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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ggu | Gagu | 36,595 (1993). | West Central Department, Oume Subprefecture. | Bokwa, N'da, Bokabo, Tuka. N'da dialect is central. | Speakers also use French, Bété, Gouro, Dida, or Jula. | Bible portions: 1970. | Bible portions: 1970. | |
| ggw | Gogodala | 10,000 (1991 UBS). | Western Province, north bank of Fly River, Aramia River. 301 villages. | Closest to Ari. | Speakers also use French, Bété, Gouro, Dida, or Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1981. | |
| gha | Ghadamès | 2,000 in Libya. Population total all countries: 4,000. | Ghadamès, a small oasis near the Algeria-Tunisia border. Also spoken in Tunisia. | Ayt Waziten, Elt Ulid. | Speakers also use French, Bété, Gouro, Dida, or Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1981. | |
| ghc | Gaelic, Hiberno-Scottish | Extinct. | Ireland and Scotland. | Ayt Waziten, Elt Ulid. | Speakers also use French, Bété, Gouro, Dida, or Jula. | Roman script. Bible: 1690. | Roman script. Bible: 1690. | |
| ghe | Ghale, Southern | 25,189 (2000). | Gandaki Zone, Gorkha District, hills south of Macha Khola. | Barpak, Kyaura, Laprak. Some intelligibility between N. and S. Ghale. Dialect cluster. Glover (1974:8–12) has a Ghale branch under Bodish intermediate between the Tibetan and Gurung branches. Lexical similarity 75% to 78% among dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 81% with Northern Ghale, 39% to 49% with Kutang Ghale, 27% to 30% with Banspur Gurung, 31% with Western Tamang, 20% with Nubri and Tsum, 18% with Tibetan. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive attitudes toward Southern Ghale. Barpak is the most prestigious center. Nepali is viewed as useful for intergroup commerce and government. 30% to 40% monolingual. Others use Nepali, Hindi, or English as second languages. Nepali used with Kutang Ghale and other groups. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| ghh | Ghale, Northern | 2,500 (1991 Smith). | Gandaki Zone, Gorkha District, Buri Gandaki Valley. | Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, Nyak. Nyak is the most diverse dialect. Philim people have 94% intelligibility of Uiya. Speakers have 75% to 79% intelligibility of Barpak in Southern Ghale. Dialect chain runs north and south. Lexical similarity 73% to 89% among dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 81% with Southern Ghale, 45% to 61% with Kutang Ghale, 29% to 37% with Western Tamang, 21% to 27% with Nubri, 22% to 25% with Tsum, 19% to 23% with Kyerung, 19% to 21% with Tibetan. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive attitudes toward N. Ghale. Nepali seen as good for use with government and other groups. Uiya and Barpak are the centers, Barpak has the most prestige. Speakers in Philim, Lho, and Bihi have no more than basic bilingual proficiency in Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| ghk | Karen, Geko | 9,500 (1983). | Yamethin, Toungoo districts, Mobyè State of the southern Shan States. | Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, Nyak. Nyak is the most diverse dialect. Philim people have 94% intelligibility of Uiya. Speakers have 75% to 79% intelligibility of Barpak in Southern Ghale. Dialect chain runs north and south. Lexical similarity 73% to 89% among dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 81% with Southern Ghale, 45% to 61% with Kutang Ghale, 29% to 37% with Western Tamang, 21% to 27% with Nubri, 22% to 25% with Tsum, 19% to 23% with Kyerung, 19% to 21% with Tibetan. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive attitudes toward N. Ghale. Nepali seen as good for use with government and other groups. Uiya and Barpak are the centers, Barpak has the most prestige. Speakers in Philim, Lho, and Bihi have no more than basic bilingual proficiency in Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| ghl | Ghulfan | 16,000 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Kordofan, in two hill ranges 25 to 30 miles south of Dilling: Ghulfan Kurgul and Ghulfan Morung. | Khorla, Uiya, Jagat, Philim, Nyak. Nyak is the most diverse dialect. Philim people have 94% intelligibility of Uiya. Speakers have 75% to 79% intelligibility of Barpak in Southern Ghale. Dialect chain runs north and south. Lexical similarity 73% to 89% among dialects. Lexical similarity 65% to 81% with Southern Ghale, 45% to 61% with Kutang Ghale, 29% to 37% with Western Tamang, 21% to 27% with Nubri, 22% to 25% with Tsum, 19% to 23% with Kyerung, 19% to 21% with Tibetan. | Vigorous. All domains. Positive attitudes toward N. Ghale. Nepali seen as good for use with government and other groups. Uiya and Barpak are the centers, Barpak has the most prestige. Speakers in Philim, Lho, and Bihi have no more than basic bilingual proficiency in Nepali. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| gho | Ghomara | Extinct. | North and west of Tamazight, a small region near Chechaouen, western Rif mountains, Oued Laou Valley. | Coon says Ghomara is intelligible with Tarifit. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Moroccan Spoken Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. NT: 1992. | |
| ghr | Ghera | 10,000 (1998). | A single colony in Hyderabad, between the main bus stop and the railway station. Speakers say more than 90% of the people remained in Surat and Ahmedabad, India. | Quite different grammatically from Gurgula and similar to Urdu. Lexical similarity 87% with Gurgula, 70% with Urdu. | Widespread multilingualism among both sexes with both Sindhi and Urdu. 25% of boys and some girls attend Sindhi medium schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Sindhi. | Literacy rate in second language: 20% Sindhi. | |
