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| code | name_en | population | region | name_alt | dialects | language_use | development | comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cug | Cung | 2,000 (2001 SIL). | North West Province, Menchum Division, west of Nkambe, northeast of Wum. | 48% intelligibility of Tlacoatzintepec (closest), 33% of Palantla, 32% of Sochiapan, 31% of Ojitlán. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 2%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | Literacy rate in first language: 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 20%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1983. | |
| cui | Cuiba | 650 in Venezuela (1995 SIL). Nearly all are monolingual. | Apure Division. | Chiricoa, Amaruwa (Amorua), Masiguare, Siripu, Yarahuuraxi-Capanapara, Mella, Ptamo, Sicuane (Sicuari). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 30%, 2 10%, 3 7%, 4 2%, 5 1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | |
| cuj | Mashco Piro | 20 to 100 (1976 SIL). All are completely monolingual. | Manu Park, Dept. of Madre de Dios. Cujar, Purus, Tahuamanu, Mishagua, and Piedras rivers. Extinct in Bolivia. | About 60% inherent intelligibility of Yine. "Mashco" is a derogatory name. | Official language. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | Literacy rate in second language: 1%. | |
| cuk | Kuna, San Blas | 57,114 (2000 WCD). Population includes 10,000 in Panama City, Colón, and on banana plantations (1991 SIL). | San Blas Islands and on the mainland. | Chuana, Cueva, Bayano (Alto Bayano, Maje). | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 60%, 1 20%, 2 12%, 3 2%, 4 3%, 5 3%. Speakers also use English. | NT: 1970–1995. | NT: 1970–1995. | |
| cul | Culina | 400 in Peru (2002 Boyer). Primarily monolingual. Ethnic population: 400. | Southeast, near Brazilian border, upper Purus and Santa Rosa rivers. | Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. | Official language. Vigorous. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 78%, 1 10%, 2 5%, 3 5%, 4 1.5%, 5 .5%. | Literacy rate in first language: Over 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 5%. Mostly in Spanish, a little in Culina. | Literacy rate in first language: Over 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 5%. Mostly in Spanish, a little in Culina. | |
| cum | Cumeral | Extinct. | Southeast, near Brazilian border, upper Purus and Santa Rosa rivers. | Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. | Official language. Vigorous. All ages. Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 78%, 1 10%, 2 5%, 3 5%, 4 1.5%, 5 .5%. | Literacy rate in first language: Over 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 5%. Mostly in Spanish, a little in Culina. | Literacy rate in first language: Over 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 1% to 5%. Mostly in Spanish, a little in Culina. | |
| cun | K'iche', Cune'n | 9,000 (2000 Marhenke). Ethnic population: 9,000 including 7,000 and growing in the municipio plus 2,000 in Guatemala City (1993 Marhenke). | K'iche' Department. | Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. | There are 2 other K'iche' languages in the municipio, but Cunenteco, not Spanish, is the predominant language in the market. There is significant monolingualism among men in the aldeas, and even more among women. Very gradual language shift toward Spanish. Most children. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. | |
| cuo | Cumanagoto | Extinct. | Eastern Venezuela coastal region. | Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. | There are 2 other K'iche' languages in the municipio, but Cunenteco, not Spanish, is the predominant language in the market. There is significant monolingualism among men in the aldeas, and even more among women. Very gradual language shift toward Spanish. Most children. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. | |
| cup | Cupeño | Extinct. Ethnic population: 700 (2000 A. Yamamoto). | Southern California, near the Pala Reservation, north of Valley Center. | Minor changes from Peruvian dialect. | Members of the ethnic group now speak English. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. | Literacy rate in second language: 24%. | |
| cuq | Cun | 80,000 (1999 Ouyang Jueya). 59% are monolingual, mainly children, elders, and some women. | South bank of Changhua River in north Dongfang county and north bank in Changjiang county, Hainan Island. | Lexical similarity 40% with Hlai. Many loanwords from Chinese. | Vigorous. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. 41% can use Chinese as second language. Very few can also speak Hlai. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| cur | Chhulung | 1,314 (2001 census). | Koshi Zone, Ankhisalla Panchayat, Dhankuta District, end of Chhintang Panchayat. | Lexical similarity 40% with Hlai. Many loanwords from Chinese. | Speakers know a moderate amount of Nepali. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| cut | Cuicatec, Teutila | 10,000 (1990 census). 260 monolinguals. | Teutila, Oaxaca, 8 towns. | 79% intelligibility of Tepeuxila. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 3%, 1 22%, 2 5%, 3 10%, 4 50%, 5 10%. | NT: 1972. | NT: 1972. | |
