | Kalam, Ushu, Thal, Lamuti (Lamti), Rajkoti (Patrak), Dashwa. Dialect differences do not hinder communication, except that speakers of other dialects have difficulty with Rajkot. Lexical similarity 90% to 93% among the main dialects; Rajkoti has 75% with Kalam; Dashwa has 77% with Kalami, and 74% with Rajkoti. | There appear to be few speakers of Dashwa. Kalami and Ushu speakers indicate some negative attitudes toward each other's speech. The most widely understood indigenous language in northern Swat and Dir Kohistan. Men have routine proficiency in Pashto; women are more limited. Rajkoti men have high proficiency in Pashto. Uneducated men and women have low proficiency in Urdu. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| gwd | Gawwada | 32,698 (1998 census). 27,477 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 33,971 (1998 census). | Omo Region, west of Lake Chamo. | Dihina (Tihina, Tihinte), Gergere (K'ark'arte), Gobeze, Gollango (Kollanko), Gorose (Gorrose, Korrose), Harso (Worase). Lexical similarity 78% with Bussa, 73% with Tsamai, 77% with Harso, 92% with Gollango, 41% with Komso. Harso has 80% with Dobase, 56% with Tsamai. | 1,367 second-language speakers. Amharic and Oromo are used as second language. Leaders use Komso. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | |
| gwf | Gowro | 200 (1990). | Indus Kohistan on the eastern bank, Kolai area, Mahrin village. | Lexical similarity 65% to 68% with Chilisso, 62% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Bateri, 40% to 43% with Shina, 25% with Torwali, 24% with Kalami. | Speakers also use Shina. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | |
| gwg | Moo | 5,000 (1998). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, northeast of Karim Lamido town, off the Bambuka to Karim-Lamido road, close to Gomu Mountain. | Lexical similarity 65% to 68% with Chilisso, 62% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Bateri, 40% to 43% with Shina, 25% with Torwali, 24% with Kalami. | Speakers also use Shina. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.3%. | |
| gwi | Gwich'in | 300 in the USA (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 1,100 (1995 M. Krauss). | Northeastern Alaska on Yukon River and tributaries. 5 villages: Fort Yukon, Chalkyitsik, Birch Creek, Venetie, and Arctic Village. | Fort Yukon Gwich'in, Arctic Village Gwich'in, Western Canada Gwich'in (Takudh, Tukudh, Loucheux), Arctic Red River. | Greater use in isolated communities. Most speakers are older adults. Most children only speak English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| gwj | |Gwi | 2,500 (2004 Cook). | Kweneng District: Dutlwe, Serinane, Takotokwane, Kautwane, Khekhenye, Letihakeng, Morwamosu, and Tsetseng villages. Ghanzi District: New Xade, East Hanahai, and Kacgae villages. | Khute. | Speakers also use ||Gana or Naro. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | |
| gwn | Gwandara | 27,349 (2000). | Niger State, Suleija LGA; Federal Capital Territory; Kaduna State, Kachia LGA; Nasarawa State, Keffi, Lafia, Nasarawa, and Akwanga LGAs. | Gwandara Karashi, Gwandara Koro, Gwandara Southern (Kyan Kyar), Gwandara Eastern (Toni), Gwandara Gitata, Nimbia. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| gwt | Gawar-Bati | 1,500 in Pakistan (1992). | Southern Chitral, Arandu, and several villages along the Kunar River south of Arandu. | Lexical similarity 47% with Shumashti, 44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali. | Vigorous. All domains. Some use Pashto as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| gwu | Guwamu | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, between St. George, Moonie River, Surat, Maranoa River. | Lexical similarity 47% with Shumashti, 44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali. | Vigorous. All domains. Some use Pashto as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| gww | Kwini | 50 (1979 Black). | Kalumburu, Western Australia. | Lexical similarity 47% with Shumashti, 44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali. | Children may know some of the language, but most speak Aboriginal English as first language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| gxx | Wè Southern | 292,500 (1999 SIL). Population includes 20,000 Niao (1995 SIL). | Western Department, subprefectures of Guiglo, Duékoué, Bangolo, Tai. | Zibiao, Zagne, Zagna, Beu (Zarabaon), Zaa (Zaha), Neao (Niabo, Neabo), Gboo (Gbobo), Fleo, Nyeo. Southern Wè has 7 more consonants than Northern Wè. | Speakers consider Wè to be one language with many dialects. They are one ethnic group, together with Krahn in Liberia. Most bilingual comprehension in French and Jula is limited to greetings and trade. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1982. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 40%. Radio programs. TV. NT: 1982. | |
