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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fuv | Fulfulde, Nigerian | 1,707,926 in Nigeria (2000 WCD). Population includes 340,000 in Sokoto. | Mayo-Kebbi Prefecture, in the area of Pala and Léré; Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, between Massakory and Massénya, and Lac Prefecture, north of Lake Chad near Rig-Rig. Nomadic Bororro travel along the banks of the Chari River and elsewhere. | Kano-Katsina, Bororro (Bororo, Mbororo, Ako, Nomadic Fulfulde). | Speakers also use Sango or Mono. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. | |
| fuy | Fuyug | 14,000 (2003 SIL). | Central Province, Goilala District, Owen Stanley Range. | Central Udab, Northeast Fuyug, North-South Udab, West Fuyug. Lexical similarity 35% with Biangai, 33% with Kunimaipa, 29% with Weri, 27% with Tauade. | Speakers also use Sango or Mono. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 10%. Grammar. Bible portions: 1973–1994. | |
| fvr | Fur | 1,800 in Chad. | Northern Sudan, Dar Fur. Also spoken in Chad. | Largely uniform with some dialect differences. | Those in urban situations are shifting to Arabic. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | Orthography developed and literacy materials in use. | |
| gaa | Ga | 600,000 (2004 SIL). | Southeast, coast around Accra. | Largely uniform with some dialect differences. | National language. Ga is the major language of Accrá, the capital. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Bible: 1866–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Bible: 1866–1997. | |
| gab | Gabri | 34,387 (2000 WCD). | Southwest, Tandjilé Prefecture, Laï Subprefecture, northwest of Laï around Dormo and Darbé villages. | Darbé, Dormon. | National language. Ga is the major language of Accrá, the capital. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Bible: 1866–1997. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Dictionary. Bible: 1866–1997. | |
| gad | Gaddang | 30,000 (1984 SIL). | Central Isabela, and Bagabag, Solano, and Bayombong in Nueva Vizcaya, Luzon. | Less than 80% intelligibility of Ga'dang. Lexical similarity 80% with Ga'dang. | Speakers also use Ilocano. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gae | Guarequena | 338 in Brazil (1983 NTM). | Amazonas, Rio Chié (Xié) and Içana near Venezuelan border. | Less than 80% intelligibility of Ga'dang. Lexical similarity 80% with Ga'dang. | Spoken in remote areas. Positive language attitude. Many speak Nhengatu in Brazil. Those in centers are more bilingual. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gaf | Gende | 8,000 (1987 SIL). | Madang Province, Bundi District near Bundi. | Less than 80% intelligibility of Ga'dang. Lexical similarity 80% with Ga'dang. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gag | Gagauz | 12,000 in Bulgaria (1982). | Varna coastal region. | Bulgar Gagauz, Maritime Gagauz. | 89% speak it as first language. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1927–1996. | Cyrillic script. Bible portions: 1927–1996. | |
| gah | Alekano | 25,000 (1999 SIL). | Eastern Highlands Province, Goroka District, centered around the town of Goroka. | Close to Tokano, Dano, Yaweyuha, Siane, Benabena. | Many parents do not teach the language to their children. All speakers are probably fluent in Tok Pisin. They use it in the market or streets along with Alekano. Those under 35 who have had extensive schooling may know English, but do not use it on the streets. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1973–1986. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Grammar. NT: 1973–1986. | |
| gai | Borei | 2,090 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Bogia District. | Boroi, Borewar, Botbot. | Many parents do not teach the language to their children. All speakers are probably fluent in Tok Pisin. They use it in the market or streets along with Alekano. Those under 35 who have had extensive schooling may know English, but do not use it on the streets. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| gaj | Gadsup | 22,061 (2000 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Kainantu District. | Oyana (Oiyana), Gadsup. Related to Ontenu. | Many parents do not teach the language to their children. All speakers are probably fluent in Tok Pisin. They use it in the market or streets along with Alekano. Those under 35 who have had extensive schooling may know English, but do not use it on the streets. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 1981. | |
| gak | Gamkonora | 1,500 (1987 Voorhoeve and Visser). | North Halmahera, a few villages along the coast to the south of the Ibu area, north Maluku. | Lexical similarity 81% with Waioli. | Many parents do not teach the language to their children. All speakers are probably fluent in Tok Pisin. They use it in the market or streets along with Alekano. Those under 35 who have had extensive schooling may know English, but do not use it on the streets. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| gal | Galoli | 50,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 50,000. | North coast between Mambae and Makasae, regions of Laklo, Manatutu, Laleia, and We-Masin, Wetar Island. | Na Nahek, Edi, Dadua, Galoli, Baba, Hahak. Talur on Wetar Island in Maluku may be inherently intelligible. | Many parents do not teach the language to their children. All speakers are probably fluent in Tok Pisin. They use it in the market or streets along with Alekano. Those under 35 who have had extensive schooling may know English, but do not use it on the streets. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| gam | Kandawo | 4,000 (2003 SIL). | Western Highlands Province, Hagen District in the upper Jimi headwaters, on the slopes of Mt. Wilhelm. | Na Nahek, Edi, Dadua, Galoli, Baba, Hahak. Talur on Wetar Island in Maluku may be inherently intelligible. | Many parents do not teach the language to their children. All speakers are probably fluent in Tok Pisin. They use it in the market or streets along with Alekano. Those under 35 who have had extensive schooling may know English, but do not use it on the streets. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1989–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Bible portions: 1989–1998. | |
