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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dhg | Dhangu | 350 (1983 Black). Population includes 200 in Gaalpu, 150 in Wangurri. | Elcho Island, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. | Dhangu-Djangu, Gaalpu (Kalbu), Wangurri, Ngaymil, Rirratjingu, Golumala. | Speakers also use Djambarrpuyngu. | Bible portions: 1977. | Bible portions: 1977. | |
| dhi | Dhimal | 450 in India (2000 Cooper). | West Bengal, 16 villages. | Eastern Dhimal. | 405 second-language speakers (1991 census). Used in the home, community. All ages. No strong attitudes as to what is 'pure' Dhimal. No negative feelings between speakers of different dialects. Positive language attitude toward Nepali. Most are partially bilingual in Nepali, but very few are fluent. Men are more fluent than women, educated people more than uneducated. Hindi, Rajbansi also used. | Literacy rate in second language: 39.2% (1991 census). Devanagari script. Dictionary. | Literacy rate in second language: 39.2% (1991 census). Devanagari script. Dictionary. | |
| dhl | Dhalandji | 20 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, head of Exmouth Gulf, inland to Ashburton River, West Pilbara. | Eastern Dhimal. | Speakers are reported to be highly bilingual in English. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| dhn | Dhanki | 138,000 (1997). | Gujarat, Dangs District; Maharashtra, Jalgaon District; Karnataka; Rajasthan. | Eastern Dhimal. | Trade language. Speakers also use Gujarati. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| dho | Dhodia | 139,000 (1997). | Gujarat, Surat and Valsad districts, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Madhya Pradesh; Maharashtra; Karnataka; Rajasthan. | Eastern Dhimal. | Speakers also use Gujarati. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| dhr | Dhargari | 6 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, Kennedy Range, upper Minilya and lower Lyons rivers, West Pilbara. | Eastern Dhimal. | Speakers also use Gujarati. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| dhu | Dhurga | Extinct. | New South Wales, Bermagui to Jervis Bay. | Eastern Dhimal. | Speakers also use Gujarati. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| dhv | Dehu | 11,338 (1996 census). | Lifou, Loyalty Islands. | Losi, Wete. | Vigorous. | Taught at secondary and junior college levels, and various other schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1890. | Taught at secondary and junior college levels, and various other schools. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1890. | |
| dhw | Dhanwar | 31,849 (2001 census). 70% to 75% monolingual. Ethnic population: 53,229. | Janakpur Zone, Sindhuli District; Eastern hills and plain, inner Terai and Terai south of Kathmandu, Makwanpur District, Narayani Zone. | Danuwar Done in Makwanpur and India and Danuwar Kachariya in Rautahat and elsewhere are probably distinct languages from Danuwar Rai. Typological affinities with Northwestern Zone, Dardic group. | Others use Nepali as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 24.5% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 24.5% (1991 census). | |
| dia | Dia | 1,835 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province. | Danuwar Done in Makwanpur and India and Danuwar Kachariya in Rautahat and elsewhere are probably distinct languages from Danuwar Rai. Typological affinities with Northwestern Zone, Dardic group. | Others use Nepali as second language. | Literacy rate in second language: 24.5% (1991 census). | Literacy rate in second language: 24.5% (1991 census). | |
| dib | Dinka, South Central | 250,000. Population includes 2,000 Aker, 2,000 Thany, 22,000 Ciec, 25,000 Gok (Tucker and Bryan). (Total Dinka 2,000,000 or more). | Southern Sudan, west of the Nile, south of the Sudd. Aker is southeast of the Agar; Aliap is south of the Bor in a few fishing villages mainly on the east bank of the Nile. Ciec is in Lakes District on the west bank of the Nile. Gok is between the Agar and the Rek in Jur River and Lakes districts. | Aliap (Aliab, Thany, Aker), Ciec (Ciem, Cic, Chiech, Kwac, Ajak, Ador), Gok (Gauk, Cok), Agar. Gok is also influenced by Southwestern Dinka and has a number of Arabic loans. Agar is becoming accepted as the educational standard for South Central Dinka. Lexical similarity 90% with Southeastern Dinka. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Bible portions: 1866–1916. | Bible portions: 1866–1916. | |
| dic | Dida, Lakota | 93,800 (1993 SIL). All Dida: 195,400 (1993 SIL). | Region around the town of Lakota. | Vata. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. | |
| did | Didinga | 100,000 (2000). 1997 parish survey indicated population of 117,000, but it is not clear if this is entirely Didinga. | Southern Sudan, Didinga Hills (about 60km. northeast of the junction of the Sudan, Kenya and Uganda borders) and north of Nagishot. | Ethnic groups: Chukudum, Lowudo. Slight differences in speech between Chukudum and Lowudo, apparently mainly phonetic. Lexical similarity 83% with Narim, 71% with Murle. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Bible portions: 1994. | Bible portions: 1994. | |