| gya | Gbaya, Northwest | Very few speakers in Nigeria. | Taraba State, Bali LGA. | Gbeya (Gbea). | They use Sango as lingua franca. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1995. | |
| gyb | Garus | 2,652 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Astrolabe Bay. | Related to Bagupi, Matepi, Mosimo, Murupi, Rapting, Samosa, Silopi. | Speakers are becoming more bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| gyd | Kayardild | 6 (2000 Evans). Ethnic population: 150. | Queensland, Bentinck Island, Gulf of Carpentaria. | Related to Bagupi, Matepi, Mosimo, Murupi, Rapting, Samosa, Silopi. | Speakers are shifting to English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gye | Gyem | 1,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Toro LGA. | Related to Bagupi, Matepi, Mosimo, Murupi, Rapting, Samosa, Silopi. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gyf | Gungabula | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, around Injune. | Related to Bagupi, Matepi, Mosimo, Murupi, Rapting, Samosa, Silopi. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gyg | Gbayi | 5,000 (1996). | Northern Mingala Prefecture. | Related to Ngbandi. Ethnically Kpatili, but not intelligible with Kpatili. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gym | Ngäbere | 128,000 in Panama (1990 census). Population total all countries: 133,092. | Northeastern Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro, western Veraguas, western provinces. Also spoken in Costa Rica. | Valiente, Eastern Guaymí (Tolé, Chiriquí). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 30%, 1 40%, 2 15%, 3 10%, 4 4.5%, 5 .5%. Some speakers also use English creole. | NT: 1977. | NT: 1977. | |
| gyn | Guyanese Creole English | 50,000 in Suriname (1986 SIL). | Georgetown, coast, and Rupununi River area. There may be some in French Guiana. Also spoken in Suriname, USA. | Afro-Guyanese Creole, Rupununi, Indo-Guyanese Creole. It may be intelligible with other English-based creoles of the Caribbean. Closest to creoles of Saint Vincent and Tobago. Rupununi may be a separate language. Speakers of Rupununi, Berbice Creole Dutch, and Skepi Creole Dutch claim they are not inherently intelligible with each other. | The first or second language of most people, but it has no official status. Creole is the home language and used alongside Standard English (M. Adler 1977). There is a creole continuum with Standard English. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| gyr | Guarayu | 5,933 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 7,235 (2000 W. Adelaar). | Northeastern Guarayos River area. | Afro-Guyanese Creole, Rupununi, Indo-Guyanese Creole. It may be intelligible with other English-based creoles of the Caribbean. Closest to creoles of Saint Vincent and Tobago. Rupununi may be a separate language. Speakers of Rupununi, Berbice Creole Dutch, and Skepi Creole Dutch claim they are not inherently intelligible with each other. | All ages. | NT: 1985. | NT: 1985. | |
| gyy | Gunya | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, around Wyandra. | Afro-Guyanese Creole, Rupununi, Indo-Guyanese Creole. It may be intelligible with other English-based creoles of the Caribbean. Closest to creoles of Saint Vincent and Tobago. Rupununi may be a separate language. Speakers of Rupununi, Berbice Creole Dutch, and Skepi Creole Dutch claim they are not inherently intelligible with each other. | All ages. | NT: 1985. | NT: 1985. | |
| gza | Ganza | 5,400 (2004). Ethnic population: 6,291 (2000 WCD). | Western Oromo, near the Blue Nile. | Related to Hozo-Sezo (Ruhlen 1987.322). Lexical similarity 14% with Omotic languages, 6% with Mao. | Oromo-Wellega is the lingua franca of the area, but possibly not for Ganza. | NT: 1985. | NT: 1985. | |
| gzi | Gazi | 7,033 (2000). | Gaz. | Related to Hozo-Sezo (Ruhlen 1987.322). Lexical similarity 14% with Omotic languages, 6% with Mao. | Oromo-Wellega is the lingua franca of the area, but possibly not for Ganza. | NT: 1985. | NT: 1985. | |
| gzn | Gane | 2,900 (1982 Teljeur). | North Maluku, Halmahera Island, south part of southern peninsula. | Close to East Makian and Kayoa. | Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| haa | Han | 7 or 8 in Canada (1997 Krauss). Ethnic population: 300. | Yukon River area in Alaska-Canada border, Dawson. | Close to East Makian and Kayoa. | Speakers are shifting to English. All speakers are older adults (1995). | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | |
| hab | Hanoi Sign Language | No estimate available. | Hanoi. | Related to sign languages in Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. | Speakers are shifting to English. All speakers are older adults (1995). | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | Taught in primary schools. Grammar. | |