| gan | Chinese, Gan | 20,580,000 (1984). | Jiangxi and southeastern corner of Hubei including Dachi, Xianning, Jiayu, Chongyang, and parts of Anhui, Hunan, and Fujian provinces. Chang-Jing dialect includes the speech of Nanchang City, Xiuhui, and Jing'an; Yi-Liu includes Yichun (Ichun) in Jiangxi to Liuyang in Hunan. | Chang-Jing, Yi-Liu, Ji-Cha, Fu-Guang, Ying-Yi. Marginally intelligible with Mandarin and Wu Chinese. | Speakers are reported to be sufficiently bilingual in Standard Chinese (Mandarin) to use that literature. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| gao | Gants | 1,884 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Madang Province. | Chang-Jing, Yi-Liu, Ji-Cha, Fu-Guang, Ying-Yi. Marginally intelligible with Mandarin and Wu Chinese. | Speakers are reported to be sufficiently bilingual in Standard Chinese (Mandarin) to use that literature. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| gap | Gal | 335 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, on the Gogol River. | Chang-Jing, Yi-Liu, Ji-Cha, Fu-Guang, Ying-Yi. Marginally intelligible with Mandarin and Wu Chinese. | Speakers are reported to be sufficiently bilingual in Standard Chinese (Mandarin) to use that literature. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| gaq | Gata' | 3,055 (1991 census). | Orissa, Koraput, and Malkangiri districts, Kudumulgumma and Chitrakonda blocks, south of the Bondo Hills. Some communities in the Khairput block. 47 villages. | Plains Geta', Hill Geta'. Ruhlen treats Plains Geta' and Hill Geta' as separate languages. Lexical similarity 68% to 93% with other Gata' varieties, 27% to 37% with Bondo varieties, 22% to 28% with Gadaba Gutob. | Many speak Desiya in the market. | Literacy rate in second language: 0.5% female, 5.99% male, 3.19% total. | Literacy rate in second language: 0.5% female, 5.99% male, 3.19% total. | |
| gas | Garasia, Adiwasi | 100,000 (1988 Williams). | Northern Gujarat, Banaskantha District, Danta taluk; Sabarkantha District, Poshina taluk. | Understand Rajput Garasia very well. Could probably use same reading materials. Lexical similarity 89% to 96% between dialects, 75% to 93% with dialects of Rajput Garasia; 79% to 92% with dialects of Patelia; 79% to 93% with Wagdi; 76% to 87% with Marwari dialects. | Speakers have low proficiency in Gujarati. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions. | Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Bible portions. | |
| gat | Kenati | 950 (1990 census). | Eastern Highlands Province, Wonenara District. All 3 villages are within ten miles of Wonenara. | Understand Rajput Garasia very well. Could probably use same reading materials. Lexical similarity 89% to 96% between dialects, 75% to 93% with dialects of Rajput Garasia; 79% to 92% with dialects of Patelia; 79% to 93% with Wagdi; 76% to 87% with Marwari dialects. | Speakers have low proficiency in Gujarati. | Bible portions: 1989. | Bible portions: 1989. | |
| gau | Gadaba, Mudhili | 8,000 (2000). | Andhra Pradesh, Vizianagaram, Vishakhapatnam, Salur, Pachipenta Mandals,and Srikakulam districts. | 93% to 98% intelligibility among dialects. Lexical similarity 84% to 94% between dialects, 42% to 47% with Dravidian Gadaba in Pottangi, Orissa. | All domains, home, village, religion. Positive language attitude. Speakers have low proficiency in Telugu. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Telugu script. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Telugu script. | |
| gav | Gabutamon | 329 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, 10 miles west southwest of Gali. | Related to Yupna, Ma. | All domains, home, village, religion. Positive language attitude. Speakers have low proficiency in Telugu. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Telugu script. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Telugu script. | |
| gaw | Nobonob | 2,500 (2002 SIL). | Madang Province, Madang District. | Ari (Ati, A'i). | Moderately vigorous. Wagi speakers use Nobonob as second language. All domains, personal letters, oral literature. All ages. Positive language attitude. 1,800 can speak Tok Pisin. 300 to 400 can also speak Bel, Kamba, or Rempi. Tok Pisin is increasing in use. | Literacy rate in first language: 16%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. 400 or fewer can read it, 200 to 400 can write it. NT: 1990. | Literacy rate in first language: 16%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 75%. 400 or fewer can read it, 200 to 400 can write it. NT: 1990. | |
| gax | Oromo, Borana-Arsi-Guji | 41,616 in Somalia (2000 WCD). | Gedo Region. | Borana (Booran, Boran). | Also spoken by the younger Burji population around Marsabit and Moyale. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Bible: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Bible: 1995. | |