| dif | Dieri | Extinct. | South Australia, Leigh Creek. | Related to Garuwali, Marrula, Midhaga, Yarluyandi, all of which may be extinct. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Grammar. NT: 1897. | Grammar. NT: 1897. | |
| dih | Kumiai | 75 in the USA (1994 L. Hinton). Population includes 50 Kumiai, 25 Ipai. | Southern California east of San Diego, including some in Imperial Valley. | Kimiai, Ipai, Tipai. | Speakers in California are proficient in English. Spanish is the second language in Mexico. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| dij | Dai | 808 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | South, Dai and Babar islands. Dai is 15 miles north of Babar. 3 villages. | No dialect variation. Lexical similarity 72% with Dawera-Daweloor (closest), 71% with Nakarahamto, 49% with Masela-South Babar, 48% with Tepa (Luang). | Vigorous. Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dik | Dinka, Southwestern | 450,000 (1982 UBS). Population includes 55,000 Abiem, 15,000 Luac, 40,000 Malual, 17,000 Paliet, 35,000 Palioupiny, 50,000 Tuic. | Southern Sudan, north and northwest of Wau. | Rek (Raik), Abiem (Ajong Dit, Ajong Thi, Akany Kok, Akern Jok, Apuoth, Apwoth, Anei), Aguok (Agwok), Apuk, Awan, Lau, Luac, Malual (Malwal, Atoktou, Duliit, Korok, Makem, Peth), Paliet (Baliet, Ajak, Buoncwai, Bon Shwai, Bwoncwai, Kongder, Kondair, Thany Bur, Tainbour), Palioupiny (Palioping, Akjuet, Akwang, Ayat, Cimel, Gomjuer), Tuic (Twic, Twich, Twij, Adhiang, Amiol, Nyang, Thon). Luac dialect is different from Luac dialect in Northeastern Dinka. Lexical similarity 89% with South Central Dinka, 90% with Southeastern Dinka. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dil | Dilling | 5,295 (1984 R. C. Stevenson). | Northern Sudan, Southern Kordofan, town of Dilling and surrounding hills, including Kudr. | Dilling, Debri. Lexical similarity 94% with Debri, 93% with Kadaru. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dim | Dime | 6,501 (1998 census). 4,785 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 6,197 (1998 census). | Kafa Region, north of the Omo River, just before it turns south. | Lexical similarity 47% with Banna. | 529 second-language speakers. Not bilingual in neighboring languages, except possibly Aari. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 9.9%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 9.9%. | |
| dio | Dibo | 100,000 (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Niger State, Lapai LGA; Federal Capital Territory; Plateau State, Nasarawa LGA. | Lexical similarity 47% with Banna. | An unknown number living among the Gbari no longer speak their own language (Blench 1990). | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 9.9%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 9.9%. | |
| dip | Dinka, Northeastern | 320,000 (1986 UBS). Population includes 7,200 Abialang, 9,000 Dongjol, 2,500 Luac, 16,000 Ngok-Sobat, 20,000 Jok, 13,500 Ageer, 2,000 Rut, 400 Thoi. | Southern Sudan, northeast of the Sudd, along both sides of the White Nile, and along the Sobat River. | Abiliang (Dinka Ibrahim, Akoon, Bawom, Bowom), Dongjol, Luac (Luaic), Ngok-Sobat (Ngork, Jok), Ageer (Ager, Ageir, Abuya, Beer, Niel, Nyel, Paloc, Paloic), Rut, Thoi. Lexical similarity 92% with Northwestern Dinka, 88% with Southwestern Dinka, 88% with Southeastern Dinka, 86% with South Central Dinka. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | NT: 1952. | NT: 1952. | |
| diq | Dimli | 1,000,000 in Turkey (1999 WA). Between 1.5 and 2.5 million speakers (including all dialects) (1998 Paul). | East central, mainly in Elazig, Bingol, and Diyarbakir provinces, upper courses of the Euphrates, Kizilirmaq, and Murat rivers. Also spoken in Germany. | Sivereki, Kori, Hazzu (Hazo), Motki (Moti), Dumbuli (Dumbeli). Several dialects. Related to Gurani group. | Some speakers know Kurmanji. | Magazines. | Magazines. | |
| dir | Dirim | 9,000 (1992). | Taraba State, Bali LGA. | Close to Samba Daka and may be a dialect. | Some speakers know Kurmanji. | Magazines. | Magazines. | |
| dis | Dimasa | 106,000 (1997). | Assam, North Cachar District and Cachar Hills, Karbi Anglong, Nowgong districts; Nagaland, Haflong District. | Dimasa, Hariamba. Related to Kachari. | Kachar Barman and Kachar Hoja speak Dimasa as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 19% (1981 census). Bengali, Roman, and Assamese scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1905–1908. | Literacy rate in second language: 19% (1981 census). Bengali, Roman, and Assamese scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1905–1908. | |
