↓na obsah↓

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codename_enpopulationregionname_altdialectslanguage_usedevelopmentcomments
env Enwan No estimate available. Edo State, Akoko-Edo LGA. Kandepe, Layapo, Tayato, Mae (Mai, Wabag), Maramuni (Malamuni), Kaina, Kapona, Sau (Sau Enga, Wapi), Yandapo, Lapalama 1, Lapalama 2, Laiagam, Sari. Mae is the standard dialect; all understand it. Layapo is between Mae and Kyaka. Trade language. Dictionary. NT: 1979–1988. Dictionary. NT: 1979–1988.
eot Beti 200 (1999 R. Blench). Ethnic population: 3,181 (1988 census). Southern Department, villages of Vitre I and Vitre II, Subprefecture of Grand Bassam. Kandepe, Layapo, Tayato, Mae (Mai, Wabag), Maramuni (Malamuni), Kaina, Kapona, Sau (Sau Enga, Wapi), Yandapo, Lapalama 1, Lapalama 2, Laiagam, Sari. Mae is the standard dialect; all understand it. Layapo is between Mae and Kyaka. The last speaker of the 'pure' form of Beti died about 1993. Present speakers use a variety that is heavily influenced by surrounding languages. Only a few elderly men remember a few words from the 'pure' Beti dialect. Speakers shifting to Anyin (Blench 2000). Some also speak Nzema, Abure, Ebrie, Mbato, or Attié. Dictionary. NT: 1979–1988. Dictionary. NT: 1979–1988.
epi Epie 12,000 (1973 SIL). Bayelsa State, Yenagoa LGA. Atisa (Atissa). Most speakers of Atisa also use Izon. Dictionary. Dictionary.
epo Esperanto 200 to 2,000 (1996). Speakers in about 115 countries, used most widely in central and eastern Europe, China and other countries in eastern Asia, certain areas of South America, and southwest Asia. Atisa (Atissa). 2,000,000 second-language speakers (1999 WA). All ages. Bible: 1900–1910. Bible: 1900–1910.
erg Sie 1,352 (2000 WCD). Erromanga Island, southern Vanuatu. Yoku (Enyau), Potnariven, Sie (Sorung). 2,000,000 second-language speakers (1999 WA). All ages. NT: 1909. NT: 1909.
erh Eruwa 64,000 (2004). Delta State, Isoko LGA. Related to Urhobo. Not intelligible with any Isoko dialect. Most speakers also use Central Isoko, which is replacing Eruwa. NT: 1909. NT: 1909.
eri Ogea 2,209 (2003 SIL). Madang Province, Astrolabe Bay. Related to Uya, Duduela, Kwato, Rerau, Jilim, Yangulam. Most speakers also use Central Isoko, which is replacing Eruwa. Literacy rate in second language: 65%. Bible portions: 1981. Literacy rate in second language: 65%. Bible portions: 1981.
ero Horpa 38,000 (1999 Sun Hongkai). 15,000 monolinguals. Danba (=Rongzhag), Daofu (Dawu), Luhuo, Xinlong (Nyagrong) counties of the Ganzi (Garzê) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of western Sichuan, and Jinchua (Quqên) County of the Aba (Ngawa) Tibetan-Qiang Autonomous Prefecture of northwestern Sichuan. Central and eastern Daofu County, Chengguan District, Wari, Xiajia, and Muru townships of Wari District, and Shazhong township of Bamei District; and central and northwestern Danba County, in Geshiza, Bianer, and Dandong townships of Dasang District, Donggu township in Chuangu District, Bawang and Jinchuan townships of Jinchuan District; of Ganzi Prefecture, an area traditionally known as the five parts of Horpa territory. Scattered communities are also in adjacent Luhuo (in Renda township of Xialatuo District, and Xinlong in Manqing, Zhuwo, and Duoshan townships of Hexi District). Daofu (Daofuhua, Taofu, Western Horpa, Western Ergong), Geshiza (Geshitsa). Hongkai Sun (1999) lists 4 dialects: Western as above, Central (Danba), Eastern (Jinchuan, Lawurong), Northern (Rangtang). Huang Bufan and Sun Tianxin suggest that the eastern variety is a separate language. All domains. All ages. Greater use by adults than young people. Children are mainly using Chinese. Indifferent language attitude. 2,000 can also use both Chinese and Tibetan. 20,000 use Chinese, 1,000 use Tibetan. Dictionary. Grammar. Dictionary. Grammar.
err Erre 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northern Territory, Red Lily area west of Oenpelli; around East Alligator River, Mt. Howship. Daofu (Daofuhua, Taofu, Western Horpa, Western Ergong), Geshiza (Geshitsa). Hongkai Sun (1999) lists 4 dialects: Western as above, Central (Danba), Eastern (Jinchuan, Lawurong), Northern (Rangtang). Huang Bufan and Sun Tianxin suggest that the eastern variety is a separate language. All domains. All ages. Greater use by adults than young people. Children are mainly using Chinese. Indifferent language attitude. 2,000 can also use both Chinese and Tibetan. 20,000 use Chinese, 1,000 use Tibetan. Dictionary. Grammar. Dictionary. Grammar.
ers Ersu 9,000 (1999 Sun Hongkai). About 500 older adults are monolingual. Ethnic population: 20,000 (2000 D. Bradley). South central Sichuan in the lower reaches of the Dadu River; Ganluo, Yuexi, Mianning, and Muli counties of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Shimian and Hanyuan counties of Ya'an Prefecture, Jiulong County of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in their own villages, and dispersed among the Yi, Chinese, and Tibetan peoples. Ersu (Eastern Ersu), Duoxu (Central Ersu), Lisu (Western Ersu, Lüzü, Liru). Menia (Menya) is reported to be a dialect, but it is unclear how it relates to the other dialects. Dialect differences are reported to be great, so speakers do not understand each other. All domains by older adults. In the eastern area: vigorous use among older adults. Adults use Ersu with each other about half the time, young people and children know it, but mainly use Chinese or Yi. Indifferent language attitude. About 8,000 also use Chinese, 400 also use Yi. About 10 people can read the Shaba script. About 10 people can read the Shaba script.