| gay | Gayo | 180,000 (1989). | Mountain region of north Sumatra around Takengon, Genteng, and Lokon. | Dorot, Bobasan, Serbodjadi, Tampur. Not closely related to other languages. | Also spoken by the younger Burji population around Marsabit and Moyale. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Bible: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 16%. Bible: 1995. | |
| gaz | Oromo, West Central | 8,920,000 in Ethiopia (1998 census). Ethnic population: All ethnic Oromo are 30,000,000 in Ethiopia. | Oromo Region, West and Central Ethiopia, and along the Rift Valley escarpment east of Dessie and Woldiya. Also spoken in Egypt. | Western Oromo, Central Oromo. Subdialects are Mecha (Maccha, Wellaga, Wallaga, Wollega), Raya, Wello (Wollo), Tulema (Tulama, Shoa, Shewa). Harar and Boran are different enough to need separate literature. | Trade language. Used by regional and national government, public media, national commerce, education to eighth grade, variety of literature. The Oromo are viewed as one people speaking one language. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.4%. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1899–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.4%. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1899–1998. | |
| gbb | Kaytetye | 200 (1983 Black). | North of Alice Springs, Northern Territory. | Related to Alyawarr. | People generally speak Kriol. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.4%. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1899–1998. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 22.4%. Roman script. Newspapers. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1899–1998. | |
| gbc | Garawa | 200 (1990 Schmidt). There may be 10 speakers of the Wanji dialect (2000 Nick Adams). | Borroloola, Northern Territory and Doomadgee, Queensland. Waanyi were originally in North Australia. | Wanji (Wainyi, Waanyi). | Speakers also use Kriol. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1983. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1983. | |
| gbd | Karadjeri | 12 (1991 SIL). | Roebuck Bay to seventy miles inland, Broome, Western Australia, La Grange mission. | Wanji (Wainyi, Waanyi). | Speakers are shifting to Aboriginal English. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1983. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1983. | |
| gbe | Niksek | 926 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, at the headwaters of the eastern branch of the Leonhard Schultze and upper Niksek (April) rivers. 200 are at a new settlement at Niksek airport. Also at Sumwari, and a few in 2 other villages. | Gabiano (Kabiano), Meiyari ("Paka"), Setiali. | Speakers are shifting to Aboriginal English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| gbf | Gaikundi | 1,196 (2000). | East Sepik Province, Ambunti District, Sepik Plains south of Maprik, east of Pagwi. | Gabiano (Kabiano), Meiyari ("Paka"), Setiali. | Speakers are shifting to Aboriginal English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1978. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1978. | |
| gbh | Gbe, Defi | 13,500 (2002 SIL). | Southeastern corner of Benin, Oueme Province, Seme-Kpodji Subprefecture between the Oueme River to north, Cotonou-Porto-Novo railroad to west, Gulf of Guinea to south, and into Nigeria in the east. | A member of the Gbe language cluster. Defi is close linguistically to Gun. | All domains. French used in schools and government offices. Gun, French, Yoruba, and Defi used in churches. Gun, Yoruba and Defi used at mosque along with Arabic. Gun is being used for literacy. Comprehension of Gun is very high. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| gbi | Galela | 79,000 (1990 SIL). Population includes 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. | North Maluku, Galela Bay, and north of Tobelo to the northern tip of Halmahera, Morotai Island except southeast quadrant, islands of Gunage and Moari near Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, scattered along the southwest coast of Halmahera. | Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba may be a dialect. Speakers have 65% intelligibility of Loloda, Loloda 85% of Galela. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Indonesian. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2002. | |
| gbj | Gadaba, Bodo | 8,000 (2000). | Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam District; Orissa, Koraput District. Lamtaput block in Koraput is the largest concentration. | Munda Orissa Gadaba, Munda Andhra Pradesh Gadaba. Lexical similarity 69% to 89% among 7 varieties of Orissa, between 2 in Andhra Pradesh 73%, others 30% to 37%. | Few children. Adivasi Oriya is used as second language. Low bilingualism in Oriya in Orissa. Speakers use Telugu in Andhra Pradesh as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Literacy classes in progress. Oriya script. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Literacy classes in progress. Oriya script. | |
| gbk | Gaddi | 120,000 (1997). | Himachal Pradesh, Chamba District, Brahmaur Tahsil and Holi sub-tahsils; Uttar Pradesh; Jammu and Kashmir. Higher elevations in summer, lower in winter. | Bharmauri, Macleod Ganj. 93% intelligibility of Mandeali, 97% of Kangri, 83% of Chambeali. Lexical similarity 74% to 80% with Palamur Kangri, 79% with Chambeali, 67% to 73% with Mandeali. | Hindi is used for instruction in school, shops, and cities. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| gbl | Gamit | 400,000 (2000). | Gujarat, mainly Surat District, some in Bharuch, Dangs, and Valsad districts. | Similar to Mawchi. | Hindi is used for instruction in school, shops, and cities. | Most speakers have high school or college education. Barati script. NT: 1982. | Most speakers have high school or college education. Barati script. NT: 1982. | |