| dit | Dirari | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | South Australia, east of Lake Eyre North. | Dimasa, Hariamba. Related to Kachari. | Kachar Barman and Kachar Hoja speak Dimasa as first language. | Literacy rate in second language: 19% (1981 census). Bengali, Roman, and Assamese scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1905–1908. | Literacy rate in second language: 19% (1981 census). Bengali, Roman, and Assamese scripts. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1905–1908. | |
| div | Maldivian | 4,500 in India (1997). | Minicoy Island in the Laccadive Islands in India. | Extensive dialect variation. Some dialects may not be mutually intelligible with each other. | Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| diw | Dinka, Northwestern | 80,000 (1986). | Southern Sudan, north of the Bahr el Ghazal River, and southern Kordofan around Abyei. | Alor, Ngok-Kordofan, Pan Aru, Pawany. A separate language from other Dinka (J. Duerksen SIL). Lexical similarity 88% with Southwestern Dinka and Southeastern Dinka, 84% with South Central Dinka. | Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| diy | Diuwe | 100 (1999 SIL). | 12 miles southwest of Sumo, east of the Catalina River. | Alor, Ngok-Kordofan, Pan Aru, Pawany. A separate language from other Dinka (J. Duerksen SIL). Lexical similarity 88% with Southwestern Dinka and Southeastern Dinka, 84% with South Central Dinka. | Speakers also use Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| djb | Djinba | 60 to 90 (1989 Waters). Population includes 70 Ganalbingu (1983 Black). Dabi is nearly extinct (1991 SIL). | Ngangalala, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, southeast adjoining Djinang area. | Ganalbingu, Dabi, Mandjalpingu. Lexical similarity 60% with Djinang. | Some Ritarungo use this as second language. Some use Djinang as second language, some Djambarrpuyngu. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| djc | Daju, Dar Daju | 34,000 (1993 census). | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Mongo Subprefecture, around Mongo and Eref. | Bardangal, Eref, Gadjira. Not inherently intelligible with Dar Sila Daju. Lexical similarity 64% with Dar Sila Daju. | The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | Literacy rate in first language: 60% to 100%. Literacy rate in second language: 75% to 100%. | |
| djd | Djamindjung | 30 (1990 Schmidt). | Victoria River, Northern Territory. | Ngaliwuru (Ngaliwerra). Reports indicate that Djamindjung and Ngaliwuru are so close as to be one language; only some older adults can distinguish the difference. | No monolinguals. Ngarinman or Kriol are the second languages. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dje | Zarma | 87,800 in Nigeria (2000). | Kebbi State, Argungu, Birnin Kebbi, and Bunza LGAs; north of Mokwa in villages along the road to Kontagora in Niger State; several villages north of Nguru in Yobe State. | Kaado. | Official language. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1990. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1990. | |
| djf | Djangun | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Queensland, from Mt. Mulligan south to Alma-den, east to Dimbula, west to Mungana. | Kaado. | Official language. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1990. | Taught in primary schools. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Bible: 1990. | |
| dji | Djinang | 250 (1982 SIL). | Ramingining, Goyder, and Blyth rivers, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. | Djadiwitjibi, Mildjingi, Wulaki, Balurbi, Murrungun, Manyarring. | There are varying degrees of bilingualism in Ganalbingu (Djinba dialect), Gupapuyngu, Djambarrpuyngu, Dhuwal, or Dhuwala. There is limited use of English. Wulaki speakers also use Burarra. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1985–1987. | |
| djj | Djeebbana | 100. | West Arnhem Land, north coast around Maningrida. | Not closely related to other languages. | 100 partial second-language speakers (1991). Most speakers also speak Gunwinggu and another Burarran language. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| djk | Aukan | 15,542 in Suriname. 10% to 20% monolingual. Population includes 14,353 Aukan, 33 Aluku, 1,156 Paramaccan (1980 census). Population total all countries: 22,134. | Eastern along the Marowijne and Tapanahony rivers, northeastern along the Cottica River. Aluku are along the French Guiana border. Paramaccan are in northeast Suriname. In the 1980s and 1990s many went to Paramaribo. Also spoken in French Guiana. | Aukan, Aluku (Aloekoe, Boni), Paramaccan. Kwinti is further removed from Aukan than are Aluku and Paramaccan. | Vigorous. In Paramaribo some have shifted to Dutch, some younger ones to Sranan. All domains. Used in oral and written form in religious services. Positive language attitude. Most men can speak Sranan Tongo, and many women can understand it. Schools are in Dutch, so many younger ones can read and write it, but the majority are not fluent. Perhaps 30% to 50% can speak all 3 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| djl | Djiwarli | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, northwest, north of Mount Augustus. | Aukan, Aluku (Aloekoe, Boni), Paramaccan. Kwinti