| ghs | Guhu-Samane | 12,761 (2000 census). | Morobe Province, Lae District, and a few in Oro Province, from Kanoma and Sidema villages northward. | Sekare. Lexical similarity 18% with Suena and Zia (closest). | Widespread multilingualism among both sexes with both Sindhi and Urdu. 25% of boys and some girls attend Sindhi medium schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1975–1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1975–1983. | |
| ght | Ghale, Kutang | 1,300 (1992). | Gandaki Zone, Northern Gorkha District, Buri Gandaki Valley from Nyak, up to and including Prok. | Bihi, Chak, Rana. Barpak Ghale is understood fairly well farther north. There is a smaller difference between Uiya and Philim than between Barpak and either Uiya or Philim. Lexical similarity 62% to 76% among dialects. Rana is the most diverse. Lexical similarity 39% to 49% with Southern Ghale, 45% to 61% with Northern Ghale, 18% with Banspur Gurung, 16% to 23% with Tamang varieties, 13% to 31% with Nubri, 23% to 27% with Tsum, 22% to 27% with Kyerung, 19% to 24% with Tibetan. | Vigorous. Some Tibetan religious books have been translated into Kutang Ghale by priests who speak the language. Nearly every domain. Attitude toward their language is positive and strong. Tibetan viewed favorably for religious use, Nepali for education and advancement. Speakers in Bihi village have minimal bilingual proficiency in Tibetan and Nepali. Nepali used for communicating with Northern and Southern Ghale speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: Some can read Kutang Ghale in Tibetan script. Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Because literacy in the Tibetan script is currently so low, it is recommended that initial literature development be done in Devanagari script to assist the people in making the transition to Nepali literature as well (Webster 1992:29). Tibetan script. | Literacy rate in first language: Some can read Kutang Ghale in Tibetan script. Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Because literacy in the Tibetan script is currently so low, it is recommended that initial literature development be done in Devanagari script to assist the people in making the transition to Nepali literature as well (Webster 1992:29). Tibetan script. | |
| gia | Kitja | 100 (1983 Black). | Near Hall's Creek and Turkey Creek, Western Australia. | Closest to Miriwung. Related to Kuluwarrang (Guluwarin, Guluwarung). | Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| gib | Gibanawa | No estimate available. | Sokoto State, Jega LGA, near the Dukawa. | Hausa-speaking Fulani. | The largest group in Jega LGA. They use Gibanawa as a contact language. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| gic | Gail | No estimate available. | Mainly in Johannesburg, Pretoria, Cape Town, Durban, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth. | In Johannesburg it is more English based, in Pretoria more Afrikaans based. Reported to be related to Polari in the United Kingdom. | 20,000 second- or third-language speakers. The first language of users is English or Afrikaans. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | Grammar. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| gid | Gidar | 11,687 in Chad (1993 census). | Southwest, Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, Léré Subprefecture, northwest of Léré in Chad to Guider in Cameroon, at least 25 villages. | Lam. | 20,000 second- or third-language speakers. The first language of users is English or Afrikaans. | NT: 1986. | NT: 1986. | |
| gig | Goaria | 25,426 (2000 WCD). | All towns in Sindh Province except Karachi: including Larkana, Sukkur, Moro, Badin, Umerkot. They claim to have come from Jodhpur Rajasthan, India, where there may be more. | This might be the same as Gawari in India. Lexical similarity 75% to 83% with Jogi, 76% to 80% with Marwari sweeper, 72% to 78% with Marwari Meghwar, 70% to 78% with Loarki. | All domains except religion. All ages. Adults speak Sindhi and other local languages for trade, Hindi for worship. | Literacy rate in second language: below 1% in Sindhi. Sindhi-based script. | Literacy rate in second language: below 1% in Sindhi. Sindhi-based script. | |
| gim | Gimi | 22,463 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Eastern Highlands Province, Okapa District. | East Gimi, West Gimi (Gouno). | All domains except religion. All ages. Adults speak Sindhi and other local languages for trade, Hindi for worship. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | |
| gin | Hinukh | 200 (1991 Kibrik). Ethnic population: 300 (1990 Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Close to Tsez (Dido) but probably not inherently intelligible. | Vigorous. Few key domains except family. 50% to 60% of children. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | |
| gio | Gelao | 3,000 (1999 Li Jinfang). About 500 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 579,357. | Daozhen and Wuchuan counties, Anshun and Bijie prefectures of southwest Guizhou Province, southern Yunnan (Zhuang-Miao Autonomous District at Maguan, Malipo, and nearby counties), Guangxi (Longlin Pan-Nationalities Autonomous County), and Hunan. | Qau (Gao, Aqao), A'ou (A'uo), Hagei (Hakei, Hakhi), Duoluo (Toluo). The 'dialects' are reported to be 4 languages (2000 D. Bradley). Phonologically close to Hmong, grammatically to Northern Zhuang and Bouyei. Lexical similarity 45% with Southern Zhuang and Dai, 40% with Dong, 36% with Lati, 32% with Laqua, 29% with Buyang, 24% with Northern Zhuang, 24% with Dong, 22% with Laka, 27% to 40% with Hlai, 10% to 15% with Hmong, 5% to 15% with Mien. | Most domains by older adults. Used in traditional religion. Most speakers are older adults, only used about half time by younger adults, young people use more Chinese, and children may not speak it. Positive language attitude. About 2,500 also use Hmong, Chinese, or Vietnamese. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | |
| giq | Gelao, Green | 300 (2002 Edmondson). | Yen Minh District, Pho La and Dong Van. | Qau (Gao, Aqao), A'ou (A'uo), Hagei (Hakei, Hakhi), Duoluo (Toluo). The 'dialects' are reported to be 4 languages (2000 D. Bradley). Phonologically close to Hmong, grammatically to Northern Zhuang and Bouyei. Lexical similarity 45% with Southern Zhuang and Dai, 40% with Dong, 36% with Lati, 32% with Laqua, 29% with Buyang, 24% with Northern Zhuang, 24% with Dong, 22% with Laka, 27% to 40% with Hlai, 10% to 15% with Hmong, 5% to 15% with Mien. | Many speakers are shifting to Hmong, Tay, or Chinese. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | |
| gir | Gelao, Red | 20. | Yen Minh District. | Qau (Gao, Aqao), A'ou (A'uo), Hagei (Hakei, Hakhi), Duoluo (Toluo). The 'dialects' are reported to be 4 languages (2000 D. Bradley). Phonologically close to Hmong, grammatically to Northern Zhuang and Bouyei. Lexical similarity 45% with Southern Zhuang and Dai, 40% with Dong, 36% with Lati, 32% with Laqua, 29% with Buyang, 24% with Northern Zhuang, 24% with Dong, 22% with Laka, 27% to 40% with Hlai, 10% to 15% with Hmong, 5% to 15% with Mien. | Speakers are shifting to Mandarin. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | |
| gis | Giziga, North | 20,000 (1982 SIL). | Far North Province, Diamare Division, Meri Subdivision, in Tchere and Mogazang massifs and neighboring Dogba plains, north and west of Maroua. | Qau (Gao, Aqao), A'ou (A'uo), Hagei (Hakei, Hakhi), Duoluo (Toluo). The 'dialects' are reported to be 4 languages (2000 D. Bradley). Phonologically close to Hmong, grammatically to Northern Zhuang and Bouyei. Lexical similarity 45% with Southern Zhuang and Dai, 40% with Dong, 36% with Lati, 32% with Laqua, 29% with Buyang, 24% with Northern Zhuang, 24% with Dong, 22% with Laka, 27% to 40% with Hlai, 10% to 15% with Hmong, 5% to 15% with Mien. | Speakers are shifting to Mandarin. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 15%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. NT: 1994. | |
| git | Gitxsan | 400 (1999 Jay Powell). Population includes 220 in the west, 180 in the east. | Gitxsan on middle Skeena River in west central British Columbia. | Gitxsan (Eastern Gitxsan), Gitsken (Western Gitsken). High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | About 1,500 speak Nisga'a as second or third language. Speakers consider Nisga'a and Gitxsan to be politically distinct. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1906. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1906. | |
| giw | Gelao, White | 20 (2002 Edmondson). | Yen Minh District, Pho La and Dong Van. | Gitxsan (Eastern Gitxsan), Gitsken (Western Gitsken). High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | About 1,500 speak Nisga'a as second or third language. Speakers consider Nisga'a and Gitxsan to be politically distinct. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1906. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1906. | |
| giy | Giyug | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Peron Islands in Anson Bay, southwest of Darwin. | Gitxsan (Eastern Gitxsan), Gitsken (Western Gitsken). High degree of inherent intelligibility between Nisga'a and Gitxsan. | About 1,500 speak Nisga'a as second or third language. Speakers consider Nisga'a and Gitxsan to be politically distinct. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1906. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1906. | |
| giz | Giziga, South | 60,000 (1991 UBS). | Far North Province, Diamare and Kaele divisions, in Diamare plains, southwest of Maroua. | Muturami (Muturwa, Muturua, Giziga de Moutouroua, Loulou), Mi Mijivin (Giziga de Midjivin), Rum. | About 1,500 speak Nisga'a as second or third language. Speakers consider Nisga'a and Gitxsan to be politically distinct. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| gji | Geji | 6,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Toro LGA. | Bolu (Magang, Pelu), Geji (Gyaazi, Gezawa, Gaejawa), Zaranda (Buu). Geji dialect cluster, in Barawa language cluster. | About 1,500 speak Nisga'a as second or third language. Speakers consider Nisga'a and Gitxsan to be politically distinct. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| gjk | Koli, Kachi | 400,000 in India (1998). Population includes 100,000 Kachi Koli, 250,000 Rabari, 50,000 or more Vagri Meghwar, Katai Meghwar, and Zalavaria Koli. | There may be a group in India, concentrated in their ancestral homeland centered around Bhuj, in the Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat. | Kachi, Rabari (Rahabari), Kachi Bhil, Vagri (Kachi Meghwar), Katai Meghwar, Zalavaria Koli. | Complex situation: people with basically the same language are socially quite distinct. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. Some older people use Gujarati script, related to Devanagari. Bible portions: 1834–1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Based on Sindhi, based in turn on Arabic. Some older people use Gujarati script, related to Devanagari. Bible portions: 1834–1995. | |
| gju | Gujari | 300,000 in Pakistan (1992). Population includes 2,910 in Chitral (1969), 20,000 in Swat Kohistan (1987), 200,000 to 700,000 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1989). | Throughout northern Pakistan, mainly in the east in Hazara District, NWFP, in Kaghan Valley, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. Scattered communities in southern Chitral, Swat Kohistan, and Dir Kohistan, NWFP, and Gilgit Agency, Northern Areas. | Western Gujari, Eastern Gujari. | It is reported that most Gujars in Pakistani Punjab have shifted to Panjabi. Spoken in some pockets of Punjab by immigrants from elsewhere. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| gka | Guya | 131 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province, 10 to 15 miles west of Seure. | Related to Asaro'o, Muratayak, Bulgebi, Degenan, Forak, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | It is reported that most Gujars in Pakistani Punjab have shifted to Panjabi. Spoken in some pockets of Punjab by immigrants from elsewhere. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| gkn | Gokana | 100,000 (1989). | Rivers State, Gokana LGA. | Bodo, Bomu, Dere, Kibangha. | It is reported that most Gujars in Pakistani Punjab have shifted to Panjabi. Spoken in some pockets of Punjab by immigrants from elsewhere. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| gkp | Kpelle, Guinea | 308,000 (1991 Vanderaa). | Southeast at Liberia border. | Different enough from Kpelle of Liberia to need separate materials. Lexical similarity 52% to 67% with Kono. | Official regional language. | Literacy materials taught in school. Bible portions: 1945–1969. | Literacy materials taught in school. Bible portions: 1945–1969. | |