ert Eritai 530 (2000 WCD). West of the Mamberamo River, Lakes Plain area in low mountains just south of Danau Bira (Lake Holmes), around the Kustera airstrip, to the villages of Erai to the east, Kustera, and Haya to the south. Jayapura Kabupaten, Mamberamo Tengah and Mamberamo Hulu kecamatans. The dialect in Obogwi village is close, but not the same. Also related to Kaiy, Doutai, Biritai. Lexical similarity 76% with Obokuitai, 50% with Sikaritai. Vigorous. Some at Kustera also use Bauzi, but not those in other villages. Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 10%. Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 10%.
erw Erokwanas 200 (2000 Wurm). Northwest coast of Bomberai Peninsula, north of Baham language. The dialect in Obogwi village is close, but not the same. Also related to Kaiy, Doutai, Biritai. Lexical similarity 76% with Obokuitai, 50% with Sikaritai. Vigorous. Some at Kustera also use Bauzi, but not those in other villages. Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 10%. Literacy rate in first language: 0% to 10%.
ese Ese Ejja 472 in Peru (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 400 to 500 in Peru (2000 SIL). Tambopata and Heath rivers around Maldonado. Each clan has slight dialect differences; all seem inherently intelligible. Appears to differ the most from other Tacanan languages. The Tambopata dialect in Peru is somewhat different from the Bolivian dialect. Official language. Most ages. Almost all in Peru also use Spanish. Dictionary. NT: 1984. Dictionary. NT: 1984.
esh Eshtehardi No estimate available. Eshtehard and environs, Karaj District, Markazi Province. Close to Takestani. Eshtehardi may be the same language as some other dialects spoken to the southwest of Qazvin. Official language. Most ages. Almost all in Peru also use Spanish. Dictionary. NT: 1984. Dictionary. NT: 1984.
esi Inupiatun, North Alaskan Ethnic population: 8,000. Mackenzie delta region including Aklavik and Inuvik, into Alaska, USA. West Arctic Inupiatun (Mackenzie Inupiatun, Mackenzie Delta Inupiatun), North Slope Inupiatun. Most speakers older than 30 years. Younger speakers prefer English. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.
esk Inupiatun, Northwest Alaska 4,000 (1978 SIL). Speakers of all Inuit languages: 75,000 out of 91,000 in the ethnic group (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 8,000 (1978 SIL). Alaska, Kobuk River, Noatak River, Seward Peninsula, and Bering Strait. Northern Malimiut Inupiatun, Southern Malimiut Inupiatun, Kobuk River Inupiatun, Coastal Inupiatun, Kotzebue Sound Inupiatun, Seward Peninsula Inupiatun, King Island Inupiatun (Bering Strait Inupiatun). Most speakers of Seward Peninsula older than 40 years (1990). Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997.
esl Egypt Sign Language No estimate available. Alaska, Kobuk River, Noatak River, Seward Peninsula, and Bering Strait. Northern Malimiut Inupiatun, Southern Malimiut Inupiatun, Kobuk River Inupiatun, Coastal Inupiatun, Kotzebue Sound Inupiatun, Seward Peninsula Inupiatun, King Island Inupiatun (Bering Strait Inupiatun). Most speakers of Seward Peninsula older than 40 years (1990). Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997.
esm Esuma Extinct. Ethnic population: 164 (1988 census). Southern Department, Essouma Canton of Adiake Subprefecture. Two villages of Assinie and Mafia. Northern Malimiut Inupiatun, Southern Malimiut Inupiatun, Kobuk River Inupiatun, Coastal Inupiatun, Kotzebue Sound Inupiatun, Seward Peninsula Inupiatun, King Island Inupiatun (Bering Strait Inupiatun). Became extinct about 200 years ago. Members of the ethnic group now speak Anyin and Nzema. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997.
esn Salvadoran Sign Language No estimate available. Southern Department, Essouma Canton of Adiake Subprefecture. Two villages of Assinie and Mafia. Northern Malimiut Inupiatun, Southern Malimiut Inupiatun, Kobuk River Inupiatun, Coastal Inupiatun, Kotzebue Sound Inupiatun, Seward Peninsula Inupiatun, King Island Inupiatun (Bering Strait Inupiatun). Became extinct about 200 years ago. Members of the ethnic group now speak Anyin and Nzema. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. NT: 1997.
eso Estonian Sign Language 4,500 users out of 1,600 deaf and 20,000 hearing impaired. 2,000 persons need regular help from interpreters (1998 Urmas Sutrop). Throughout Estonia, especially Tallinn and Pärnu. Some local dialects. The dialect in Pärnu is the most archaic. Apparent influences from Finnish and Russian Sign Languages. Russian Sign Language is used in Tallinn by deaf Russians. In other regions Russians use some pidginized versions of Russian Sign Language mixed with Estonian Sign Language. Systematic teaching and research since 1990 at the Dept. of Special Education at Tartu University. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children in Tallinn. Some can use both Estonian and Russian Sign Languages. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar.
esq Esselen Extinct. Ethnic population: 80 (2000 A. Yamamoto). Formerly on central California coast near Carmel. Some local dialects. The dialect in Pärnu is the most archaic. Apparent influences from Finnish and Russian Sign Languages. There is a language revival effort. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar.
ess Yupik, Central Siberian 300 in Russia (1991 Kibrik). Ethnic population: 1,200 to 1,500 in Russia (1991 Kibrik). Chukchi National Okrug, coast of the Bering Sea, Wrangel Island. The Chaplino live in Providenie Region in Novo-Chaplino and Providenie villages. Aiwanat, Noohalit (Peekit), Wooteelit, Chaplino. 20% to 40% of the ethnic group speaks it. Resettlement has weakened language use, but recent contacts with Alaska have increased prestige. Chaplino is taught in schools through fourth grade. Older adults have active command of the language, those 35 to 50 have passive knowledge, children know what they have learned in school. Positive language attitude. Taught in primary schools. Taught in primary schools.