is further removed from Aukan than are Aluku and Paramaccan. | Vigorous. In Paramaribo some have shifted to Dutch, some younger ones to Sranan. All domains. Used in oral and written form in religious services. Positive language attitude. Most men can speak Sranan Tongo, and many women can understand it. Schools are in Dutch, so many younger ones can read and write it, but the majority are not fluent. Perhaps 30% to 50% can speak all 3 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| djm | Dogon, Jamsay | 130,000 in Mali (1998 Durieux). | Northern border with Mali. | Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru. | Vigorous. In Paramaribo some have shifted to Dutch, some younger ones to Sranan. All domains. Used in oral and written form in religious services. Positive language attitude. Most men can speak Sranan Tongo, and many women can understand it. Schools are in Dutch, so many younger ones can read and write it, but the majority are not fluent. Perhaps 30% to 50% can speak all 3 languages. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: below 10%. Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1999. | |
| djn | Djauan | 100 (1983 Black). | Bamyili settlement, Northern Territory, and Katherine. | Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru. | Used only rarely by people over 50 years of age. Speakers have low proficiency in English, some also use Ngalkbun or Kriol. All education is in Kriol and English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| djo | Djongkang | 45,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Northwest, south of Balai Sebut. | Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru. | Used only rarely by people over 50 years of age. Speakers have low proficiency in English, some also use Ngalkbun or Kriol. All education is in Kriol and English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| djr | Djambarrpuyngu | 450 (1983 Black). | Elcho Island, Northern Territory. | Domno, Gono, Bama, Guru. | Lingua franca for 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977–1993. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1977–1993. | |
| dju | Kapriman | 1,638 (2003 SIL). | East Sepik Province, Blackwater River and Korosameri River, 6 villages. | Kapriman, Karambit. | Lingua franca for 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| djw | Djawi | 1 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Western Australia, islands from King Sound to Brunswick Bay. | Kapriman, Karambit. | Lingua franca for 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| dka | Dakpakha | 1,000 (1993 Van Driem). | Near Brokpake. | May be a dialect of Brokpake. Has been influenced by Dzalakha, and Brokpake has not. | Lingua franca for 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| dkk | Dakka | 1,500 (1986 SIL). | South Sulawesi, Polewali-Mamasa District, Wonomulyo Subdistrict. | Lexical similarity 72% to 77% with Pannei and Pitu Ulunna Salu. | Lingua franca for 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| dkl | Dogon, Kolum So | 24,000 (1998 Durieux). | Area between Sevare and Bandiagara, in Pinia administrative area. | Mombo (Helabo, Miambo), Ambange (Ampari). | Lingua franca for 2,000 (1990 UBS). | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| dkr | Kuijau | 7,910 (2000 WCD). | Keningau District to the west and north of Keningau town within a 12-mile radius. | Mombo (Helabo, Miambo), Ambange (Ampari). | Speakers also use Central Dusun. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 15%. | |
| dks | Dinka, Southeastern | 250,000. Population includes 21,000 Atoc, 9,000 Ghol, 4,000 Nyarueng, 35,000 Twi, 21,000 Bor Gok (Tucker and Bryan). 500,000 including South Central (Agar) and Southeastern (Bor) (1982 UBS). | Southern Sudan, east of the Nile, around Bor, and northwards. | Bor (Bor Gok), Athoc (Athoic, Atoc, Borathoi, Bor Athoic), Ghol, Nyarweng (Nyarueng, Narreweng), Tuic (Twi). | Sudanese Arabic is the second language. Speakers of some dialects also speak Nuer Gewaar and Nuer Lou. | NT: 1940. | NT: 1940. | |
| dkx | Mazagway | 17,000 (1997). | North Province, Mayo-Louti Division, northwest of Guider; Far North Province, southwestern corner of Diamare Division, Ndoukoula Region. | Musgoi (Musgoy, Daba-Mousgoy), Kola (Daba-Kola, Kpala). | Sudanese Arabic is the second language. Speakers of some dialects also speak Nuer Gewaar and Nuer Lou. | Bible portions: 1972. | Bible portions: 1972. | |
| dlc | Dalecarlian | 1,500 (1996 Oesten Dahl). | Upper Dalecarlia (Oevre Dalarna), especially Aelvdalen (Elfdal). | Quite deviant from other varieties. Various dialects, some of which are reported to be unintelligible to each other's speakers. | Speakers also use Swedish. | Bible portions: 1972. | Bible portions: 1972. | |
| dlg | Dolgan | 5,000 (1994 UBS). Ethnic population: 6,945 (1989 census). | Yakut ASSR. | Quite deviant from other varieties. Various dialects, some of which are reported to be unintelligible to each other's speakers. | 82% of the ethnic group speaks Dolgan. Few key domains. A few to half the children speak Dolgan. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Russian. | Cyrillic script. | Cyrillic script. | |