| cuu | Tai Ya | 34,000 (1982). | Central Yunnan Province, Xinping Yi-Dai Autonomous County, Mosha District. | Probably not intelligible with other varieties of Dai. Close to Tai Nüa. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 3%, 1 22%, 2 5%, 3 10%, 4 50%, 5 10%. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1922. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1922. | |
| cuv | Cuvok | 5,000 (1983 Atlas Linguistique du Cameroun). | Far North Province, Mayo-Tsanaga Division, Mokolo Subdivision, in and around Tchouvok, Matakam South Canton, near Zamay. | Probably not intelligible with other varieties of Dai. Close to Tai Nüa. | Used in the home, village, and market. Limited use of Fulfulde with outsiders and French by the few who have gone to school. Most do not know nearby languages well (Mefele, Mofu South, Mafa). | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1922. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1922. | |
| cuw | Chukwa | 100 (1991 W. Winter). | Koshi Zone, Bhojpur District, Kulung Panchayat. | Probably not intelligible with other varieties of Dai. Close to Tai Nüa. | Speakers also use Nepali. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1922. | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1922. | |
| cux | Cuicatec, Tepeuxila | 8,500 (1990 census). 850 monolinguals. | Northwestern Oaxaca, 16 towns. | Santa María Pápalo. 88% intelligibility of Teutila. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 1%, 1 1%, 2 9%, 3 9%, 4 80%, 5 0%. | NT: 1974. | NT: 1974. | |
| cvn | Chinantec, Valle Nacional | 1,000 to 2,000 (1990 census). | North Oaxaca, San Juan Bautista Valle Nacional and mainly in San Mateo Yetla. | 71% intelligibility of Chiltepec (closest), 70% of Palantla, 53% of Ozumacín, 40% of Tepetotutla. | Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 1974. | NT: 1974. | |
| cwd | Cree, Woods | 35,000 (1982 SIL). Ethnic population: 53,000 (1982 SIL). | Far north Manitoba and Saskatchewan, inland southwest from Churchill, Manitoba into Saskatchewan. | Nonpalatalized th-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect cluster. | Vigorous. All ages. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Cree syllabary, western finals. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Cree syllabary, western finals. | |
| cwg | Chewong | 200 (2000 D. Bradley). Ethnic population: 200 (2000 D. Bradley). | Just south of Semai, Pahang. | Nonpalatalized th-dialect within Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi language complex or dialect cluster. | Vigorous. All ages. Speakers also use English. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Cree syllabary, western finals. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. Cree syllabary, western finals. | |
| cwt | Kuwaataay | 5,625 (2002). | In Diembering, Bouyouye, Nyikine, Boukot-Diola, and some other villages along the coast just south of the mouth of the Casamance River, and Dakar. | Distinct from other Jola varieties. Lexical similarity 40% with closest Jola language. | Most speakers can speak or understand Jola-Kasa, Jola-Fonyi, and some Wolof. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2000. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2000. | |
| cya | Chatino, Nopala | 11,000 (1990 census). 2,300 monolinguals. | Southeastern Oaxaca, Juquila District, Santos Reyes Nopala, Santa María Texmaxcaltepec, San María Magdalena Tiltepec, Teotepec, Cerro el Aire, Santiago Cuixtla, Atotonilco, San Gabriel Mixtepec. | 59% intelligibility of Panixtlahuaca, 73% of Yaitepec, 13% of Tataltepec. | Speakers also use Spanish. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| cyb | Cayubaba | Extinct. Ethnic population: 794 (2000 W. H. Adelaar). | Beni Department, west of Mamore River, north of Santa Ana. | Ruhlen and others classify it as Equatorial. | Members of the ethnic group now speak Spanish. | NT: 2001. | NT: 2001. | |
| cym | Welsh | 25,000 in Argentina (1998 A. Leaver). | Patagonia, Chubut Territory. | Patagonian Welsh. | First- and second-language speakers (1998). Spoken here since around 1891. Speakers also use Spanish. | 525 Welsh primary and secondary schools provide Welsh-medium education to over 82,000 children (1999). Compulsory in most Welsh schools. Magazines. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1588–1988. | 525 Welsh primary and secondary schools provide Welsh-medium education to over 82,000 children (1999). Compulsory in most Welsh schools. Magazines. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1588–1988. | |