| gla | Gaelic, Scottish | 58,650 in United Kingdom (2003 census). Population total all countries: 62,175. | North and central counties of Ross, islands of Hebrides and Skye, Glasgow. Also spoken in Australia, Canada, USA. | East Sutherlandshire. Church Gaelic is based on the Perthshire dialect of 200 years ago, and is at a distance from spoken dialects. East Sutherlandshire dialect is so different from other spoken dialects as to be a barrier to communication. | Books and journals are produced on various topics. Resurgence of interest in Scottish Gaelic in the 1990s has been given a boost by the establishing of Scotland's own Parliament, for the first time in 300 years. In some communities it is primarily used in the home, in church, and for social purposes. In bilingual areas Gaelic usually is first language of instruction for most primary subjects. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% (1971 census). Taught in primary schools. Gaelic Medium Education schools have been set up. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1801–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% (1971 census). Taught in primary schools. Gaelic Medium Education schools have been set up. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1801–1992. | |
| glc | Bon Gula | 1,200 (1997 SIL). | Southeast, Guéra Prefecture, Melfi Subprefecture. North of Lake Iro, northeast of Zan. Bon and Ibir villages. | Lexical similarity 46% with Zan Gula. | Vigorous. The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% (1971 census). Taught in primary schools. Gaelic Medium Education schools have been set up. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1801–1992. | Literacy rate in first language: 50% (1971 census). Taught in primary schools. Gaelic Medium Education schools have been set up. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1801–1992. | |
| gld | Nanai | 12 in China (1999 Chaoke). Ethnic population: 4,245 in China (1990 census). | Sanjiang plain in the northeastern corner of Heilongjiang Province, near where the Heilong, Songhua, and Wusuli rivers merge, with most in Tongjiang county, Bacha and Jiejinkou villages, and in Sipai village in Raohe County. | Hezhen (Hezhe, Heche), Qileng (Qile'en, Kili, Kilen, Kirin). | 47 can understand Nanai. Used in religion, traditional literature. All speakers are older adults. Younger generation in China speaks Chinese. People have lost hope that it will survive. All are first- or second-language speakers of Chinese. Written Chinese in common use. | Literacy rate in second language: 84%. | Literacy rate in second language: 84%. | |
| gle | Gaelic, Irish | 95,000 in United Kingdom (2004). | Belfast and counties of Fermanagh and Armagh, Northern Ireland. | Munster-Leinster (Southern Irish), Connacht (Western Irish), Donegal (Ulster, Northern Irish). | National language. Speakers also use English. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1685–1989. | Radio programs. Grammar. Bible: 1685–1989. | |
| glh | Pashayi, Northwest | No estimate available. | From Gulbahar across Kapisa and Laghman provinces to Nuristan on the Alingar River, especially the Alisheng Valley and valleys north of Sarobi. | Gulbahar, Kohnadeh, Laurowan, Sanjan, Shutul, Bolaghain, Pachagan, Alasai, Shamakot, Uzbin, Pandau, Najil, Parazhghan, Pashagar, Wadau, Nangarach. Unintelligible to other Pashayi language speakers. | National language. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| gli | Guliguli | Extinct. | New Georgia. | Possibly was a Kazukuru dialect. | National language. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| glj | Gula Iro | 3,500 (1991 SIL). Population includes 2,000 Pongaal, 725 Tiaala, 200 (?) Tiitaal, 350 Patool, 165 Korintal. | Southeast, Moyen-Chari and Salamat prefectures, Kyabe and Am Timan subprefectures. Around Lake Iro, in and around Boum Kabir, northeast of Sarh. Pongaal dialect is in Boum Kabir, Boum Saher, Madjok, Teonen, and Karou; Tiaala in Masidjanga (Cheroba), Bouni, and Kore; Patool in Badi and Foundouk; Korintal in Cheou (Tieou); Tiitaal in western Salamat Prefecture. | Pongaal (Ponaal), Tiaala, Tiitaal, Patool, Korintal. Not intelligible with Bon Gula or Zan Gula. | Some speakers also use Arabic. There is almost no use of Sara. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| glk | Gilaki | 3,265,000 (1993). Population includes 2,000 Galeshi. | Gilan Region, coastal plain, south of Talish. Galeshi is a mountain dialect. | Galeshi, Rashti. Close to Mâzanderâni. | Speakers use Western Farsi as second language. The educated can read Farsi well. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| glo | Galambu | Ethnic population: 21,622 (2000 WCD). | Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA. | Galeshi, Rashti. Close to Mâzanderâni. | Most members of the ethnic group do not speak Galambu. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| glr | Glaro-Twabo | 4,273 in Liberia (2000 WCD). | Grand Gedeh County, northeastern Liberia. Refugees in Côte d'Ivoire. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. | Glaro, Twabo. Minimal intelligibility between Twabo and some Eastern Krahn dialects, but not between Glaro and Eastern Krahn. Lexical similarity 82% with some Eastern Krahn dialects. Glaro and Twabo have 87% lexical similarity. | Most members of the ethnic group do not speak Galambu. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| glu | Gula | 10,251 (2000 WCD). | Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Kyabé Subprefecture, southwest of Lake Iro. | Probably related to Disa. | Most members of the ethnic group do not speak Galambu. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| glv | Manx | Extinct. Ethnic population: On the Isle of Man: 77,000 residents (1998 UN). | Isle of Man, part of the British Isles, a Crown Dependency, with its own Parliament, laws, currency, and taxation. The United Kingdom represents the Isle of Man at the United Nations. | Close to Scottish Gaelic. | It became extinct in 1974 as a first language. There are efforts to revive it. Second language for several hundred who have mainly learned it as adults. Children are taught it in play-groups. Used for some public functions. | Different from Scottish Gaelic orthography. Grammar. Bible: 1773. | Different from Scottish Gaelic orthography. Grammar. Bible: 1773. | |
| glw | Glavda | 2,800 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Koza Subdivision, on the Nigerian Border, south of Ashigashia, around the village of Gelvaxdaxa. | Bokwa, Ngoshie (Ngweshe), Glavda. Close to Guduf. Wolff (1971) separates Glavda from Guduf and Gvoko. | It became extinct in 1974 as a first language. There are efforts to revive it. Second language for several hundred who have mainly learned it as adults. Children are taught it in play-groups. Used for some public functions. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| gly | Gule | Extinct. Ethnic population: 1,000 (1983 Bender). | Northern Sudan, Jebel Gule, San and Roro hills north of the Gaam, west of Er Roseires. | Bokwa, Ngoshie (Ngweshe), Glavda. Close to Guduf. Wolff (1971) separates Glavda from Guduf and Gvoko. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| gma | Gambera | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, Admiralty Gulf, far northern Kimberleys area. | Bokwa, Ngoshie (Ngweshe), Glavda. Close to Guduf. Wolff (1971) separates Glavda from Guduf and Gvoko. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| gmd | Mághdì | 2,000 (1992). | Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA, a section of the Widala. | Bokwa, Ngoshie (Ngweshe), Glavda. Close to Guduf. Wolff (1971) separates Glavda from Guduf and Gvoko. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Arabic. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1967. | |
| gmo | Gamo-Gofa-Dawro | 1,236,637 (1998 census). 1,046,084 monolinguals including 597,130 Gamo, 259,633 Dawro, 189,321 Gofa. Population includes 690,069 Gamo, 313,228 Dawro, 233,340 Gofa. Ethnic population: 1,292,860 (1998 census) including 719,847 Gamo, 331,483 Dawro, 241,530 Gofa (1998 census). | Omo Region, in and around Arba Minch, and in the mountains west to Lake Abaya. Dache is a place name, not a language. | Gamo (Gemu), Gofa (Goffa), Dawro (Dauro, Kullo, Cullo, Ometay). Subdialects of Dawro are Konta (Conta) and Kucha (Kusha, Koysha). Gamo has 79% to 91% lexical similarity with Gofa, 79% to 89% with Wolaytta, 82% to 87% with Dorze, 73% to 80% with Dawro, 49% with Koorete, 44% with Male. Dawro has 76% with Gofa, 80% with Wolaytta, 73% to 75% with Dorze, 48% with Koorete, 43% with Male. | 77,883 second-language users including 24,438 Gamo, 19,996 Dawro, 33,449 Gofa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Gamo: 18.2%, Gofa: 18.5%, Dawro: 23.8%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Gamo: 18.2%, Gofa: 18.5%, Dawro: 23.8%. | |
| gmu | Gumalu | 580 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Sihan, Amele, Isebe, Bau, Panim. | 77,883 second-language users including 24,438 Gamo, 19,996 Dawro, 33,449 Gofa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Gamo: 18.2%, Gofa: 18.5%, Dawro: 23.8%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: Gamo: 18.2%, Gofa: 18.5%, Dawro: 23.8%. | |
| gna | Kaansa | 6,000 (1990 S. Showalter). | Poni Province, Gaoua Subdistrict, Loropéni Department, bounded by Loropéni on the west, Derbi on the east, Djigoué on the south, and Yérifoula on the north. Obiré, 10 km northwest of Loropéni, is the cultural center and residence of the Kaan king. | Kaansa, Kpatogo (Kpatogoso, Gbadogo, Padoro, Padogho, Padorho, Bodoro). Lexical similarity 81% between dialects, 71% with Khisa, 68% with Dogosé. | All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 9%, 2 12%, 3 43%, 4 36%, 5 0%. All speakers can use Jula as second language, 30% to 50% can use Lobi, less than 20% French. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| gnb | Gangte | 15,100 in Manipur (2001 census). | Manipur, concentrated in southern Churachandpur District, 37 villages; Megalaya; Assam. Also spoken in Myanmar. | Related to Thado Chin. Differs little from Vaiphei, Paite, or Zou (Singh). | Speakers also use Meitei or English. | Literacy high among young people and lower among older people. Roman script. Magazines. Newspapers. Bible: 1991. | Literacy high among young people and lower among older people. Roman script. Magazines. Newspapers. Bible: 1991. | |
| gnc | Guanche | Extinct. | Canary Islands. | Its relation to Berber has been questioned. | Extinct in the 16th century. | Literacy high among young people and lower among older people. Roman script. Magazines. Newspapers. Bible: 1991. | Literacy high among young people and lower among older people. Roman script. Magazines. Newspapers. Bible: 1991. | |