est Estonian 6,000 in Finland (1993). Traditionally on the southern coast. Tallinn (Reval, Northern Estonian), Tartu (Dorpat, Tatu, Southern Estonian), Setu, Muly (Mulgi), Vyrus (Voru). The traditional community was assimilated to the Swedish-speaking community. Roman script. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1739–1995. Roman script. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1739–1995.
esu Yupik, Central 10,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 21,000 (1995 M. Krauss). Nunivak Island, Alaska coast from Bristol Bay to Unalakleet on Norton Sound and inland along Nushagak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon rivers. Kuskokwim Yupik (Bethel Yupik). There are 3 dialects, which are quite different. All ages along the central coast and up the Kuskokwim River. In Bristol Bay, Yukon Delta, Bethel, and on Nunivak Island, the average age of youngest speakers is from 20 to 40. Speakers also use English. Grammar. NT: 1956. Grammar. NT: 1956.
eth Ethiopian Sign Language No estimate available. Nunivak Island, Alaska coast from Bristol Bay to Unalakleet on Norton Sound and inland along Nushagak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon rivers. Kuskokwim Yupik (Bethel Yupik). There are 3 dialects, which are quite different. There are several sign languages used in different schools for the deaf. Little research. Used since 1971. There have been elementary schools for deaf children since 1956. Grammar. NT: 1956. Grammar. NT: 1956.
etr Edolo 1,668 (2000 census). 60% monolingual. Southern Highlands Province, Tari District, and Western Province, Nomad District; southwest of Mt. Sisa, 16 villages. Eastern Edolo, Western Edolo. Lexical similarity 38% with Beami. Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and some written use in religious services, Local use in commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 30% can also use Huli, Onobasulu, or Beami. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1997. Literacy rate in first language: 15% to 20%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Bible portions: 1997.
ets Yekhee 274,000 (1995 UBS). Edo State, Etsako, Agbako, and Okpebho LGAs. Auchi, Uzairue, South Ibie (South Ivbie), Uwepa-Uwano (Weppa Wano), Avianwu (Fugar), Aviele, Ivhiadaobi, Ekperi. Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and some written use in religious services, Local use in commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 30% can also use Huli, Onobasulu, or Beami. Bible portions: 1980. Bible portions: 1980.
etu Ejagham 49,394 in Cameroon (2000 WCD). South West Province, Manyu Division, whole of Eyumodjok Subdivision and southern part of Mamfe Subdivision west of Mamfe. Western Ejagham, Eastern Ejagham, Southern Ejagham (Ekin, Kwa, Qua, Aqua, Abakpa). Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and some written use in religious services, Local use in commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 30% can also use Huli, Onobasulu, or Beami. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1997. Radio programs. TV. Grammar. NT: 1997.
etx Eten 40,000 (2003 Blench). Plateau State, Barakin Ladi LGA; Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA. Western Ejagham, Eastern Ejagham, Southern Ejagham (Ekin, Kwa, Qua, Aqua, Abakpa). Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and some written use in religious services, Local use in commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 30% can also use Huli, Onobasulu, or Beami. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940.
etz Semimi 1,000 (1991 SIL). Bomberai Peninsula close to Kaniran, south part of neck extending west to Triton Bay. Lexical similarity 69% with Mairasi, 63% with Mer. Vigorous. All domains. Spoken and some written use in religious services, Local use in commerce. All ages. Positive language attitude. 30% can also use Huli, Onobasulu, or Beami. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940.
eur Europanto No estimate available. Brussels, European Union buildings. Lexical similarity 69% with Mairasi, 63% with Mer. A mixture of elements from some of the main European languages, for use among members of the European Union. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1940.
eus Basque 580,000 in Spain (1991 L. Trask U. of Sussex). There are 2,000,000 residents of the 3 provinces of Basque territory; 25% were born outside the territory, 40% in the territory were born to Basque parents. 4,400,000 in Spain have a Basque surname; 19% live in Basque country. Population total all countries: 588,108. French-Spanish border, 3 Basque provinces: Alava (Araba), Biskaia (Biskay), and Gipuzkoa of the Autonomous Basque Community (CAV); in the northern area of the Autonomous Region of Navarra (Nafarroa) of north central Spain. Also spoken in Australia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Philippines, USA. Guipuzcoan (Guipuzcoano, Gipuzkoan), Alto Navarro Septentrional (High Navarrese, Upper Navarran), Alto Navarro Meridional, Biscayan (Vizcaino), Roncalese, Avalan. A degree of inherent intelligibility among all regional varieties except Souletin. Regional varieties are sometimes preferred for oral use, but in Spain there is also a fairly strong desire for the Batua unified standard. Official regional language. Ages 2 to 20 and over 50 as first language, all ages as first or second language in mainly Basque-speaking areas. Speakers also use Castilian or Catalan. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1855–1998. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1855–1998.
eve Even 7,543 (1989 census). Ethnic population: 17,199 (1989 census). Yakutia and the Kamchatka Peninsula, widely scattered over the entire Okhotsk Arctic coast. Arman, Indigirka, Kamchatka, Kolyma-Omolon, Okhotsk, Ola, Tompon, Upper Kolyma, Sakkyryr, Lamunkhin. Ola dialect is not accepted by speakers of other dialects. A dialect cluster. It was incorrectly reported to be a Yukaghir dialect. 30% to 50% of the ethnic group speaks Even. Few key domains. Most speakers older than 30 years. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Russian, Yakut. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1880. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1880.
evh Uvbie 19,801 (2000 WCD). Delta State, Ethiope LGA. Related to Urhobo. 30% to 50% of the ethnic group speaks Even. Few key domains. Most speakers older than 30 years. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Russian, Yakut. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1880. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1880.