| cyo | Cuyonon | 123,384 (1990 census). | Palawan coast, Cuyo Islands between Palawan and Panay. | Close to Ratagnon. | Trade language. | NT: 1982. | NT: 1982. | |
| czh | Chinese, Huizhou | No estimate available. | South Anhui Province and north Zhejiang Province. | Jixi, Xiuyi, Qide, Yanzhou, Jingzhan. Formerly considered to be part of the Jianghuai dialect of Mandarin, but now considered by many to be a separate major variety of Chinese. Dialects are reported to differ greatly from each other. Different from the Huizhou dialect of Hakka. | Speakers are reported to be sufficiently bilingual in Standard Chinese to use that literature. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| czk | Knaanic | Extinct. | South Anhui Province and north Zhejiang Province. | Judeo-Czech. | Became extinct in late Middle Ages. The name 'Knaanic' applied mainly to Judeo Czech, but also to other Judeo-Slavic varieties. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| czn | Chatino, Zenzontepec | 8,000 (1990 census). 2,000 monolinguals. | Southeastern Oaxaca, Juquila District, various sectors in the municipios of Santa Cruz Zenzontepec and San Jacinto Tlacotepec, and parts of the former municipio of Santa María Tlapanalquiahuitl. It does not include the adjacent Zapotec areas of Texmelucan or Zaniza. | Some dialect differences in Santa María Tlapanalquiahuitl area. One of the most isolated and conservative groups in Oaxaca. | Bilingual level estimates for Spanish: 0 50%, 1 20%, 2 20%, 3 10%, 4 0%, 5 0%. | Chinese script. | Chinese script. | |
| czo | Chinese, Min Zhong | No estimate available. | Area around Yong'an, Sanming, and Shaxian in central Fujian Province. | Some dialect differences in Santa María Tlapanalquiahuitl area. One of the most isolated and conservative groups in Oaxaca. | Speakers are adequately bilingual in Standard Chinese to use that literature. | Highly literate in Chinese and they use that literature. | Highly literate in Chinese and they use that literature. | |
| czt | Chin, Zotung | 40,000 (1990 UBS). | Chin Hills, Haka area. | Zotung is reported to be intelligible with Haka. | Speakers are adequately bilingual in Standard Chinese to use that literature. | Bible portions: 1951. | Bible portions: 1951. | |
| daa | Dangaléat | 45,000 (1999 SIL). Population includes 30,000 in Dangaléat Canton. | Central, Guéra Prefecture, Mongo and Bitkine subprefectures, west of Mongo. The western dialect is around Korbo; central dialect around Barlo, Koubo Adougoul; eastern dialect around Korlongo. | West Dangaléat (Korbo, Karbo), Central Dangaleat, East Dangaleat. Intelligibility between speakers of the eastern and western dialects is low, but both understand the central dialect well. | The majority use Arabic as second language. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| daf | Dan | 150,800 to 200,000 in Liberia (1993 SIL). | Nimba County, north central Liberia. | Upper Gio, Lower Gio, River Cess Gio. | Speakers also use Jula or French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% or more. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1981–1993. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% or more. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. NT: 1981–1993. | |
| dah | Gwahatike | 1,571 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province, Saidor District, several villages south of Saidor. | Gwahatike, Gwahamere, Gora, Gwapti. Related to Asaro'o, Muratayak, Bulgebi, Degenan, Forak, Guya, Yagomi. | All speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. NT: 1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 70%. NT: 1999. | |
| dai | Day | 49,916 (1993 census). | Southwest, Moyen-Chari Prefecture, Sarh and Moïssala subprefectures, southwest of Sarh. | Bouna, Bangoul, Ngalo, Takawa-Béngoro. The dialects are inherently intelligible to each other's speakers. | All speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1989. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1989. | |
| daj | Daju, Dar Fur | 143,053 (2000 WCD). | Northern Sudan, Dar Fur Province, in the Daju Hills 25 miles northeast of Nyala. Also in Geneina District in Dar Masalit. The West Kordofan dialect is in the Daju Hills near Lagowa, with main settlements at Dar el Kabira (Kidong), Silecce and Warina; also Jebel Miheila, Nyukri, and Tamanyik. | Nyala, Lagowa. Lexical similarity 83% between Nyala and Lagowa, 74% with Sila, 62% with Shatt, 56% with Logorik. | All speakers also use Tok Pisin. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1989. | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1989. | |
| dak | Dakota | 5,000 in Canada (1991 M. Dale Kinkade). | Southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Oak River and Oak Lake, Long Plain west of Winnipeg, Standing Buffalo, Birdtail, Stony Wahpeton, and Moose Woods. May be at Wood Mountain. | Dakota (Santee), Nakota (Yankton). | In some communities children and young adults may not speak Dakota or may prefer English. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| dal | Dahalo | 400 (1992 Brenzinger). Ethnic population: 400. | Near the mouth of the Tana River, Lamu and Tana River districts, Coast Province. | The language has clicks, although unrelated to Khoisan languages. | Highly assimilated and bilingual in Swahili. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%. | |