| gnd | Zulgo-Gemzek | 26,000 (2002 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Sava Division, Tokombere Subdivision, eastern edge of Mandara Mountains, north of Maroua, 16 villages. | Gemzek (Gaduwa), Mineo (Minew), Zulgo (Zoulgo, Zulgwa, Zelgwa). Slight dialect differences between villages. | Fulfulde often used in church, but interpreted into Gemzek or Zulgo. If Zulgo is used in church, interpretation is not given into Gemzek. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 1988. | |
| gnh | Lere | Ethnic population: 16,328. | Bauchi State, Toro LGA. | Si (Rishuwa, Kauru, Kuzamani), Gana, Takaya (Taura). Language cluster. | Fulfulde often used in church, but interpreted into Gemzek or Zulgo. If Zulgo is used in church, interpretation is not given into Gemzek. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 1988. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. NT: 1988. | |
| gni | Gooniyandi | 100 (1990 Schmidt). | Gogo, Fossil Downs, Louisa, and Margaret River stations, Western Australia. | Si (Rishuwa, Kauru, Kuzamani), Gana, Takaya (Taura). Language cluster. | Peile says it is nearly extinct. Speakers are shifting to Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gnk | ||Gana | 2,000 (2004 Cook). | Ghanzi District, New Xadi and Ghanzi villages, Ghanzi commercial farms, Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Central District, Boteti Subdistrict, cattleposts south and west of Rakops village. East of Naro, north of |Gwi. | Domkhoe, G||aakhwe (G||aa), G||anakhwe (Kanakhoe), |Khessákhoe. | Speakers also use |Gwi or Naro. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | |
| gnl | Gangulu | Extinct. | Queensland around Isaac River, west of Marlborough. | Domkhoe, G||aakhwe (G||aa), G||anakhwe (Kanakhoe), |Khessákhoe. | Speakers also use |Gwi or Naro. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | |
| gnm | Ginuman | 1,442 (2000). | Milne Bay Province, Mt. Simpson to coast at Naraka. | Lexical similarity 42% with Kanasi (Dombosaina village). | Speakers also use |Gwi or Naro. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | Literacy rate in second language: 15 to 29 years 40% Tswana, 2% English; 30 to 54 years 2% Tswana, 0% English; 55+ years 0%. | |
| gnn | Gumatj | 300 (1983 Black). | Yirrkala, Northern Territory. | Mangalili. | Many also use Gupapuyngu, some English. | NT: 1985. | NT: 1985. | |
| gno | Gondi, Northern | 1,954,000 Betul (1997). 2,632,000 all Gondi. | Madhya Pradesh, Betul, Chhindwara, Seoni, Mandla, Balaghat districts; Maharashtra State, Amravati, Wardha, Nagpur, Bhandara, Yavatmal districts. | Betul, Chhindwara, Mandla, Seoni, Amravati, Bhandara, Nagpur, Yavatmal. Inherent intelligibility between dialects 94% to 97%. Speakers tested in some other dialects understood Amravati 94% to 97%; Betul 83% to 96%, and Seoni 82% to 97%. 58% to 78% intelligibility of Southern Gondi. A separate language from Muria, Maria of Garhichiroli, Dandami Maria, and Koya. Lexical similarity 58% to 90% among dialects. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Some bilingualism in Hindi in Madhya Pradesh and Marathi in Maharashtra, but proficiency is not very high. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Films. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Films. NT: 1996. | |
| gnq | Gana | 2,000 (1985 SIL). | Minusut and Kuangoh, Keningau District along the Baiaya River, a tributary of the Pegalan River, north of Keningau town. | Betul, Chhindwara, Mandla, Seoni, Amravati, Bhandara, Nagpur, Yavatmal. Inherent intelligibility between dialects 94% to 97%. Speakers tested in some other dialects understood Amravati 94% to 97%; Betul 83% to 96%, and Seoni 82% to 97%. 58% to 78% intelligibility of Southern Gondi. A separate language from Muria, Maria of Garhichiroli, Dandami Maria, and Koya. Lexical similarity 58% to 90% among dialects. | People seldom use Gana. Speakers also use Sabah Malay, Central Dusun, or Bahasa Malaysia. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Films. NT: 1996. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. Films. NT: 1996. | |
| gnr | Gureng Gureng | Extinct. | Queensland, southeast, around Abercorn, north Burnett River District. | The Gurreng Gurreng dialect is a 'heavier' one that uses the trilled 'r'. | Still spoken as a second or third language by fewer than 100 children and adults. Guweng may be a dialect. Related to Daribalang and Gabi, which may be extinct. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| gnt | Guntai | 346 (2003 SIL). | Western Province, Morehead District. | Kan. | Still spoken as a second or third language by fewer than 100 children and adults. Guweng may be a dialect. Related to Daribalang and Gabi, which may be extinct. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| gnu | Gnau | 1,325 (2000 census). | Sandaun Province, Namblo Census Division, northwest of Maimai. | Kan. | Still spoken as a second or third language by fewer than 100 children and adults. Guweng may be a dialect. Related to Daribalang and Gabi, which may be extinct. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| gnw | Guaraní, Western Bolivian | 7,000 (2002 Russell). | Chuquisaca Department, south to Pilcomayo River, east to Cuevo, north to Monte Agudo. | Kan. | Still spoken as a second or third language by fewer than 100 children and adults. Guweng may be a dialect. Related to Daribalang and Gabi, which may be extinct. | NT: 1984. | NT: 1984. | |
| goa | Guro | 332,100 (1993 SIL). | West Central and Central departments, subprefectures of Zuénoula, Vavoua, Gouitafla, Bouafle, Sinfra, Oumé. | Kan. | Still spoken as a second or third language by fewer than 100 children and adults. Guweng may be a dialect. Related to Daribalang and Gabi, which may be extinct. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Radio programs. Bible: 1979. | Literacy rate in second language: 25%. Radio programs. Bible: 1979. | |
| gob | Playero | 244 (2000 WCD). | Arauca River, Venezuela border, Arauca Division, on the banks of the Arauca River from Gaviotas Island to Arauca. | Low intelligibility of other Guahibo. | Somewhat acculturated and bilingual in Spanish for trading purposes. | Interest in literacy. | Interest in literacy. | |