| dlm | Dalmatian | Extinct. | Coast near Dubrovnik. | Quite deviant from other varieties. Various dialects, some of which are reported to be unintelligible to each other's speakers. | Extinct late nineteenth century. A dialect of Croatian is now spoken in the area. | Cyrillic script. | Cyrillic script. | |
| dln | Darlong | 6,000 in India (1998 Thanglura Darlong). | Tripura, North Tripura District, Kailashahar and Kamalpur subdivisions. | Also reported to be related to Tipura. | Extinct late nineteenth century. A dialect of Croatian is now spoken in the area. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. | |
| dmc | Dimir | 3,820 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Also reported to be related to Tipura. | Speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. | |
| dme | Dugwor | 5,000 (2001 SIL). | Far North Province, Diamare Division, Meri Subdivision, west of Tchere Canton between Maroua and Meri, in six villages. | Mikere. | Used in the home, with friends, traditional ceremonies, church (partly), local market. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Fulfulde or French. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 45%. | |
| dmg | Kinabatangan, Upper | 7,856 (2000 WCD). Population includes 500 Dusun Segama and 800 to 900 Sinabu' (1985 SIL). | Primarily the upper reaches of the Kinabatangan River, also Lahad Datu and Sandakan districts, Maligatan, Minusu, and Tongud. | Kalabuan (Kolobuan), Makiang, Dusun Segama (Saga-I, Soghai, Segai), Sinabu' (Sinabu). Dialects have approximately 87% intelligibility between them. Lexical similarity over 90% among all dialects, except Makiang and Sinabu' with 80%. | Used in the home, with friends, traditional ceremonies, church (partly), local market. Positive language attitude. Speakers also use Fulfulde or French. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | |
| dmk | Domaaki | 500 (1989). | Gilgit District, Northern Areas, mainly in Hunza Valley, Mominabad village, a few households in Big Nagar, Shishkat (Gojal), Dumial in Gilgit, Oshkandas (east of Gilgit), and Bakor village in Punyal. | It has loanwords from Shina and Burushaski, but is not intelligible to speakers of those languages. Lexical similarity 40% with Gilgit Shina. | Used in the home. Bilingualism in Burushaski is fairly high, especially among young people. Shina and Urdu also used as second languages. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | |
| dml | Dameli | 5,000 (1992 SIL). | In the Damel Valley, about 32 miles south of Drosh in southern Chitral District, on the east side of the Kunar River. 11 villages. | Two groups: Shintari and Swati, but no significant dialect variation. Lexical similarity 44% with Gawar-Bati, Savi, and Phalura, 33% with Kamviiri, 29% with Kati. | Vigorous. Used in the home and with friends. A few men use Urdu as second language. Few women know Pashto. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | |
| dmo | Kemezung | 4,500 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Donga-Mantung Division, southwest corner of Ako Subdivision, northwest of Nkambe, town of Dumbu and village of Kwei. | Member of the Eastern Beboid cluster. Lexical similarity 85% with Bebe. | All domains. Schooling is in English. Some use Cameroon Pidgin or Bebe as a second language. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | Bible portions: 1984–1995. | |
| dmr | Damar, East | 2,800 (1990 SIL). | Six villages along the east side of Damar Island, north and east of Roma Island, north of the eastern tip of Timor Island, south Maluku. | Not intelligible with West Damar. | All domains. Schooling is in English. Some use Cameroon Pidgin or Bebe as a second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dms | Dampelas | 10,300 (2001 N. Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi; Dampelas Sojol and Balaesang subdistricts, 8 villages. | Not intelligible with West Damar. | All domains. Schooling is in English. Some use Cameroon Pidgin or Bebe as a second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dmu | Dubu | 110 (2000 Wurm). | Border area south of Jayapura, south of Waris, east of Emumu, north of Towei languages, villages of Affi, Dobu, Yambe. | Not intelligible with West Damar. | All domains. Schooling is in English. Some use Cameroon Pidgin or Bebe as a second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dmv | Dumpas | 1,078 (2000 WCD). | Perancangan village in Labuk-Sugut District. | May be Paitanic. Comprehension of Tombonuo 87%, Eastern Kadazan 57%, Coastal Kadazan 44%. | Language dying out as a result of intermarriage with other groups. Speakers also use Tambanua. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dmy | Demta | 1,300 (2000). | North coast west of Tanamerah Bay, villages of Demta, Muris Besar, Muris Kecil, Ambora, Yougafsa. | May be Paitanic. Comprehension of Tombonuo 87%, Eastern Kadazan 57%, Coastal Kadazan 44%. | Language dying out as a result of intermarriage with other groups. Speakers also use Tambanua. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dna | Dani, Upper Grand Valley | 20,000 (1996). | Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley, and upper gorge. | May be Paitanic. Comprehension of Tombonuo 87%, Eastern Kadazan 57%, Coastal Kadazan 44%. | Language dying out as a result of intermarriage with other groups. Speakers also use Tambanua. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| dnd | Daonda | 169 (2003 SIL). | Sandaun Province, Amanab District near Imonda. | May be Paitanic. Comprehension of Tombonuo 87%, Eastern Kadazan 57%, Coastal Kadazan 44%. | Adults can understand Waris. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| dng | Dungan | 40,000 in Kyrgyzstan (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk). Population total all countries: 41,400. Ethnic population: 100,000. | The Gansu dialect is mainly in Prschewalsk and Osh, Kyrgyzstan, the Shaanxi dialect in Kazakhstan, and in Fergana, Uzbekistan. Also spoken in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. | Shaanxi. | Those under 50 to 55 speak Russian as first language. | Cyrillic script. | Cyrillic script. | |
| dni | Dani, Lower Grand Valley | 20,000 (SIL 1996). | Central highlands, Baliem Grand Valley, and upper gorge. | Lower Grand Valley Hitigima (Dani-Kurima, Kurima), Upper Bele, Lower Bele, Lower Kimbin (Kibin), Upper Pyramid. | Those under 50 to 55 speak Russian as first language. | NT: 1988–1994. | NT: 1988–1994. | |
| dnk | Dengka | 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. | Rote Island northwest, domains of Dengka and Lelain, east of Dela-Oenale, west of Lole (Ba'a). | Western Dengka, Eastern Dengka, Lelain. Western Dengka has marked intonation; some 'ngg' in Eastern Dengka becomes 'nd' in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao. Dengka and Dela-Oenale are more divergent from other languages on Rote. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers also use Kupang or Indonesian. | NT: 1988–1994. | NT: 1988–1994. | |
| dnn | Dzùùngoo | 13,400 (1998 Solomiac, Entz). 30% monolinguals. | Kénédougou Province, Samorogouan and Samogohiri departments, west of Bobo-Dioulasso near the town of Orodara; villages of Samogo-Iri, Saraba, Diomou, Gnalé, Sokouraba, Todié, and Samogogouan. | Kpango (Samorogouan), Dzùùngoo (Samogohiri). The two dialects are intelligible to each other's speakers. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% French. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% French. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| dnr | Danaru | 257 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Sop, Urigina, Sumau. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% French. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% French. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2002. | |
| dnt | Dani, Mid Grand Valley | 50,000 (1990 UBS). | Baliem Valley. | Related to Sop, Urigina, Sumau. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| dnu | Danau | 10,000 (1984). | Baliem Valley. | Closest to Riang-Lang and Pale Palaung. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | NT: 1990. | NT: 1990. | |
| dnw | Dani, Western | 180,000 (1993 census). | Central highlands, west of Baliem Grand Valley, and east from upper Kemandoga Valley. | Western Dani of Pyramid, Western Dani of Bokondini. Many other dialects are not as distinct as those listed. Lexical similarity 65% with Obokuitai, 60% with Wano. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% semiliterate. NT: 1981. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% semiliterate. NT: 1981. | |
| dny | Dení | 750 (2002 SIL). | Amazonas. | Inauini. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | Dictionary. | Dictionary. | |
| doa | Dom | 12,000 (1994 NTM). | Simbu Province, mainly south of the Wahgi River from Kundiawa west of the Sinasina area. | Era. | All ages. Positive language attitude. Bilingual level estimates for Jula: 0 0%, 1 10%, 2 10%, 3 30%, 4 40%, 5 10%. They speak Jula to outsiders. All men are fluent in Jula, all women are not. Some men also speak French. | Bible portions. | Bible portions. | |
| doc | Dong, Northern | 463,000 in China (2003). | Area where southeastern Guizhou (Yuping Autonomous County), western Hunan, and northern Guangxi provinces meet, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 20 contiguous counties. Also spoken in Viet Nam. | Zhanglu speech in Rongjiang County, Guizhou Province is the standard variety. Reported to be close to Mulam. Lexical similarity 80% within Northern Dong, 71% between Northern Dong and Southern Dong. Lexical similarity 49% with Northern Zhuang, 46% with Laka, 29% with Laqua, 28% with Buyang, 26% with Hlai, 24% with Gelo, 22% with Lati, 6% with Hmong, 4% with Mien. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Speakers of Northern Dong are more bilingual than are those in Southern Dong. Speakers use Mandarin for literature. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dof | Domu | 947 (2000). | Central Province, coast east of Cape Rodney and inland. | Lexical similarity 66% with Bauwaki (closest). | 85% to 100% of the speakers also use Mailu, Suau, Hiri Motu, English. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| doh | Dong | 5,000 (1998 Blench). | Taraba State, Zing LGA; Adamawa State, Mayo Belwa LGA. | Lexical similarity 66% with Bauwaki (closest). | 85% to 100% of the speakers also use Mailu, Suau, Hiri Motu, English. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dok | Dondo | 13,000 (2001 N. Himmelmann). | Central Sulawesi; Tolitoli Buol District, Tolitoli Utara, Baolan, Dondo, Galang, and Dampal Utara subdistricts on the north coast; 25 villages, or parts of villages. | Speakers consider Dondo a separate language from Totoli. It is probably separate from Tomini. | 85% to 100% of the speakers also use Mailu, Suau, Hiri Motu, English. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dol | Doso | 700 (1973 D. Shaw). | Western Province, Aramia River and Wawoi Falls areas, near the Kamula. | Speakers consider Dondo a separate language from Totoli. It is probably separate from Tomini. | 85% to 100% of the speakers also use Mailu, Suau, Hiri Motu, English. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| doq | Dominican Sign Language | No estimate available. | Western Province, Aramia River and Wawoi Falls areas, near the Kamula. | Lexical similarity 85% to 90% with ASL, and uses most of the features of ASL, such as absent referent and reduplication. | Many are not fluent or use home sign. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in second language: 55%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dos | Dogosé | 20,000 (1991 Ouattara). | Villages of Ouo, Sidéradougou, Kouere, Koro, and Sirakoro, Comoé Province, Sidéradougou Subdistrict, southwest Burkina Faso. | Klamaasise, Mesise, Lutise, Gbeyãse, Sukurase, Gbogorose. Different from Bambadion dialects Dogoso and Khe. The regional dialects are inherently intelligible with each other. Lexical similarity 82% with Khisa, 68% with Kaansa, 15% with Dogoso, 14% with Khe. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| dot | Dass | 8,830. Population includes 1,130 Lukshi, 4,700 Durr-Baraza, 700 Wandi and Zumbul, 2,300 Dot (1971 census). | Bauchi State, Akleri, Toro, and Dass LGAs; Plateau State, Shendam LGA. | Lukshi (Dekshi), Durr-Baraza (Bandas), Zumbul (Boodla), Wandi (Wangday), Dot (Dwat, Zodi, Dott). A dialect cluster. | All ages. Speakers also use Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 3%. | |
| dox | Bussa | 6,624 (1998 census). 4,955 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 9,207 (1998 census). | Omo Region, west of Lake Chamo. | There is a dialect chain with Komso-Dirasha-Dobase. Lexical similarity 78% with Gawwada, 51% with Komso, 86% with Gollango, 80% with Harso, 61% with Tsamai. | 920 second-language speakers. Bilingualism reinforces intelligibility of Komso and Dirasha. | Literacy rate in second language: 13.8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 13.8%. | |
| doz | Dorze | 20,782 (1998 census). 9,905 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 28,990 (1998 census). | Mostly in North Omo Region in and around Chencha, but a significant community is in Addis Ababa. | Lexical similarity 82% to 87% with Gamo, 77% to 81% with Gofa, 80% with Wolaytta, 73% to 75% with Kullo, 54% with Koorete, 48% with Male. | 3,597 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | |
| dpp | Papar | 1,000 (2000 WCD). | Kuala Penyu District. | Lexical similarity 82% to 87% with Gamo, 77% to 81% with Gofa, 80% with Wolaytta, 73% to 75% with Kullo, 54% with Koorete, 48% with Male. | High comprehension of Tatana. Much intermarriage with Tatana, Bisaya, Bajau, Brunei Kedayan speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | |
| drb | Dair | 1,000 (1978 GR). | Northern Sudan, west and south parts of Jebel Dair, Kordofan. | Lexical similarity 82% to 87% with Gamo, 77% to 81% with Gofa, 80% with Wolaytta, 73% to 75% with Kullo, 54% with Koorete, 48% with Male. | High comprehension of Tatana. Much intermarriage with Tatana, Bisaya, Bajau, Brunei Kedayan speakers. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | Literacy rate in second language: 56.8%. | |