| dan | Danish | 2,250 (2001). | South Schleswig. | The language has clicks, although unrelated to Khoisan languages. | National language. | Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1550. | Newspapers. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1550. | |
| dao | Chin, Daai | 30,000 (1994 UBS). | Matupi, Paletwa, Kanpetiet townships. | Matupi Daai, Paletwa Daai, Kanpetiet Daai. Two subgroups: one of them Tuishiip, or Shiip. Daai is reported to have 6 main subgroups. | National language. | NT: 1996. | NT: 1996. | |
| dap | Nisi | 261,000 (1997). Population includes 37,300 Tagin. | Assam, Darrang District; Arunachal Pradesh, Lower Subansiri and East Kameng districts. | Aka Lel, Bangni, Tagin, Nishang. Related to Apatani, Adi, Yano, possibly Lepcha. Tagin may be a separate language. Apatani may be a dialect of Nisi. | National language. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Assamese. Assamese script. NT: 2002. | Literacy rate in second language: 10% Assamese. Assamese script. NT: 2002. | |
| daq | Maria, Dandami | 200,000 (2000). | Chhattisgarh, central and southern Bastar District, Dantewara tahsil; Maharashtra, Garhichiroli District. | Geedam, Sukma (Suka). Geedam and Bailadila have 95% to 98% intelligibility of each other, 81% of Sukma, but 18% to 21% of Maria, 18% to 45% of Muria. Speakers in Sukma understood Geedam at 81% or lower; those in Bailadila understood Sukma at 92%. May be more than one language. A separate language from Northern Gondi, Southern Gondi, Maria of Garhichiroli, and Koya. | All ages. | Literacy program in progress. Grammar. | Literacy program in progress. Grammar. | |
| dar | Dargwa | 365,000 in the former USSR (1993 UBS). Population total all countries: 371,488. | Southern Dagestan ASSR. Also spoken in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey (Asia), Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. | Cudaxar (Tsudakhar), Akusha (Urkarax, Urakha-Akhush, Akkhusha), Uraxa-Axusha, Kajtak (Xajdak, Kaitak, Kaytak), Kubachi (Kubachin, Kubachintsy, Ughbug), Dejbuk, Xarbuk, Muirin, Sirxin, Itsari, Chirag. Kaytag, Kubachin, Itsari, and Chirag may be separate languages from Dargwa. | 98% are first-language speakers. | Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1996. | Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| das | Daho-Doo | 4,000 (1996 SIL). | Western Department, just north of Tai and south of the Guéré. Doo are in 5 villages just south of Guiglo. Before 1933 they lived on the right bank of the Nzo, near its junction with the Sassandra. | Although the Daho and Doo are considered to be Wè, their speech is not understood by other Wè. The closest lexical similarity they have to any Wè variety is 80%, and the lowest is 30%. Lexical similarity 92% between Daho and Doo. | The Daho and Doo consider themselves to be Guéré. All speak Wè Southern as second language, but the Wè Southern do not understand Daho or Doo. | Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1996. | Cyrillic script. Newspapers. Bible portions: 1996. | |
| dat | Darang Deng | 850 (1999 Sun Hongkai). 750 are monolingual. | Chayu (Zayü) County along the Dulai River valley in southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region, Xiazayu, Qu'antong, and Gayao townships, Nyingchi Prefecture. | Although the Daho and Doo are considered to be Wè, their speech is not understood by other Wè. The closest lexical similarity they have to any Wè variety is 80%, and the lowest is 30%. Lexical similarity 92% between Daho and Doo. | Vigorous. A few Geman Deng speak it as second language. All domains. All ages. Positive language attitude. About 20 can also speak Chinese and Tibetan, 70 can also speak Chinese, 10 Tibetan, 1 Geman Deng. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| dau | Daju, Dar Sila | 63,082 in Chad (2000 WCD). | Northern Sudan. Nearly all those Daju of Dar Sila who are in Sudan have migrated into Dar Fur and settled there in recent times. | Mongo, Sila. | The majority use Chadian Arabic as second language. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| daw | Davawenyo | 147,279 (1990 census). | Davao Oriental, Davao del Sur, Mindanao. | Synthesis of Tagalog, Cebuano, other Visayan dialects. Some Spanish words. Not a Spanish Creole. Different from Davaweño which is dialect of Chavacano. Two dialects: East Coast with 90% of speakers, and Davao City and environs (Whinnom 1956). Speakers of Lowland Davaweño have 89% intelligibility of Kamayo. | Speakers of Lowland Davawenyo also use Cebuano 91% to 97%. Of Highland Davawenyo, they have much lower comprehension of Cebuano. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| dax | Dayi | 200 (1983 Black). | Arnhem Land, Roper River, Yirrkala, Lake Evella, Galiwinku, Numbulwam, Northern Territory. | Dhalwangu, Djarrwark. | The clans are active, but the position of the language is weak because of scattering and children speaking other languages, such as Djambarrpuyngu. Speakers also use Djambarrpuyngu, Gumatj, Dhuwal, and English. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| daz | Dao | 250 (1991 SIL). | West central highlands, Paniai Kabupaten, Napan Kecamatan, east of Cenderawasih Bay along the Dao River. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Used in the home with family and friends. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| dba | Dogon, Bangeri Me | 1,200 (1998 Durieux). | Spoken in 7 villages in the extreme northwest of the plateau. Numadaw might relate to ethnonym 'Nononke'. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Used in the home with family and friends. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| dbb | Deno | 6,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Darazo LGA, 45 km northeast of Bauchi town. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| dbe | Dabe | 200 (1993). | Upper Tor River area, north coast east of Sarmi, village of Dabe. Jayapura Kabupaten, Pantai Timur Kecamatan. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| dbf | Edopi | 1,000 (1995 SIL). | Around the juncture of the Tariku (Rouffaer) and Kliki (Fou) rivers. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | |
| dbg | Dogon, Dogul Dom | 15,700 (1998 Durieux). | 14 villages about 20 km northeast of Bandiagara with Nandoli as center. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | |
| dbi | Doka | 11,386 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Kachia LGA, 1 village. | Lexical similarity 75% with Auye. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | Literacy rate in first language: below 5%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. Bible portions: 1997. | |
| dbj | Ida'an | 6,000 (1987 SIL). Population includes 1,500 Begahak. | East coast of Sabah, Lahad Datu, Kinabatangan, and Sandakan districts. | Begak (Begahak, Bagahak), Subpan (Supan, Sungai), Ida'an. Not closely related to other languages. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Bible portions: 1987–1997. | Bible portions: 1987–1997. | |
| dbl | Dyirbal | 40 to 50 (1983 R. M. W. Dixon). | Northeast Queensland, Herberton south to headwaters of Herbert River, to Cashmere, at Ravenshoe, Millaa Millaa, and Woodleigh, east to Tully Falls. | Dyiru, Girramay (Keramai), Gulnguy (Gulngay), Mamu, Ngadjan (Ngatjan). | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| dbm | Duguri | 20,000 (1995 CAPRO). | Bauchi State, Alkaleri and Tafawa Balewa LGAs; Plateau State, Kanam LGA. | Gar Duguri, Badara Duguri, Northeast Duguri, Southwest Duguri. A member of the Jarawa dialect cluster. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa and Fulfulde. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| dbn | Duriankere | 30 (2000 Wurm). | On a small island in the Raja Ampat Islands in the strait between Salawati Island and the west end of Bird's Head. | Gar Duguri, Badara Duguri, Northeast Duguri, Southwest Duguri. A member of the Jarawa dialect cluster. | 40% to 60% of the ethnic group speak Duriankere. Speakers are older adults. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| dbo | Dulbu | 100 (1993). | Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Dulbu village southeast of Bauchi town. | Gar Duguri, Badara Duguri, Northeast Duguri, Southwest Duguri. A member of the Jarawa dialect cluster. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| dbp | Duwai | 11,386 (2000 WCD). | Yobe State, Bade LGA; Kano State, Hadejia LGA. | Gar Duguri, Badara Duguri, Northeast Duguri, Southwest Duguri. A member of the Jarawa dialect cluster. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | Literacy rate in second language: 20%. | |
| dbq | Daba | 1,000 in Nigeria (1992 Crozier and Blench). | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA, between Mubi and Bahuli, 1 village. | Nive, Pologozom. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| dbr | Dabarre | 26,753 (2000 WCD). | Spoken by the Dabarre clan around Dhiinsoor District, May Region, and the Iroole Clan in nearby Baraawe District, Lower Shabeelle Region, and in Qansax Dheere. | Dabarre, Iroole (Af-Iroole). A very distinctive language in the Digil clan family. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| dbu | Dogon, Bondum Dom | 24,700 (1998 Durieux). | Along the northern border of the plateau, separated from the Tommo So area to its south by a mainly uninhabited plain east of Dia, and a deep ravine running westward from Dia to the cliff that ends the plateau. Borko village (14,57 N; 3,21 W) is about center of the language area. | Kindjim, Nadjamba. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| dbv | Dungu | 1,104 (2000 WCD). | Kaduna State, Saminaka LGA, Dungi town. | Kindjim, Nadjamba. | Speakers are shifting to Hausa. | NT: 1992. | NT: 1992. | |