evn Evenki 9,000 in Russia (1997 M. Krauss). Ethnic population: 30,000 in Russia (1997 M. Krauss). Evenki National Okrug, Sakhalin Island. Capital is Ture. Manegir, Yerbogocen, Nakanna, Ilimpeya, Tutoncana, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Cemdalsk, Vanavara, Baykit, Poligus, Uchama, Cis-Baikalia, Sym, Tokmo-Upper Lena, Nepa, Lower Nepa Tungir, Kalar, Tokko, Aldan Timpton, Tommot, Jeltulak, Uchur, Ayan-Maya, Kur-Urmi, Tuguro-Chumikan, Sakhalin, Zeya-Bureya. Half or fewer of the ethnic group speaks Evenki. Used in the home. A few to none of the children. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Russian, Yakut, or Buriat. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly all. Literacy rate in second language: Nearly all.
ewe Éwé 861,900 in Togo (1991 Vanderaa). Maritime Region and Plateau Region south of Atakpamé. Main centers in Kpalimé, Notsé, Tsévié. Adan, Agu, Anglo (Anlo, Awlan), Aveno, Be, Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Togo, Vlin, Vo. National language. Predominant language in southern Togo. Speakers also use French. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Taught in primary schools. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Taught in primary schools.
eya Eyak 1 (1996 N. Barnes). Ethnic population: 50 (1995 M. Krauss). Mouth of the Copper River, Alaska. Last speaker lives in Anchorage. Adan, Agu, Anglo (Anlo, Awlan), Aveno, Be, Gbin, Ho, Kpelen, Togo, Vlin, Vo. Speakers have shifted to English. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Taught in primary schools. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 60%. Taught in primary schools.
faa Fasu 1,200 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 750 Fasu, 300 Namuni, 150 Some. Southern Highlands Province, Nipa District, south into Gulf Province and west to the Kikori River in Western Province. Some, Kaibu (Kaipu), Namome (Namumi, Namuni). Speakers have shifted to English. Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1976–1995. Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1976–1995.
fab Fa D'ambu 2,500 in Equatorial Guinea (1999 SIL). Population total all countries: 3,100. Annobón Island, isolated from the mainland by 360 km of ocean (2,000), and in a community from Annobón living in Malabo on Bioko Island (500), a few on continental Equatorial Guinea. Also spoken in Spain. Different from Fernando Po Krio and Crioulo of Guinea-Bissau and Kabuverdianu. Little variation between Annobonese in Annobón and Malabo. Lexical similarity 62.5% with São Tomense. 10% of the lexicon comes from Spanish. Vigorous use in Annobón and Malabo. All domains except government and education. Language closely related to cultural identity and solidarity. Many on Bioko learn Spanish, but less so on Annobón. Women on Annobón seem uncomfortable in Spanish. Spanish is used in government and education. Many on Bioko learn the local trade language, Fernando Po Creole English. Noncreolized Portuguese used as liturgical language by local Catholics. Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1976–1995. Literacy rate in first language: 75% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1976–1995.
fad Wagi 3,378 (2003 SIL). Madang Province, 7 miles northwest of Madang. 5 villages: Mis, Kamba, Foran, Kauris, and Silibob. May be closest to Nobonob. Lexical similarity 30% with Ari dialect of Nobonob. Speakers also use Ari, Nobonob, or Tok Pisin. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.
fag Finongan 1,300 (2002 SIL). 3% monolinguals. Morobe Province. May be closest to Nobonob. Lexical similarity 30% with Ari dialect of Nobonob. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.
fah Fali of Baissa Few speakers left (1992 Crozier and Blench). Southern Taraba State, Falinga Plateau Region. May be closest to Nobonob. Lexical similarity 30% with Ari dialect of Nobonob. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 25%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.
fai Faiwol 4,500 (1987 SIL). Western Province, Tabubil District, at the headwaters of the Fly and Palmer rivers. Not in Papua, Indonesia. Angkiyakmin, Faiwolmin, Wopkeimin. Many dialects. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. NT: 1995. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. NT: 1995.
faj Faita 50 (2000 Wurm). Madang Province. Related to Biyom, Isabi, Tauya. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. NT: 1995. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. NT: 1995.
fak Fang 2,400 (2001 SIL). North West Province, Menchum Division, Wum Subdivision, northeast of Wum, village of Fang. Related to Biyom, Isabi, Tauya. All ages. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. NT: 1995. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 40%. Literacy rate in second language: 30% to 40%. NT: 1995.
fal Fali, South 20,000 (1982 SIL). Around Hossere Bapara, Tsolaram, Hossere Toro, and Ndoudja; North Province, Benoue Division, northeast of Garoua, Pitoa Subdivision, south of Dembo. Fali-Tinguelin (Ndoudja, Mango, Ram, Toro), Kangou (Kaang, Kangu, Fali Kangou), Bele (Ngoutchoumi, Fali-Bele, Fali du Bele-Fere). All ages. NT: 1975. NT: 1975.
fam Fam 1,000 (1984). Taraba State, Bali LGA, 17 km east of Kungana. Not closely related to other languages. All ages. NT: 1975. NT: 1975.
fao Faroese 45,400 (2001). Faroe Islands. Not inherently intelligible with Icelandic. All ages. Bible: 1948–1961. Bible: 1948–1961.
fap Palor 9,680 (2002). West central, west southwest of Thies. 55% intelligibility of Ndut, 27% of Safen. Lexical similarity 84% with Ndut, 74% with Safen, 68% with Non and Lehar, 22% with Serer-Sine. Used in the home. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some speakers also use Safen or French. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%.
fau Fayu 350 (2000 Wurm). West of juncture of Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers, west of the Kirikiri language. 55% intelligibility of Ndut, 27% of Safen. Lexical similarity 84% with Ndut, 74% with Safen, 68% with Non and Lehar, 22% with Serer-Sine. Used in the home. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some speakers also use Safen or French. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%.
fay Fars, Southwestern No estimate available. Central Fars Province: Somghun, Papun, Masarm, Buringun, Kondazi, Davâni, others. Related to Lari. Used in the home. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some speakers also use Safen or French. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%.