| god | Godié | 26,448 (1993 SIL). | Southern Department, Sassandra and Fresco subprefectures. Koyo dialect is in Kotrohou Canton. | Tiglu, Glibe, Kagbo, Dagli, Nugbo, Dlogo, Jluko, Nyago, Koyo. The Koyo dialect may be closer to Dida than to Godié. Kagbo is the most widely understood dialect. | Somewhat acculturated and bilingual in Spanish for trading purposes. | Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1977. | Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1977. | |
| goe | Gongduk | 2,000 (1993 Van Driem). | Eastern Bhutan, Mongar District, Gongdu Gewog, villages of Dagsa, Damkhar, Pangthang, Pam, Yangbari, Bala. | Tiglu, Glibe, Kagbo, Dagli, Nugbo, Dlogo, Jluko, Nyago, Koyo. The Koyo dialect may be closer to Dida than to Godié. Kagbo is the most widely understood dialect. | Somewhat acculturated and bilingual in Spanish for trading purposes. | Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1977. | Radio programs. TV. Bible portions: 1977. | |
| goi | Gobasi | 1,100 (1993 ECP). | Western Province. | Gobasi (Bibo), Honibo, Oibae (Oiba). Related to Samo and Kubo. | Somewhat acculturated and bilingual in Spanish for trading purposes. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Two vernacular primary schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Two vernacular primary schools. | |
| goj | Gowlan | 20,179 (2000 WCD). | Maharashtra, Amravati District, and in some cases in the same communities as Korku people. Also in Hoshangabad District. Some reported in northern Karnataka. | Dialects in Maharashtra and Karnataka reported to be different. May be closer to Hindi (Central zone) than to Marathi (Southern zone). | Positive language attitudes toward Gowlan and Hindi. Only some want their children to learn Marathi. Bilingualism in Hindi is low in at least the Chikli area. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Two vernacular primary schools. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 10% to 15%. Two vernacular primary schools. | |
| gok | Gowli | 35,000 (1997). | Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra, Amravati District. | Nand, Ranya, Lingaayat, Khamla. Nand subdialects have 93% or higher intelligibility of the Khamla dialect. Dialect used in Madhya Pradesh appears closer to Marathi (Southern zone) than to Hindi (Central zone). Ranya has 84% to 92% lexical similarity with Nand. | Used in the home. Many have some comprehension of Marathi and Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| gol | Gola | 8,000 in Sierra Leone (1989 TISLL). | Along the border and a few miles into Sierra Leone. | De (Deng), Managobla (Gobla), Kongbaa, Kpo, Senje (Sene), Tee (Tege), Toldil (Toodii). | Speakers in Sierra Leone are shifting to Mende. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| gom | Konkani, Goanese | 3,900 in Kenya (1987). | Nairobi. | Standard Konkani (Goanese), Bardeskari (Gomantaki), Sarasvat Brahmin, Kudali (Malvani), Daldi (Nawaits), Chitpavani (Konkanasths), Mangalore. Daldi and Chitapavani are transitional dialects between Goanese and Standard Konkani. | Used by many Asians whose ancestors came from Goa or north India. Not used in schools. Goanese Konkani is the language of the home and community. Speakers also use English. | Kannada, Roman script. NT: 1818–1999. | Kannada, Roman script. NT: 1818–1999. | |
| gop | Yeretuar | 350 (2000). | Lower Cenderawasih Bay, south of Wandamen language. | Standard Konkani (Goanese), Bardeskari (Gomantaki), Sarasvat Brahmin, Kudali (Malvani), Daldi (Nawaits), Chitpavani (Konkanasths), Mangalore. Daldi and Chitapavani are transitional dialects between Goanese and Standard Konkani. | Used by many Asians whose ancestors came from Goa or north India. Not used in schools. Goanese Konkani is the language of the home and community. Speakers also use English. | Kannada, Roman script. NT: 1818–1999. | Kannada, Roman script. NT: 1818–1999. | |
| goq | Gorap | 1,000 (1992 SIL). | North Maluku, Morotai Island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. | Reported to be a mixed language, including Ternate and Malay words, with different word order from other languages of north Halmahera or the Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity 85% with Indonesian, but comprehension is limited. | All domains. | Kannada, Roman script. NT: 1818–1999. | Kannada, Roman script. NT: 1818–1999. | |
| gor | Gorontalo | 900,000 (1989). | Northwestern Sulawesi, southern coast of northern peninsula. | East Gorontalo, Gorontalo Kota, West Gorontalo (Kwandang), Tilamuta, Limboto (Limbotto). The Gorontalo-Mongondow subgroup may relate more closely to a Greater Central Philippines subgroup than to the Sulawesi subgroup (Blust 1991). | All domains. | NT: 2000. | NT: 2000. | |
| gos | Gronings | 592,000 (2003). | Groningen Province. | West Groningen (West Gronings), Groningen-East Frisian (Gronings-Oostfries), Veenkoloniaals (Veen Colony), Westerwolds (Westerwold). | Official language. The primary language of many rural people. Most use Dutch as second language. | Dictionary. Bible: 1987. | Dictionary. Bible: 1987. | |
| got | Gothic | Extinct. | Bulgaria and central Europe. | Crimean Gothic, Ostrogoth, Visigoth. | Official language. The primary language of many rural people. Most use Dutch as second language. | Bible: 520. | Bible: 520. | |
| gou | Gavar | 7,000 (2001 SIL). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Mokolo Subdivision, around Gawar, Mogode Canton, south of Mokolo. One group of Gavar Hossere lives among the Gavar-Fulfulde, and another in relative isolation in the mountains around Kortchi village. | Lexical similarity 90% with Buwal. | The Gavar Hossere speak Gavar; the Gavar Fulfulde speak Fulfulde. Used in the home and village. The Gavar Hossere use Fulfulde in the market and for outside contacts. French is learned by the few who go to school. Comprehension of surrounding languages is limited (Mofu South, Mafa, Daba). | Bible: 520. | Bible: 520. | |