| dby | Dibiyaso | 1,953 (2000 Census). | Western Province, villages of Makapa, Pikiwa, and Bamustu, via Balimo. | Lexical similarity 19% with Turumsa, 15% with Doso. | Vigorous. All domains, home, social events, cultural events. Vernacular instruction first two years. All ages. Strong sense of separate identity from the dominant Gogodala. All levels of bilingualism in Gogodala. Speakers also use Kamula, Doso, English, Hiri Motu, or Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. | |
| dcc | Deccan | 10,709,800 (1990). | Central Maharashtra, Deccan Plateau; Karnataka, Belgaum, Bijapur districts; Madhya Pradesh, Raisen, Sehore districts; Gujarat. | Kalvadi (Dharwar), Bijapuri. | Vigorous. All domains, home, social events, cultural events. Vernacular instruction first two years. All ages. Strong sense of separate identity from the dominant Gogodala. All levels of bilingualism in Gogodala. Speakers also use Kamula, Doso, English, Hiri Motu, or Tok Pisin. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. | Literacy rate in second language: 5% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. | |
| dcr | Negerhollands | Extinct. | Formerly in Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, St. John, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. | Kalvadi (Dharwar), Bijapuri. | There may be some remaining second-language speakers. | NT: 1781–1833. | NT: 1781–1833. | |
| ddd | Dongotono | 6,219 (2000 WCD). | Southern Sudan, eastern Equatoria Province, Dongotono Hills southeast of Torit. | Lexical similarity 60% with Otuho. | There may be some remaining second-language speakers. | NT: 1781–1833. | NT: 1781–1833. | |
| ddg | Fataluku | 30,000 (1989). Ethnic population: 30,000. | Eastern tip of Timor Island around Los Palos. | May be related to Oirata on nearby Kisar Island. Significant dialect variation. May turn out to be several languages. | Some speakers cannot function at all in Indonesian, Portuguese, or Tetun Dili. | NT: 1781–1833. | NT: 1781–1833. | |
| ddj | Jaru | 250 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). | Halls Creek, Ringers Soak, southeastern Kimberley Region Western Australia. | Nyininy, Djaru. Nyininy is inherently intelligible with Jaru (Black 1983). | Children speak Kriol or Aboriginal English. | Dictionary. Grammar. | Dictionary. Grammar. | |
| ddn | Dendi | 2,050 in Nigeria (2000 WCD). | Kebbi State, Argungu and Bagudo LGAs, on upper Niger River. | Closely related language to Zarma and Songai. They form a dialect cluster. | Language of wider communication. The language is used in many of the markets as a language of wider communication. Speakers also use French. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 30%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 30%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1995. | |
| ddo | Dido | 7,000 (1994 UBS). Ethnic population: 8,000 (1990 Kibrik). | Southern Dagestan ASSR. | Sagadin. Sagadin dialect is most distinct. Slight dialect differences from village to village. | Few key domains. Half the children speak Dido. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 30%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1995. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 30%. Radio programs. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1995. | |
| dds | Dogon, Donno So | 45,300 (1998 Durieux). | Kamba So is spoken around Kamba, and Donno So around Bandiagara. | Kamma So, Donno So. Similar to Tommo So. | Few key domains. Half the children speak Dido. Positive language attitude. Avar is used as the literary language. | Literacy and numeracy primers available but not in use because government language policy only allows Toro So materials. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | Literacy and numeracy primers available but not in use because government language policy only allows Toro So materials. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1988. | |
| ddw | Dawera-Daweloor | 1,500 (1989 SIL). | South Maluku, six villages on Dawera and Daweloor islands. The islands are 11 miles northeast of Babar Island. | Minor dialect differences. | Vigorous. Speakers also use Malay. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| dec | Dagik | Population 38,000 including Ngile speakers (1982 SIL). | Northern Sudan, Kordofan Province, Nuba Mountains, on some outlying hills in Mesakin Hills, Reika village. | Lexical similarity 80% with Ngile (closest). | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. | |
| ded | Dedua | 5,000 (1991 SIL). | Morobe Province, Sialum District, headwaters of the Masaweng and Tewae rivers, south of Mt. Besenona. | Dzeigoc, Fanic. | Speakers also use Sudanese Arabic. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Bible portions: 1990–1999. | Literacy rate in first language: 80%. Literacy rate in second language: 80%. Bible portions: 1990–1999. | |