| hac | Gurani | 22,948 in Iran (2000 WCD). For all speakers of Gurani group, several million; Hawrami dialect: 20,000 (Blau 1989). | Western part of Kordestan province, near Iraqi border, in Hewraman, east of Sanandaj, also north of Kermanshah. | Kakai (Macho), Hawraman-I Luhon, Hawraman-I Taxt, Kandula, Gawhara, Gurani (Gorani). | Speakers also use Farsi or Central Kurdish. | Modified Arabic script. | Modified Arabic script. | |
| had | Hatam | 16,000 (1993 TEAM). | Eastern Bird's Head, northeast of Manikion, south and southwest of Manokwari. Manokwari Kabupaten; Warmare, Ransiki, and Oransbari kecamatans. | Moi (Moire), Tinam, Miriei, Adihup, Uran. | Speakers also use Farsi or Central Kurdish. | NT: 1993. | NT: 1993. | |
| hae | Oromo, Eastern | 4,526,000 (1998 census). | Eastern and western Hararghe zone in northern Bale zone. | Close to Borana Oromo, but divergent. | The Oromo view themselves as one people speaking one language. Speakers also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | |
| haf | Haiphong Sign Language | No estimate available. | Haiphong. | Related to sign languages in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Laos, and earlier sign languages in Thailand. | The Oromo view themselves as one people speaking one language. Speakers also use Amharic. | Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15%. | |
| haj | Hajong | 19,000 in India (1997). | Meghalaya, West Garo Hills District, western side, West and East Khasi Hills; Assam, Goalpara and Nowgong districts; Arunachal Pradesh; West Bengal. Also spoken in Bangladesh. | Formerly a Tibeto-Burman language, but culturally and linguistically Hinduized and Bengalized (Breton 1997). | Speakers are shifting to Assamese. | Assamese script. | Assamese script. | |
| hak | Chinese, Hakka | 58,800 in Thailand (1984). | Cities. | Hailu (Hoiluk, Hoilluk, Hi-Lu), Sanhsien (Shigen, Shixien, Shi Xien). | Speakers also use Spanish. | Roman script in Taiwan. Bible: 1916. | Roman script in Taiwan. Bible: 1916. | |
| hal | Halang | 4,000 in Laos. | Southern Laos, Attopeu Province. | Close to Jeh. Salang in Laos may be a different but related language. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| ham | Hewa | 2,147 (1986 P. Vollrath SIL). Population includes 290 in Yoliapi (1982 SIL). | Southern Highlands Province, Koroba District; Enga Province, Lagaip District; Sandaun Province, Telefomin District. Lagaip River area, in the mountains north of Duna and Ipili language area, from 8 miles south of the Lagaip River and northward up to the high peaks of the Central Range, which is the political and physical boundary between the Sepik region and the highlands, a land area basically 50 miles from east to west and 20 miles maximum north to south, or 1,000 sq. miles of area. | Upper Lagaip, Central Lagaip, Lower Lagaip, North Hewa. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral and written use in religion. All ages. Speakers view use of Hewa as normal. Bilingual level estimates for Tok Pisin: 0 85%, 1 8%, 2 5%, 3 2%, 4 0%, 5 0%; English: 0 99%, 1 1%, 2–5 0%; Ipili: 0 98%, 1–5 2%; Duna: 0 96%, 1 2%, 2 1%, 3 1%, 4 0%, 5 0%; Oksapmin: 0 99%, 1–5 1%. 1,600 or more are monolingual. 550 can use Tok Pisin, Ipili, Duna, Oksapmin, or English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 25 or fewer can read it, 10 or fewer can write it. Bible portions: 1985. | Literacy rate in first language: below 2%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. 25 or fewer can read it, 10 or fewer can write it. Bible portions: 1985. | |
| hap | Hupla | 3,000 (1982 WT). | Central highlands area near east side of Baliem gorge. | Close to Lower Grand Valley Dani. | Vigorous. All domains. Oral and written use in religion. All ages. Speakers view use of Hewa as normal. Bilingual level estimates for Tok Pisin: 0 85%, 1 8%, 2 5%, 3 2%, 4 0%, 5 0%; English: 0 99%, 1 1%, 2–5 0%; Ipili: 0 98%, 1–5 2%; Duna: 0 96%, 1 2%, 2 1%, 3 1%, 4 0%, 5 0%; Oksapmin: 0 99%, 1–5 1%. 1,600 or more are monolingual. 550 can use Tok Pisin, Ipili, Duna, Oksapmin, or English. | NT: 1994. | NT: 1994. | |
| har | Harari | 21,283 (1998 census). 2,351 monolinguals. 20,000 in Addis Ababa, outside Harar city (Hetzron 1997:486). Ethnic population: 21,757 (1998 census). | Homeland Eastern, traditionally within the walled city of Harar. Large communities in Addis Ababa, Nazareth, and Dire Dawa. | Close to Lower Grand Valley Dani. | 7,766 second-language speakers. Positive language attitude. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 81.3%. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 81.3%. Dictionary. | |
| has | Haisla | 25 (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). Ethnic population: 1,000 (1977 SIL). | Inlet on central British Columbia coast at the head of Douglas Channel, near Kitimat. | Kitimat (Kitamat). Related to Heiltsuk and Kwakiutl. | Speakers are shifting to English. Most or all speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| hat | Haitian Creole French | 12,000 in Guadeloupe (2004). | St. Maartin, St. Barths, and Guadeloupe. | Fablas, Plateau Haitian Creole. Linguistic influences from Wolof (Benjamin 1956), Fon, and Éwé (C. Lefebvre) of West Africa. | Official language. Vigorous. Speakers also use French. | Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1985. | Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1985. | |