| drd | Darmiya | 1,197 in Nepal (2000). | Mahakali Zone, Darchula District, Dhauli or Darma Valley, 16 villages. | Related to Rangkas, Chaudangsi, Byangsi. | Used in the home and with friends. Low prestige. High level of bilingualism in Kumauni or Hindi. Some also use Tibetan or Nepali. Hindi is the medium of education at all levels. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| dre | Dolpo | 9,000 (2003). 5,000 monolinguals (2003). | Karnali Zone, northern Dolpa District, villages of Goomatara, Kola, Tachel, Kani, Bajebara, Laun, Chilpara, Bantari, Byas, above Dolpa up to Tibet. It is beyond the mountains west of the upper Kali Gandaki River Valley. Confined by the Dhaulagire Himal on the south and Tibet on the north. Includes the headwaters of the Karnali River. About 24 small villages scattered over 500 square miles in Namgang, Panzgang, Tarap, and Chharbung subdistricts. | Dho Tarap, Phoksumdo Lake, Barbung River, and Charka-Dolpo Chu River areas are slightly different, but inherent intelligibility is very good. Closest language is Lowa. Dho Tarap reportedly understood best by all speakers. Reported to be close to Tichurong. Lexical similarity 78% with Lowa; 69% with Lhomi; 68% with Lhasa Tibetan, Walungge, and Kyerung; 67% with Kutang Bhotia; 66% with Helambu Sherpa; 62% with Jirel and Sherpa. | Used in the home. Dho Tarap speech may have highest prestige. Tibetan is spoken in trade with Tibetan neighbors across the border and with Tibetans that are encountered in Nepal and other areas. Tibetan is spoken by men who have traveled to Kathmandu or other locations in South Asia where Tibetan is used as a language of wider communication. Few women know Tibetan. 2,000 to 3,000 speak Tibetan. To Nepali officials, shopkeepers, when conducting commerce, trade, etc., Nepali is spoken. Men who travel, traders, and younger children who have attended some school will speak some Nepali in certain domains. Women know little or no Nepali. About 2,000 are fluent in Nepali. Lowa is also used. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Grammar. | |
| drg | Rungus | 15,000 (1991 UBS). | Kudat, Pitas, and Labuk-Sugut districts. | Nulu, Gonsomon, Rungus. | Used in the home. Dho Tarap speech may have highest prestige. Tibetan is spoken in trade with Tibetan neighbors across the border and with Tibetans that are encountered in Nepal and other areas. Tibetan is spoken by men who have traveled to Kathmandu or other locations in South Asia where Tibetan is used as a language of wider communication. Few women know Tibetan. 2,000 to 3,000 speak Tibetan. To Nepali officials, shopkeepers, when conducting commerce, trade, etc., Nepali is spoken. Men who travel, traders, and younger children who have attended some school will speak some Nepali in certain domains. Women know little or no Nepali. About 2,000 are fluent in Nepali. Lowa is also used. | Dictionary. NT: 1981. | Dictionary. NT: 1981. | |
| drh | Darkhat | 20,350 (2000). | Hövsgöl Aimag, north Mongolia, around Lake Khubsugul. | Nulu, Gonsomon, Rungus. | Speakers are fully bilingual in Halh Mongolian. | Literacy rate in second language: High in Halh. | Literacy rate in second language: High in Halh. | |
| dri | C'lela | 90,000 (1993 SIL). | Eastern Kebbi State, Zuru, Sakaba, and Donko-Wasagu LGAs; Niger State, Rijau LGA; and migrants farther south. | Lila (Zuru, Senchi, Southern Lela), Dabai (Central Lela), Ribah, Adoma (Aroma, Roma-Na, Roma, Yelmo, Northern Lela). Lexical similarity 93% to 98% among dialects at Rade, Ribah, Dabai, and Senchi. Lexical similarity 55% with Duka, 54% with the Fakai cluster, 47% with Gwamhi-Wuri, 20% with Acipa. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Radio programs. Bible portions: 1931. | Radio programs. Bible portions: 1931. | |
| drl | Darling | 5. | Darling River Basin, New South Wales. | Kula, Wiljakali (Wilyagali), Bagundji (Baagandji, Bagandji). Bagundji dialect is widely understood by others (1970 Oates). | Speakers also use Hausa. | Radio programs. Bible portions: 1931. | Radio programs. Bible portions: 1931. | |
| drn | Damar, West | 800 (1987 SIL). | Two villages on the north side of Damar Island, north of the eastern tip of Timor Island, south Maluku, Indonesia. | Not intelligible with East Damar. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dro | Daro-Matu | 7,600 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 4,800 Matu, 2,800 Daro. | Matu River from north channel of Rejang River to the sea, around Daro and Matu. | Daro, Matu. | Speakers also use Hausa. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| drq | Dura | Extinct. Ethnic population: 3,397 (2001 census). | Gandaki Zone, Lamjung District, Dura Danda. | Daro, Matu. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| drr | Dororo | Extinct. | New Georgia. | May have been a Kazukuru dialect. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Nepali. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| drs | Gedeo | 637,082 (1998 census). 438,958 monolinguals. Ethnic population: 639,905 (1998 census). | Central highland area, southwest of Dilla and east of Lake Abaya. | Lexical similarity 60% with Sidamo (closest), 57% with Alaba, 54% with Kambaata, 51% with Hadiyya. | 47,950 second-language speakers. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5.2%. NT: 1986. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 5.2%. NT: 1986. | |
| drt | Drents | No estimate available. | Drenthe Province, northeastern Netherlands near German border. | North Drente (Noord-Drents), South Drente (Zuid-Drents). | Official language. Speakers also use Dutch. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1981. | Dictionary. Bible portions: 1981. |
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