| dee | Dewoin | 8,100 (1991 Vanderaa). | Montserrado County near the coast and Monrovia, primarily between the Lofa and St. Paul rivers. | No significant dialect differences. Lexical similarity 72% with Bassa. | Many also use English. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | Literacy rate in second language: 5%. | |
| def | Dezfuli | No estimate available. | Dezful, northern Khuzestan Province. | No significant dialect differences. Lexical similarity 72% with Bassa. | Speakers also use Western Farsi or Bakthiari. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| deg | Degema | 10,000 (1999 SIL). | Rivers State, Degema LGA, Usokun-Degema (Usokun) and Degema Town (Atala) communities. | Atala, Usokun (Kala Degema). | There is no standard variety of Degema. | Grammar. | Grammar. | |
| deh | Dehwari | 13,000 (1998). | Central Balochistan, in Kalat and Mastung. | Atala, Usokun (Kala Degema). | There is no standard variety of Degema. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| dei | Demisa | 400 to 500 (2000 Wurm). | First language in Desawa and Muyere villages along the coast in Waropen Bawah District and Botawa village in the interior along the Wonoi River. Reported to be the lingua franca of most of the eastern side of Cenderawasih Bay and of seminomadic people in interior Waropen Bawah. | Lexical similarity 69% with Burate, 64% with Kofei, 60% with Sauri, 65% with Tunggare, 64% with Woria. | Used in the home and religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| dem | Dem | 1,000 (1987 SIL). | Western highlands along upper Rouffaer River north of Damal, northeast of Western Dani. | Lexical similarity 69% with Burate, 64% with Kofei, 60% with Sauri, 65% with Tunggare, 64% with Woria. | Used in the home and religious services. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| dep | Delaware, Pidgin | Extinct. | Formerly in the Middle Atlantic region. | Lexical similarity 69% with Burate, 64% with Kofei, 60% with Sauri, 65% with Tunggare, 64% with Woria. | Widely used in the 17th century between Algonquians and Europeans as a second language. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| deq | Dendi | 10,000 (1996). | Ouango Subprefecture. | High intelligibility of Yakoma. Ngbandi and Mbangi may be inherently intelligible with Dendi. | High bilingualism in Sango. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | Literacy rate in first language: below 1%. Literacy rate in second language: below 5%. | |
| der | Deori | 26,900 (2000). Ethnic population: 50,000. | Assam, Lakhimpur, Demaji, Tinsukia, Jorhat districts. | Deori may constitute its own subgroup under Bodo-Garo. Not close to other languages. Dialect of Lakhimpur District is regarded as purest. Lexical similarity 77% to 93% among Deori varieties, 11% to 16% with Bodo. | Used in the home, village, religion, work. Positive language attitude. Widespread bilingualism in Assamese but women, older adults and uneducated are observed to have less proficiency. | Literacy rate in second language: 71%. Assamese and Roman scripts. Poetry. | Literacy rate in second language: 71%. Assamese and Roman scripts. Poetry. | |
| des | Desano | 800 in Colombia (1995 SIL). | Papurí and Abiyu rivers (tributary of the Vaupés), Pacá River (tributary of the Papurí), and Macú Parana River (tributary of the Papurí), plus other tributaries of the Papurí. | Deori may constitute its own subgroup under Bodo-Garo. Not close to other languages. Dialect of Lakhimpur District is regarded as purest. Lexical similarity 77% to 93% among Deori varieties, 11% to 16% with Bodo. | All speak at least one other Tucanoan language. Spanish is also used. Desano in Brazil generally speak Tucano instead of Desano. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. | Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 35%. | |
| deu | German, Standard | 15,000 in Czech Republic (1999). | Transylvania. | Transylvania. | Official language. Not a first language for many. | Main language in education in Schwyzerdütsch (German) and Rheto-Romansch-speaking areas. | Main language in education in Schwyzerdütsch (German) and Rheto-Romansch-speaking areas. | |
| dev | Domung | 2,000 (1991 SIL). | Tapen, Madang Province. | Transylvania. | Official language. Not a first language for many. | Main language in education in Schwyzerdütsch (German) and Rheto-Romansch-speaking areas. | Main language in education in Schwyzerdütsch (German) and Rheto-Romansch-speaking areas. | |
| dgc | Agta, Casiguran Dumagat | 606 (2000 T. Headland). | East coast of Luzon, Aurora Province. | Intelligibility of Paranan 83%. | All ages. Children are learning Tagalog before becoming teenagers. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.4%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.4%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.4%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.4%. NT: 1979. | |