| hau | Hausa | 489,000 in Sudan (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Northern Sudan. | Dawra, Katsina, Damagaram, Gobirawa, Aderawa, Arewa, Kurfey, Gaya. | Trade language. In Sudan many speakers are probably ethnic Fulani who no longer speak Fulfulde. | Taught in primary schools. | Taught in primary schools. | |
| hax | Haida, Southern | 10 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 500 (1995 M. Krauss). | Queen Charlotte Islands, Skidegate. | Borderline intelligibility of Northern Haida. | Trade language. In Sudan many speakers are probably ethnic Fulani who no longer speak Fulfulde. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| haz | Hazaragi | 156,794 in Pakistan (2000 WCD). Population includes many recent refugees from Afghanistan. | Quetta (100,000 to 200,000), Karachi and Islamabad (10,000), some villages in rural Sindh. | They speak a variety related to Dari; possibly distinct. | Men are bilingual in Western Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 30% Urdu, Dari or Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 30% Urdu, Dari or Farsi. | |
| hbb | Huba | 175,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Hong, Maiha, Gombi, and Mubi LGAs. | Luwa. | Speakers also use Hausa or Fulfulde. | Nearly all villages have primary schools; some have secondary schools. Literacy program in progress. Bible portions: 1976. | Nearly all villages have primary schools; some have secondary schools. Literacy program in progress. Bible portions: 1976. | |
| hbn | Heiban | 4,412 (1984). | Northern Sudan, around Heiban, Abul (Obul), and nearby hills. In Heiban town on the Abri-Talodi road. | Lexical similarity 90% with Laro (closest). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | NT: 1966. | NT: 1966. | |
| hbo | Hebrew, Ancient | Extinct. | Northern Sudan, around Heiban, Abul (Obul), and nearby hills. In Heiban town on the Abri-Talodi road. | Lexical similarity 90% with Laro (closest). | Used as a liturgical language and for the text of the Jewish Bible. | OT: c. 2000–400 B.C. | OT: c. 2000–400 B.C. | |
| hbu | Habu | 1,260 (2000 WCD). | Northeast of Laclubar and the Idate language. | Many loanwords from Trans-New Guinea languages similar to Makasae, but with Austronesian structure. Related to Waima'a and Kairui. Classification needs further investigation. | Used as a liturgical language and for the text of the Jewish Bible. | OT: c. 2000–400 B.C. | OT: c. 2000–400 B.C. | |
| hca | Andaman Creole Hindi | 10,000 to 31,000 (2002). | Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair and 40 villages south of Port Blair. | A creolization of Hindustani, Bengali, Malayalam. | Used in the home. All ages. Use standard Hindi with outsiders. A diglossic situation exists. | OT: c. 2000–400 B.C. | OT: c. 2000–400 B.C. | |
| hch | Huichol | 20,000 (1990 census). Ethnic population: 20,000. | Northeastern Nayarit and northwestern Jalisco. The main centers are Guadalupe Ocotán, Nayarit, San Andrés Cohamiata, Jal., San Sebastián, Jal., Santa Catarina, Jal., Tuxpan de Bolaños, Jal. | San Andrés Cohamiata (Western Huichol), San Sebastián-Santa Catarina (Eastern Huichol), Coyultita. 58% cognate with El Nayar Cora, closest (Wick Miller 1984). | Vigorous. All domains. Oral and written use in religious services, oral use in local commerce, administration, oral literature, songs. Letter writing. All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 10%, 1 50%, 2 30%, 3 9%, 4 1%, 5 0%. A very few also know El Nayar Cora. Spanish used in schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Roman script. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1967. | |
| hdn | Haida, Northern | 15 in the USA (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 600 in the USA (1995 M. Krauss). | Southern tip of Alaska panhandle, southern half of Prince of Wales Island, Hydaburg, Kasaan, Craig, and Ketchikan. | Borderline inherent intelligibility of Southern Haida. | Speakers have shifted to English. Speakers are older adults. There is interest in reviving the language. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1891–1899. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1891–1899. | |
| hds | Honduras Sign Language | No estimate available. | Southern tip of Alaska panhandle, southern half of Prince of Wales Island, Hydaburg, Kasaan, Craig, and Ketchikan. | Borderline inherent intelligibility of Southern Haida. | Speakers have shifted to English. Speakers are older adults. There is interest in reviving the language. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1891–1899. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1891–1899. |
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