faz Fars, Northwestern No estimate available. Scattered in isolated pockets of Fars Province. Close to Sivandi. Used in the home. Bilingual level estimates for Wolof: 0 0–1%, 1 5%, 2 15%, 3 60%, 4 15%, 5 5%. Some speakers also use Safen or French. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%.
fcs Quebec Sign Language 50,000 to 60,000 (2000 SIL). Quebec, except northern Quebec, Ottawa, Northern Ontario, Bathurst New Brunswick, and a few in Vancouver and Edmonton. Related to French Sign Language (LSF). In northern Quebec, deaf people use ASL, with English the second language. Some use Signed French. Segregated deaf education by sex resulted in some lexical differences between the sexes; female use more influenced by ASL and LSQ; male by Signed French and LSQ. It is rare for a deaf child to learn both LSQ and ASL. A few adults have a working knowledge of both. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%.
ffm Fulfulde, Maasina 7,300 in Ghana (1991). Northern, in small groups. Western Macina, Eastern Macina. There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible. Substantial Bambara influence. There is skewing between the ethnic and linguistic relationships. Speakers also use Hausa. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1934. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1934.
fgr Fongoro 1,000 (1983 Doornbos and Bender). East, Ouaddaï Prefecture, Goz Beida Subprefecture, canton Fongoro, along the Sudan border in the Dar Fongoro Region south of Mongororo and the Sinyar, in a rather inaccessible area. Western Macina, Eastern Macina. There are some dialect differences, but popular opinion is that all dialects in Mali are inherently intelligible. Substantial Bambara influence. There is skewing between the ethnic and linguistic relationships. Speakers are shifting to Fur. There may be a few older adult speakers left and some living in isolated places. Extinct in Sudan. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1934. Newspapers. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1934.
fia Nobiin 200,000 in Egypt (1996). Northern Province, northwards from Burgeg to the Egyptian border at Wadi Halfa. Also at New Halfa in Kassala Province. 40% in the Upper Nile Valley, mainly near Kom Ombo; the rest in various cities. Mahas (Mahasi, Mahass), Fiyadikka (Fedicca, Fadicha, Fadicca, Fadija, Fiadidja). Not intelligible with Kenuzi-Dongola. Lexical similarity 67% with Kenuzi-Dongola. The language is the center of Nubian identity. The ethnic group is larger in Egypt than Sudan, but most are now monolingual in Egyptian or Sa`idi Arabic. The shift to Arabic is expected to continue in the cities. Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1860–1899. Arabic and Roman scripts in Egypt. Bible portions: 1860–1899.
fie Fyer 26,131 (2000 WCD). Plateau State, Mangu LGA, Fyer District. Mahas (Mahasi, Mahass), Fiyadikka (Fedicca, Fadicha, Fadicca, Fadija, Fiadidja). Not intelligible with Kenuzi-Dongola. Lexical similarity 67% with Kenuzi-Dongola. Vigorous. Grammar. Grammar.
fil Filipino No estimate available. Throughout the country. Mahas (Mahasi, Mahass), Fiyadikka (Fedicca, Fadicha, Fadicca, Fadija, Fiadidja). Not intelligible with Kenuzi-Dongola. Lexical similarity 67% with Kenuzi-Dongola. Official language. Widely spoken as a second language. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Bible: 1905. Taught in primary and secondary schools. Bible: 1905.
fin Finnish 200,000 in Sweden (1997 Birger Winsa). 'Swedish-Finns' were 446,134 in 1999, which counts those born in Finland and first generation born in Sweden, but not others, even if the first language is Finnish. St. Petersburg area, Ingria Region. Southwestern Finnish, Häme (Tavast), South Pohjanmaa, Central and North Pohjanmaa, Peräpohja, Savo (Savolax), Southeastern Finnish (Finnish Karjala, Finnish Karelian). Southeastern dialects called 'Karelian' in colloquial Finnish are distinct from true Karelian (T. Salminen). Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Olonetsian. In Russia eastern dialects merge gradually into Karelian. Speakers also use Russian. Grammar. Bible: 1642–1991. Grammar. Bible: 1642–1991.
fir Firan 2,500 (2003 Blench). Plateau State, Barkin Ladi LGA, Kwakwi Station south of Jos. Related to Izere. Speakers also use Russian. Grammar. Bible: 1642–1991. Grammar. Bible: 1642–1991.
fit Finnish, Tornedalen 30,000 in Finland (1997 Birger Winsa). Northeast Sweden, County of Norrbotten, municipalities of Gällivare, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneä, and Haparanda. Also spoken in Finland. Torne Valley Finnish, Vittangi Finnish, Gällivare Finnish. Standard Finnish is not entirely intelligible to speakers of Tornedalen, especially abstract and complex discourse. There is a Swedish Tornedalian Association with 5,000 members. Many Saami speak it as second language. The dominant first-language speakers are 30 years and older. Torne Valley dialect has the highest prestige. Gällivare dialect has the lowest prestige. Somewhat negative attitudes toward Standard Finnish, and weak motivation to learn it, although it is partially intelligible to Tornedalen speakers. Swedish is used as second language, and some speak Standard Finnish. Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1995. Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1995.
fiw Fiwaga 300 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Southern Highlands Province, northeast of Tama. Torne Valley Finnish, Vittangi Finnish, Gällivare Finnish. Standard Finnish is not entirely intelligible to speakers of Tornedalen, especially abstract and complex discourse. There is a Swedish Tornedalian Association with 5,000 members. Many Saami speak it as second language. The dominant first-language speakers are 30 years and older. Torne Valley dialect has the highest prestige. Gällivare dialect has the lowest prestige. Somewhat negative attitudes toward Standard Finnish, and weak motivation to learn it, although it is partially intelligible to Tornedalen speakers. Swedish is used as second language, and some speak Standard Finnish. Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1995. Literacy rate in first language: 20% to 30%. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1993–1995.