| gbm | Garhwali | 2,920,000 (2000). | Uttaranchal; Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Chamoli, Dehra Dun, Rudraprayag districts; Himachal Pradesh. Jaunpuri and Ravai in Tehri and Uttarkashi. | Srinagaria, Tehri (Gangapariya), Badhani, Dessaulya, Lohbya, Majh-Kumaiya, Bhattiani, Nagpuriya, Rathi, Salani (Pauri), Ravai, Bangani, Parvati, Jaunpuri, Gangadi (Uttarkashi), Chandpuri. Kumauni is closest language; Jaunsari is sometimes referred to as a dialect of Garhwali, but most say they can't understand it. Parvati also reportedly not intelligible. Bangani more similar to Pahari dialects of Himachal. Srinagari is the literary standard. Pauri generally regarded as the 'sweetest'. Srinagari and Pauri are very similar. Lexical similarity is 53 to 84% among dialects; 54 to 69% with Hindi, 55 to 66% with Kumauni. | Vigorous. Home and village domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Almost everyone speaks some Hindi. Men, educated, and the youth are more fluent. Hindi used in market. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 61.4%; female 45%, male 78% (1991 census). Village censuses from 2000 survey show the literacy rate has risen 12 to 18%. Literacy needed for older women. Uttaranchal becoming a state may have a positive influence on first-language literacy and use in the school system. Devanagari script. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. NT: 1827–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 61.4%; female 45%, male 78% (1991 census). Village censuses from 2000 survey show the literacy rate has risen 12 to 18%. Literacy needed for older women. Uttaranchal becoming a state may have a positive influence on first-language literacy and use in the school system. Devanagari script. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. NT: 1827–1994. | |
| gbn | Mo'da | 600 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). | Southern Sudan, northwest of Mvolo on both sides of the border of Lakes and Western Equatoria provinces. | Lexical similarity 64% with Morokodo, 58% with Jur Modo, 41% with Beli, 49% with Bongo, 38% with Baka. | Vigorous. Home and village domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. Almost everyone speaks some Hindi. Men, educated, and the youth are more fluent. Hindi used in market. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 61.4%; female 45%, male 78% (1991 census). Village censuses from 2000 survey show the literacy rate has risen 12 to 18%. Literacy needed for older women. Uttaranchal becoming a state may have a positive influence on first-language literacy and use in the school system. Devanagari script. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. NT: 1827–1994. | Literacy rate in first language: 30% to 60%. Literacy rate in second language: 61.4%; female 45%, male 78% (1991 census). Village censuses from 2000 survey show the literacy rate has risen 12 to 18%. Literacy needed for older women. Uttaranchal becoming a state may have a positive influence on first-language literacy and use in the school system. Devanagari script. Poetry. Magazines. Radio programs. NT: 1827–1994. | |
| gbo | Grebo, Northern | 84,500 (1999 LBT). | Southeast, Grand Gedeh, Maryland, and Kru Coast counties near the Côte d'Ivoire border, south of Krahn, north of Klao, west of Glaro. | Chedepo, E Je (Eh Je), Palipo, Gbepo (Gbeapo), Jedepo, Tienpo, Klepo, Fopo-Bua, Northeastern Grebo. Dialect cluster. Dialects are quite distinct. Subdialects of Northeastern dialect are Nitiabo, Sabo, Tuobo, Ketiepo, Webo. | Ethnocentric attitudes are strong between different subgroups. | NT: 1989. | NT: 1989. | |
| gbp | Gbaya-Bossangoa | 176,000 (1996). | Bossangoa, Batangafo (Gbabana) subprefectures. | Gbabana, Bossangoa. May be inherently intelligible with Gbaya-Bosoum or Suma. | Speakers use Sango as lingua franca, but women have low proficiency outside towns. | Bible portions: 1934–2001. | Bible portions: 1934–2001. | |
| gbq | Gbaya-Bozoum | 32,500 (1996). | Bozoum Subprefecture. | Diabe, Boyali, Bozom. May be inherently intelligible with Gbaya-Bossangoa. | Use Sango as lingua franca. | Bible portions: 1934–2001. | Bible portions: 1934–2001. | |
| gbr | Gbagyi | 700,000 (1991 SIL). | Niger State, Rafi, Chanchaga, Shiroro, Suleija LGAs; Kaduna State, Kachia LGA; Nasarawa State, Keffi, Nasarawa LGAs; Federal Capital Territory. | Tawari, Kuta, Diko, Karu, Kaduna, Louome, Vwezhi, Ngenge (Genge, Gyange, Gyengyen). | Use Sango as lingua franca. | NT: 1956. | NT: 1956. | |
| gbs | Gbe, Gbesi | 65,000 (2002 SIL). | In the Atlantic Province, several individual and mixed villages, Kpomasse, Alada, and Tori-Bossito subprefectures and in the Mono Province, Bopa Subprefecture along Lake Aheme. | Gbokpa. A member of the Gbe language cluster. Lexical similarity 91% with Kotafon, 85% with Fon, 73% with Aja, 70% with Gen. | All domains. French used in schools and government offices. Fon is used for literacy classes and for public reading of Scriptures in the churches. Saxwe is used for literacy in the Bopa Subprefecture. Good comprehension of Fon and slightly less for Gen. | NT: 1956. | NT: 1956. | |