| dge | Degenan | 789 (2003 SIL). | Madang Province. | Related to Asaro'o, Muratayak, Bulgebi, Forak, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | All ages. Children are learning Tagalog before becoming teenagers. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.4%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.4%. NT: 1979. | Literacy rate in first language: 2.4%. Literacy rate in second language: 2.4%. NT: 1979. | |
| dgh | Dghwede | 30,000 (1980 UBS). | Borno State, Gwoza LGA. | Related to Asaro'o, Muratayak, Bulgebi, Forak, Guya, Gwahatike, Yagomi. | All ages. Children are learning Tagalog before becoming teenagers. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| dgk | Dagba | 40,000 in Central African Republic (1996). | Batangafo, Kabo, and Bossangoa subprefectures. Also spoken in Chad. | May be intelligible with Kaba. | All ages. Children are learning Tagalog before becoming teenagers. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| dgn | Dagoman | Extinct. | Northern Territory. | Was very close to Wardaman. | All ages. Children are learning Tagalog before becoming teenagers. | NT: 1980. | NT: 1980. | |
| dgo | Dogri | 2,105,000 (1997). | Jammu and Kashmir, between the Ravi and Chenab rivers; Chandigarh; West Bengal. | Bhatbali, Dogri, East Dogri, Kandiali, North Dogri. | Official language. All ages. Urdu (older adults), Hindi (school, shops. cities), and Panjabi (shops) are spoken as second languages. | Literacy rate in second language: 18% to 19%. Nastaliq script. Radio programs. Films. NT: 1826. | Literacy rate in second language: 18% to 19%. Nastaliq script. Radio programs. Films. NT: 1826. | |
| dgr | Dogrib | 2,110 (2001 SIL). Ethnic population: 3,220. | Between Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, 6 communities (Rae-Edzo, Whati (formerly Lac la Martre), Rae Lakes, Snare Lake, Detah and Ndilo (a subcommunity of Yellowknife)). Rae is the center. | Detah-Ndilo. The Detah-Ndilo dialect developed from intermarriage between the Yellowknife subdivision of the Chipewyan and the Dogrib. Lexical similarity 84% with Southern Slavey, 82% with Northern Slavey. | Adults prefer to use Dogrib in most contexts. All ages. Monolinguals include children and older adults. 16% speak a little English; 37% speak both Dogrib and English, but speak Dogrib better; 14% speak both languages equally; 9% speak both, but speak English better; 7% speak English and a little Dogrib; 3% are monolingual in English (children), 12% are monolingual in Dogrib. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | |
| dgs | Dogoso | 9,000 in Burkina Faso (1999 SIL). | Villages are Dandougou, Torokoro, Sokoura, Bondokoro, Tolandougou, Sakédougou. Near the Dogose, Khisa, and Khe. Also spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. | Lexical similarity 56% with Khe, 15% with Dogosé, 16% with Khisa. | All ages. Speakers have some proficiency in Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | |
| dgu | Degaru | 10,089 (2000 WCD). | Bihar; West Bengal. | Lexical similarity 56% with Khe, 15% with Dogosé, 16% with Khisa. | All ages. Speakers have some proficiency in Jula. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | |
| dgx | Doghoro | 267 (2000 census). | Oro Province, Tufi District, in the Musa and Bariji (Bareji) River flood plains, Bendorode and Sebagha villages. | Lexical similarity 56% with Khe, 15% with Dogosé, 16% with Khisa. | All domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | Literacy rate in first language: 1% to 5%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Taught in primary schools. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2003. | |
| dgz | Daga | 6,000 (1991 SIL). | Milne Bay Province, Rabaraba District, and Central Province, Abau District. | Lexical similarity 56% with Khe, 15% with Dogosé, 16% with Khisa. | All domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| dha | Dhanwar | 104,195 (1981 census). | Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur, Raigarh, Surguja districts; Maharashtra, Akola, Amravati, Yavatmal, Nagpur, Wardha, Chandrapur, Buldana, Satara districts. | Lexical similarity 56% with Khe, 15% with Dogosé, 16% with Khisa. | All domains. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1974. | |
| dhd | Dhundari | 9,000,000 (2002 Gusain). | Rajasthan, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk, Karauli, Sawai Madhopur districts. | 54% intelligibility with Marwari. Lexical similarity 77% between dialects; 62% to 70% with Merwari, 66 to 73% with Shekhawati, 46% to 66% with Godwari, 56% to 64% with Mewari, 64% to 73% with Harauti, 62% to 67% with Mewati. | Speakers also use Hindi. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1974. | Literacy rate in first language: 25% to 50%. Literacy rate in second language: 25% to 50%. Grammar. NT: 1974. |
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