fiz Izere 50,000 (1993 SIL). Southern dialects: Plateau State, Barikin Ladi LGA; Northern dialects: Plateau State, Jos LGA; Bauchi State, Toro LGA; and Kaduna State, Jema'a LGA. Northwest Izere, Northeast Izere, South Izere, Ganang-Faishang. The Fobor dialect is prestigious. Northwest Izere subdialects: Fobor (Fobur) and Shere; Northeast Izere: Fedare (Zandi, Zendi), Jarawan Kogi (Maigemu), and Fursom (Fursum); South Izere: Forom (Ichen); Ganang and Faishang. Firan is a separate language. There is a Swedish Tornedalian Association with 5,000 members. Many Saami speak it as second language. The dominant first-language speakers are 30 years and older. Torne Valley dialect has the highest prestige. Gällivare dialect has the lowest prestige. Somewhat negative attitudes toward Standard Finnish, and weak motivation to learn it, although it is partially intelligible to Tornedalen speakers. Swedish is used as second language, and some speak Standard Finnish. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1940. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Radio programs. Bible portions: 1940.
fkv Finnish, Kven 5,000 to 8,000 (1998 The Federation of Norwegian Kven People). Northern Norway, Tromso and Finnmark counties, Ruija, Kveeniland; city of Tromso, and in Oteren, Skibotn, Storslett, Kvaenangsbotn, Nordreisa, Alta, Borselv, Neiden, Bygoynes, Vadso. Standard Finnish speakers generally understand most of it, except for some vocabulary. Closer to Tornedalen Finnish (see Sweden) than to Standard Finnish. Various dialects: northern west coast varieties differ from eastern ones. Kven has integrated Norwegian loans, whereas Tornedalen has integrated Swedish loans. Accepted from 1997 as a second language in Norway. It is now taught in schools 3 hours a week. Most speakers older than 70 years. Considered to be 'Old Finnish'. Speakers of Tornedalen and Kven recognize the differences between the two. Speakers also use Norwegian or Finnish. Literacy rate in second language: Over 90% in Finnish. Newspapers. Literacy rate in second language: Over 90% in Finnish. Newspapers.
fla Kalispel-Pend D'oreille 200 (1997). Ethnic population: 6,800 (1997). Kalispel Reservation, northeast Washington, Flathead Reservation, northwest Montana. Pend D'oreille, Kalispel. Speakers are shifting to English. All speakers are older adults. Literacy rate in second language: Over 90% in Finnish. Newspapers. Literacy rate in second language: Over 90% in Finnish. Newspapers.
flh Foau 232 (1975 SIL). Foa and Mudiay village, east Lakes Plain area just north of lower Idenburg River. Close to Taworta. Speakers are shifting to English. All speakers are older adults. Literacy rate in second language: Over 90% in Finnish. Newspapers. Literacy rate in second language: Over 90% in Finnish. Newspapers.
fli Fali 20,000 (1990 in Crozier and Blench 1992:39). Population includes 5,000 or fewer in Vin dialect. Adamawa State, Mubi and Michika LGAs, 4 principal villages. Vin (Uroovin, Uvin, Vimtim), Huli (Bahuli, Urahuli), Madzarin (Ura Madzarin, Muchella), Bween (Urambween, Bagira). Dialects are named after villages. Speakers also use Fulfulde or Hausa. Little formal education. Little formal education.
fll Fali, North 16,000 (1982 SIL). North Province, Mayo-Louti Division, Mayo-Oulo Subdivision, around Dourbeye and Mayo-Oulo. Dourbeye (Fali-Dourbeye), Bossoum (Fali-Bossoum, Bonum), Bveri (Fali du Peske-Bori, Peske, Bori). Speakers are rapidly shifting to Adamawa Fulfulde. Little formal education. Little formal education.
flm Chin, Falam 25,367 in India (1994). Population includes 7,000 Ranglong. Assam, Karimganj District, south, a few villages in Cachar and North Hills districts; Tripura; Mizoram; West Bengal. Chorei, Chari Chong, Halam, Kaipang, Kalai (Koloi), Mursum (Molsom), Rupini, Ranglong, Tapong. Speakers are rapidly shifting to Adamawa Fulfulde. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low.
fln Flinders Island 3 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Queensland, Cape York Peninsula, Flinders Island, Princess Charlotte Bay. Chorei, Chari Chong, Halam, Kaipang, Kalai (Koloi), Mursum (Molsom), Rupini, Ranglong, Tapong. Speakers are rapidly shifting to Adamawa Fulfulde. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low.
fly Tsotsitaal It had tens of thousands of primary users; hundreds of thousands of second-language users (1984 Gilbert and Makhudu). In Gauteng province, around Johannesburg, Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and other cities. Not intelligible to Afrikaans speakers. Uses many Afrikaans, English, and Bantu words, and others of unknown origin. Originated in the gold mines in Transvaal from 1886. Creolized by 1930. Used until the 1970s or 1980s. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low.
fmu Muria, Far Western 10,089 (2000 WCD). Maharashtra, northern Garhchiroli District, Kurkhed Taluk. 79% to 88% intelligibility of other Muria languages; 74% of Dandami Maria, 0% to 34% of Northern Gondi, 6% to 50% of Southern Gondi, 2% to 70% of Maria. All domains. All ages. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low. Literacy among Kaipeng in Tripura is low.
fng Fanagalo Several hundred thousand speakers in Zimbabwe (1975 Reinecke). Towns and mining areas. Chilapalapa. Trade language. Used widely in towns and mining areas. Dictionary. Dictionary.
fni Fania 1,100 (1997 SIL). Southeast, Guéra Prefecture, Melfi Subprefecture, west of Lake Iro, and north of Sarh, around Mouraye, Sengué, Malakonjo, Rim, Sisi, Karo villages. Northern Fania, Southern Fania. A separate language from Bua. Lexical similarity 79% between dialects. Vigorous. Most use Chadian Arabic as second language. Dictionary. Dictionary.
foi Foi 2,800 (1980 UBS). Southern Highlands Province, east and south of Lake Kutubu and Mubi River. Ifigi, Kafa, Kutubu, Mubi. Vigorous. Most use Chadian Arabic as second language. NT: 1978. NT: 1978.