| gbu | Gagadu | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northern Territory, Oenpelli. | Gbokpa. A member of the Gbe language cluster. Lexical similarity 91% with Kotafon, 85% with Fon, 73% with Aja, 70% with Gen. | All also use another Aboriginal language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gbv | Gbanu | 95,000 (1996). | Carnot and Bossembélé subprefectures, north of Bogangolo. | Gbanu, Gbagiri (Gbagili, Bagili, Baguili), Budigri (Bidikili). | Have relatively high bilingualism in Sango. | Bible portions: 1932–1939. | Bible portions: 1932–1939. | |
| gbx | Gbe, Eastern Xwla | 80,000 (2002 SIL). | Southeastern Benin along coast, Oueme Province, Seme-Kpodji Subprefecture. | A member of the Gbe language cluster. Lexical similarity 90% with Gun, 82% with Fon, 68% with Gen, 68% with Aja. | All domains. French used in schools (French) and some government offices. In churches Gun is mostly used with some French and some Fon. Gun is mostly used for nonformal education. Good comprehension of Gun, comprehension of Fon is good or partial depending on location. | Bible portions: 1932–1939. | Bible portions: 1932–1939. | |
| gby | Gbari | 350,000 (2002 SIL). | From Zungeru in Niger State to the Kaduna River in the north, southeast through Minna and Paiko to a little past Kwali in the Federal Capital Territory. Niger State, Chanchaga, Suleija, Agaie, Rafi, and Lapai LGAs; Nasarawa State, Nasarawa LGA. | Kwali, Izem, Gayegi, Gbagyi Nkwa, Paiko, Botai, Jezhu, Kong, Kwange (Kangye, Agbawi, Wake, Wi), Wahe. Lexical similarity 89% to 98% among dialects, 66% to 78% with Gbagyi dialects. | Speakers do not want to be considered Gbagyi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1925–1926. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1925–1926. | |
| gbz | Dari, Zoroastrian | 8,000 to 15,000 (1999). | Yezd and Kerman areas. | Related to Parsi-Dari and Nâyini. | Spoken by Persian Zoroastrians in their personal communications as a private language. Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1925–1926. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1925–1926. | |
| gcc | Mali | 2,200 (1988 SIL). | East New Britain Province, eastern Gazelle Peninsula. | A distinct language within the Baining ethnic group. Two dialects. | Spoken by Persian Zoroastrians in their personal communications as a private language. Speakers also use Western Farsi. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1925–1926. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1925–1926. | |
| gcd | Ganggalida | 5 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Near Bourketown, Queensland. | Kangkalita, Nguburindi. | All speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gce | Galice | Extinct. | Formerly in southwestern Oregon. | Kangkalita, Nguburindi. | All speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gcf | Guadeloupean Creole French | 418,454 in Martinique (2001). | Eastern St. Barthélemy, Marie Galante islands. Also spoken in Martinique. | Marie Galante Creole French, St. Barth Creole French. St. Barth Creole is distinct in grammatical, phonological, and lexical features, and may not be a dialect (J. Maher 1989). Comprehension of Saint Lucia Creole is 89%. | All speakers are older adults. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gcl | Grenadian Creole English | 89,227 (2001). | Eastern St. Barthélemy, Marie Galante islands. Also spoken in Martinique. | Carriacou Creole English. Closest to Trinidad and Barbados. | M. Alleyne says it is a post-creole English with French creole influence, no longer a creole. R. Kephart says Carriacou is a creole English. J. Holm says the creole predominates in Grenada (1989:458). | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| gcn | Gaina | 1,406 (1971 Dutton). Population includes 1,000 in Bareji, 130 in Gaina. | Oro Province, next to the Baruga, the villages around Iwuji. | Bareji (Baredji), Gaina. Lexical similarity 61% with Dogoro (closest). | M. Alleyne says it is a post-creole English with French creole influence, no longer a creole. R. Kephart says Carriacou is a creole English. J. Holm says the creole predominates in Grenada (1989:458). | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| gcr | Guianese Creole French | 50,000 (1977 SIL). | Oro Province, next to the Baruga, the villages around Iwuji. | Intelligibility of Saint Lucia Creole is 78%, of Karipúna Creole of Brazil 77%. | Trade language. Over 30% of the population in the capital speaks Creole as first language. It is the most important rural language. Educated people can all speak it, but try to avoid it. Low status. Not taught in schools. Some decreolization is taking place. Most speakers also use French to some degree. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| gct | German, Colonia Tovar | No estimate available. | Oro Province, next to the Baruga, the villages around Iwuji. | Developed from the Alemannisch (Oberdeutsch) of 1843 under the influence of many other dialects of south Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Not intelligible with Standard German. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Newspapers. | Newspapers. | |
| gda | Lohar, Gade | 1,009 (2000 WCD). | Rajasthan; Gujarat; Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra; Uttar Pradesh; Delhi; Haryana; Punjab. | No significant dialect differences. May be the same as Loarki listed in Pakistan. | Speakers also use Spanish. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% (1981 census). Devanagari script. | Literacy rate in second language: 40% (1981 census). Devanagari script. | |