| gow | Gorowa | 50,000 (1999 R. Kiessling). | Arusha Region, Mbulu District; Dodoma Region, Kondoa District, near Babati, around Mt. Ufiome. | Close to Burunge, Alagwa, Iraqw. May be a dialect of Iraqw. | Speakers also use Iraqw or Swahili. | Bible: 520. | Bible: 520. | |
| goy | Goundo | 30 (1998). | Tanjilé Prefecture, Laï and Kélo subprefectures, Goundo-Bengli, Goundo-Nangom, and Goundo-Yila villages. | Lexical similarity with Besmé 60%, Kim 51%. | Younger people have shifted to Kabalai and Nancere. All speakers are older adults. | Bible: 520. | Bible: 520. | |
| goz | Gozarkhani | No estimate available. | Gozarkhan (northwest of Qazvin); Tajrish, north of Tehran; Alamut area. | Close to Maraghei, as well as Semnani languages. | Younger people have shifted to Kabalai and Nancere. All speakers are older adults. | Bible: 520. | Bible: 520. | |
| gpa | Gupa-Abawa | 15,000 (1989). Population includes 10,000 or more Gupa, 5,000 Abawa. | Niger State, Lapai LGA, around Gupa and Edzu villages. | Gupa, Abawa. | Younger people have shifted to Kabalai and Nancere. All speakers are older adults. | Bible: 520. | Bible: 520. | |
| gpn | Taiap | 80 (2000 S. Wurm). | East Sepik Province, Gapun village. | Not closely related to any other language. | All speakers older than 10 years. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. | |
| gqa | Ga'anda | 43,000 (1992). | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA. Some also in Song, Guyuk, and Mubi LGAs, and Borno State, Biu LGA. | Ga'anda, Gabin. | Speakers also use Hausa or Fulfulde. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| gqi | Guiqiong | 6,000 (2000 Sun Hongkai). Fewer than 1,000 monolinguals, mainly older adults. Ethnic population: 7,000 (2000 D. Bradley). | Plateaus on both sides of the Dadu River north from Luding County in the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in west central Sichuan, and nearby in northwest Tianquan County. One town is Wasigou. | Phonological dialect differences, but communication is possible. There are 2 or 3 varieties whose speakers find it difficult to understand each other. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Some intellectuals are worried about losing Guiqiong. About 5,000 also speak Chinese. About 1,000 ethnic Guiqiong are reported to understand it, but not speak it. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gqn | Guana | Extinct. | Mato Grosso do Sul, near the Terêna. | Related to Terêna, Iranche. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Some intellectuals are worried about losing Guiqiong. About 5,000 also speak Chinese. About 1,000 ethnic Guiqiong are reported to understand it, but not speak it. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gqr | Gor | 75,000 (1999 SIL). | Logone Oriental Prefecture, Doba Subprefecture, centered around Bodo. | Bodo, Yamod. Close to Bedjond and Gor, with high inherent intelligibility. | There is a Gor Language Committee. The speakers have a clear understanding of their identity as separate from Mango and Bedjond. | Primer, literacy classes. | Primer, literacy classes. | |
| gra | Garasia, Rajput | 100,000 (IEM 1999). | Rajasthan, Sirchi, Pali, and Udaipur districts; Gujarat, Banaskantha District. | Not intelligible with Adiwasi Garasia. Lexical similarity 94% to 99% with Gujarat and Rajasthan dialects, 75% to 93% with Adiwasi Garasia dialects; 76% to 84% with Patelia dialects; 79% to 86% with Wagdi; 67% to 84% with Marwari dialects. | Positive attitude toward Garasia. Some negative attitudes toward Adiwasi Garasia and Bhil. Speakers have low proficiency in Hindi and Gujarati. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Gujarati and Devanagari scripts. Bible portions: 1998. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Gujarati and Devanagari scripts. Bible portions: 1998. | |
| grc | Greek, Ancient | Extinct. | Rajasthan, Sirchi, Pali, and Udaipur districts; Gujarat, Banaskantha District. | Koine Greek, Classical Greek. | Koine Greek is used as a religious language by the Greek Orthodox Church. The language of the text of the Christian New Testament. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grd | Guruntum-Mbaaru | 15,000 (1993). | Bauchi State, Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs. | Dooka, Gar, Gayar, Karakara, Kuuku, Mbaaru. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grg | Madi | 383 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Dooka, Gar, Gayar, Karakara, Kuuku, Mbaaru. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grh | Gbiri-Niragu | 25,000 (2000). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA. | Gbiri (Igbiri, Agari, Agbiri, Gura, Gure), Niragu (Kahugu, Kapugu, Kafugu, Kagu, Anirago). | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grj | Grebo, Southern | 28,700 in Liberia (1999 LBT). | Eastern Province, Grand Gedeh and Maryland counties, southeastern coast and inland. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. | Seaside Grebo. | Ethnocentric attitudes are strong between subgroups. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grm | Kota Marudu Talantang | 1,797 (2000 WCD). | Kota Marudu District, in Talantang 1 and Talantang 2. | Seaside Grebo. | Speakers also use Kimaragang. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| gro | Groma | 12,840 in China (1993). | Sikkim. | Upper Groma, Lower Groma. | Speakers also use Kimaragang. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | |
| grq | Gorovu | 15 (2000 Wurm). | East Sepik Province, Bangapela village, Ramu River. | Upper Groma, Lower Groma. | Used in the home. No children speak Gorovu. Banaro is replacing Gorovu. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. | NT: c. 42–98 A.D. |
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