fon Fon 35,500 in Togo (1991). They are widely scattered and form small minorities in the Plateau Region south and north of the town of Atakpame. Agbome, Arohun, Gbekon, Kpase. Speakers also use Éwé or French. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 60%. Literacy rate in first language: 5% to 60%.
for Fore 17,000 (1991 SIL). Eastern Highlands Province, Okapa District. Pamusa (South Fore), North Central Fore. Speakers also use Éwé or French. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1970–1974. Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1970–1974.
fos Siraya Extinct. Southwestern, around present-day Tainan, from Peimen to Hengchun to Tapu. Siraya, Makatao (Makattao, Takaraya, Tta'o), Pangsoia-Dolatok, Taivoan (Tevorang), Lamai. Speakers also use Éwé or French. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1661. Dictionary. Bible portions: 1661.
fpe Fernando Po Creole English 5,000 (1998 SIL). North central Bioko Island (Fernando Po), 6 communities in or near Malabo: Musola, Las Palmas, Sampaca, Basupu, Fiston, Balveri de Cristo Rey. Pidginglis may be a separate language from Krio. Trade language. 70,000 or 17.5% speak it as trade language. About 1,000 are monolingual. Language of instruction in school is Spanish. English and some Bubi are also used. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Spanish. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Spanish.
fqs Fas 1,600 (1988 SIL). Sandaun Province, Amanab and Aitape districts. Eastern Fas, Western Fas. Dialect differences are small. Trade language. 70,000 or 17.5% speak it as trade language. About 1,000 are monolingual. Language of instruction in school is Spanish. English and some Bubi are also used. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Spanish. Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Spanish.
frd Fordata 50,000. Population includes 25,000 in the language area and 25,000 elsewhere (2000 C. Marshall). Southeast Maluku, northern Tanimbar Islands of the Fordata, Larat, the Molu-Maru group, a few villages on the northwest part of Yamdena, and on Seira off the west coast of Yamdena. 30 villages. Also in Saumlaki, Ambon, Tual, Sorong, Hayapura, Jakarta. Fordata-Larat I, Fordata-Larat II, Molo (Molo-Maru), Sera (Seira). Sera is the most divergent dialect. Lexical similarity 68% with Kei. Trade language formerly of the Tanimbar Islands and the language of ritual. It is now not well known by speakers of the other 3 languages, except for some older people who use it for ritual. Vigorous. 2 villages of mainly Muslim Geser and Bugis use Fordata as second language. All domains, home, fields, trails, traditional law, local administration and commerce, traditional religious ceremonies. Positive language attitude. Nearly everyone is bilingual to some degree in Ambonese Malay, the trade language. They are less bilingual in Standard Indonesian, usually the third language learned. Less than 1% monolingual. Indonesian and Ambonese Malay used in schools, government, most churches. Most parents speak mixed Fordata and Malay to their children. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 2,500 read, 1,500 can write. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996. Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. 2,500 read, 1,500 can write. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1996.
fri Frisian, Western 700,000 (1976 Stephens). Population includes 400,000 in Friesland, 300,000 elsewhere. Friesland, northern Netherlands. Westerlauwers Fries, Súdhoeksk, Wâldfrysk, Klaaifrysk. Linguistically between Dutch and English. Lexical similarity 71% with Standard German, 61% with English, 74% with Eastern Frisian. Official language. Over 70% of those in Friesland still speak Western Frisian. Positive language attitude. Most speakers also use Dutch. Literacy rate in first language: Speakers not generally literate in Frisian. Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1943–1978. Literacy rate in first language: Speakers not generally literate in Frisian. Radio programs. TV. Bible: 1943–1978.
frk Frankish Extinct. Friesland, northern Netherlands. Westerlauwers Fries, Súdhoeksk, Wâldfrysk, Klaaifrysk. Linguistically between Dutch and English. Lexical similarity 71% with Standard German, 61% with English, 74% with Eastern Frisian. Official language. Over 70% of those in Friesland still speak Western Frisian. Positive language attitude. Most speakers also use Dutch. Bible portions: 1758–1827. Bible portions: 1758–1827.
frq Forak 283 (2003 SIL). Madang Province, Saidor District, Mamgak village, 5 miles west and inland from Seure on the coast. Related to Asaro'o, Muratayak, Bulgebi, Degenan, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. Speakers also use Muratayak or Asaro'o. Bible portions: 1758–1827. Bible portions: 1758–1827.
frr Frisian, Northern 10,000 (1976 Stephens). Ethnic population: 60,000 (1976 Stephens). Schleswig-Holstein, on the coastal strip between the rivers Eider in the south and Wiedau in the north, and adjacent islands of Föhr, Amrum, Sylt, Norstrand, Pellworm, the ten islands of the Halligen group, and Helgoland. Mooringer (Mooringa, Mainland Frisian), Ferring (Fohr-Amrum), Sölreng (Sylt), Helgoland. The first 3 dialects listed are different enough that more than one set of literature would be needed. Ferring dialect is actively used. Not intelligible to Eastern Frisian of Germany or Western Frisian of the Netherlands except to a few educated bilingual speakers of West Frisian. Mooringer has 70% lexical similarity with Standard German, 55% with English, 66% with Eastern Frisian; Föhr has 69% with Standard German, 62% with English, 68% with Western Frisian, 73% with Eastern Frisian, 86% with Mooringer, 91% with Amrum; Sylt has 64% with Standard German, 61% with English, 79% with Mooringer, 85% with Föhr. The Sölreng dialect is nearly extinct. Used in the home. Few children speakers. Positive language attitude. Speakers have some proficiency in Standard German, Low Saxon, or English. Literacy rate in first language: Few read Frisian. Grammar. Bible portions: 1954. Literacy rate in first language: Few read Frisian. Grammar. Bible portions: 1954.