| gdb | Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar | 15,000 (2000). 4,000 to 7,000 in Pottangi Block, Koraput District (1995). | Orissa, Koraput District, Pottangi and Nandapur blocks. | 4 varieties investigated in Orissa had 69% to 80% lexical similarity, and with one in Andhra Pradesh 42% to 47%; 52% to 62% with Gadaba Salur in Andhra Pradesh. | Positive language attitude. Adivasi Oriya is the main second language. Speakers have low proficiency in Oriya. Telugu is also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | |
| gdc | Gugu Badhun | 2 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, west of Ingham and Abergowrie almost to Einasleigh. | 4 varieties investigated in Orissa had 69% to 80% lexical similarity, and with one in Andhra Pradesh 42% to 47%; 52% to 62% with Gadaba Salur in Andhra Pradesh. | Positive language attitude. Adivasi Oriya is the main second language. Speakers have low proficiency in Oriya. Telugu is also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | Literacy rate in second language: 6.5%. Oriya script in Orissa and Telugu script in Andhra Pradesh. | |
| gde | Gude | 28,000 in Cameroon. | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, straddling the southern part of Bourrah Subdivision, north and northwest of Dourbeye; North Province, Mayo-Louti Division, extreme north-western part of Mayo-Oulo Subdivision. | Different dialects are spoken in Cameroon and Nigeria but they are inherently intelligible. | Speakers also use Hausa, Nzanyi, Fulfulde, or English. | Literacy program in progress. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy program in progress. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| gdf | Guduf-Gava | 55,918 (2000 WCD). | Borno State, Gwoza LGA, mainly in Gava, Cikide, and Guduf. | Cikide (Chikide), Guduf, Gava (Yaghwatadaxa, Yawotataxa). Close to Glavda. Hedi speakers have 35% intelligibility of Guduf. Wolff (1971) separates Guduf from Gvoko and Glavda. Lexical similarity 56% with Hedi, 50% with Lamang and Mabas. | Speakers also use Hausa, Nzanyi, Fulfulde, or English. | Bible portions: 1966. | Bible portions: 1966. | |
| gdg | Ga'dang | 6,000 (2002 SIL). Very few monolinguals. | Paracelis, Mt. Province, Luzon; Potia, Ifugao. | Related to Gaddang, Itawit, Yogad, Gaddang, Ibanag, Isnag. Lexical similarity 80% with Gaddang. | Most speakers are bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| gdh | Gadjerawang | 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia and Northern Territory, north coast from Wyndham to mouth of Victoria River and inland. | Related to Gaddang, Itawit, Yogad, Gaddang, Ibanag, Isnag. Lexical similarity 80% with Gaddang. | Most speakers are bilingual. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| gdj | Gurdjar | 30 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northeastern side of Norman River, Normanton, western Queensland. | Speakers say it is similar to Kunggar. | Gurdjar is in daily use by older adults, but children prefer English. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| gdk | Gadang | 2,500 (1997 SIL). | Southwest, Chari-Baguirmi Prefecture, Bousso Subprefecture, southeast of Bousso, along the N'Djaména-Sarh road, between Mogo and Mbarlé, Somrai Region. | Related to Sarwa, Miltu. | Speakers also use Bagirmi. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| gdl | Dirasha | 50,328 (1998 census). 41,685 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 54,354 (1998 census). | Omo Region, in the hills west of Lake Chamo, around Gidole town. | Part of a dialect cluster with Komso and Bussa. Lexical similarity 55% with Komso. | 1,974 second-language speakers. Many also use Oromo or Komso. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| gdm | Laal | 749 (2000 WCD). Damtar village had its own dialect, called 'Laabe' with 3 speakers left in 1977. | Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Sarh Subprefecture, between Korbol and Dik. Centered in Gori, villages of Gori, Damtar, and Mailao near Kouno, northwest of Sarh. | Laal, Laabe. | 1,974 second-language speakers. Many also use Oromo or Komso. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 60% to 80%. NT: 2000. | |
| gdn | Umanakaina | 2,400 (1987 SIL). | Milne Bay Province, Rabaraba District, on the coast of Goodenough Bay, inland between Mt. Gwoira and Mt. Simpson. | Upper Ugu River, East Umanakaina. At least two dialects. Lexical similarity 23% with Ginuman (closest). | Some speak some English. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1999. | |
| gdo | Ghodoberi | 3,000 (1996). Ethnic population: 2,500 (1990 Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Close to Andi. A separate language from Botlikh (B. Comrie 1989). | All domains. 30% to 50% of children. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. NT: 1999. | |
| gdq | Mehri | 50,763 in Oman (2000 WCD). | South Oman near Yemen border. | Nagdi. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as literary language. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1902. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1902. | |
| gdr | Wipi | 3,500 (1999 Shim). | Western Province, eastern third of area between Fly Delta, estuary, and south coast. | Dorogori, Abam, Peawa, Ume, Kuru, Woigo, Wonie, Iamega, Gamaewe, Podari, Wipim, Kapal, Rual, Guiam, Yuta. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| gdu | Gudu | 5,000 (1993). | Adamawa State, Song LGA. | Kumbi. | All domains. 30% to 50% of children. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| gdx | Godwari | No estimate available. | Rajasthan, Jhalor, Sirohi, Pali districts. | Balvi, Khuni, Madahaddi, Sirohi. 61% intelligibility of Marwari. Lexical similarity 58% to 70% between dialects; 50% to 72% with Marwari, 44% to 70% with Merwari, 45% to 69% with Shekhawati, 51% to 73% with Mewari, 46% to 66% with Dhundari, 44% to 67% with Harauti. | Speakers also use Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| gea | Geruma | 9,029 (2000 WCD). | Bauchi State, Toro, Ganjuwa, Bauchi, and Southjern Ningi LGAs. | Sum, Duurum. Gamsawa (Gamshi) mentioned by Temple (1922) could be another dialect. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 2001. | |