frs Frisian, Eastern 11,000 in Germany (1976 Stephens). Schleswig-Holstein, Ostfriesland, the area around the towns of Emden and Oldenburg in Lower Saxony, and Saterland, Jeverland, and Butjadingen in 1976. Reported to be used only in Saterland, Eastern Frisia in 1998. Also spoken in USA. Not intelligible with Western Frisian of the Netherlands or Northern Frisian (E. Matteson SIL 1978) or Saterfriesisch (Wolbert Smidt 2001). Lexical similarity 77% with Standard German, 74% with Western Frisian. Language of the home for 1,500 to 2,000 (1977 SIL). Most speakers are older adults (2001). Literacy rate in first language: Few read Frisian. Grammar. Bible portions: 1954. Literacy rate in first language: Few read Frisian. Grammar. Bible portions: 1954.
fse Finnish Sign Language 5,000 (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). Ethnic population: 8,000. Schleswig-Holstein, Ostfriesland, the area around the towns of Emden and Oldenburg in Lower Saxony, and Saterland, Jeverland, and Butjadingen in 1976. Reported to be used only in Saterland, Eastern Frisia in 1998. Also spoken in USA. 2 major dialects from the Finnish (17 schools) and Swedish (1 school) communities. Apparent influence from Swedish Sign Language merged with local indigenous varieties. Not intelligible with Danish Sign Language. The government pays interpreters to accompany the deaf to hospitals, college, church, etc. Signed interpretation required in court. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989.
fsl French Sign Language 50,000 to 100,000 primary users in France (1986 Gallaudet Univ.). 1,000 users of Marseille Sign Language (1975 Sallagooty). Southern FSL is used in Marseille, Toulon, La Ciotat, and Salon de Provence. Also used in Togo. Marseille Sign Language (Southern French Sign Language). Many sign languages have been influenced by this, but are not necessarily intelligible with it. Reported to be partially intelligible with sign languages from Austria, Czech Republic, and Italy, at least. Lexical similarity 43% with American Sign Language in an 872-wordlist. The government pays interpreters to accompany the deaf to hospitals, college, church, etc. Signed interpretation required in court. Sign language instruction for parents of deaf children. Many classes for hearing people. There is a committee on national sign language. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989.
fss Finnish-Swedish Sign Language 150 (2001). Southern FSL is used in Marseille, Toulon, La Ciotat, and Salon de Provence. Also used in Togo. Marseille Sign Language (Southern French Sign Language). Many sign languages have been influenced by this, but are not necessarily intelligible with it. Reported to be partially intelligible with sign languages from Austria, Czech Republic, and Italy, at least. Lexical similarity 43% with American Sign Language in an 872-wordlist. Private spheres only. Users are older adults. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989. Films. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1989.
fub Fulfulde, Adamawa 90,000 in Sudan (1982 SIL). Northern Sudan, Blue Nile and Kordofan regions. Gombe. Few monolinguals; most are children. Many speak Sudanese Arabic; some also speak Hausa and Songai as second languages. Mahdist group is bilingual in Fulfulde and Sudanese Spoken Arabic. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1983. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1983.
fuc Pulaar 150,000 in Mauritania. Settled primarily in northwestern Mali around Nioro and Kayes. Pockets found in Segou and Bandiagara, which are remnants of Umar Tal's conquest in the middle 1800s. Toucouleur (Tukulor, Pulaar, Haalpulaar). Fulbe Jeeri is an ethnic group which speaks this language as first language. An official literacy committee is concerned with Pulaar. An official literacy committee is concerned with Pulaar.
fue Fulfulde, Borgu 48,200 in Togo (1993 Johnstone). North. The Djougoure dialect may extend west into Togo. Atakora Fulfulde. Fulbe Jeeri is an ethnic group which speaks this language as first language. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Among the Fulfulde speaking Gando people there are over 2,000 literates. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Among the Fulfulde speaking Gando people there are over 2,000 literates.
fuf Pular 178,400 in Sierra Leone (1991). Throughout the country but especially in the north. Krio Fula, Kebu Fula. Looked upon as outsiders in Senegal. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in first language: below 1%.
fuh Fulfulde, Western Niger 750,000 in Burkina Faso (1999 SIL). Northeastern Burkina Faso corner. Barani (Barain, Baraniire), Gourmantche, Bogandé, Jelgoore, Liptaakoore, Barkoundouba, Seeba-Yaga (Yaaga) Ouhiguyua, Fada Ngurma. Official language. The Fulbe from Senegal to Sudan consider themselves to be one ethnic group and to speak one language, while acknowledging differences in speech. Many use Zarma as second language. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in first language: 1%.
fui Fulfulde, Bagirmi 156,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Scattered. May be close to Bororo Fulfulde; reported to be a nomadic group of Mbororo. Speakers also use Sango. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in first language: 1%.
fuj Ko 2,683 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). Northern Sudan, on small isolated hills in the extreme eastern part of the Nuba hills, between Talodi and the White Nile. Kau (Ko), Nyaro. Nyaro and Kau may be the same dialect. Lexical similarity 67% with Warnang (closest). Speakers also use Sango. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in first language: 1%.
fum Fum No estimate available. Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, Antere, on the Cameroon border. Kau (Ko), Nyaro. Nyaro and Kau may be the same dialect. Lexical similarity 67% with Warnang (closest). Speakers also use Sango. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in first language: 1%.
fun Fulniô 2,788 (1995 SIL). Pernambuco. Fulniô, Yatê. Lexical similarity 98% between Fulniô and Yatê dialects. Fulniô language is mainly used in 3-month annual religious retreat. Speakers also use Portuguese. Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in first language: 1%.
fuq Fulfulde, Central-Eastern Niger 450,000 (1998). Central and eastern Niger, from around Dogondoutchi on eastward to the Chad border. Wodaabe. Wodaabe culture is distinct from other Fulfulde varieties. Official language. The Fulbe (15,000,000) from Senegal to Sudan consider themselves to be one ethnic group and to speak one language, while acknowledging differences in speech. Many use Hausa as second language. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV.
fuu Furu 4,000 in Central African Republic (1996). Mobaye Subprefecture, 11 villages. Wodaabe. Wodaabe culture is distinct from other Fulfulde varieties. Speakers also use Sango or Mono. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV.

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