| geb | Kire | 2,419 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, lower Ramu, around Garati village. | Sum, Duurum. Gamsawa (Gamshi) mentioned by Temple (1922) could be another dialect. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 2002. | |
| gec | Grebo, Gboloo | 56,300 (1991 Vanderaa). | Eastern Province, Maryland County, eastern border, north of Jabo Grebo. | Gederobo, Nyanoun, Tuobo, Biabo, Dediebo. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. NT: 2002. | |
| ged | Gade | 72,100 (2000). | Federal Capital Territory and Nasarawa State, Nasarawa LGA. | Gederobo, Nyanoun, Tuobo, Biabo, Dediebo. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| geh | German, Hutterite | 5,000 in the USA (1981 SIL). | 123 colonies in USA (South Dakota 53, North Dakota 6, Minnesota 9, Montana 34, Washington State 6, and Oregon 1). | About 50% intelligible to a speaker of Pennsylvania German, Plautdietsch, and Standard German. Although it is called 'Tirolean', it is not a Tirolean dialect. | Speakers use Standard German in church and for Scriptures. They are partly bilingual in English and Standard German. | Almost all adults are literate in English and Biblical German. | Almost all adults are literate in English and Biblical German. | |
| gei | Gebe | 2,651 (2000 WCD). | North Maluku, Gebe, Yoi'umiyal, and Gag islands between southern Halmahera and Waigeo Island (Papua), 4 villages. | Umera. Lexical similarity 44% with Patani. | All domains. Bilingualism in Indonesian increasing because of mining operation and schools. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| gej | Gen | 158,000 in Benin (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). | Mono and Atlantique provinces. | Anexo, Agoi, Gen, Gliji. | Language of wider communication. Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Gen is one of the languages used for adult literacy by the Benin government and one of the six with government post-literacy programs. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Gen is one of the languages used for adult literacy by the Benin government and one of the six with government post-literacy programs. | |
| gek | Yiwom | 14,050 (2000). | Plateau State, Shendam and Langtang South LGAs. | Anexo, Agoi, Gen, Gliji. | Language of wider communication. Speakers also use French. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| gel | Kag-Fer-Jiir-Koor-Ror-Us-Zuksun | 36,000 (1992 SIL). | Kebbi State, Zuru LGA, Fakai District, with migrants farther south. Kur is also in Kebbi State, Sakaba LGA. | Kag (Puku, Fakanchi, Et-Kag), Jiir (Gelanchi, Et-Jiir), Kur (Kere, Kar, Keri-Ni, Kelli-Ni, Kelanchi, Kelinci), Zuksun (Zussun, Et-Zuksun), Ror (Et-Maror, Tudanchi, Er-Gwar), Fer (Fere. Et-Fer, Wipsi-Ni, Kukum), Us (Et-Us), Koor (Kulu). Kag, Ker, Jiir, and Fer speakers have 79% to 92% inherent intelligibility of Ror. Ror and Kag are the largest dialects, Koor and Us the smallest. Lexical similarity 81% to 97% among dialects, 63% with Duka, 50% with Lela, 57% with Gwamhi-Wuri. | Hausa bilingual proficiency differs regionally. | Radio programs. | Radio programs. | |
| gen | Geman Deng | 200 in China (1999 Sun Hongkai). About 180 monolinguals. | Several townships in Chayu (Zayü) County, Nyingchi Prefecture, on the tablelands on either side of the lower reaches of the Chayu (Zayü) River in the southeastern corner of Tibet Autonomous Region, in their own small villages. Also spoken in India, Myanmar. | Kag (Puku, Fakanchi, Et-Kag), Jiir (Gelanchi, Et-Jiir), Kur (Kere, Kar, Keri-Ni, Kelli-Ni, Kelanchi, Kelinci), Zuksun (Zussun, Et-Zuksun), Ror (Et-Maror, Tudanchi, Er-Gwar), Fer (Fere. Et-Fer, Wipsi-Ni, Kukum), Us (Et-Us), Koor (Kulu). Kag, Ker, Jiir, and Fer speakers have 79% to 92% inherent intelligibility of Ror. Ror and Kag are the largest dialects, Koor and Us the smallest. Lexical similarity 81% to 97% among dialects, 63% with Duka, 50% with Lela, 57% with Gwamhi-Wuri. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Some also use Chinese or Tibetan, and a few Darang Deng. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| geq | Geme | 550 (1996). | Ndélé Subprefecture, 2 villages north of Ndélé. | Geme Tulu, Geme Kulagbolu. | Speakers also use Sango. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| ges | Geser-Gorom | 36,500 (1989 SIL). | Eastern end of Seram, and the Gorom Islands. | Goram Laut, Mina Mina Gorong, Kelimuri. Lexical similarity 73% to 93% among dialects, 51% to 61% with Watubela. | Watubela speakers use this as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| gew | Gera | 200,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Bauchi and Ganjuwa LGAs, Bauchi town. | Goram Laut, Mina Mina Gorong, Kelimuri. Lexical similarity 73% to 93% among dialects, 51% to 61% with Watubela. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| gex | Garre | 50,000 (1992). Ethnic population: Possibly several hundred thousand in the ethnic group (1992). | Dominate areas of southern Somalia, especially in the Wanle Weyn-Buur Hakaba area; Baydhaba, Dhiinsoor, Buurhakaba, and Qoryooley districts; Middle and Lower Shabeelle and Bay regions. | Reported to be linguistically close to Boni. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| gez | Geez | Extinct. | Also spoken in Eritrea. | Reported to be linguistically close to Boni. | Liturgical language only. | Grammar. Bible: 1918. | Grammar. Bible: 1918. | |
| gft | Gafat | Extinct. | South Blue Nile area. | Reported to be linguistically close to Boni. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Amharic. | Bible portions: 1945. | Bible portions: 1945. | |
| ggb | Gbii | 5,600 (1991 Vanderaa). | Nimba County, central Liberia, west of Cestos River. | Kplor, Dorbor. Lexical similarity 78% with Bassa. | Many understand Bassa, but the reverse is not true. Many understand English. Liberian English is also used. | Bible portions: 1945. | Bible portions: 1945. | |
| ggd | Gugadj | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, north coast from west of Karumba inland on Norman River. | Kplor, Dorbor. Lexical similarity 78% with Bassa. | Many understand Bassa, but the reverse is not true. Many understand English. Liberian English is also used. | Bible portions: 1945. | Bible portions: 1945. | |
| gge | Guragone | 20 (1990 Schmidt). | Arnhem Land, south of Maningrida, along the Mann River, northwest of the Rembarrnga language, east of the Gunwinygu language. | Kplor, Dorbor. Lexical similarity 78% with Bassa. | All speakers also use Burarra or Gunwinggu. | Bible portions: 1945. | Bible portions: 1945. | |
| ggg | Gurgula | 35,314 (2000 WCD). | Sindh Province, largest concentration in Bhens Colony, Karachi, others in smaller urban centers through Sindh, including Mirpur Khas, Shahdadpur, Panj, Moro, Sabura and Tando Allahyar. | Ghera is quite different gramatically. Lexical similarity 87% with Ghera. | All domains. Positive language attitude. Widespread multilingualism in Sindhi, Urdu, some Gujarati among all ages and sexes as needed, with men being the most proficient. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu. Sindhi-based script. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% in Urdu. Sindhi-based script. | |
| ggh | Garreh-Ajuran | 128,000 (1994 I. Larsen BTL). Population includes 96,000 Garreh, 32,000 Ajuran. | Mandera and Wajir districts, North Eastern Province. | Garreh (Gurreh, Garre, Gari), Ajuran (Ajuuraan, Ujuuraan). Part of a dialect cluster. Lexical similarity 85% with Boran. | The Ajuran in Kenya speak Somali as second language. Swahili is also used, and some can also speak the Garre of Somalia, which their ancestors spoke. In Somalia (not Kenya), the Ajuran ethnic group speak a variety of Common Somali as first language, and the Garre ethnic group apparently speak a language related to Somali. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. | Literacy rate in second language: 2%. | |
| ggk | Kungarakany | Extinct. | Northern Territory, Finniss River. South of Darwin around Darwin River and Rum Jungle. | Garreh (Gurreh, Garre, Gari), Ajuran (Ajuuraan, Ujuuraan). Part of a dialect cluster. Lexical similarity 85% with Boran. | The last speaker died in 1989. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ggl | Ganglau | 468 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related languages: Yabong, Dumun, Saep. | The last speaker died in 1989. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ggn | Gurung, Eastern | 105,000 (1991 census). 227,918 all Gurung languages in Nepal (1991 census). | Western Dev. Region, Gandaki Zone, mainly Lamjung, Tanahu, and western Gorkha districts. Possibly some in Manang District. | Lamjung Gurung, Gorkha Gurung, Tamu Kyi. Eastern and Western Gurung do not have adequate intelligibility to handle complex and abstract discourse. Daduwa town seems central linguistically. | Used in the home. All ages. Language reinforces ethnic membership. Nepali viewed as essential, English as economically advantageous. All also use Nepali. School graduates use some English. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 30%. Devanagari script. Radio programs. | |
| ggo | Gondi, Southern | 250,000 (2000). | Andhra Pradesh, Adilabad District; Maharashtra, southern Yavatmal, southern Chandrapur and southeastern Garhchiroli districts. | Sironcha, Nirmal (Adilabad), Bhamragarh, Utnoor, Aheri, Rajura, Etapally Gondi. Sironcha is the dialect understood best by the others, with 90% to 98% intelligibility. 49% to 58% intelligibility of Northern Gondi. Lexical similarity 64% to 90% among dialects. | Used in the home. All ages. Language reinforces ethnic membership. Nepali viewed as essential, English as economically advantageous. All also use Nepali. School graduates use some English. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Telugu script. Bible portions: 1962. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Telugu script. Bible portions: 1962. | |
| ggr | Aghu Tharnggalu | Extinct. | Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Laura. | Sironcha, Nirmal (Adilabad), Bhamragarh, Utnoor, Aheri, Rajura, Etapally Gondi. Sironcha is the dialect understood best by the others, with 90% to 98% intelligibility. 49% to 58% intelligibility of Northern Gondi. Lexical similarity 64% to 90% among dialects. | Used in the home. All ages. Language reinforces ethnic membership. Nepali viewed as essential, English as economically advantageous. All also use Nepali. School graduates use some English. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Telugu script. Bible portions: 1962. | Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Telugu script. Bible portions: 1962. |
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